北京协和医学院流行病学2007年考博真题试卷
流行病学考试题(附参考答案)
流行病学考试题（附参考答案）一、单选题（共90题，每题1分，共90分）1、传染病的预防性措施最合适的含义是A、指疫情未出现时,针对病原体可能存在的实体或可能受病原体威胁的人群所采取的预防措施B、对疫情存在时的措施C、针对传播途经的措施D、针对传染病病人的措施E、对疫情出现后的措施正确答案：A2、天花能在全世界范围内被消灭,主要有利条件是A、有行之有效的免疫手段B、动物间五天花病毒宿主C、天花患者是主要传染源D、无病毒携带者E、人群对天花普遍易感正确答案：A3、某医院收入1痢疾患者,该患者在入院时又感染了白喉杆菌。
入院后发生白喉,这属于:A、交叉感染B、自身感染C、医源性感染D、带人感染E、以上都不是正确答案：B4、流行病学与临床医学的区别在于:A、在群体水平上研究疾病现象B、提供诊断依据C、研究疾病的病因学D、不涉及药物治疗E、不研究疾病的预后正确答案：A5、与队列研究相比,应用病例对照研究探讨某病的可疑因素的作用的主要缺点是:A、在确定所研究疾病有或无时可能存在偏倚B、花费昂贵,并且拖延时间较长C、难于保证病例组和对照组的可比性D、较难获得对照E、在确定可疑因素有或无时可能存在偏倚正确答案：E6、临床医生进行社区诊断时最长使用的流行病学调查方法是:A、个案调查B、现况调查C、典型调查D、爆发调查E、问卷调查正确答案：B7、在队列研究中,不可避免的偏性是A、信息偏性B、测量偏性C、选择偏性D、失访偏性E、混杂偏性正确答案：D8、关于前瞻性队列研究基本特征的叙述,下列哪项最恰当?A、调查者必须选择病例和对照,并测量暴露B、调查者必须比较队列中暴露组和非暴露组的发病率C、调查者必须在研究人群发病或死亡发生前就开始研究,同时确定暴露状况D、调查者必须根据疾病或死亡发生前就已存在暴露因素对研究人群加以分组,并能发现该人群中的新发病例或死亡E、调查者必须在研究开始时就分清人群队列正确答案：C9、血吸虫的中间宿主钉螺的分布有严格的地方性,因此该病主要分布在南方12个省(市区),说明与该地的环境有关,这种现象确切称为A、自然地方性B、地方高发性C、自然疫源性D、统计地方性E、外来性正确答案：A10、连续传播造成的流行或爆发的特点是A、病例分批出现,可以划分成代B、发病曲线突然升高,很快下降C、有一个流行高峰D、全部病例在一个最长潜伏期内E、流行曲线一般不留拖尾现象正确答案：D11、下列哪项不是人工自动免疫使用的制剂?A、麻疹活疫苗B、卡介苗C、脊髓灰质炎活疫苗D、白喉类毒素E、丙种球蛋白正确答案：D12、HIV感染人数最多的是A、血友病病人B、卖淫女C、性病病人D、归国人员E、静脉药瘾者正确答案：E13、下列哪项措施不是一级预防?A、合理营养B、消除病因C、定期复查D、保护环境E、预防接种正确答案：C14、在诊断试验中,并联试验是指当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行A、诊断时,其中只要一个试验有一个阳性即诊断为阳性B、同时使用两个试验C、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行诊断时,其中每个试验都有阳性时才诊断为阳性D、同时使用两个以上的试验E、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行阴性即诊断为阴性正确答案：A15、在一个比较稳定的人群,某病患病率的增加下列正确的是A、该病的病程肯定增加B、以该病的发病率与病程的乘积增加C、该病的死亡率增加D、该病的病程缩短E、该病的发病率肯定增加正确答案：B16、在A、B两组人群中进行筛选、假定筛选试验的灵敏度和特异度是已知的,A人群患病率为lO%,B人群为1%,则下列哪种结论是正确的?A、A人群阳性结果者中真阳性的比例低于B人群B、A人群中特异度低于B人群C、A人群中可靠性高于B人群D、A人群阳性结果者中假阳性者所占比例低于B人群E、A人群中灵敏度高于B人群正确答案：D17、在Framingham研究的最初检查中,人们发现30一44岁男女两组人群的冠心病患病率均为5%,那么,该年龄组男女两性具有发生冠心病同等危险的结论是:A、不正确的,因为没有对照组B、不正确的,因为没有区分发病率和流行率C、不正确的,因为当要求用率来支持这一推论时却采用了百分比D、正确的E、不正确,因为没有识别可能的队列现象正确答案：B18、在联合诊断试验中,平行试验是指:A、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行诊断时,其中只要一个试验有一个阳性即诊断为阳性B、同时使用两个试验C、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行诊断时,其中每个试验都有阳性时才诊断为阳性D、同时使用两个以上的试验E、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行诊断时,其中只要一个试验有一个阴性即诊断为阴性正确答案：A19、冠心病发病危险因素中最重要的组合是A、年龄、肥胖、遗传、性格B、高血压、高胆固醇、肥胖、吸烟C、高血压、环境、遗传、紧张D、年龄、性格、糖尿病、吸烟E、高血压、肥胖、年龄、性别正确答案：B20、某病在当地居民的发病率均高,并随年龄增长而上升;其他地区相似人群该病的发病率低或不发病;外来人进入该地后发病率逐步增加并与当地居民接近;迁出该地的居民发病率降低,说明这种疾病是A、性传播性疾病B、遗传性疾病C、非传染病D、与地理环境无关E、地方性疾病正确答案：E21、下列哪项不是肾综合征出血热病毒的特性A、对脂溶剂和酸性敏感,但对温度有一定耐受性B、基因组为双链DNAC、汉坦病毒间存在有较广泛的交叉抗体反应D、包膜糖蛋白具有血凝活性E、目前至少发现有6种抗原性明显不同的血清型正确答案：B22、下列哪个说法是正确的A、抽样调查要进行随机分组B、抽样调查的结果可以提供某病的病因线索,供分析流行病学研究C、普查可以验证病因假设D、研究变量最好使用主观指标E、现患研究通常设立对照组正确答案：B23、普查妇女乳腺癌时测量疾病的频率指标应选用;A、发病率B、罹患率C、期间患病率D、发病专率E、时点患病率正确答案：B24、流行病学研究的对象是A、亚临床型病人B、人群C、病人D、健康人E、疾病正确答案：B25、个例调查的内容不包括A、采取可行的有效的防治措施B、与对照组进行对比观察C、追查传染来源和可能的传播途径D、核实诊断E、查明密切接触者,确定疫源地的范围正确答案：B26、筛检诊断时间与临床诊断时间之差被解释为因筛查而延长的生存时间,这种偏倚称为A、病程长短偏倚B、领先时间偏倚C、信息偏倚D、混杂偏倚E、以上都不是正确答案：B27、为了预防麻疹发生,进行人工自动免疫最佳时期在A、接触麻疹病人后5天B、生后8-12月C、半岁以内D、3岁E、5岁以上正确答案：B28、下列哪种是最重要的医院感染的传播媒介?A、手B、医疗器械C、衣物D、饮水E、食品正确答案：A29、在进行药物疗效分析研究时A、只要求试验组有统一的标准B、诊断标准过宽易混入假阴性C、诊断标准过宽易混入假阳性D、病诊断不需要有统一的标准E、只要求对照组有统一的标准正确答案：C30、下列哪条不是狂犬病毒的特征A、其血凝素是一种脂蛋白,能与新生小鸡和鹅红细胞凝集B、鸡胚对本病毒敏感C、可被日光紫外线、超声波等破坏D、病毒形态呈圆形、因而被划为弹状病毒组E、主要侵犯中枢神经系统正确答案：D31、下列表达哪项是错误的A、并联试验可提高诊断试验的灵敏度B、诊断试验的可靠性是指同一方法在同样条件下,多次对相同人群进行调查,结果的恒定性C、诊断试验的真实性是指测定值与真实值相符合的程度D、误诊率又称为假阳性率E、串联试验可提高诊断试验的灵敏度正确答案：E32、评价一个致病因子的公共卫生意义,选用A、归因危险度百分比B、相对危险度C、特异度D、人群归因危险度E、绝对危险度正确答案：A33、传播途径是指A、病原体更换宿主的过程B、病原体自传染源排出的过程C、病原体更换宿主在外界环境下所经历的途径D、传播机制包括三个阶段,病原体从宿主排出,污染外界环境与病原体侵入新的易感者E、以上都不是正确答案：C34、根据《传染病防治法》的规定,在有传染病爆发、流行时,当地政府报经上一级地方政府决定,可采取下列哪一项除外的紧急措施A、限制或停止集市、集会、影剧院或其他人群聚集的活动B、停工、停业、停课C、停水、停电D、临时征用房屋、交通工具E、封闭被传染病病原体污染的公共饮用水源正确答案：C35、慢性病原携带者的流行病学意义主要取决于:A、所携带病原体的类型B、病原携带者的职业、个人卫生习惯以及当地卫生防疫工作的质量C、病原携带者的活动范围D、排菌数量的多少E、排菌持续时间的长短正确答案：E36、动物作为传染源的意义大小,主要取决于A、人们与受感染动物接触的机会B、人们与受感染动物接触的机会和密切程度C、人们与受感染动物接触的密切程度D、动物传染源的种类E、动物传染源的密度正确答案：B37、下列哪项不是爆发终止的条件A、暴露者已明显减少或已没有B、易感者已明显减少或已没有C、接触者已进行预防接种D、传递环节中断E、污染源已被消除正确答案：C38、我国1989年规定法定报告的病种中属于甲类的是A、霍乱B、流行性脑脊髓膜炎C、流行性乙型脑炎D、流行性感冒E、病毒性肝炎正确答案：A39、预防流感的主导措施是A、对病人做到“三早”B、加强对流感疫情和病毒变异的监测C、应用灭活疫苗D、应用与流行型相同的减毒活疫苗E、应用化学药物预防正确答案：B40、如果某项检验指标高滴度与疾病有联系时,将诊断标准降低一个稀释度则很可能会导致A、灵敏度、特异度都减少B、灵敏度增加,特异度则根据周围情况增加或减少C、特异度减小而灵敏度增加D、灵敏度减小而特异度增加E、灵敏度和特异度都增加正确答案：C41、关于相对危险度,下列哪项是不正确的A、相对危险度的取值范围在0-∞之间B、相对危险度等于1,说明暴露与疾病无联系C、相对危险度为0.001时,比相对危险度为1.1时的联系强度更弱D、相对危险度小于1,说明其间存在负联系E、相对危险度大于1,说明其间存在正联系正确答案：C42、两名儿科医生想研究一个新的用来证明链球菌感染的实验室检查,王医生用标准的传统检查,灵敏度为90%,特异度为96%,李医生用新的检查,灵敏度为96%,特异度为96%,如果对200名病人实施两种检查,则:A、王医生比李医生检查出更少的链球菌感染者B、王医生比李医生检查出更多的非链球菌感染者C、链球菌患病率的确定取决于那为医生能正确的检查出更多的患病者D、王医生比李医生能检查出更多的链球菌感染者正确答案：A43、队列研究的对象是:A、暴露和未暴露于某种特定研究因素的病人B、暴露于某种特定因素的病人和非病人C、未暴露于某种特定因素的病人和非病人D、暴露和未暴露于某种特定研究因素的病人和非病人E、暴露和未暴露于某种特定研究因素的健康人正确答案：E44、消毒是消除或杀灭停留在外界环境中的A、细菌芽胞B、细菌C、病原体D、微生物E、病毒正确答案：C45、大规模灭鼠中最经济的方法是A、生物灭鼠法B、机械灭鼠法C、化学灭鼠法D、物体灭鼠法E、挖洞法正确答案：C46、在配对的病例对照研究资料分析中,计算比值比的公式中的分子的含义是:A、病例暴露、对照非暴露于某因素的对于数B、病例和对照均暴露于某因素的对于数C、病例非暴露、对照暴露于某因素的对子数D、病例和对照均不暴露于某因素的对于数E、以上都不是正确答案：A47、在临床试验中,某种方法无需事先完全规定好实验人数,边作试验,边设置试验对象,边统计结果,一旦试验结果在统计学上取得显著性意义时,试验即可中止。
