Investigation of Oil Conditioning,
大学英语听力第6册全书答案
P37. 1) had died 2) exercise 3) possible 4) preferable 5) lifestyle factors 6) preventable
7) cure 8) prevented 9)taking pills 10) cured 11) treatable 12) drunk driving
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Units 1—10Book 6
Unit 1 An Investigation:
Ps 2 -3 Ex. I 1d2c3b 4b5c
P3 Ex. II.
Man Robber
Woman robber
Height
six foot one
around five four
2) A luxury two-bedroom apartment costs $4,000 amonth.
3) A CD costs $24.83.
2.London,Seoul, Hong Kong,Geneva,Osaka…
3.Beijingtool the 20thplace; Shanghai the 26thplace.
c. They don’t want the tippee to think they’re cheapskates and they don’t want to look as though they’re form out of town by tipping too much.
2. Bernard Shaw received a terrible service. The waiter ignored the great playwright and mixed up his orders. On top of all this, he was rude. After paying the check Shaw looked at the waiter in the eye, dropped a fifty-dollar bill on the table and said, “This is what I tip for bad service.”
海上平台上市公司题库
上市公司题库1、MARS100燃气轮机启动系统由哪两大部分组成的？答:The variable speed starter motor is a 0-190 horsepower,0-380V AC,3 phase squirrel-cage induction motor.(B330)Motor speed is 0-7000rmp ,and maximum power level is 75KW for 3.5 minutes.The variable frequency drive controller(VFD930),the controller is capable of opertation on 380-460V AC 3-phase power, at line frequencies of 48-62Hz and maximum input current 250A. The controller is rated at 231 Amps(continuous) output.2、MARS100透平机组的停机方式有哪几种？答:Cooldown Nonlockout .Cooldown lockout. Fast Stop Nonlockout Fast Stop Nonlockout3、寒冷的雾，雪天气，发电工应特别注意哪些检查？答:Check engine inlet air filtration system for clogging or contamination4、并车的条件是什么？答:matching of the generator and load bus voltage ,frequency, and phase5、MARS100透平机组压气机的形式，叶片级数，压比各是多少？答:Type Axial Number of Stages 15 Compression Ratio 17.3:1 Speed(design) 10780rmp Flow 90.6 lb/sec(41 kg/sec)COMBUSTION CHAMBERType Annular Ignition Torch Number of Fuel NozzlesGAS PRODUCER TURBINEType ReactionNumber of Stages 2 Speed 11168rmpPOWER TURBINEType reaction Number of Stages 2 Speed(Designed Optimum at 59F(15℃) 9100rmp maximum speed 9500rmpBEARINGSJournal Tilt-Pad Thrust Gas-producer:Tilt-pad Power Turbine:Tilt-pad 6、MARS100机组防喘措施有哪些？答:BLEED V ALVES AND GUIDE VANES7、MARS100的T1指的是哪个地方的温度？答:Compressor inlet temperature (T1) affects the compressor’s performance; colder air will improve the compressor’ performance and hotter air will degrade the compressor’s performance. 8、MARS100的T5指的是哪个地方的温度？答:Third stage turbine nozzle temperature is called T5, and is measured by seventeen thermocouples installed in bosses in the combustor housing.9、当透平发生滑油高温报警时，如何检查?答:Check lube oil pressure; check oil cooler fans; check for contamination on oil cooler air side, check oil cooler louvers10、当透平发生滑油低液位报警时，如何检查？答:Check oil level in tank ; check operation of oil level switch; check for ruptured lines or severe leaks.11、当透平发生低油压报警时，如何检查：答:Check oil filter and regulator ; check for ruptured lines and low oil level; check pump suction strainer.13：当透平发生油箱高压报警时，如何检查？答:check for high back pressure in tank; check operation oil tank pressure switches/transmitter. 14：当透平发生滑油滤器高压差报警时，如何检查？答:check condition of lube oil; check oil temperature and pressure; check operation of filter Δp switch/transmitter; shift to reserve filter and change filter element.15：当透平发生T5高温报警时，如何检查？答:check voltmeter reading; confirm location of faulty thermocouple; test T5 system at next shutdown; consider combustor borescope inspection at first opportunity.16：当透平发生24VDC高压报警时，如何检查？答:check voltmeter reading on 24 V battery charger, check analog input module calibration; adjust charging rate if necessary; repair/replace charger/batteries if unable to adjust.17：当透平发生24V充电器故障报警时，如何检查？答:check voltmeter & ammeter readings on charger; ensure AC power to charger is ON ; repair/replace charger/batteries if necessary.18：当透平发生T5热电偶故障报警时，如何检查？答:check display screens to determine faulty thermocouple reading; check T5 system calibration at next opportunity (include Fast mV input module).19：当透平发生滑油系统故障报警时，如何检查？答:should find what kind of alarm, high /low temperature , high/low pressure,20：当透平发生GP止推轴承高温报警时，如何检查？答:verify temperature on Meters screen; Reduce engine load; check RTD input module calibration and RTD accuracy21：当透平发生冷却风扇高振动报警时，如何检查？答:inspect cooler fan/s/ for loose/ bent blades; check vibration switch on cooler; check fan belts for tightness and condition; check pillow block and fan motor bearings.22：当透平发生齿轮箱高温报警时，如何检查答: check gearbox oil temperature; ensure adequate oil supply to gearbox; check bearing drains to ensure clear drains and flow; check gearbox alignment.23：当透平发生天然气泄漏报警时，如何检查？答:confirm reading on Meters screen; shut unit down and check for leaks as soon as possible. 24：当透平发生进气滤器高压差报警时，如何检查？答:check Δp reading on gage; check inlet screens and ducting for obstructions/contamination; replace filter elements as soon as practicable.25：当透平发生天然气低压报警时，如何检查？答: check gas fuel pressure gage reading ; check pressure switch calibration; check manual shutoff valve; check supply pressure from scrubber/ conditioning system.26：当透平发生发电机绕组高温报警时，如何检查？答:reduce generator load ; check generator cooling air inlet and exhaust ducts for restrictions; compare with other phase winding temperatures (if significant fifferences are noted, check phase current readings for corresponding differentials).27：当透平发生火灾发生报警时，如何检查？答:ensure package is in shutdown process; shut down related ancillary equipment (fuel gascompressors, waste heat equipment, ect.); ensure that extinguishing agent has been released; ENSURE THAT ALL PERSONNEL ARE CLEAR OF ENCLOSURE AND AREA AROUND UNIT.28：当透平发生快速停机锁定报警时，如何检查？答:backup fast stop relays have been activated; backup reset will be restore unit operation29：当透平发生伺服油油压低报警时，如何检查？答:check servo pump and controls for proper operation; notify maintenance personnel for further investigation.30：当透平发生盘车失败报警时，如何检查？答:monitor ngp display during start; should reach 15% prior to timeout of crank fail timer (nominally 35 seconds); if speed appears normal, notify controls maintenance personnel for calibration and functional tests of speed monitor system。
暖通英语知识简答1
EXE1Ⅰ. Translate Terms of Special EnglishLPG液化石油气LiquefiedPetroleumGas ACGIH美国政府工业卫生学家会议American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists EIA美国电子工业联合会Electronic Industries Alliance NGO民间组织；非政府组织non-government organization ASHRAE美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会American Society of Heating，Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning EngineersVAV变风量空调系统 HVAC&R供热、通风、空调和制冷AHU空气处理机DDC Direct Digital control)直接数字化控制 EER夏季制冷热泵的能效比energy efficiency ration COP冬季热泵的循环性能系数COP coefficient of performance ODP臭氧消耗潜能值ozone depression potential GWP全球变暖潜能值Global warming potential CAD计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Design IAQ室内空气品质”Indoor Air Quality SBS大楼综合症Sick Building Syndrome PM聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯Polymethyl MethacrylateETS美国教育考试服务中心（Educational Testing Service PAQ position analysis questionnaire职位分析问卷调查WHO世界卫生组织（World Health Organizatin EPA Environmental Protection Agency美国环境保护署TWA Time-weighted average 时间加权平均值，或者时量平均浓度SPF防晒系指数,Sun Protection Factor BTU BasicTransmissionUnit--基本传输单元AHU红外测温仪PU Polyurethane聚氨基甲酸酯DX coil DX型盘管ISO International Organization for Standardization国际化标准组织（write out their full name）LVG Longitudinal V ortex Generator纵向涡发生器SHGFs TFM Tamed Frequency Modulation时频调制VOCs Volatile organic compounds挥发性有机化合物open-type expansion tank 开式膨胀水箱volumetric efficiency容积效率temperature-entropy coordinates 温熵图thermal resistance热阻性、耐热性interdisciplinary science 跨学科科学human thermoregulation人体体温调节potential adverse health effect潜在危害健康upper respiratory tract上呼吸道face velocity罩口风速区域供热district heating循环泵circulating pump超高效过滤器High-efficiency filters舒适性空调系统comfortable air-conditioning system.