第四章 英语修辞格译法
修辞格的翻译方法
修辞格的翻译方法修辞格一般都具有形式独特新颖、内容丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。
翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的精神和风格。
英译汉中常见的修辞格，包括音韵修辞格、词义修辞格、句法修辞格等，本文着重介绍了修辞格的翻译方法，包括直译、加注、意译法、替换法、归化、切分等，并通过一些实例来阐述。
一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法修辞格的翻译上存在许多差异，为了使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表达习惯。
总的来说，英语修辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、意译、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。
（一）直译法在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下，就可采用直译。
直译既可传达原文的意义，又可保持原文的修辞风格，丰富译文的语言表达能力。
His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿，他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。
（二）加注法加注也是丰富译文语言表达的一种有效方法。
它既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面，尤其原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时，使用加注能收到比较好的效果。
Christ，to hear some of th ose sailor’s myths，you’dthink bloody Fort know was on every ship that sailed.天哪，要是听信有些水手的胡说八道，你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。
（注：诺克斯堡是美国一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。
）（三）意译法由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的，如保留其形象就会危害其义。
如英语的头韵法，其搭配可以千变万化，很难碰巧找到这样的汉语搭配，即使勉强凑韵，也不一定能表达原文的意思。
在这种情况下，必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容，然后尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。
safe and sound安然无恙now and never机不可失（1）He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。
华先发英汉翻译教程第四章
拟声词的翻译
• • • • • • • • A tiger growls. 虎啸 a dog barks 犬吠 A lion roars 狮吼 A wolf howls 狼嚎 A horse neighs. 马嘶 A monkey screeches. 猿啼 An ass brays. 驴叫 A deer bleats. 鹿鸣
拟声词的翻译
• 1）英汉拟声词比较 • A. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声 词来表达； • B. 同一声音在英语中和汉语中用不同的拟 声词来表达 • C. 不同的声音用同一拟声词来表达，这种 情况在英语和汉语中都很普遍
拟声词的翻译
• （1）大多数英文拟声词都可译为汉语相应的拟声 词，有的译为独词句，有的则译为动词或者词的 辅助成分。 • Crack ! The stick broke into two. • Only the ventilator in the cellar window kept up a ceaseless rattle. • Round the corner of Crescent Bay, between the piled-up masses of broken rock, a flock of sheep came pattering.
颜色词的翻译
• A mark was on him from the day's delight, so that all his life, when April was a thin green and the flavor of rain was on his tongue, an old wound would throb and a nostalgia would fill him for something he could not quite remember. (Rawlings 2001:13)
《翻译理论与实践》教学大纲讲解
荆楚理工学院《翻译理论与实践》教学大纲一、课程名称：翻译理论与实践二、课程代码：三、课程管理：外国语学院(部)英语本科教研室四、教学对象：09级英语（本科）专业五、教学时数：总时数72节，其中课堂讲授36节，教学实践36节。
六、课程性质：专业、必修、基础课七、教学目的与要求：（一）教学目的《翻译理论与实践》课的教学目的是让学生初步了解有关翻译的基础理论知识，系统讲解基本的翻译方法和技巧，指导翻译实践，把学生掌握的语言知识和技能技巧转化为翻译表达能力。
通过反复实践加强翻译基本功，深化对英汉文化的领悟，提高学生的百科知识、文化再现能力、译文对比分析和鉴赏能力。
（二）教学要求1．课堂教学要求：在理论知识讲授的同时，辅以充分、典型的译例分析，通过活跃的课堂师生互动，把枯燥的理论课变得成生动活泼、妙趣横生而受学生喜欢。
分不同文体选择适量单、长句练习和语篇练习，口头翻译课课做，书面实践周周做，练习反馈时时做。
实行课后作业全批、全改、全讲解，有针对性检查指导学生实际翻译实践活动。
2．学生能力培养的要求：掌握基本的翻译理论知识，能较熟练地运用各种翻译技巧，利用文体分析法分析和识别汉英两种语言在遣词造句、文体文化等方面的差异，初步进行忠实通顺的英汉互译实践。
从而能在毕业以后能较快适应在政治、经济、文化等领域的工作，在各行各业的英汉翻译中发挥积极的作用，以更好满足社会主义市场经济对翻译人才的要求。
八、相关课程衔接：《语法》、《英汉文化对比》等九、考核方式：笔试十、教学纲目：第一章绪论一、教学目标：通过本章的学习，让学生了解中西翻译理论简史，明确翻译的定义和翻译的目的，熟悉翻译标准和译者的素质与条件。
二、教学重点及难点：教学重点：纠正学生认为翻译就是一一对应的英汉转换和翻译课就是死板枯燥的理论教授的错误观念，使其认识到翻译是一种文化交流。
教学难点：介绍翻译的标准和译者的素质与条件，使学生改变翻译课枯燥难学的观念，同时感受到翻译的乐趣。
汉英翻译修辞格翻译
e.g. The thirsty soil drank in the rain. 干燥的土壤大口大口地喝着雨水。
6）A群nn山a肃wa立s，gi江ve河n a挥b泪la，ck辽m阔ar的k l祖as国t w大ee地k沉fo浸r b在ei巨ng大la的te悲 f痛or之w中or。k.