医学考博2007年真题学苑教育
Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, youwill hear a question about what is said. The question will beread only once. After you hear the question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven‘t had a bite all day.Question: What‘s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerNow let‘s begin with question Number 1.1.A.To do some experiments.B.To attend a class.C.To review his lessons.D.To take a test.2.A.In a hotel.B.In the hospital.C.In the prison.D.At the airport.3.A.He got an ulcer in his stomach.B.He got hurt in the soccer game.C.He will be discharged soon.D.He got his tumor removed.4.A.She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B.She felt because she had a headache.C.She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D.She slept off her headache.5.A.His new car is not fast enough.B.His new car moves very fast.C.His new car is a real bargain.D.His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6.A.Get more time to relax.B.Take some tranquillizers.C.Seek a second opinion.D.Avoid her responsibilities.7.A.He got a headache while establishing the institute.B.He had a hard time getting the institute started.C.Everything was OK at the beginning.D.It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul.8.ExcitedFrustratedAnnoyedRelieved9.Each class lasts an hour.The class is meeting in an hour and a half.The class meets four hours and a half per week.The class meets for half an hour three times a week.10.A.The woman was a good skier.B.The woman couldn‘t ski.C.The woman didn‘t intend to go skiing.D.The woman didn‘t like Swiss.11.A.She‘s an insurance agent.B.She‘s an insurance client.C.She‘s a bank clerk.D.She‘s a driver.12.A.He tripped over some crutches.B.He had rheumatism in his legs.C.He sprained his foot.D.He broke his leg.13.A.The vacation is almost gone.B.The vacation has just started.C.They are prepared for the new semester.D.They can‘t wait for the new semester.14.A.She was knocked down by a feather.B.She is shamed of Larry.C.She was really surprised.D.She was proud of Larry.15.A.To visit his son.B.To perform an operation.C.To have an operation.D.To send his son for an operation. Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage One16.A.A pharmacist.B. A visitor.C. A physician.D.A dieter.17.A.Cough.B.Diarrhea.C.Headache.D.Stomach upset.18.A.Pain-killers.B.Cough syrup.C.Antidiarrheas.D.Indigestion tablets.19.A.The cold weather.B.Tiredness caused by traveling.C.The strange food he had eaten.D.The greasy food he had eaten.20.A.Take the medicine from the woman.B.G to see a specialist.C.Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D.Stay in bed for a couple of days. Passage Two21.A.Headaches.B.Insomnia.C.Respiratory problems.D.Digestive problems.22.A.On Monday in Edinburgh.B.On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C.On Monday at Staffordshire University.D.On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23.A.94B.44C.130D.13524.A.The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B.The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C.The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D.The subjects were asked if they had written down anything traumatic.25.A.The diarists who write of their free will.B.The diarists who were students at Staffordshire UniversityC.The diarists who had written about trauma.D.The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches. Passage Three26.A.A brief history of British pubs.B.Beer-the British national drink.C.Various attempts made to curb drinking in Britain.D.The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27.A.As early as 659 AD.B.After 659 AD.C.Before the Roman invasion.D.After the Roman invasion.28.A.To restrict drinking hours.B.To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C.To encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D.To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29.A.People were better off.B.The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C.There appeared a new cheap drink.D.Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30.A.The licensing hours have been extended.B.Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C.Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D.Big changes have taken place in pubs.