工艺性空调系统process air conditioned 多级蒸气压缩式制冷Multi-stage steam compression type refrigeration 容积效率volumetric efficiency 表面张力surface tension水力直径hydraulic diameter放射性污染物radioactive pollutant工业洁净室Industrial clean room干/湿球温度dry-bulb temperature /wet bulb temperature空气源热泵air source heatpump水环热泵WLHP ；waterloop heat pump system四通转向阀four-way valve 热舒适性thermal comfort风机盘管机组fan-coil unit全空气系统ailair system定风量空调系统constant air volume airconditioning变风量末端设备vav terminal unit 最小新风量minimum fresh air requirmente热电偶thermoelectric pair垂直温度梯度verticaltemperature grade能量守恒energy conservation地板采暖floor radiant heating易燃粉尘combustible dust夜间蓄能系统室内装修interior trim可持续发展sustainable development∙性能系数coefficient of performance∙绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion∙负荷计算Load calculation水力计算hydraulic computation∙瞬时冷负荷稀释通风dilution ventilation换气次数air circulation ratio置换通风Displacement Ventilation居住建筑residential architecture∙辐射供热radiant heating∙Ⅱ. E-C & C-E Translation (pay attention to your translation skills)∙ 1. The time could have been more profitably spent in making a detailed investigation.如果当初把时间花在细致的调查研究上，好处就更大了。
目录二-(九)英文版规范
序号 名 称 United standard for building GB/T50001-2001 房屋建筑制图统一标准 Code for design of masonrystructres GB50003-2001 砌体结构设计规范（含局部修订版） Code for design of timbre structures GB50005-2003 木结构设计规范 Code for design of building foundation GB50007-2002 建筑地基基础设计规范 标准号 Load Code for the dedign of building 建筑结构荷载设计规范 Code for design of concrerestructures 混凝土结构设计规范 Code for seismicc design of buildings 建筑抗震设计规范 Structures
GB50016-2006 11 GB50017-2003 12
GB50018 13
GB50019-2003 14 GB50021-2001 15
GBJ22-87 16 GB50026-2007 17
GB50029-2003 18 GB20030-91 19
Code for design of compressed air 压缩空气站设计规范 Code for design of oxygen station 氧气站设计规范
1
2
3
4
GB50009-2001 5 GB50010-2002 6 GB50011-2001 7
GB50013-2006 8
GB50014-2006 9
GB50015-2003 10
建筑工程现行国家标准
建筑工程现行国家标准Code for design protection of structures against lightning〖GB50059-2011〗35kV~110kV变电站设计规范Code for design of 35kV~110kV substation〖GB50060-2008〗3～110kV高压配电装置设计规范Code for design of 3~110kV high voltage electrical installations〖GB50061-2010〗66kV及以下架空电力线路设计规范Code for design of 66kV or under overhead electrical power transmission line〖GB/T50064-2014〗交流电气装置的过电压保护和绝缘配合设计规范〖GB/T50065-2011〗交流电气装置的接地设计规范Code for design of ac electrical installations earthing〖GB50067-97〗汽车库、修车库、停车场设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of garage,motor repairshop and parking area〖GB50068-2001〗建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准Unified standard for reliability design of building structures〖GB50069-2002〗给水排水工程构筑物结构设计规范Structural design code for special structures of water supply and waste water engineering 〖GB/T50076-2013〗室内混响时间测量规范Code for measurement of the reverberation time in rooms〖GB50077-2003〗钢筋混凝土筒仓设计规范Code for design of reinforced concrete silos〖GB/T50080-2002〗普通混凝土拌合物性能试验方法标准Standard for test method of performance on ordinary fresh concrete mixture〖GB/T50081-2002〗普通混凝土力学性能试验方法标准Standard for test method of mechanical properties of ordinary concrete〖GB/T50082-2009〗普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验方法标准Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete 〖GB/T50083-97〗建筑结构设计术语和符号标准Standard for terminology and symbols used in design of building structures〖GB50084-2001(2005年版)〗自动喷水灭火系统设计规范Code of design for sprinkler systems〖GB/T50085-2007〗喷灌工程技术规范Technical code for sprinkling engineering〖GB50086-2001〗锚杆喷射混凝土支护技术规范〖GB50119-2013〗混凝土外加剂应用技术规范Code for concrete admixture application〖GB50121-2005〗建筑隔声评价标准Standard for assessment of building sound insulation〖GB/T50123-1999〗土工试验方法标准Standard for test merhods of earthworks〖GB/T50125-2010〗给水排水工程基本术语标准Standard for basic terms of water and wastewater engineering〖GB/T50129-2011〗砌体基本力学性能试验方法标准Standard for test method of basic mechanics properties of masonry〖GBJ130-90〗钢筋混凝土升板结构技术规范Technical code for reinforced concrete lift-slab structure〖GBJ132-90〗工程结构设计基本术语和通用符号Standard for basic terms and general symbols used in structural design of engineering〖GB50135-2006〗高耸结构设计规范Code for design of high-rising structures〖GB50137-2011〗城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准Code for classification of urban land use and planning standards of development land〖GB50140-2005〗建筑灭火器配置设计规范Code for design of extinguisher distribution in buildings〖GB50141-2008〗给水排水构筑物工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of water and sewerage structures〖GB/T50145-2007〗土的工程分类标准Standard for engineering classification of soil〖GB/T50146-2014〗粉煤灰混凝土应用技术规范〖GB50147-2010〗电气装置安装工程 高压电器施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of high-voltage electric equipment installation engineering〖GB50148-2010〗电气装置安装工程 电力变压器、油浸电抗器、互感器施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of power transformers oil reactor and mutual inductor〖GB50149-2010〗电气装置安装工程 母线装置施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of busbar installation of electric equipment installation engineering 〖GB50150-2006〗电气装置安装工程 电气设备交接试验标准Erection works of electrical installations Standard for hand-over test of electric equipment〖GB50255-2014〗电气装置安装工程 电力变流设备施工及验收规范〖GB50256-96〗电气装置安装工程 起重机电气装置施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric device of crane〖GB50257-96〗电气装置安装工程 爆炸和火灾危险环境电气装置施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric device within explosion and fire hazard atrmospheres〖GB50260-2013〗电力设施抗震设计规范Code for seismic design of electrical installations〖GB50261-2005〗自动喷水灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for installation and commissioning of sprinkler systems〖GB50263-2007〗气体灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of gas fire extinguishing systems〖GB/T50266-2013〗工程岩体试验方法标准Standard for test methods of engineering rock mass〖GB50268-2008〗给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of water and sewerage pipeline works〖GB/T50269-97〗地基动力特性测试规范Code for measurement method of dynamic properties of subsoil〖GB50273-2009〗锅炉安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of boiler installation engineering〖GB50275-2010〗风机、压缩机、泵安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of fan,compressor and pump installation〖GB50278-2010〗起重设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of crane installation engineering〖GB/T50279-98〗岩土工程基本术语标准Standard for fundamental terms of geotechnical engineering〖GB/T50280-98〗城市规划基本术语标准Standard for basic terminology of urban planning〖GB50281-2006〗泡沫灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of foam fire extinguishing systems〖GB50282-98〗城市给水工程规划规范Code for planning of urban water supply engineering〖GB/T50319-2013〗建设工程监理规范Code of construction project management〖GB/T50323-2001〗城市建设档案著录规范Code for Urban Construction Archives Description〖GB50324-2001〗冻土工程地质勘察规范Code for engineering geological investigation of frozen ground〖GB50325-2010〗民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范(2013年版)Code for indoor environmental pollution control of civil building engineering 