玻璃的光学性能

合肥学院

Hefei University

翻译文献：玻璃的光学性能

课程名称：金属学与热处理

指导教师：谢劲松

系别/班级：14粉体材料科学与工程一班

姓名（学号）：罗成1403011012

摘要：无机材料指由无机物单独或混合其他物质制成的材料。通常指由硅酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐、磷酸盐、锗酸盐等原料和/或氧化物、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、硫化物、硅化物、卤化物等原料经一定的工艺制备而成的材料。

Abstract: inorganic materials by inorganic material alone or mixed with other materials. Usually made of silicate, aluminate, borate, phosphate and germanate and / or raw materials such as oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicides, sulfides, halides as raw materials prepared by materials.

玻璃是由二氧化硅和其他化学物质熔融在一起形成的（主要生产原料为：纯碱、石灰石、石英）。在熔融时形成连续网络结构，冷却过程中粘度逐渐增大并硬化致使其结晶的硅酸盐类非金属材料。普通玻璃的化学组成是Na2SiO3、CaSiO3、SiO2或Na2O·CaO·6SiO2等，主要成分是硅酸盐复盐，是一种无规则结构的非晶态固体。广泛应用于建筑物，属于混合物。另有混入了某些金属的氧化物或者盐类而显现出颜色的有色玻璃，和通过物理或者化学的方法制得的钢化玻璃等。有时把一些透明的塑料（如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯）也称作有机玻璃。

The glass is made of silicon dioxide and other chemical substances fused together to form (the main raw materials for the production of soda ash, limestone, quartz). The formation of a continuous network structure in the melt, silicate nonmetalmaterials cooling process viscosity increases gradually and hardening resulting in the crystallization. The chemical composition of glass is Na2SiO3, CaSiO3, or SiO2 Na2O - CaO - 6SiO2, is the main component of silicate, is an amorphous solid irregular structure. Widely used in buildings, to the mixture. Otherwise mixed with some metal oxides or salts and show the color of colored glass The glass and method by physical or chemical preparation of toughened glass. Some transparent plastic (such as PMMA) also called organic glass.

关键词：折射率、反射、对红外和紫外的吸收

Refractive index, reflection, infrared and ultraviolet absorption

一、玻璃的折射率

当光照射到玻璃时，一般产生反射、透过和吸收。这三种基本性质与折射率有关。玻璃的折射率可以理解为电磁波在玻璃中传播速度的降低（以真空中的光速为准）。如果用折射率来表示光速的降低，则：n=c/v

When the light shines on the glass, generally have the reflection and absorption. Through these three kinds of basic properties and refractive index.

The refractive index of the glass can be understood as to reduce the velocity of

electromagnetic wave in the glass (at the speed of light in a vacuum.). If the

refractive index of light is said to reduce, n=c/v

式中：n—玻璃的折射率

C—光在真空中的传播速度

V—光在玻璃中的传播速度

一般玻璃的折射率为1.5~1.75 。

玻璃的折射率也可以用光的入射角的正弦与折射角的正弦之比来表示。

N=Sin∠a/Sin∠b

式中∠a为入射角，∠b为折射角。

玻璃折射率随入射光波长不同而不同的现象，称为色散。在测量玻璃的折射率和色散值时，是指一定的波长而言的。由于色散的存在，白光可被棱镜分解七色光谱。若入射光不是单色光，通过透镜时由于色散，将在屏上出现模糊的彩色光斑，造成色差而使透镜成象失真。这点在光学系统设计中必须予以考虑，并常用复合透镜予以消除。

The refractive index of glass with different wavelength and different phenomena, known as dispersion. In the measurement of glass refractive index and dispersion value, refers to a certain wavelength. The result of dispersion

exists, white light can be decomposed. If the prism prism incident light is

monochromatic light through the lens, because the dispersion will appear spot

color fuzzy on the screen, the imaging lens cause color distortion. This must be considered in the design of optical system, and used the compound lens to be

eliminated.