e.g. 樱花红陌上，柳叶绿池边。
The pathways red with cherry blossoms;
The lakeside green with willow trees. Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen;
Duty, faith, love, are roots, and every green.
然而悲惨的皱纹，却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。 7）WeMaisrernaobtlegwoirningktloeslebt ehgimanbtroinagpspheaamr beeotwn eoeunr theiasm.
eye-brows and round his mouth.
LOGO
如H.呼e.g告.祖A国po啊str，op可he见你是一切神圣美丽东西的总称！你不能不 让人乐于为你生，勇于为你而死，为了你而奋发前进！
I came, I saw, I conquered.
我只身前往，我明察秋毫，我旗开得胜。
LOGO
如2.在意英译汉法两种语言中不少辞格利用了各自语言的特点，要译成另
一种语言相当困难，这类辞格之所以难译，是因为他们的语法语
音语言形式不为译文读者所接受。这种情况犹见于汉译英。
英语修辞手法有哪些 英语修辞手法大全 修辞手法解释和例句
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.
2>.The child is the father to the man.（童年时代可决定人之未来）三岁看大，四岁看老。
17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.
例如:
1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
I.以容器代替内容,例如:
1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.
例如:
1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
英语中所有26种修辞手法的全部解释和例句
英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, orto create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the worldis a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. Itachieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it,impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or thewhole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressedin silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mindis figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, orapplying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity,like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (anadjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleeplessnights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movementExplanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
修辞格与翻译PPT课件
❖As close as an oyster 守口如瓶
❖As sure as a gun
千真万确
❖As cool as a cucumber 泰然自若
❖As mute as a fish
噤若寒蝉
❖As blue as the great sea
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❖(3) as if; as though
❖ 婚姻像是一个被包围的城堡：外边的想要进去，里边的想 要出来。
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❖(2) as
❖As the lion is king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds.
❖鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。
❖Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books;
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❖The pain of separation ❖The light of learning ❖A vicious circle ❖Room for negotiation ❖An angry sky ❖Graves yawned ❖Killing half-an-hour ❖Shoulder of the hill 山脊 ❖Friendly river ❖Laughing valleys
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❖Rhetoric 修辞学
❖Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that
aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers that attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific
9常用英语修辞格的翻译方法
• 他（指索罗）说：“如果一个人要说什 么，就应像竹筒倒豆子那样直截了当地 说出来。”
• Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster. • 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守 口如瓶。
• as cunning as a dead pig • as happy as a cow • a fly in the ointment(药膏 ) • you can’t make bricks without straw
• Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back. • 劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的(不起作用)。
2.