〖GB/T50326-2006〗建设工程项目管理规范The code of construction project management〖GB50327-2001〗住宅装饰装修工程施工规范Code for construction of decoration of housings〖GB/T50328-2001〗建设工程文件归档整理规范Code for construction project document〖GB/T50329-2012〗木结构试验方法标准Standard for test methods of timber structures〖GB50330-2013〗建筑边坡工程技术规范Technical code for building slope engineering〖GB/T50331-2002〗城市居民生活用水量标准The standard of water quantity for city's residential use〖GB50332-2002〗给水排水工程管道结构设计规范Structural design code for pipelines of water supply and waste water engineering 〖GB50336-2002〗建筑中水设计规范Code of design for building reclaimed water system〖GB50337-2003〗城市环境卫生设施规划规范Code for planning of urban environmental sanitation facilities〖GB50338-2003〗固定消防炮灭火系统设计规范Code of design for fixed fire monitor extinguishing systems〖GB50339-2013〗智能建筑工程质量验收规范Code for acceptance of quality of intelligent building systems〖GB/T50340-2003〗老年人居住建筑设计标准Code for design of residential building for the aged〖GB50341-2014〗立式圆筒形钢制焊接油罐设计规范〖GB50364-2005〗民用建筑太阳能热水系统应用技术规范Technical code for solar water heating system of civil buildings〖GB50365-2005〗空调通风系统运行管理规范Code for operation and management of central air conditioning system 〖GB50367-2013〗混凝土结构加固设计规范〖GB50368-2005〗住宅建筑规范Residential building code〖GB50369-2014〗油气长输管道工程施工及验收规范〖GB50370-2005〗气体灭火系统设计规范Code for design of gas fire extinguishing systems〖GB50371-2006〗厅堂扩声系统设计规范Code for sound reinforcement system design of auditorium〖GB50373-2006〗通信管道与通道工程设计规范Design code for communication conduit and passage engineering〖GB50374-2006〗通信管道工程施工及验收规范Code of construction and acceptance for communication conduit engineering 〖GB/T50375-2006〗建筑工程施工质量评价标准Evaluating standard for excellent quality of building engineering〖GB/T50378-2014〗绿色建筑评价标准〖GB/T50379-2006〗工程建设勘察企业质量管理规范Code for quality management of geotechnical investigation enterprises 〖GB/T50380-2006〗工程建设设计企业质量管理规范Code for quality management of engineering design enterprises〖GB50394-2007〗入侵报警系统工程设计规范Code for design for intrusion alarm systems engineering〖GB50395-2007〗视频安防监控系统工程设计规范Code of design for video monitoring system〖GB50396-2007〗出入口控制系统工程设计规范Code of design for access control systems engineering〖GB50398-2006〗无缝钢管工艺设计规范Code for design of rolling process on seamless steel tubes〖GB50400-2006〗建筑与小区雨水利用工程技术规范Engineering technical code for rain utilization in building and sub-district〖GB50401-2007〗消防通信指挥系统施工及验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of fire communication and command system〖GB50403-2007〗炼钢机械设备工程安装验收规范Code for engineering installment acceptance of steel-making mechanical equipment〖GB50404-2007〗硬泡聚氨酯保温防水工程技术规范Technical code for rigid polyurethane foam insulation and waterproof engineering〖GB50411-2007〗建筑节能工程施工质量验收规范Code for acceptance of energy efficient building construction〖GB/T50412-2007〗厅堂音质模型试验规范Code for test of scale acoustic model for auditorium〖GB50413-2007〗城市抗震防灾规划标准Standard for urban planning on earthquake resistance and hazardous prevention〖GB50420-2007〗城市绿地设计规范Code for the design of urban green space〖GB50422-2007〗预应力混凝土路面工程技术规范Technical code for engineerings of prestressed concrete pavement〖GB50429-2007〗铝合金结构设计规范Code for design of aluminium structures〖GB/T50430-2007〗工程建设施工企业质量管理规范Code for quality management of engineering construction enterprises〖GB50433-2008〗开发建设项目水土保持技术规范Technical code on soil and water conservation of development and construction projects 〖GB50434-2008〗开发建设项目水土流失防治标准Control standards for soil and water loss on development and construction projects 〖GB50440-2007〗城市消防远程监控系统技术规范Technical code for remote-monitoring system of urban fire protection〖GB50444-2008〗建筑灭火器配置验收及检查规范Code for acceptance and inspection of extinguisher distribution in buildings〖GB50446-2008〗盾构法隧道施工与验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of shield tunnelling method〖GB/T50448-2008〗水泥基灌浆材料应用技术规范Technical standard for aerial ropeway engineering〖GB50468-2008〗焊管工艺设计规范Code for design of welded-pipe process〖GB/T50476-2008〗混凝土结构耐久性设计规范Code for durability design of concrete structures〖GB50495-2009〗太阳能供热采暖工程技术规范Technical code for solar heating system〖GB50496-2009〗大体积混凝土施工规范Code for construction of mass concrete〖GB50497-2009〗建筑基坑工程监测技术规范Technical code for monitoring of building excavation engineering〖GB50498-2009〗固定消防炮灭火系统施工与验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of fixed fire monitor extinguishing systems 〖GB50500-2013〗建设工程工程量清单计价规范Code of bills of quantities and valuation for construction works〖GB50501-2007〗水利工程工程量清单计价规范Code of valuation with bill quantity of water conservancy constrution works 〖GB/T50502-2009〗建筑施工组织设计规范Code for construction organization plan of building engineering〖GB/T50504-2009〗民用建筑设计术语标准Standard for terminology of civil architectural design〖GB50513-2009〗城市水系规划规范Code for plan of urban water system〖GB50515-2010〗导(防)静电地面设计规范Code for design of conductive or anti-static ground surface and floor〖GB50524-2010〗红外线同声传译系统工程技术规范Technical code for infrared simultaneous interpretation system〖GB/T50525-2010〗视频显示系统工程测量规范Code of measurement for video display system〖GB50526-2010〗公共广播系统工程技术规范Technical code for public address system engineering〖GB50528-2009〗烧结砖瓦工厂节能设计规范Code for design of energy conservation of fired brick and tile plant〖GB/T50531-2009〗建设工程计价设备材料划分标准Standard of valuated building services and components’classification〖GB/T50538-2010〗埋地钢质管道防腐保温层技术标准Technical standard for anti-corrosion and insulation coatings of buried steel pipeline〖GB50550-2010〗建筑结构加固工程施工质量验收规范Code for acceptance of construction quality of strengthening building structures〖GB50555-2010〗民用建筑节水设计标准Standard for water saving design in civil building〖GB50574-2010〗墙体材料应用统一技术规范Uniform technical code for wall materials used in buildings〖GB50575-2010〗1kV及以下配线工程施工与验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of 1KV and blow wiring work〖GB50576-2010〗铝合金结构工程施工质量验收规范Code for acceptance of construction quality of aluminium structures〖GB50582-2010〗室外作业场地照明设计标准Standard for lighting design of outdoor work places〖GB50585-2010〗岩土工程勘察安全规范Occupational safety code for geotechnical investigation〖GB/T50589-2010〗环氧树脂自流平地面工程技术规范Technical code of construction for epoxy resins self-leveling flooring〖GB/T50590-2010〗乙烯基酯树脂防腐蚀工程技术规范Technical code for anticorrosion engineering of vinyl ester resins〖GB/T50596-2010〗雨水集蓄利用工程技术规范Technical code for rainwater collection,storage and utilization〖GB/T50600-2010〗渠道防渗工程技术规范Technical code for seepage control engineering on canal〖GB50601-2010〗建筑物防雷工程施工与质量验收规范Code for construction and quality acceptance for lightning protection engineering of structures 〖GB/T50604-2010〗民用建筑太阳能热水系统评价标准Evaluation standard for solar water heating system of civil buildings〖GB/T50605-2010〗住宅区和住宅建筑内通信设施工程设计规范Code for design of communication engineering in residential districts and residential buildings〖GB50606-2010〗智能建筑工程施工规范Code for installation of intelligent building systems〖GB50608-2010〗纤维增强复合材料建设工程应用技术规范Technical code for infrastructure application of FRP 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projects〖GB/T50733-2011〗预防混凝土碱骨料反应技术规范Technical code for prevention of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete〖GB50736-2012〗民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范Design code for heating ventilation and air conditioning of civil buildings〖GB50738-2011〗通风与空调工程施工规范Code for construction of ventilation and air conditioning〖GB50739-2011〗复合土钉墙基坑支护技术规范Technical code for composite soil nailing wall in retaining and