光波通过玻璃时，其中某些离子的电子要随光波电场变化而发生振动。这些电子的振动有自己的自然频率（本征频率），当电子振子的自然频率同光波的电磁频率相一致时，振动就加强，发生共振，结果大量吸收了相应频率的光波能量。玻璃中电子振子的自然频率在近紫外区，因此，近紫外区的光受到较大削弱。绝大多数的玻璃，在近紫外区折射率最大并逐步向红光区降低，在可见光区玻璃的折射率随光波频率的增大而增大。这种折射率随波长减小而增大，当波长变短时，变化更迅速的色散现象，叫正常色散。大部分透明物质都具有这种正常色散现象。

当光波波长接近于材料的吸收带时所发生的折射率急剧变化。在吸收带的长波侧，折射率高，在吸收带的短波侧的折射率低，这种现象称为反常色散。

The light through the glass, which some ions with electronic light wave electric field change vibration. Vibration of the electrons have their own natural frequency (eigenfrequency), consistent with the natural frequency when the frequency of electromagnetic wave with electronic oscillator, vibration enhanced resonance occur, results of a large number of absorbed light energy the corresponding frequency. The natural frequency of electronic oscillators in the glass in the near ultraviolet region, therefore, the near ultraviolet light is greatly weakened. Most of the glass in the near ultraviolet maximum refractive index and gradually reduced to the red zone, in the visible light refraction glass rate increases with the increase of frequency. This refraction the rate decreases with the wavelength Increases when the wavelength becomes short, dispersion changes more rapidly, called normal dispersion. Most transparent materials have the normal dispersion. When the refraction of light wavelength is close to the absorbing band that occurs when the rate of rapid change.

In the long wavelength side band, high refractive index, low rate of refraction in shortwave absorption the side band, this phenomenon is called anomalous dispersion.

二、反射

根据反射表面的不同特征，光的反射可分为“直反射”和“漫反射”两种。

光从平整光滑的表面反射时为直反射，从粗糙不平的表面反射时为漫反射。

从玻璃表面反射出去的光强与入射光强之比称为反射率R，它决定于表面的光滑程度、光的投射角、玻璃折射率和入射光的频率等。

According to the different characteristics of the reflecting surface, the reflection of light can be divided into two kinds: "direct reflection" and "diffuse reflection".

The ratio of the light intensity and the incident light intensity reflected from

the glass surface is R, which is determined by the smoothness of the surface, the projection angle of the light, the refractive index of the glass and the frequency of the incident light.

光的反射大小取决于下列几个因素： The reflection size of light depends on the following factors:

（1）入射角的大小。入射角增加，反射率也增加。

（2）(1) the size of the incident angle, the incident angle increases, and the reflectivity increases.

（2）反射面的光洁度。反射面愈光滑，被反射的光能愈多。

(2) reflecting surface finish. Reflecting surface is smoother, more light is reflected. （3）玻璃的折射率。玻璃的折射率愈高，反射率也愈大。

(3) the refractive index of the glass. The higher the refractive index of the glass, the greater the reflectivity.

为了调节玻璃表面的反射系数，常在玻璃表面涂以一定厚度的和玻璃折射率不同的透明薄膜，使玻璃表面的反射系数降低或增高。若在玻璃表面涂以比玻璃折射率小的物质且符合nf= (nf—膜的折射率，nG—玻璃的折射率)。以及膜的厚度为λ/4时，则玻璃的反射系数降低，这层薄膜称增透膜（或减反膜）。这是由于在反射时两个不同界面的反射光将会引起干涉，由于两个表面反射光强相等，而波的相位差为半个波长，这种情况下就产生了消光，则表面不再有光反射出来。在涂膜过程中，要获得膜厚为λ/4，只要膜厚是λ/4奇数倍即可。但即使薄膜厚度有误差，也能减少反射。

In order to adjust the reflection coefficient of the surface of the glass, often on the surface of glass coated with a certain thickness and refractive index of transparent film is different, the reflection coefficient of the surface of the glass is reduced or increased. If the glass surface coated with glass than small refractive index of the material with nf= (refractive NF - film refraction rate, nG the rate of glass). And the thickness of the film is a /4, reduce the reflection coefficient of the glass, the film called antireflection film (or antireflection film). This is due to the reflection of two different reflection light will cause interference, because the two surface reflection intensity equal to the phase of the wave, and the difference is half wavelength, this

case arises Extinction, the surface is no longer light reflection out. In the film process, to get the film thickness of /4, as long as the film thickness is /4 odd times. But even if the film thickness error, but also can reduce the reflection.

凡用单层增透膜不能获得满意效果时，可以涂多层增透膜。

Where a single layer through the film can not be satisfied with the effect, can be coated with multilayer coating.

如果光学仪器需要提高玻璃表面的反射光，则可涂以折射率比玻璃折射率大一些的物质。

If the optical instrument needs to improve the reflection light on the glass surface, it can be coated with a refractive index larger than the refractive index of the glass material.