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each ofthem. You are to choose the word or phrase that bestcompletes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to _______the pain.A.alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. His broken arm healed well, but she died of the pneumonia whichfollowed as a ______.A. complementB. complimentC. complexionD. complication33. Unfortunately, our vacation plans_______on account of transport strikes.A fell back B. fell thoughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The ________climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over the world every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the_______in which the organism lives most effectively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbit36.The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should_____him____nicely after his operation.A. set…outB. set…upC. set…offD. set…aside37. His behavior was so _____ that even the merciful people could not forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliant38.__________to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very _____nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleC. elasticD. exceptional40. He saved some money for artistic________such as fine paintings.A. donationsB. profitsC . luxuries D. luresSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath eachsentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep themeaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe for cattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. To their surprise, she has been nominated as candidate for the Presidency.A. recognizedB. definedC. appointedD. promoted43. We cannot look down upon our opponent, who is an experiencedswimmer.A. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. partner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patients without any complaint.A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is 2 years‘imprisonment.A. convictionB. spanC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the national and local governments tried to wipeout rats to prevent the spread of disease.A. exterminateB. dominateC. determinateD. contaminate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe with them.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigilantD. rigid48. The biggest engineering project that they undertook was encumbered by lack of funds.A. cancelledB. condensedC. hamperedD. haunted49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be enthusiastic and magnetic.A. arrogantB. industriousC. zealousD. attractive50. He is successful as a doctor because of his dynamic personality, heseems to have unlimited energy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitraryPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Many Canadians enjoy the luxury of a large amount of living space. Canada is vast, and the homes are large according to the standards of many counties. Even___51__inner cities do not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Canadians appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since familiesare generally small, many Canadian children enjoy the luxury of their own bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern __52__.Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions. ―Family rooms‖ are popular features in modern houses; these are __53__, ―living rooms‖ since many living rooms have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas, __54__.Recreational homes are also popular__55___ Canadians. Some Canadians own summer homes, cottages, or camps. These may __56__ from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to ―get away from it all.‖ They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in large cities such as Toronto, where the number of people leaving town on Friday night and returning Sunday might __57__the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life; people often do not live in one place long enough to __58__ to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas, where there is some ___59___, neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seems to be __60__ of acommunal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.51. A. spacious B. crowded C. remote D. deserted52. A. convenience B. comfort C. architecture D. taste53. A. in common B. in particular C. in chief D. in fact54. A. either B. as well C. in turn D. instead55. A. to B. in C. with D. for56. A. transform B. convert C. range D. shift57. A. blocks B. halts C. cuts off D. keeps off58. A. become B. come C. get D. grow59. A. stability B. mobility C. reality D. tranquility60. A. bit B. much C. more D. lessPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage OneThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths is falling form favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart‘s music promotes mathematical thinking.Researchers reported six years age that listening to Mozart brings about short-tem improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern.Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved, Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons.But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaw‘s experiments to see for himself.Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how to paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart, another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again.No group showed any statistically significant improvement in theirabilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn‘t exist. ―It‘s about as unproven and as unsupported as you can get.‖ he says.Shaw, however, defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart, but Steele didn‘t separate his students into groups based on ability. ―We‘re still at the stage where it needs to be examined.‖ Shaw says. ―I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more we‘ll be able to design tests that give a robust effect.‖61. It has been recently found out that _________A.Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematicalthinkingB.classical music cannot be expected to improve one‘s mathC.the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD.music favors one‘s mathematical thinking62. Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?A.Paper cutting and spatial thinkingB.The nature of a task and the type of thinkingC.Classical music and mathematical performanceD.Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning63. In Shaw‘s test, the students would most probably_______A.draw the image of the cut paperB.improve their mathematical thinkingC.have the idea about classical music confirmedD.increase the number of neurons in their brains64. From Steele‘s experiment we say that_______.A.his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB.it was much more complicated than Shaw‘sC.the result were statistically significantD.Shaw‘s results were not repeatable65. Shaw is critical of _________A.Steele‘s results presented at a wrong stageB.Steele‘s wrong selection of the testeesC.Steele‘s ignorance of neurobiologyD.Steele‘s test designPassage TwoLong-suffering couples take heart. There is a good reason for those endless arguments in the front of the car: men and women use different parts of the brain when they try to find their way around, suggesting that the strategies they use might also be completely different.Matthias Riepe and his colleagues at the University of Ulm in Germany asked 24 healthy volunteers---half of them men, halfwomen---to find their way out of three virtual-reality mazes displayed on video goggles. Meanwhile, the researchers monitored the volunteer s‘brain activity using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. This showed that men and women called on strikingly different brain areas to complete the task. ―I didn‘t expect it to be so dramatic,‖says Riepe.Previous students have been shown that woman rely manly on landmarks to find their way. Men use these cues too, but they also use geometric cues, such as the angle and shape of a wall or a corner. Such studies also suggest that men navigate their way out of unfamiliar spaces more quickly, as Riepe found in his study, too.Riepe discovered that both men and women used parts of the parietal cortex towards the top of the brain, the right side of the hippocampus and a few other well-established areas to find their way out. Neuroscientists think that the parietal regions help translate what the eyes see into information about where the body is in space, while the hippocampal region helps progress how objects are arranged.But other regions seemed to be exclusively male or female. The men engaged the left side of their hippocampus, which the researchers say could help with assessing geometry or remembering whether they have already visited a location. The women, by contrast, recruited their right frontal cortex. Riepe says this may indicate that they were using their―working memory‖, trying to keep in mind the landmarks they had passed.