protection of excavation 〖GB50755-2012〗钢结构工程施工规范Code for construction of steel structures〖GB50763-2012〗无障碍设计规范Codes for accessibility design〖GB/T50772-2012〗木结构工程施工规范Code for construction of timber structures〖GB/T50783-2012〗复合地基技术规范Technical code for composite foundation〖GB/T50784-2013〗混凝土结构现场检测技术标准Technical standard for in-situ inspection of concrete structure〖GB/T50785-2012〗民用建筑室内热湿环境评价标准Evaluation standard for indoor thermal environment in civil buildings〖GB/T50786-2012〗建筑电气制图标准Standard for building electricity drawings〖GB50787-2012〗民用建筑太阳能空调工程技术规范Technical code for solar air conditioning system of civil 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works〖GB50858-2013〗园林绿化工程工程量计算规范Standard method of measurement for landscape works〖GB50868-2013〗建筑工程容许振动标准Standard for allowable vibration of building engineering〖GB50870-2013〗建筑施工安全技术统一规范Unified code for technique for constructional safety〖GB/T50875-2013〗工程造价术语标准Standard glossary of project costs〖GB/T50887-2013〗人造板工程环境保护设计规范Code for environmental protection design of wood based panel engineering 〖GB/T50888-2013〗人造板工程节能设计规范Code for energy efficiency design of wood based panel engineering〖GB50890-2013〗饰面人造板工程设计规范Code for design of wood-based panel finishing engineering〖GB50901-2013〗钢-混凝土组合结构施工规范Code for construction of steel-concrete composite structures〖GB/T50905-2014〗建筑工程绿色施工规范Code for green construction of building〖GB50924-2014〗砌体结构工程施工规范Code for construction of masonry structures engineering〖GB50936-2014〗钢管混凝土结构技术规范〖GB/T50941-2014〗建筑地基基础术语标准〖GB/T50942-2014〗盐渍土地区建筑技术规范〖GB50974-2014〗消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范。
2014年度辽宁省自然科学研究学术成果奖名单
朱阿姝 Characterization, and Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Properti 刘凤山 发现迄今最遥远的cD型星系 Holographic femions on a charged Lifshitz background from 吴健聘 Einstein-Dilaton-Maxwell model 吴亚波 物质与曲率耦合的广义f(R)引力的热力学性质 Role of intensity fluctuations in third-order correlation 陈希浩 double-slit interference of thermal light(热光源的强度涨落在三 阶双缝干涉中的作用) 李荣德 喷射成形7075合金回归再时效处理的组织和抗应力腐蚀性能 Research on rotary surface topography by orthogonal turn朱立达 milling正交车铣加工表面形貌的研究 Study of Crown Three-Dimension Model Rebuilding Based on RE 张德强 Technology and Its Laser RP Technology 杨秀英 Al颗粒尺寸对γ '/复合涂层结构及性能影响 耿佃桥 行波磁场对RH精炼过程流场、混合、脱碳及夹杂物去除的影响 袁野 不确定图数据的高效关键字查询 Vehicle Type Classification by Acoustic Waves with Dimension 齐晓轩 Reduction Technique 刘颖 一种基于改进广义趋势扩散法的数据填补技术
Oil Debris Condition Monitoring for Wind Turbine Gearboxes
Oil Debris Condition Monitoring for Wind Turbine GearboxesBeijing Wind Power October 21-23, 2009Duka Kitaljevich, GasTOPS Ltd.Richard Dupuis, GasTOPS Ltd.Ming Lu, GasTOPS Ltd.Abstract:Experience has shown that premature gearbox failures are a leading maintenance cost driver that can easily lower the profit margin from a wind turbine operation. Condition monitoring offers the potential of effectively managing gearbox maintenance by detecting early damage and tracking the severity of the damage. More specifically, experience has revealed that major damage modes of wind turbine gearboxes are bearing spall and gear teeth pitting, both of which release metallic debris particles in the oil lubrication system. Hence, using an oil debris monitor provides early indication and quantification of internal damage to bearings and gears of the wind turbine gearbox that can be interpreted easily by operators and maintainers relative to predetermined damage debris limits. Oil debris monitoring makes it possible for the operator to minimize gearbox repair costs and proactively plan the repair of the gearbox at an opportune time in order to minimize loss of revenue.This paper reviews the application of an oil debris monitoring solution for wind turbine gearboxes. The principle of operation of the technology for detecting metallic debris is described. The simplicity and ease of installation of the system with the gearbox oil lubrication system and the wind turbine control/monitoring systems is described. This system has advantages over other condition monitoring approaches such as vibration analysis and oil condition analysis. These advantages are presented in terms of the simplicity of defining suitable warning and alarm limits for gearbox damage and the ease of interpreting the oil debris data to assess gearbox condition. Finally, application of oil debris monitoring to wind turbine gearboxes is illustrated by means of actual data obtained from tests and fielded applications1. IntroductionThe wind industry has experienced problems with the reliability of gearboxes [1]. The arrangement of a typical wind turbine gearbox is illustrated in Figure 1.1. This is a commonly used gearbox which has 3 stages of gearing – a high speed stage, an intermediate stage, and a planetary stage. All three stages have been plagued with problems to various degrees. An example of catastrophic failure on a planetary stage is illustrated in Figure 1.2. Larger gearboxes with multiple planetary stages have also been known to be problematic.Recent wind industry experience continues to highlight the gearbox as one of the most problematic critical components. Mean time between failures of gearboxes is estimated to be approximately 10 years [2] and gearbox failures are common after 4 to 7 years [3]. Some operators report failures still earlier such as after 2 years of operation. Furthermore, the rapid pace of ongoing technology development to produce bigger wind turbines in a short period of time has also contributed to some design and production problems that are often revealed in operational wind turbines [4].The wind industry is dealing with the gearbox reliability problem in essentially three major ways. First, some organizations are conducting root cause investigations of gearbox problems. Second, other organizations continue to modify the design of gearboxes and system interfaces in an attempt to better cope with loads imposed on wind turbine drivetrains. Third, operators and owners are now seeking solutions such as condition monitoring to manage the gearbox problem.Monitoring2. ConditionCondition monitoring has the potential to mitigate the risk of profit loss from gearbox problems by managing the cost of maintenance through early detection of the problems. With the right condition monitoring technique, the ‘Failure’ event is avoided by containing the damage and reducing the repair time and costs significantly. Also, business interruption is minimized by scheduling the repair and support on-site before shutdown, thus minimizing lost revenues and also associated penalties. More specifically, oil debris monitoring has been proven to be a preferred condition monitoring technique for early detection of damage to bearing and gear elements of gearboxes.Condition monitoring cannot be used to avoid damage occurring to the equipment; however, the right condition monitoring technique can be used to effectively limit the damage and avoid failure of the equipment, where failure is defined as damage sufficient so that the equipment can no longer functionCondition monitoring is a process whereby maintenance action is taken based on objective evidence of need for maintenance. Figure 2.1 illustrates the well-known theory of Condition Monitoring whereby the condition of the equipment is monitored as a function of time to try and detect evidence of damage sufficiently in advance of the failure of the equipment. Point P is defined as the