7metaphysical poetry
英国文学-名词解释-
英国文学-名词解释-学习好资料欢迎下载1.epic 史诗:a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroicideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. Aconceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne..3.Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident4.Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrotein a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas .5.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, andmemories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception.6.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.7.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.8.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14thcentury. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.9.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.10.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helpsevoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesth etic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.11.“Dramatic monologue”戏剧独白that is a lyric poem which reveals “ a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. T he character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic monent in the speaker’s life.12.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.13.Sonnet is a verse form of fourteen lines, in English characteristically in iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakespearean14.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length andwhich discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.15.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expres sion of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in学习好资料欢迎下载the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.16.Naturalism自然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thought is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.17.Sentimentalism感伤主义：It is a literal movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrateson the distressed of the poor unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness.18.Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man./doc/b03339706.html,ke poets 湖畔诗人the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature.William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.20.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as mostrepresentative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 21.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic orliterary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner.22.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas ormoral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning,a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.23.Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is aboldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a late r example.24.启蒙运动:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as theEnlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempt to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.25.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.。
Metaphysical Poetry John Donne
Metaphysical Poetry
3. Who are the representatives n Donne is the leading figure of the 'metaphysical school'. George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Richard Crashaw and Andrew Marvell are also considered to be metaphysical poets.
• And soonest our best men with thee do go,
• 难怪即使是优秀的人也迫不及待跟你去
• Rest of their bones, and soul’s delivery, • 让他们的骸骨得以安息，灵魂得以付托
• Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, • 你是命运、意外、国王、及绝望者的奴隶 • 与毒药、战争、疾病狼狈为奸 1. irony; 2. metaphor : slave
• •
Questions
• 1. What is the rhyme scheme of this poem? Is this sonnet a Petrarchan one or Shakespearean one? • 2. What is the writer’s attitude toward death according to this poem?
1.personification: death
• For, those, whom thou think’st, thou do overthrow Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
metaphysieal poetry名词解释
metaphysical poetry指的是一种诗歌风格，它强调对超自然、神秘、内在精神世界的探索和表达。
这种诗歌通常表现出对人类存在、意义、命运等深层次问题的思考，以及对自然、宇宙、生命等宏大主题的关注。
在metaphysical poetry中，诗人常常运用隐喻、象征、意象等手法，将抽象的概念和情感具象化，以独特的语言和形式表达对世界的理解和感悟。
这种诗歌风格在欧洲文艺复兴时期和17世纪英国诗歌中尤为突出，代表诗人有约翰·多恩（John Donne）和乔治·赫伯特（George Herbert）等。
以上信息仅供参考，如有需要，建议您查阅相关文献。
metaphysical poetry
Question :what is metaphysical poetry?1 Definition:a Coined by Samuel Johnson, the term “metaphysical poetry”refers to the work of a wide-ranging group of poets and their distinct and varying poetic styles and temperaments in 17th century Britainb “Metaphysical poetry, in the full sense of the term,” asGrierson writes, “is a poetry which has been inspired by a philosophical conception of the universe and the rôleassigned to the human spirit in the great drama of existence.”c The term 'metaphysical poetry' is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne(1572-1631).From selected reading of British and American literatureThe label "metaphysical" was given much later by Samuel Johnson in his Life of Cowley. These poets themselves did not form a school or start a movement; most of them did not even know or read each other.2 The Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry1] the conceit--"farfetched," "combination of dissimilarimages," "heterogeneous ideasyoked by violence together"--NB greater intellectuality than Petrarchan conceit;2] complexity & obscurity;3] paradox;4] exaggeration, hyperbole;5] rebellion against Petrarchan and Elizabethan poeticconventions;6] colloquial language;7] natural speech rhythms or extreme distortions of metrical patterns--"modulation soimperfect that they were only found to be verses by counting the syllables";8] irregular lines and stanzas;9] argumentative form and content;10] persona & situation--like dramatic monologue.3 Main poets :The most important topics of metaphysical poets were love and religion.John Donne (The Flea, Holy Sonnets, A ValedictionForbidding Mourning),John Donne is the leading figure of the 'metaphysical school'.His poems give a more inherentlytheatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocuseddiversity of experiences and attitudes,and a free range offeelings and moods.The mode is dynamic rather thanstatic,with ingenuity of speech,vividness of imagery andvitality of thythms,which show a notable contrast to the other Elizabethan lyric poems which are pure,serene,tuneful,and smooth-running.The most striking features of Donne's poetry is precisely its tang of reality,in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.Other poets: Robert Herrick, Richard Crashaw, George Herbert (Easter Wings), Andrew Marvell (The Definition of Love, To his Coy Mistress)。
metaphysical peotry 玄学诗派
• If they be two, they are two so • As stiff twin compasses are two; • Thy soul, the fix'd foot, makes no show • To move, but doth, if th' other do. • two separate souls • metaphysical conceits: the lovers’s two souls to the two legs of a drafting compass and his to the other foot. • Like the compass, their two souls are joined at the top, reminding us that their love is a spiritual union “inter-assured” of the mind.