―It fits very well with the animal studies,‖ says Riepe. He points out that there seem to be similar differences in rats. For example, damage to the frontal lobe will impair a female‘s sense of direction, but not a male‘s.66. The studies on the driving issue have evolved__________A.from the car to the driverB.from the reality to the virtual –realityC.from the physical cues to the parts of the brainD.from the cues of navigation to the strategies of driving67. The different parts of the brain men and women use to find their wayaround, according to the passage, refer to________A.the left side of the hippocampus and the right frontal cortexB.the right and left side of their hippocampuses respectivelyC.the right and left hemisphere of their brains respectivelyD.the parietal cortex and the hippocampus as a whole68. The part of the brain women use may help explain why they____________.e geometric cues to navigateB.have a better memory than menC.rely mainly on landmarks to find their waysD.behave less aggressively than men in driving69. The reason for the differences in the sexes, according to Riepe, couldbe ___________A.the environmental factorB.the psychological factorC.the innate factorD.all of the above70. Which one of the following questions did the studies answer?A.How do women and men drive differently?B.How can we detect the brain activities during driving?C.Why do men and women argue over which route to take?D.Why does the damage to the frontal lobe impair the sense ofdirection?Passage ThreeWork has left you frazzled. Your legs ache when you get back from the gym…don‘t pop those aspirins just yet. Think hot springs. Cranking up a hot tub and hopping in is a actural remedy that can provide significant relief from physical pain and stress.There are more than three million home spas in the U.S. today. There are numerous reasons spas have made the move from the decks of Hollywood producers to the back yards of middle America. Spas help reduce the effect of stress on your body, assist in muscle recovery after the stress of exercise, and help heal muscles near arthritic joints.There ate three elements to hydrotherapy that, in tandem, provide these healing effects on the body: heat, buoyancy, and motion. When you exercise, your muscles develop thousands of microscopic tears which result in painful lactic acid build-up in the muscle tissue. Hydrotherapy‘s motion and warmth cause blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure and speeding the flow of oxygen, endorphins, and cell-repairing nutrients to injured muscles. Additionally, buoyancy of the water reduces the strain on your knees and joints which allow the surrounding muscles to relax. This can be of crucial help to arthritis sufferers, because when joints are inflamed, the surrounding muscles become tense to protect them. Relaxing in a spa then makes your muscles more limber and reduces the pain. Water‘s healing potential has long been known.We don‘t tend to associate intelligence with our bodies, yet as Thomas Edison said, ―Great ideas originate in the muscles.‖Radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich believed that many of us inhibit or deny impulses, feelings, traumas, and stresses by tightening our muscles and creating a kind of ―body armor.‖ He felt that as you cut off the source ofpain, you also cut off the source of pleasure. By loosening body armor, by letting muscles relax, you can return to a feeling of flow and creativity.Few things can relax the body more than a home spa. And a relaxed body leads to a relaxed mind. There is no better place to start relaxing than an hour in your home hot springs.71. To begin with, what does the author insist we avoid doing?A.Undergoing physical pain and stress.B.Taking aspirin tablets.C.Going to the gym.D.Relaxing in a spa.72. What does the second sentence in the second paragraph implies?A.The origin of spas.B.The popularity of hot springs.C.The flux of people to mid America.D.The spas as a luxury only for the rich.73. After the stress of exercise, the injured muscles____A.will lead to arthritisB.contain plenty of microscopic tearsC.can cause blood pressure to declineD.will boost the production of cell-repairing nutrients74. The author contends that our creativity______A.can be enforced by the ‗body armor‖B.does not occur in mind but in the musclesC.can be hampered with our muscles tightenedD.is good only when we are free of mental an d physical stress75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Spas, the Best RelaxationB. A Brief History of Spas.C.Spa Resorts in the USAD.Soak Away StressPassage FourConvincing the public to follow health advice can be tough and time-consuming. This may be why changes to health messages are often fiercely resisted by those whose job is to get the advice across. So, for example, the suggestion that smokers who