point at which a potential failure can be detected and point F is defined as the point at which functional failure has occurred. Thus, the Condition Indicator must be sensitive enough to detect the Potential Failure (P) so as to provide adequate time for the organization to proactively plan maintenance inspections and repairs. The Condition Indicator must also be able to quantify the degree of damage of the failure mode towards Failures [F].3. Bearing and Gear Failures ModesThe majority of the wind turbine gearbox problems that cause outages are due to bearing spall and/or gear pitting. From [1] and the experience of many in the wind energy industry, approximately 80% of the gearbox problems can be attributed to the bearings which then lead to secondary damage on the gearing.When a bearing or gear are properly designed, manufactured, installed, and maintained, the phenomenon limiting useful life is surface fatigue. This type of surface fatigue is a cyclic dependent phenomenon resulting from repeated stresses under bearing rolling contact or gear meshing contact conditions and is considered ‘high cycle’ fatigue. Thus, the design of a modern bearing and gear components is such that the objective is to maintain the contact stresses below the fatigue limit of the materials.In reality, a number of factors can contribute to creating stress concentrations that exceed the allowable working limit of the material such as: excessive loads, misalignment, material flaws, manufacturing deficiencies, mishandling, wrong type of oil, contaminants in the oil, high oil temperatures, corrosion, etc. All such situations eventually result in localized damage to the bearing or gear and regardless of the high stress initiation mechanism, the nature of the damage manifests itself initially as a surface spall or pit. Once spalling or pitting is initiated, the effects of stress fatigue result in the progression of spalling of the bearing or pitting of the gears, as shown in Figure 3.1, towards eventual catastrophic failure if these elements remain in operation too long.Figure 3.2 presents a wear debris characterization chart [5] to illustrate the progress of metallic wear debris particle release from benign wear to catastrophic failure. Such a chart summarizes wear debris observations from all the different wear modes that can range from polishing, rubbing, abrasion, adhesion, grinding, scoring, pitting, spalling, etc. As mentioned in numerous references [6-13], the predominant failure mode for rolling element bearings and gears is spalling or macropitting. This type of deterioration process produces mostly large types of debris particles with a typical size range from 100 microns to 1000 microns or greater. Thus, rotating machines such as wind turbine gearboxes which contain rolling element bearings and gears made from hard steel tend to produce this kind of large wear debris that eventually leads to failure of the gearbox.4. Oil Debris Monitoring TechnologyThe oil debris sensor is a through-flow device which installs in-line with the oil system. The sensor incorporates a magnetic coil assembly that is capable of detecting all metal particles above a certain size threshold as shown in Figure 4.1. The magnetic coil assembly consists of three coils that surround a magnetically inert section of tubing. The two outside field coils are driven by a high frequency alternating current source such that their respective fields are nominally opposed or cancel each other at a point inside the tube and just under the center sensor coil.The oil debris sensor operates by monitoring the disturbance to the alternating magnetic field caused by the passage of a particle through a magnetic coil assembly. The particle couples with the magnetic field to varying degrees as it traverses the sensing region, resulting in a characteristic output signature. Signal conditioning using a threshold algorithm is used to detect the particles that pass through the sensor. Each time a particle passes through the sensor, an electrical pulse is generated which is counted by either a stand-alone alarm module or the wind turbine supervisory control and monitoring system.5. Oil Debris Sensor InstallationFor wind turbine gearboxes, a single on-line full flow inductive sensor is usually fitted to monitor all bearings and gears for surface fatigue damage. The oil debris sensor itself is installed in the oil lubrication system of the gearbox before the oil pump or after the oil pump but always before the filter as show in Figures 5.1a and 5.2a. Figure 5.1b illustrates a typical installation before the oil pump and Figure 5.2b illustrates a typical installation after the oil pump. Figure 5.3 provides an overview of the oil debris sensor interfaced to various monitoring devices. The interface can be to the wind turbine control and monitoring system or to a separate stand-alone monitoring device (know as an alarm module) or both.6. Bearing and Gear Damage ResearchBeginning in 1992, GasTOPS conducted surface fatigue tests on bearings to understand the progression of failure by observing it using the oil debris monitoring technology [14]. Over 40 bearings of different types (both roller & ball bearings) ranging from 40 mm (approximately 2 in.) to 360 mm (approximately 15 in.) in pitch diameter were tested.Some typical test results are presented in Figure 6.1. For both small & large sized bearings the patterns of damage were similar and repeatable. Specific observations from the bearing damage tests were as follows:•Early damage manifests itself in a series of particle bursts.•Later damage is more progressive and the rate of shedding is dependent on load, speed, and material.•Quantity of damage debris is dependent on bearing size.•Particle size distribution is independent of bearing size.• A significant number of what are considered in the industry to be very large particles (>200 μm) were generated even at the early stages of bearing damage.Beginning in the late 1990 and early 2000 years, as part of an ongoing investigation into methods to improve flight safety and lower the operation and maintenance costs for helicopter operators, NASA began conducting a series of gear surface damage tests. Tests were designed to evaluate the capability of oil debris monitoring to detect the initiation and progression of pitting damage on gears. Tests were performed on both spur gears and spiral level gears [15].Some typical test results are presented in Figure 6.2. Tests demonstrated the capability of the oil debris monitoring technology to detect early pitting damage on gear elements and the progression of that damage in terms of both quantity of debris and rate of generation of debris. It was also observed that both the initiation and progression of surface fatigue gear damage is very similar in nature to that observed for bearings.7. MetalSCAN Alarm Warning Limits7.1Derivation of LimitsA suitable parameter for indicating severity of bearing damage is the total accumulated particle counts detected by the oil debris sensor, since a correlation can be defined between the accumulated particles counts detected by the sensor and the spall size on a damaged rolling element bearing as shown in Figure 7.1.If we imagine unfolding the spall, it’s essentially a rectangular area of damage with some average thickness for the missing material where the width of the spall is proportional