• Characteristics • large doses of wit • ponder those questions with humor. • mixed ordinary speech with paradoxes and puns. • The results were strange, comparing unlikely things • weird comparisons called conceits. • Metaphysical poetry also explored a few common themes. They all had a religious sentiment. In addition, many of the poems explored the theme of carpe diem (seize the day) and investigated the humanity of life.
07 Metaphysical poets and restoration drama
These stones to praise thee may not cease
A Christmas Tree
• Star
• If you are • A love compassionate • You will walk with us this year • We face a glacial distance, who are here
The Altar by George Herbert
• A broken Altar, Lord, thy servant rears
Hale Waihona Puke •• •Made of a heart, and cemented with tears
Whose parts are as thy hand did frame No workman’s tool hath touch’d the same • • • • • • A heart alone Is such a stone As nothing but Thy power does cut Meets in this frame
Rise & Fall of Metaphysical Poetry
• Metaphysical poetry was rarely read in the 17th, 18th and early 19th century. • In the late 19th century and early 20th century, there was a renewed interest in metaphysical poetry. • The modernist poets T.S. Eliot, John Ransom and Allen Tate claimed their influence by John Donne. So John Donne became a cult figure in the early 20th century English-speaking countries.
metaphysical poets
Ben Johnson (1572-1637)
• A prolific dramatist, but he is mainly remembered as the author of following comedy: • Every man in his humor(1598)《人人高 兴》 • Volpone(1606)《狐狸》 • The alchemist(1610) 《炼金术士》
M e ta p h y s ic a l p o e ts a n d C a v a lie r p o e ts
Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）
• the metaphysical poets is a loose group British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them.
Main theme
• They wrote on a variety of religious and secular themes, and to express their ideas, they used startling, highly imaginative comparisons known as conceits. • At the same time, metaphysical poems express an intense awareness of common human feelings and experiences, such as jealousy, the loss of religious faith, the complexities of love and the fear of death. Although the imagery of metaphysical poetry is frequently strained, the language is often as natural and direct as ordinary speech.
英美文学名词解释
Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. The metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.Blank Verse素体诗：V erse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank verse has been the dominant verse form of English drama and narrative poetry since the mid-sixteenth century. It was introduced by Henry Howard from Italy, and then Shakespeare transformed blank verse into a supple instrument, uniquely capable of conveying speech rhymes and emotional overtones.Romance传奇文学: it was a long composition ,sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventure of a noble hero. //Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Heroic Couplet英雄双韵体: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.Epic史诗: An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Sonnet十四行诗: abab cdcd efef gg A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. It was introduced by Wyatt and developed by Surrey and was thereafter widely used, notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It stressed the virtue of self-discipline, thrift, hard work and unceasing labour. It advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many worldly pleasures.Naturalism自然主义: naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life”and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalism writers usually write life of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”, but by giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only present the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. Humanism人文主义:Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. According the humanists, both man and world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. They emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Man could mould the world according his desire, and attain happiness by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason.Aestheticism唯美主义: prevailing at the middle of the 19th century. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. All art creation is absolutely subjective and should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believe art should be unconcerned with controversial issues.Sentimentalism感伤主义: Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent among the enlighteners with social reality. The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed the contradictions in the process of capitalist development at the same time. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, they appealed to sentiment, “the human heart”.Critical Realism批判现实主义：critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. Hence the use of humor and satire in the realistic novels. But the trend of their works is not of revolution but rather of reformism.Neo-Romanticism新浪漫主义:a literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19th century. Dissatisfied with the drab and the ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, the neo-romanticists laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the readers.Modernist现代主义：prevailing during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. It was a movement of experiments in new technique of writing. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of character s’psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.Stream of Conscience意识流:a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of conscious” method of novel writing. The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reaction to external events, rather than the events themselves.。
3.metaphysical poets
No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friend's or of thine own were: any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bells tolls; it tolls for thee.
IV. Other poets
1. George Herbert (1593-1633)
He wrote his poems by drawing comparisons from the Bible and the liturgy. His poems have been characterized by a deep religious devotion, linguistic precision, metrical agility, and ingenious use of conceit. The Temple (1633), which contained Herbert’s best poems, is hugely influential and widely imitated.
3. Special features
Metaphysical Poetry complete 李婷
What is Metaphysics?
Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world.
What is metaphysical poetry？
complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. It usually sets up an analogy between one entity’s spiritual qualities and an object in the physical world.