cannot quit should reduce their exposure to harm by switching to chewing tobacco met with extreme opposition.A still more ferocious debate is emerging over the health impact ofsunshine. For the past 20years, advice on sunlight has come from dermatologists who rightly warn people to cover up when they venture outside for fear of developing skin cancer. But evidence from researchers in other fields now suggests that short periods in the sun without protection—sometimes as little as a few minutes a day---can prevent most other major forms of cancer.This surprising conclusion stems from findings that vitamin D. which is made by skin cells exposed to the sun‘s ultraviolet rays, is a potent anti-cancer agent. The researchers who made this discovery are eager to be heard. But their message is about as welcome as a bad rash, particularly in countries such as Australia and the US where fair-skinned immigrants living at Mediterranean latitudes have made skin cancer a huge problem.The American Academy of Dermatology argues that advocating one carcinogen-----UV radiation----to protect against other forms of cancer is dangerous and misleading. If people need more vitamin D, they should take a multivitamin or drink milk fortified with it, says the academy. Unfortunately, the solution is not as simple as that. Critics also argue that the protective effect of sunlight is not yet proved. While this may be true, the evidence is very suggestive. The case is built on several studies that bring together cellular biology, biochemistry and epidemiology.And all the criticism of this theory counts for nothing if, as some ofits advocates, suggest, the number of people dying for lack of sunlight is four times as high as those dying from skin cancer. At the same time, those advocates must not overstate their case. Everyone wants to save as many lives as they can.What we need now is for national medical research bodies and cancer research organizations to investigate the relative risks and benefits of sunshine. This will almost certainly mean more epidemiological work, which should start as soon as possible. As for the public: give them the facts, including risk estimates for short periods in the sun---and for covering up. It is patronizing( 施恩于人的) to assume that people cannot deal with complex messages.What we definitely do not want is a war of words between groups with polarized views, and no prospect of the issue being resolved. That way will only lead to confusion, distrust of doctors and more unnecessary deaths.76. According to the first two paragraphs, the problem seems to be that the public______A.cannot be reached by health messagesB.is torn between two health messagesC.never trust those health researchersD.are divided over health problems77. The recent opposition goes to __________A.the protective value of sunshineB.the cancer-causing effect of sunshineC.the debate over the health impact of sunshineD.the two controversial messages about skin cancer78. According to the critics, the health impact of sunshine_________A.will be epidemiologically provedB.is misleading the public altogetherC.merits a comprehensive investigationD.can be easily addressed with a simple solution79. The author implies that health messages should be made easy_______A.to debateB.to swallowC.to estimateD.to publicize80. As for the issue, the author suggests that the public_________A.decide on their own how much sunshine is too muchB.avoid unnecessary deaths due to complex messagesC.be provided with reliable and practicable messagesD.facilitate the understanding of health messagesPassage FiveI make my way down the three chilly blocks to an old diner on Commercial Street. I am meeting a new friend for lunch. I‘ve never been here before: this is not my part of town. And so I arrive early, to sit in an old wooden booth and learn what I can about the place.They call it Katie‘s kitchen. One hundred years ago, it was a bar. The barstools remain, but through community donations, it‘s now a respectable restaurant. The hostess, casher, and waiters are residents of a nearby hotel for the transient and unemployed and work here to gain dignity and job skills. Both the hotel and restaurant are run by Sister L, a nun with a heart and a great deal of business sense.My new friend arrives. He works down the street, in a clinic for indigent( 穷的)persons; he knows these people. The workers and many of the clients seem to know him too, for I see warmth and proud smiles on their faces as he greets them. Behind him, a few nameless souls wander in from the street in a swirl of December wind.I focus on our waitress. A pretty girl of perhaps 18 years, she is all smiles and grace. I wonder for a moment why she‘s here ---what her story is;what her dreams are; whether she is raising children on her own.But I cannot hold the thought, for she reminds me of another waitress at my favorite coffee shop---a college student with a bright future.Some time later, I finish my soup and sandwich---a good meal made better because of the smile of the girl who served it. I wipe my mouth and go to pay. Eight dollars and sixty-four cents, for two. To our embarrassment, my friend and I discover that neither of us has cash, and my credit card is not good here.We sheepishly approach Sister L, who smiles and takes my bill. ―It‘s okay.