to bearing roller width and the length of the spall is a function of the bearing mean diameter and the angle of spall.The alarm damage limit for the wind turbine gearbox is based upon the principle of limiting the internal damage to a severity where the cost of repair is relatively low (e.g. maintenance is limited primarily to bearing components). Thus, the maximum severity of damage can be defined in terms of an equivalent maximum angle of spall. The alarm limit is a function of basic bearing geometry that is available usually from bearing manufacturer catalogs.The warning limit is generally set to alert an operator that some component in the gearbox has begun to shed ferrous debris and that the oil debris data should be observed more closely to monitor the progression of damage and trend towards the alarm limit. This limit essentially provides an early indication of damage but does not indicate that failure or shut down is imminent. Its primary purpose is to give an organization sufficient lead-time to consider planning maintenance inspections and possible repairs to some components of the gearbox. The warning limit is set at a level which is 10% of the alarm limit as a measure of early indication of a surface fatigue problem with some gearbox component.7.2 Interpretation and Use of LimitsWhen operating the wind turbine, and operator is trying to answer two key questions:•Can I operate the wind turbine?•If so, for how much longer?These two questions imply that the operators must have some knowledge of the severity of damage, if there is any, as well as some advanced warning that damage has occurred to effectively plan scheduled maintenance actions.As illustrated in Figure 7.2, the trend of accumulated particle counts as a function of time relative to alarm and warning levels, previously derived, illustrate the simplicity and ease of interpretation for an operator to answer the two key questions. This is usually not the case when trying to monitor the gearbox using vibration. Based upon oil debris monitoring experience with wind turbine gearboxes, accumulated particle counts have been determined to be the best measure of damage severity for setting reliable alarm and warning limits.It should be noted that particle count rates can vary with speed and load of the wind turbine gearbox as well as due to other effects that can dislodge some debris in bursts from time to time and, as such, particle count rate does not provide reliable condition indicator limits for monitoring wind turbine gearboxes.From an overall operation and maintenance perspective, oil debris monitoring will improve the effectiveness of the maintenance program for wind turbine gearboxes by:•Identifying potential gearbox problems•Noting correlations with operational parameters•Noting correlations with relevant operation and maintenance history•Scheduling effective gearbox inspection activities to confirm damage•Planning cost effective maintenance repairs when necessary8. Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil Debris Monitoring (ODM) ApplicationsThis section highlights specific examples of oil debris monitoring (ODM) applications for wind turbine gearboxes.8.1 Wind Turbine Gearbox 1 ODM ExampleIn late 2001, a wind turbine was fitted with oil debris monitoring as part of a technology evaluation. The sensor was fitted to the wind turbine gearbox main lube system. Data was collected remotely and the readings were analyzed on line as shown in Figure 8.1. The trend showed three distinct phases associated with the health of the gearbox, the break-in phase, the healthy phase, and the damaged phase.The gearbox was new when the oil debris sensor was installed and monitoring started with commissioning of the gearbox. As operations continued, it was observed that the rate of particles began to rise slowly, indicating the early stages of damage within the gearbox and particle counts eventually crossed the warning limit. Several months after crossing thewarning limit, the rate of particles increased steeply at a rate of about 1500 particles per day. Four months after crossing the warning limit the particle counts crossed the alarm limit, indicating that damage would become severe if repairs were not made. One month later the gearbox was removed and stripped down, revealing damage limited to one planetary stage bearing and one planetary stage gear as shown in Figure 8.2.8.2 Wind Turbine Gearbox 2 ODM ExampleIn October 2008, a wind turbine was fitted with oil debris monitoring as part of the condition monitoring program for a number of similar wind turbines. The sensor was fitted to the main lube system after the pump but before the filter. Data was collected by the wind turbine control and monitoring system and also by a separate stand-alone alarm module which was connected wirelessly to the Internet. As shown in the accumulated particle count trend plot in Figure 8.3, the particle counts reached the warning limit shortly after the gearbox was in operation.The gearbox was new when the oil debris sensor was installed and monitoring started after commissioning of the gearbox. Initially, the particle count trend appeared to suggest that the gearbox was experiencing a break-in phase. After operating for 1.5 months, particle counts continued to increase and eventually reached the warning limit approximately 2.5 months after commissioning. Upon approaching the warning limit, the operator scheduled a maintenance inspection of the gearbox to identify which gearbox component might be damaged. A videoscope inspection revealed some damage to a high speed shaft roller bearing. Since this type of bearing could be replaced with the gearbox remaining installed in the nacelle of the wind turbine and the fact that the gearbox was still under warranty, it was decided to replace the high speed bearing sooner rather than later to minimize additional metal particle release from the bearing which could potentially initiate damage on other components of the gearbox.9. SummaryFor wind turbine gearboxes, oil debris monitoring technology provides an EARLY indication of bearing spall and gear pitting damage and quantifies the SEVERITY of damage progression towards failure. This makes it possible for a wind turbine operator to manage the gearbox risk in terms of minimizing maintenance costs and maximizing power generation revenue.On-line wear debris monitoring provides a more reliable timely indication of bearing distress for a number of reasons. Firstly, bearing failures on rotating machines tend to occur as events and could be missed by means of only periodic inspections or data sampling observations. Secondly, since it is the large wear particles that are being detected by the oil debris monitoring sensor, there is a lower probability of false indication from the benign smaller wear debris particles. Thirdly, residual or wear-in debris can be differentiated from the actual damage debris because the accumulated particle counts recorded due to the former tend to decrease while those due to the latter tend to increase. Finally, the simplicity and ease of oil debris monitoring data interpretation for an operator makes it possible to answer the two key questions:•Can the wind turbine be operated?