George Herbert: is called “the saint of the Metaphysical school”. He is a devout Anglican clergyman who believes that a poet should sing the glory of God. His works: The Altar《祭坛》 Easter Wings 《复活节的翅膀》
Origin
Time : 17th century
Leading figure: John Donne
Other metaphysical poets：George Herbert，Andrew Marvell and Richard Crashaw. Metaphysical poetry is a derogatory(贬损的 term invented by John Dryden 最早使用“玄学”这个词的人是德莱顿(John Dryden),他在 1693年评论邓恩时写道:“他喜弄玄学,不仅在他的讽刺诗中,在爱情 诗中也如此。爱情诗本应言情,他却用哲学的微妙的思辨,把女性们的 头脑弄糊涂了“。
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John Donne
(1571-1631)
Donne’s Works
Two
kinds of poetry: secular poetry: love poetry religious matter: sonnets
―The
Flea‖ , ―The Good Morrow‖, ―Song‖, ―The Sun Rising‖ , ―The Canonization‖
恰如德高者安详谢世， 悄声对灵魂耳语：走， 一些朋友伤心痛哭，
说他呼吸已止，有的则说：没有。
So
let us melt, and make no noise, No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move, T'were profanation of our joys To tell the laity our love.
The most famous sustained conceit is Donne's drawing of parallels between: the continuing relationship of his persona's soul with that of his beloved's (despite their physical parting) and the coordinated movements of the two feet of a compass. A woman’s naked body as an explorer’s map— ―Oh, my America!‖ A flea’s body that has just bitten both lovers as a sacred altar or a marriage bed
让我们融化，悄然无息地， 没有如涌的泪泉，没有如风的叹息。
那是对我们快乐的亵渎，
如果向俗人把我们的爱情倾诉。
Moving
of th'earth brings harms and
fears, Men reckon what it did and meant, But trepidation of the spheres, Though greater far, is innocent.
于是，我俩的灵魂浑然一体， 虽然我必须暂离，
却并不意味决裂，那只是延伸，
一如把金子敲打成薄片。
If
they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two, Thy soul the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if the'other do.
Metaphysical Poetry
The metaphysical poets were a diverse group of poets writing between, roughly, 1610-1680. Metaphysical poetry, a term invented quite a while after the poets wrote and lived, is both intellectual and emotional, and operates at a high pitch of intensity. It uses ordinary speech as well as scientific concepts and terms drawn from the science of the day. Technical devices associated with the school are Paradox and Conceit. Love and religion were probably its commonest themes. Authors generally held to belong to the school are John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, John Cleveland, Abraham Cowley, and Richard Crashaw. The Metaphysical poets have become highly fashionable in the 20th century, but before this were often considered eccentric and difficult.
The distinguishing feature of metaphysical poetry
A
peculiar blend of: Thought with passion, The colloquial with the ingenious, Realistic violence and meditative refinement
Conceit
The word conceit indicates an elaborate figurative device of a fanciful kind which often combines metaphor, simile, hyperbole & oxymoron. It is intended to surprise & delight readers by its wit & ingenuity. This device is chiefly associated with the metaphysical poets in 17th century. A comparison between two relatively unlike entities.
地震带来祸害和恐怖， 人们探讨它的踪迹，它的意图，
然而，诸天体的震颤，
纵然更为巨大，却从不引起灾难。
Dull
sublunary lovers love (Whose soule is sense) cannot admit Absence, because it doth remove Those things which elemented it.
然而我们的爱情，却更为纯净， 那原委我们自己也说不清。
心心相印，生死与共，
岂在乎眼、唇和手的交融。
Our
two souls therefore, which are one, Though I must go, endure not yet A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat.
Other Metaphysical Poets
George Herbert (1593-1633) The Temple (1633) ―The Altar‖ ―Redemption‖ ―Easter Wings‖ ―Affliction I‖ ―Church Monuments‖ ―The Windows‖ ―The Collar‖ ―Death‖ ―Love‖ Henry Vaughan (1621-1695) Silex Scintillans ―Regeneration,‖ ―The Retreat,‖ ―The World‖ ―They Are All Gone into the World of Light,‖ ―Cock-Crowing‖ Richard Crashaw (1613-1649) Steps to the Temple (1646) ―To the Infant Martyrs‖ ―The Weeper‖ calls Mary Magdalene’s tears ―portable and compendious oceans‖ and a breakfast for cherubs Andrew Marvell (1621-1678) Poems (published after his death) ―Damon the Mower‖ ―The Mower’s Song‖ ―The Mower Against Gardens‖ ―The Mower’s Song‖ ―To His Coy Mistress‖ ―Upon Appleton House‖
尽管一直端坐中央， 然而当另一只脚四周漫游，
那定脚便侧身，细听周详，
待它归来，便又挺直如旧。
Such
wilt thou be to me, who must Like th'other foot, obliquely run; Thy firmness makes my circle just, And makes me end, where I begun.
Obscene and vulgar poems as well as those of philosophical thinking (conflicts as his life experiences) From a Roman Catholic Church but had to join the Anglican Church Studied at Cam and then Ox but no degree; learned law but never practiced. A man as ―Jack‖ Donne, a frequent visitor of ladies and theatres, a writer of vulgarly-charming poems but a happy and loyal marriage 1598 private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, and raged him by the marriage; Dismissed from the job and imprisoned. John Donne – Ann Donne 1621 Appointed dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral by James I.