三、玻璃对红外和紫外的吸收

玻璃在红外区的吸收属于分子光谱，吸收主要是由于红外光（电磁波）的频率与玻璃中分子振子（或相当于分子大小的原子团）的本征频率相近或相同引起共振所致。物质的振动频率（本征频率）诀定于力学常数和原子量的大小。Glass absorption in the infrared region belongs to molecular spectroscopy, the absorption is mainly due to the infrared light (electromagnetic wave) molecular frequency and glass oscillator (or equivalent to the molecular size of atoms) the intrinsic frequency of similar resonance caused by vibration frequency. The material (eigenfrequency) on mechanical constants and atomic weight formula the size of.

玻璃形成氧化物如SiO2、B2O3、P2O5等原子量均较小，力常数较大，故本征频率大，只能透过近红外，不能透过中、远红外。铅玻璃以及一些硫属玻璃，因具有较大的原子量和较小的力常数，故红外吸收极限波长较一般氧化物玻璃要大。例如，石英玻璃的红外透过波段只能到5μm左右，而Ge—As—S系统非氧化物玻璃的透过波段可达12μm左右。

The glass forming oxides such as SiO2, B2O3, P2O5 atoms were smaller, the force constant is large, so the intrinsic frequency, only through the near infrared, not through, far infrared. Lead glass and some chalcogenide glass, because the force constant has a larger atomic weight and smaller, so the infrared absorption wavelength

limit is generally the oxide glass should be large. For example, the quartz glass infrared band to only about 5 m, and Ge - As - S system of non oxide glasses through the band of 12 m or so.

紫外吸收属于电子光谱范畴，相应的吸收光谱频率处于紫外。对于一般无色透明玻璃在紫外波段并不出现吸收峰，而是一个连续的吸收区。在透光区与吸收区之间是一条坡度很陡的分界线，通常称之为吸收极限。小于吸收极限波长的光全部吸收，大于吸收极限波长的光全部透过。而离子着色玻璃在连续光谱中常出现一个或多个选择性的吸收带或吸收峰。因此，无色透明玻璃在紫外区的吸收现象与离子着色玻璃的选择性吸收有本质的不同。一般认为无色玻璃在紫外区的吸收是由于一定能量的光子激发氧离子的电子到高能级所致。凡是能量大于（或波长小于）吸收极限波长的光都能把阴离子上的价电子激发到激发态（或导带），故全部吸收。而能量小于（或波长大于）吸收极限波长的光，由于能量小，不足以激发价电子，故全部透过。

The UV absorption spectrum belongs to the electronic absorption spectra of the corresponding category, the frequency is in the ultraviolet. The general colorless transparent glass does not appear absorption peaks in the ultraviolet band, but a continuous absorption region. Between the transparent area and the absorption zone is a steep line, usually referred to as less than the absorption limit. The absorption limit wavelength of light absorbed, greater than the wavelength of light absorption limit. All through the ion tinted glass in the continuous spectrum often appears in one or more selective absorption or absorption. Therefore, the absorption in the ultraviolet region of the transparent glass like tinted glass with ion selective absorption are different in nature. Generally colorless Glass in ultraviolet absorption is due to the electron photon energy excited oxygen ions due to high level. All energy is greater than (or wavelength) limit absorption wavelengths of light are the valence electron anion on the excited state (or conduction band), so all absorbed. And less than (or greater than the wavelength the wavelength of the light absorption limit), because the energy is small, not enough to excite valence electrons, so all through。

激发价电子所需的光子能量可用下式表示

=E+M-ψ

式中——光子能量（h为普朗克常数，v为光频率）

E——阴离子的亲电势（氧化物玻璃中主要为氧）

M——克服阴阳离子间的库伦引力所做的功）

ψ——阴离子被极化（变形）所获得的能量

就硅酸盐玻璃来说，阴离子基本是氧离子，因此激发价电子所需光子能量大小主要决定于阴阳离子间的库伦引力M，因此玻璃透紫外光的性能主要决定子氧与阳离子之间的化学键力的特性，而这种化学键力的特性又与阳离子的电荷、半径大小、配位数等有密切联系。

On borosilicate glass, basic anion is oxygen ions, so the excitation of M Kulun gravity valence electron photon energy required size mainly depends on the ionic properties of glass, so UV radiation is mainly determined between oxygen and cation of chemical bond strength, and the characteristics of this kind of chemical bond force and charge, and cation the size of the radius is closely related to the coordination number.

参考资料：

《液晶物理学》，谢毓章，1998，科学出版社

《大学物理》，下册，许三南.陆建编