•If so, for how much longer?10. References[1] “The Role of Bearings in Gearbox Failure”,Windpower Monthly, November 2005[2] “Long-Term Operating Costs Post-Warranty”,(Asset Management Can Control Expenses)Wind Today First Quarter 2008[3] “Operation, Maintenance, and Safety”,(Impact on Costs, Reliability, and Feedback)Wind Today Third Quarter 2006[4] “A Shared Anniversary and Shared Ideals”,Andrew Garrard of Garrard HassanWind Power Monthly, 25th Anniversary Special, July 2009[5] “Condition Monitoring for Offshore Wind Farms (CONMOW)”ECN Doc #ECN-E-07-044/CORR0701[6] “Machinery Oil Analysis – Methods, Automation & Benefits”Toms, Larry A. and Allison M. Toms3rd Edition, STLE, Park Ridge, IL 2008, ISBN: 978-0-9817512-0-7[7] “Advanced Oil Debris Montitoring for Pipeline Mechanical Drive Gas Turbines”Kitaljevich D. and Veldhuizen G.J.International Gas Turbine & Aerospace Conference, ASME 2000-GT-347, May 2000.[8] “SAE” Aerospace Information Report - Guide to Engine Lubrication SystemMonitoring”SAE AIR 1828 Rev. B, June 2005.[9] “Wear-debris Analysis as an Integral Component of Machinery ConditionMonitoring”Wright G.J. and Neale M.J.,Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Aug 1987.[10] “Wear in Rolling Element Bearings and Gears – How Age and ContaminationAffect Them”Kuhnell B.T.Machinery Lubrication Magazine, Sep 2004.[11] “Fatigue Failure Progression in Ball Bearings”Kotzalas M.N. and Harris T.A.ASME, Apr 2001.[12] “Rolling Bearing Analysis 3rd edition”Harris T.A.John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1991.[13] “Investigation of Gear and Bearing Fatigue Damage Using Debris ParticleDistributions”Dempsey P.J., Lewicki D.G., Decker H.J.NASA/TM-2004-212883.[14] “Rolling Element Bearing Failure Detection with ODM (Oil Debris Monitor) On-line Oil Debris Sensor”,NRCC doc. – IMR-MCM-CTR-020“A Comparison of Vibration and Oil Debris Gear Damage Detection Methods [15]Applied to Pitting Damage”Dempsey P.J.NASA/TM-2000-210371Figure 1.1: Typical Wind Turbine Gearbox ArrangementFigure 1.2: Example of Wind Turbine Gearbox Planetary Stage FailuresPOTENTIAL FAILUREFAILUREBAD GOODFigure 2.1: Condition Monitoring - Objective Evidence of Need for MaintenanceBearing Spalling DamageGear Pitting DamageFigure 3.1: Examples of Bearing Spall and Gear Pitting DamageFigure 3.2: Wear Debris Characterization Chart [5]Figure 4.1: Oil Debris Sensor Principle of OperationFigure 5.1: Oil Debris Sensor Installed Before Oil PumpFigure 5.3: Oil Debris Sensor Monitoring Interfaces2040Seeded fault test data from bearingSeeded fault test Increasing damage on gear tooth•Pattern of failure for surface fatigue of gears is similar to bearingsdata from bearing rig monitored byFigure 6.2: Oil Debris Monitoring Test Results for Gear Pitting Damage Investigations [15]Figure 7.1: Derivation of Oil Debris Monitoring Alarm and Warning LimitsFigure 7.2: Accumulated Particle Count Trend PlotTimeAlarmWarningInitiation of damageFigure 8.1: Oil Debris Monitoring Test Results for Wind Turbine Gearbox 1Figure 8.2: Wind Turbine Gearbox 1 Limited Planetary Stage Bearingand Gear Damage1650001000015000200002500009-O c t -0819-O c t -0829-O c t -0808-N o v -0818-N o v -0828-N o v -0808-D e c -0818-D e c -0828-D e c -0807-J a n -0917-J a n -09Figure 8.3: Oil Debris Monitoring Test Results for Wind Turbine Gearbox 2。
建筑工程专业 英语
建筑工程专业英语词汇（1）建筑工程专业英语词汇（2）建设,建筑,修建 to build, to construct 充水试验 filling water test 建筑学 architecture 错边量 unfitness of butt joint 修筑,建筑物 building 底圈 foundation ring 房子 house 真空度检漏vacuum degree leak test 摩天大楼 skyscraper 公寓楼 block of flats (美作:apartment 丁字焊缝 tee welding block) 渗透探伤 oil whiting test 纪念碑 monument 充水试验 filling water test 宫殿 palace 内侧角焊缝接头 interior angle welding line 庙宇 temple joint 皇宫,教堂basilica 基础沉降 foundation settlement 大教堂 cathedral 测量基准点 datum mark 教堂 church 稳定性试验 stability test 塔,塔楼tower 排气阀 outlet valve 十层办公大楼 ten-storey office block 角钢angle steel 柱 column 构件 component part 柱列 colonnade 机械损伤 mechanical damage 拱 arch 缩孔 shrinkage cavity 市政 town planning (美作:city planning) 折迭 enfoldment 营建许可证,建筑开工许可证 building 碳钢管 carbon steel tube permission 公称直径 nominal diameter 绿地 greenbelt 预埋件 embedded part 建筑物的三面图elevation 轴测图axonometric drawing 设计图plan 布置图arrangement diagram 比例尺scale 氧乙炔气割oxyacetylene gas cutting 预制 to prefabricate 低合金钢管 low alloy steel 挖土,掘土excavation 热影响区 heat affected area 基 foundations, base, subgrade修磨 polish 打地基 to lay the foundations 砂轮片 grinding wheel 砌好的砖列course of bricks 等离子plasma panel 脚手架scaffold,scaffolding 质量合格证书 certification of fitness 重皮 coldlap 原材料raw material 凹凸unevenness 底板bottom plate 缩口necking down 垫层 cushion 端面 head face 侧壁 sidewall 倾斜偏差 dip deviation 中心线 center line 外径 external diameter 条形基础 strip footing 砂轮 grinding wheel 附件 accessories 管件 pipe casting 型钢profile steel 单线图single line drawing 钢板steel plate 平齐parallel and level 熔渣 slag 两端 two terminals 飞溅 welding spatter满扣 buckle 定位焊 tacking 螺栓紧固 bolton 引弧 generating of arc 1周边 periphery 熄弧 quenching of arc 焊道 welding bead 附加应力 additional stress 坡口 beveled edges 同轴度 axiality 外观检查 visual inspection 平行度 parallelism 重皮 double-skin 随机stochastic 水平方向弧度radian in horizontal 允许偏差allowable variation direction 重直度verticality 成型 molding 水平度 levelness 直线度 straightness accuracy 隔离盲板 blind plate 焊缝角变形welding line angular 氩弧焊argon arc welding distortion 压盖螺栓 gland bolt 水平度 levelness 间距spacing 铅垂度 verticality 有效期 period of validity 翘曲变形 buckling deformation 担任 take charge of undertake 角尺angle square 焊条 welding rod 对接焊缝 butt weld 碳钢焊条carbon steel 母材 parent metal 焊丝 welding wire 法兰密封面 flange sealing surface 熔化焊 melting 夹层 interlayer 钢丝steel wire 表面锈蚀浓度surface corrosion 气体保护焊gas shielded arc welding concentration 烘干drying 挠曲变bending deformation 清洗ablution 超声波探伤ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic 制度s ystem examination 焊接工艺welding procedure 压力容器 pressure vessel 相应 corresponding 预制下料prefabrication baiting 手工电弧焊manual electric arc welding 排版直径 set-type diameter 焊缝 welding line 手工钨极manual tungsten electrode 中幅板center plate 打底render 测量方法 measuring method 电源 power source 基准点 datum mark 交流 alternating current 跳焊 skip welding焊件 weldment 允许偏差 allowable variation 管壁厚度 pipe thickness 补强板 stiffening plate 对接焊缝 butt weld 开孔tapping 工件壁厚workpiece 对接接头banjo fixing butt jointing 飞溅物 splash 角钢 angle iron 沾污 smirch 安装基准圆 installation fundamental 油污 oil stain circle 细锉 smooth file 吊装立柱 hoisting upright column 铣刀 milling cutter 焊接钢管welded steel pipe 氧化膜oxide film 向心斜拉筋centripetal canting pull rope 脱脂处理 ungrease treatment] 带板 band plate 棉质纤维 cotton fibre 槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring 丙酮 acetone 环口 collar extension 硫 sulfur 局部变形 local distortion 2焊剂 welding flux 环缝 circumferential weld 顶板 top plate钢板steel plate 拱顶vault 纵向焊缝longitudinal weld longitudinal seam 顶板加强肋stiffening rib 筒节shell ring 对接 butt joint 封头 end socket 胎具 clamping fixture 卷管reelpipe 卷板机plate bending rolls 强度试验strength test 中心支架center bearing bracket 起弧arc starting 椭圆度ovality 穿堂风 draught 等分线 bisectrix 熔合 fusion 搭接宽度 lap width 反面 reverse side 点焊 spot welding 整体 integral 搭接焊 overlap welding 封堵 block up 对称 symmetrically 焊口 weld bond 螺旋爬梯 cockle stairs 医用胶布 medical proof fabric 放料阀 baiting valve 高频 high frequency 液位计content gauge 焊炬 welding torch 芬兰维萨拉 Vailsla OY 美国美科"Met-coil, USA" 建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4) 集中式空调系统 centralized air conditioning system 综合分析判断 comprehensive analysis and 裙房 annex judgement 热源heat source 变压器transformer 平面位置的空间space of planimetric 抽芯loose core position 过道aisle 密封性能sealing performance 三相电容three phase capacitance 机房machine room 节点 timing 