替换比喻，去异求同
• 比喻形象在中英民族中概念不同 • 比喻的事物是各民族特有的成语典故
• 当差异不利于理解，而汉语里恰有相对应 的固定比喻，可用中国特有比喻来替换
• 英语比喻美感的再现应以比喻内容为基 础，发掘比喻美的真正所在，同时致力 于形式的表现，尽可能用“形神兼备” 的翻译来传神达意。在实在不可能“形 似”时，要在“神似”的条件下，竭力 用其它方法和手段表现出原比喻的意之 真谛、美之内涵。依据这一原则，可采 用以下方法：
1.
保留差异，等值再现
• Passion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and water. (Dickens. Little Dorrit)
as brave as lion as black as crow
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Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特 点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。如：
Time is money. 时间就是金钱。（隐喻）
The world is a stage. 世界就是一个舞台。（隐喻）
She is shedding crocodile tears.（猫哭老鼠 ） 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。（借喻）
Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.
很快就传来了高跟鞋的咔哒咔哒声。
Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中， 有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（ 或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；
Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.
A. simile，metaphor；allusion
Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情 境来比拟另一个事物或情境。英语 simile 的比喻 词一般是 like, as（……as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻 词通常是“好象”、“仿佛”等。例如：
They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails. 这些人犹如街上的有轨电车， 满足于在自己的 轨道上运行。
Hyperbole与汉语的夸张完全相同，都是为了表 达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感情，通过故意夸大 事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如：
His words made my blood freeze.
听了他的话， 我的血都快凝固了
D. irony; euphemism
Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注 明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词 或词组，包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语 等。例如：
The project is an economic albatross from the
start.
这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难 题。
(Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏 》中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后， 全船陷入灾难中。)
英语修辞格译法
Contents
1. 英语修辞格 1.1 音韵修辞格 1.2 词义修辞格 1.3 句式修辞格
2. 英语修辞格的翻译
2
一、什么是修辞格
修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果 的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼 ，给人以美的享受。要翻译好英语修辞格，首 先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面 的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进 行翻译。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似 可分为：音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句式修辞 格。
皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。
Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两 个或更多的词具有相同的元音。例如：
With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
B. metonymy; transferred
epithet
Metonymy换喻、synecdoche提喻和antonomasia转喻 ，都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个 名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代 。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王权、王国政府 等；doll（玩具）可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。再如：
（一）音韵修辞格 (phonological rhetorical devices)
顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语 音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包 括onomatopoeia拟声、alliteration头韵和 assonance谐音。
Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞 手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地 运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如：
怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望 的磐石。
（二）词义修辞格
(semantic rhetorical devices)
词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化 等特点创造出来的修辞手法。
这类修辞格主要包括simile（明喻）, metaphor （隐喻）, allusion（暗引或典故）, metonymy （换喻）, synecdoche（提喻）, antonomasia（ 转喻）,transferred epithet（转移修饰）, personification（拟人）, hyperbole（夸张）, irony（反语）, euphemism（委婉语）, pun（双 关）, oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）, zeugma（轭式 搭配法）, contrast （对照）等。
（1）The baby was brought up on the botmy── 用奶瓶代奶）
（2）Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.
某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。（ antonomasia──用米尔顿代诗人）
Transferred epithet转移修饰 就是把本来应该用 于修饰甲事物的定语移去修饰乙事物，一般用 修饰有生命事物的形容词来修饰无生命事物。 这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。例 如：
The doctor‘s face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. （用“疑惑”修饰限定“钦佩”）
医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情 。
C. personification; hyperbole
personification与汉语拟人完全相同。把非人之 事物当作人来描写，把本来只适用于人的词语 （如动词、形容词、名词或代词）用来描述物 ，赋予物以人的属性。例如：
The thirsty soil drank in the rain. 干燥的土壤大口大口地喝着雨水。