‖ she says. ―We‘ ll buy your lunch. It‘ll be our pleasure.‖Slowly, I leave the world of the diner. Back at the hospital where I work, my boss laments our financial woes. ―We‘re really tight,‖he says.‖The executive committee tells me we may not even though money to build the new critical care wing this year.‖ He frowns, hesitates, then adds, ―It‘s flu season, though, and perhaps by seeing patients in person rather than treating so many over the phone, we‘ll recoup some of our losses.‖It‘s budget time, and I know that this means our gratis ( 免费的) fitness center memberships may be cancelled. We‘re in a tough bind.Three streets away, a tattered man in a throwaway overcoat sits shivering in the diner. Sister L slowly fills his cup full of hot coffee. Holding the cup with trembling hands, he stares deeply into its dark center. There is healing in its rising steam.。
协和医科大学考博历年试题集锦
协和医科大学2000年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.微灶浸润癌2.输卵管卵巢囊肿二、问答题1.妊高征对于母儿的影响和预防2.前置胎盘的处理原则3.阴道出血的原因和明确诊断4.内异症的现代治疗进展5.恶性卵巢肿瘤的鉴别诊断和处理原则6.卵巢早衰的病理机制和病理分型7.口服避孕药的改良和效果8.多胎妊娠的临床表现和治疗协和医科大学2001年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.Barr's body2.ART3.CA1254.ICSI5.Bechet's syndrome二、问答题1.卵巢癌的鉴别诊断2.羊水栓塞的诊断和处理原则3.双胎妊娠妊娠期并发症4.妊娠期黄疸的鉴别诊断5.米非司酮的研究进展6.PCOS的病生特点，诊断和治疗原则7.中期妊娠引产常用方法协和医科大学2002年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.有生机儿2.Hcg3. PRL4.PIH5.ART6.产后出血二、问答题1.常用避孕措施的优缺点2.妊高征中硫酸镁的剂量用法和注意事项3.妇科生殖系统的血管分布和淋巴途径4.内异症的治疗进展5.宫颈癌的病理生理形成过程6.产后出血的机制7.卵巢癌的分类8.妊娠期病毒性肝炎的鉴别诊断协和医科大学2004年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.先期化疗2.HELLP3.syndrome4.LEEPI6.PETAL7.DEATH8.TTTS二、简答题1、异位妊娠的保守治疗指征2、“吊床”学说3、交界性肿瘤的特点4、？三、论述题1、宫腔镜治疗的并发征及其处理2、宫颈癌的手术方式及其指征3、子宫内膜异位症的治疗新进展及其前景协和医科大学2003年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）1.热休克蛋白2.粘附分子3.死腔样通气4.白细胞致热原5.独特型抗体6.假性神经递质二、名词解释并作比较（9分）1.chromatid-type aberration and chromosome-type aberration2.endocrine, paracrine, aoutcrine三、单选题（每题2分，共16分）1.生物膜的基本结构是①固态②液态③液晶态的脂双层。
07年协和皮肤科考博试题（回忆版）
07年协和皮肤科考博试题（回忆版）一名词解释（共5题，每题2分）1 表皮通过时间2 前带现象3 Fox---Fordyce病4 核尘5 血管萎缩性皮肤异色病二判断题1 有关硬红斑的描述。
2 有关Dukes病（第四种病）3有关红斑狼疮。
4---10 （忘记了）三单选题（共10题，每题1分）1油痤疮相关。
2 白色萎缩相关。
3 毛囊角化病相关。
4 Sezary相关。
5 反应停的副作用。
6---10 （忘记了）四填空题（共10题，每题1分）1 填“皮肤异色”2 有关二甲基亚砜的填“万能溶媒”3 维A酸类药物+ 光化学疗法称为“Re-PUV A疗法”4 手足口病的病因，填“科萨奇病毒”5 抗组胺药的副作用，填“TDP尖端扭转性室速”6 有关疥疮的，填“机械损伤和免疫损伤”7---10 （忘记了）五简答题（共4题，每题5分）1 HPV的亚临床感染。
2 癣菌疹发病机制及临床表现。
3 LBT实验的意义。
4 口服激惹试验的作用。
六问答题（共4题，每题10分）1 光毒性反应和光变态反应的区别。
2 何谓主药？简述常见药物的分类并举1-2例。
3获得性大疱性表皮松解症的临床及病理表现。
4 病原微生物入侵机体后所发生的免疫反应。
建议：1 所有题目均能在赵辩主编的《临床皮肤病学》（第三版）上面找到答案。
2 似乎偏爱考常见病的次常见特点和次常见病的常见特点。
免疫基础科：名词解释：NF-κB，讨论：T细胞突触的功能10分1.Th双信号的模型机理2.DC细胞的功能3.嗜酸性细胞在I型超敏反应的作用。
皮肤科的简答题：IgA大疱病鉴别结缔组织病重叠综合症？孢子丝菌病MF分类等。
流行病学复习题(附答案)
流行病学复习题（附答案）一、单选题（共103题，每题1分，共103分）1.决定传染病患者隔离期限长短的主要依据是:A、临床症状期B、前驱期C、潜伏期D、恢复期E、传染期正确答案：E2.对儿童进行急性呼吸道感染检测，测量疾病频率的指标应选用:A、罹患率B、发病率C、期间患病率D、患病率E、时点患病率正确答案：B3.必需病因对疾病的作用在时间上必须在疾病发病:A、之前后B、同时C、之后D、之初E、之前正确答案：E4.一种疾病的病死率为:A、该病的死亡专率B、该病患者的死亡百分比C、该病死亡在各种死亡中的比例D、某疾病的死亡结果E、每 100000 人的粗死亡率正确答案：B5.流行病学研究的主要用途是:A、进行统计学检验B、研究疾病的发生概率C、研究疾病的死亡情况D、研究疾病的临床表现E、探讨病因与影响流行的因素及确定预防方法正确答案：E6.下列哪项是病因的最确切含义?A、心理因素B、物理因子C、病原微生物D、凡能使人们发病概率增加的因子E、化学因子正确答案：D7.流行病学中的群体是指:A、在一定范围内的人群，可以小到一个家庭，大到全人类B、有典型症状的病人C、病原携带者D、无症状的健康人E、传染病患者正确答案：A8.流行病学与临床医学的区别在于:A、不研究疾病的预后B、在群体水平上研究疾病现象C、不涉及药物治疗D、研究疾病的病因学E、提供诊断依据正确答案：B9.下列哪种情况适用于抽样调查?A、为发现某病全部病例并提供治疗B、为早期发现癌症患者以降低死亡率C、欲调查的人群人数很少D、欲知道某地一定时间内某病的患病情况E、要了解各种疾病的常年发病情况正确答案：D10.下列哪项因素与发病率的变化无关。
A、防疫措施的有效与否B、患病率的升高或下降C、致病因素的作用明显加强和减弱D、疾病诊断水平的提高或下降E、诊断标准的变化正确答案：B11.罹患率是指:A、1年内某病新发病例数与同期暴露人口数之比B、观察期间病例数与同期平均人口数之比C、观察期间新发病例数与同期期初人口数之比D、观察期间某病新发病例数与同期暴露人口数之比E、观察期间新旧病例数与同期暴露人口数之比正确答案：D12.流行病学最常用的指标有:A、发病率、出生率、病死率B、发病率、死亡率、病死率C、发病率、死亡率、患病率D、患病率、生存率、感染率E、死亡率、缓解率、流行率正确答案：C13.在联合诊断试验中，平行试验是指:A、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行诊断时，其中只要一个试验有一个阳性即诊断为阳性B、同时使用两个试验C、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行诊断时，其中每个试验都有阳性时才诊断为阳性D、同时使用两个以上的试验E、当使用两个或两个以上的试验进行诊断时，其中只要一个试验有一个阴性即诊断为阴性正确答案：A14.目前引起医院感染最主要的病原体是:A、大肠杆菌B、卡他球菌C、金黄色葡萄球菌D、表皮葡萄球菌E、链球菌正确答案：A15.在队列研究中缺少随机化导致的主要问题是:A、更少比例的研究人群可能暴露过B、更像横断面研究C、研究实施花费的时间长D、更大比例的研究人群可能暴露过E、某因素导致暴露的可能性超过暴露本身产生疾病的可能性正确答案：B16.在一个乳腺癌与产次关系的病例对照研究中，结果 100 例乳腺癌患者中。
流行病学试题(附参考答案)
流行病学试题（附参考答案）一、单选题（共103题，每题1分，共103分）1.流行病学研究病因出发点是宏观:A、团体水平B、生态水平C、群体水平D、队列水平E、个体水平正确答案：C2.在一项有 500 名病例和 500 名对照的研究中，分别在 400 名病例和100 名对照中发现可疑病因因素。
具有该因素的人发生该病的绝对危险度是:A、16,B、由上述资料不能计算C、20,D、80,E、40,正确答案：B3.下列哪项不是判断因果联系的标准?A、剂量—反应关系B、联系的强度C、样本大小D、联系的合理性E、时间顺序正确答案：C4.在一个乳腺癌与产次关系的病例对照研究中，结果 100 例乳腺癌患者中。
有25 人未产，100 例对照中有 10 例未产，那么未产使妇女患乳腺癌的危险增大:A、2.0 倍B、3.0 倍C、2.5 倍D、1.5 倍E、1.0 倍正确答案：A5.流行病学与临床医学的区别在于:A、不涉及药物治疗B、研究疾病的病因学C、在群体水平上研究疾病现象D、提供诊断依据E、不研究疾病的预后正确答案：C6.对于一种危害严重的疾病，采取针对病因的措施后，在评价其预防效果时应采用哪些指标最合适?A、病死率B、患病率C、死亡率D、罹患率E、发病率正确答案：E7.注射白喉抗毒素的同时，又接种白喉类毒素，这种免疫称为:A、自然被动B、自然自动C、人工被动D、人工自动被动免疫E、人工自动正确答案：D8.缺乏某一素不会引起该病,这个因素被称为:A、非必需病因B、危险因素C、非充分病因D、必需病因E、充分病因正确答案：D9.关于患病率，下列哪项是错误的?A、患病率的调查对于病程短的疾病没有多大用途B、患病率是由横断面调查得出的频率C、患病率的增加不一定表示发病率的增加D、患病率的用途没有发病率大E、患病率的单位是人年正确答案：E10.在一项胰腺癌病例的病例对照研究中，17%病人被诊断为糖尿病患者，根据年龄、性别、种族和其他特征配对的对照组有 4%被诊断为糖尿病患者，由此得出糖尿病在胰腺癌中起了病因的作用:A、可能不对，因为在胰腺癌病例中缺少糖尿病的确诊B、正确C、不对，因为没有对照组或可比人群D、不对，因为在糖尿病和胰腺癌的发生间没有建立时间顺序E、可能不对，因为在非糖尿病患者中可能确诊胰腺癌正确答案：D11.我国规定发现甲类传染病及其疑似病人时，应以最快方式向卫生防疫站报告，其中在城市的报告时限是:A、48 小时之内B、24 小时之内C、12 小时之内D、3 小时之内E、6 小时之内正确答案：E12.关于相对危险度(RR)的叙述，下列哪项是正确的?A、不是流行病学病因调查的测量指标B、在估计公共卫生措施的影响时比特异危险度更有用C、在调查特定疾病的病因时比归因危险度更有用D、无效假设值为零E、以上都不是正确答案：C13.如果孕妇孕期暴露于某因素与出生婴儿神经管畸形的相对危险度是 3，意味着:A、暴露组孕妇生畸形儿的危险是非暴露组孕妇的 3 倍B、暴露组孕妇生畸形儿的危险比非暴露组孕妇大 4 倍C、暴露组孕妇生畸形儿的危险是非暴露组孕妇的 2 倍D、暴露组孕妇生畸形儿的危险比非暴露组孕妇大 3 倍E、暴露组孕妇生畸形儿的危险是非暴露组孕妇的4 倍正确答案：A14.在病例对照研究中，比值比(OR)的含义是指A、病例组的暴露比值与对照组的暴露比值的比B、对照组的暴露比值除以病例组的暴露比值C、病例组的发病率与对照组的发病率之比D、病例组的暴露比值与对照组的暴露比值之差E、病例组的发病率与对照组的发病率之差正确答案：A15.一位伤寒患者住在传染病房治疗，此时应采取:A、预防性消毒B、紫外线消毒C、化学消毒D、终末消毒E、随时消毒正确答案：D16.筛检的定义是:A、在大量人群中通过快速的试验和其他方法，去发现那些未被识别的病人、可疑病人或有缺陷的人B、在大量人群中通过快速的诊断试验确诊病人的过程C、在某个人群中随机抽取一部分人进行检查的过程D、对某个人群的全部人员进行调查E、在大量人群中通过快速的试验或其他方法确诊病人的过程正确答案：A17.对某一疾病进行筛检时，经筛检检出的病例有较长的临床前期，这些病例的生存期可能较长。
北京协和医学院流行病学历年真题及资料(2011年整理)
欢迎大家踊跃报考北京协和医学院公共卫生学院！北京协和医学院公卫学院卫生统计1 一、选择题（每个3分）1、两样本均数的比较，需检验无效假设μ1=μ2是否成立，可用（） A 方差分析 B t 检验 C两个均可 D 两个均不可2、下列公式你认为哪个可能出现负值（）A ∑(X -X )2 B ∑Y 2-(∑Y )2/n C ∑(Y -Y )2 D ∑(X -X )(Y -Y ) 3、在常态分布下，横轴上从均数μ到μ+1.96倍标准差的面积为（） A 、96% B 4.5% C 97.5% D 47.5% 4、标准差的定义为（）A S =12)(−−∑n X X B S =nX X ∑−2)(C δ=1-n 2)(∑−μX D δ=n2)(∑−μX 5、比较身高与体重两组数据变异大小应用（）A 、变异系数(C V )B 方差(S2) C 极差(R ) D 标准差(S ) 二、简答题（每个3分）1、有10个数的平均数为12，又有20个数的平均数为16，所有这些数的平均数是多少？2、常用的相对数有哪些？3、标准差和标准误都说明什么？它们的主要区别在哪里？4、有12个病人，每次随即抽取3个病人为一样本，能抽取多少个样本？5、证明∑(X -X )=0. 三、判断(每个3分)1、有n 个数据，X 1 X 2…..X n 的几何平均数使用公式G=nX2...Xn X1。
2、如果有一个总体X 1，X 2，X 3，X 4，每次抽样两个样本计算其平均数，这些样本均数的均数是总体均数。
3、X ±t 0.05S X 的含义是95%的样本均数在这区间里。
4、相关检验中，相关系数r 是在0~1之间变化。
5、X ±1.96S 可作为母体均数的95%可信限。
四、填空（每个5分）1、两样本均数比较的t 检验，差别有显著意义时，P 值越小，说明＿＿＿＿。
2、完全随机设计方差分析中，总变异可分解为＿＿＿、＿＿＿。
五、计算（每个15分）1、用重要黛矾片治疗成人五黄疸型肝炎8例，30天侯复查在治疗前后的血清谷丙酶测定值如下，问降酶效果如何？病例 12345678疗前 660350450240280540300620疗后 150400100320105210110300 2、下列资料为外界气压（10c mH g）和男子肺泡内二氧化碳分压，试计算出二者相关系数，并算出由二氧化碳分压推算外界气压的回归方程。
协和医科大学考博历年试题集锦
协和医科大学2000年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.微灶浸润癌2.输卵管卵巢囊肿二、问答题1.妊高征对于母儿的影响和预防2.前置胎盘的处理原则3.阴道出血的原因和明确诊断4.内异症的现代治疗进展5.恶性卵巢肿瘤的鉴别诊断和处理原则6.卵巢早衰的病理机制和病理分型7.口服避孕药的改良和效果8.多胎妊娠的临床表现和治疗协和医科大学2001年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.Barr's body2.ART3.CA1254.ICSI5.Bechet's syndrome二、问答题1.卵巢癌的鉴别诊断2.羊水栓塞的诊断和处理原则3.双胎妊娠妊娠期并发症4.妊娠期黄疸的鉴别诊断5.米非司酮的研究进展6.PCOS的病生特点，诊断和治疗原则7.中期妊娠引产常用方法协和医科大学2002年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.有生机儿2.Hcg3. PRL4.PIH5.ART6.产后出血二、问答题1.常用避孕措施的优缺点2.妊高征中硫酸镁的剂量用法和注意事项3.妇科生殖系统的血管分布和淋巴途径4.内异症的治疗进展5.宫颈癌的病理生理形成过程6.产后出血的机制7.卵巢癌的分类8.妊娠期病毒性肝炎的鉴别诊断协和医科大学2004年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释1.先期化疗2.HELLP3.syndrome4.LEEPI6.PETAL7.DEATH8.TTTS二、简答题1、异位妊娠的保守治疗指征2、“吊床”学说3、交界性肿瘤的特点4、？三、论述题1、宫腔镜治疗的并发征及其处理2、宫颈癌的手术方式及其指征3、子宫内膜异位症的治疗新进展及其前景协和医科大学2003年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）1.热休克蛋白2.粘附分子3.死腔样通气4.白细胞致热原5.独特型抗体6.假性神经递质二、名词解释并作比较（9分）1.chromatid-type aberration and chromosome-type aberration2.endocrine, paracrine, aoutcrine三、单选题（每题2分，共16分）1.生物膜的基本结构是①固态②液态③液晶态的脂双层。
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考察疾病监测与横断面研究、队列研究的关系。
二、选择题（30分，15个单选题，15个多选题；每题1分）
（注：选择题考察对流行病原理方法的认识理解。单选不是太难，但多选题比较难。）
三、简Hale Waihona Puke 题（15分，共3个大题，每题5分）
1.考察对病例对照设计原理的理解。（给出一个错误的病例对照例子，让找出错误。）
2.考察对发病率和患病率影响因素的理解。
3.考察实验流行病学设立对照组的问题。
北京协和医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
北京协和医学院
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：流行病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（40分，共10个名词，每个4分。将英文翻译成中文，然后用中文进行解释）
1.cross sectional study 2.screening 3.RR 4.sampling survey 5.window period 6.maternal mortality rate 7.infection of reservoir (注：另外3个已不记得)