芯棒 core rod 专业 "profession or discipline 都可以,要都市规划与土地开发Urban g and Land 根据上下文" Development 连体法兰 coupling flange 社区开发及工业区开发垂直井笼vertical well cage Community Development and Industry Park 变风量variable air rateDevelopment 施工面展开 construction unfolds 开发许可申请Development Permit 违约行为 noncompliance 土地使用变更计划 Land Use Rezoning Plan 合同交底- contract presentation 主要计划及细部计划Master Plan and Detail 管理承包商Management Contractor Plan party 都市计划更新计划 Urban Renewal Plan 工程量work amount 都市设施Urban Design 实施的形象进度progress of 建筑设施Architecture Design implementation 大地工程 Geotechnical Engineering 完工资料as-built documentation 工址调查 Site Investigation 文整 clear-up 现地试验与室内试验In-Situ and Laboratory 审核review Test 汽车式起重机Autocrane 基础工程Foundation Design 深化图纸 deepen drawing 3深开挖工程及建物保护Deep Excavation and 设备配置计划equipment furnishment plan Building Protection 结构预埋配合阶段Structure 新生地及软弱地层改良Reclamation and Soft pre-embedment assistance Ground Improvement stage 山坡地开发与水土保持Slope land 精装修阶段Fine fitment stage Development, Soil and Water Conservation 工程施工阶段Construction stage 潜盾隧道与岩石隧道Shield Tunnel and Rock 工程竣工阶段 Completion stage Tunnel 台钻 Bench drill 大地工程施工顾问Geotechnical Construction 冲击钻Churn drill Consultant 手电钻 Electric portable drill 土壤材料试验 Soil andMaterial 砂轮切割机Abrasive cutting off machine 结构工程Structural Engineering 角钢卷圆机 Angle iron rolling machine 各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢管道切断器Pipe cutting machine 骨钢筋混凝土结构 Structures of R.C., 铜管调直机 Copper pipe straightening Prestressed Concrete, Steel, and SRC machine 桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开管道压槽机Book joint setting machine 挖挡土结构Bridges, High-Rise Buildings, for pipes Underground Structures, Tunnels, Retaining 管道压槽机Book joint setting machine Structures for Deep Excavations for pipes 桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强Bridge 角向磨光机 Angle polishing machine Inspection, Assessment, and Rehabilitation 电动套丝机 Electric threading machine 钢结构细部设计及制造图Steel Structural 电动卷扬机Electric winch Detail Design and Shop Drawings 电动试压泵Motor-driven pressure test 厂房工程 Industrial Plant pump 工业厂房-石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、手动试压泵 Manual pressure test pump科技工业厂房、一般性厂房Industrial 阀门试压机Valve pressure test device 阀门试压机Valve pressure test device Plants--Petroleum and Chemical, Steel, Power, TDC(F)风管加工流水线TDC(F)air Gas, High-Technical and General Plants ductwork fabrication 环保设施工厂-垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污stream line 水处理厂及相关管线Environment Protecting等离子切割机 Plasma cutting machine Plants--Incineration Plants, Garbage Disposal TDC(F)法兰条成型机 TDC(F) flange Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants and strip shaping mill Piping System 勾码成型机 Forming machine for flange 设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台 Equipment clamp Supporting Structures, Pipe Racks, Operating TDC(F)风管加工成型机 TDC(F) duct Platforms fabrication shaping mill 设备基础 Equipment Foundations 多普勒超声波流量检测仪Doppler 厂区一般土木及公共设施General Civil ultrasonic flow detector Works and Utilities of Plants 温、湿度传感器"Temperature, humidity 运输工程Transportation Engineering senor" 运输规划 Transportation Planning 精密声级计Precision sound level meter 停车场设施工程规划、设计Engineering 风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装 Planning& Design for Parking Facilities 置 "Duct air leakage 建筑交通维持计划 Traffic Control & tester, airchamber air leakage testing 4Management during Construction device" 风罩式风量测试仪 Air hood air rate 水利及港湾工程 Hydraulic and Harbor tester Engineering 微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪营建管理Construction Management "Micromanometer , 估价及工程预算制作 Estimates and pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) Engineering Budget Works anemoscope" 营建管理 Construction Management 潜水泵 Submerged pump 工程监造 Construction Supervision 电动弯管机 Electric pipe bender 施工计划 Construction Plan 铜管弯管机 Copper pipe bender 工程进度控管 Schedule Control during 液压弯管机Hydraulic pipe bender Construction 电动剪刀Electric clipper 施工规划 Construction Specifications 液压铆钉钳Hydraulic riveting clamp 环境工程Environmental Engineering 线槽电锯 Trunking electric saw 环境影响评估 Environment Impact 开孔器Tapper Assessment 电动空压机Electric air compressor 环境监测 Environmental Monitoring 液压千斤顶Hydraulic jack 地下水监测系统 Groundwater Monitoring 液压手推车Hydraulic trolley 污水处理厂Wastewater Treatment Plant 焊条烘干箱Welding rod drying box 污水下水道Sewage System 手拉葫芦Chain block 噪音振动防治Noise and Vibration 道（垫）木 Sleeper 垃圾焚化厂兴建工程 Waste Incinerator 转速表 Tachometer 废弃物处理系统工程 Waste Treatment & 电流钳型表 Clip-style ammeter Disposal 压力表 Pressure gauge 共同管道 Common Ducts 接地电阻测试仪 Earthing resistance 管道及附属设施之规划设计 Planning and testing device Design of Common Ducts Structures and 氧气表 Oxygen gauge 乙炔表Acetylene gauge Subsidiary Facilities 对讲机 Walkie talkie 经济效益分析 Economic and Efficiency 文件和资料 documents and information? Analysis 建设单位 Construction unit 财务评估Financial Evaluation 安装单位 Installation unitz 管理维护办法及组织订定Regulation for the 建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(3) Management, Maintenance and Organization 送气air supply 电流衰减装置current attenuation 电力复合脂electric force compounded grease 气体延时保护装置time delay 电缆敷设cable laying 熄弧 quenching of arc 电缆槽架 cable channel 成型molding 主干线 trunk line 钢印代号 steel seal 弯头 angle fitting质量分析 quality analysis 剥落处 exfoliation 负责人 principal 银粉 aluminum powder 审批 examine and approve 支持点 supportpoint 补焊工艺 repair welding 拆装 disassembly and assembly 压缩机 compression pump 畅通 smooth 平焊法兰 welded flange 电压等级electric pressure 测试流程图test flow chart 通断实验onoff 5加固措施 reinforcement measure 终端头 terminals 校验 verify余度 remaining 升压 boost pressure 标记牌 notice plate 读数 offscale reading 表册 statistical forms 满刻度值 full-scale value 电缆桥架 cable testing bridge 盲板 blind plate 电机 electric machine压力表 pressure meter 相对湿度 relative humidity 强度 intensity杂物sundries 目测eye survey, visiual inspection 耐压试验withstand voltage test 半径radius 照明器具ligthing paraphernalia 公式 formula 铭牌 nameplate 管路 pipeline 验收规范acceptance specification 严密性leakproofness 接线wiresplice 导电膏 conductive paste 试运 test run 压接 compressionjoint 进线口 incoming line 地上连接 overground 带电 electrified 埋深 buried depth 盘车转子 jigger rotor 接地线 earth wire 二次回路 secondary circuit 说明 description 中心线 center line 分线盒junction box 触头contactor 接地装置earthing deivce 配电power distribution 交叉across 成套whole set 塑料保护管protection tube 楼板 floor slab 塑料带 plastic tape 备件 duplicate part, spare part 防腐处理 preservative treatment 包装 packing 接地极earthing pole 器材equipment 接地电阻测试earth resistance 导线 conducting wire 防雷接地 lightning protection 脱落 fall off 遵守 comply with 规范 specification 避雷网 lightning conduction 电器electrical appliance 引下线down lead 断路器line breaker 搭接焊overlap welding 机械联锁mechanical interlocking 避雷针 lightning rod 碰撞 collision 轻便 portable 镀锌制品zinc coating 断接卡breaking of contact 电阻resistance 配电装置 power distribution equipment 集中接地装置 centralized 串联 cascade connection 干线联接 main line 并列 paratactic 单独 solely 机组 machine set 6。
环境相关英语
Green Book of Environment 2005，Glossary ，
3
《2005 年：中国的环境危机与突围》汉英对照词汇表
草药 草原监理站 查处 产线 产业调整 长安汽车集团 长江上中游 长期库 常绿阔叶林 超标排污 超载放牧 车皮 撤诉 承包商 承载量 承租企业 城考 城市动物园 城市供水管网 城市化 城市生活垃圾无害化处理设备 城市生活污水处理 城市声环境 城市水系 城市污水排放量 城镇生活污水处理厂 程序公正 赤潮 赤峰沙漠绿色工程研究所 虫草/冬虫夏草 虫害 出台完善的法律法规 春旱 粗放式经济增长方式 脆弱的 寸草心环境教育讲师团
medicinal herb Grassland Supervision and Administration Station to check up production line to restructure industries Chang’an Automobile Co. Ltd middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River long-term copy bank evergreen broad-leaved forest excessive discharge of waste Overgrazing freight train car to withdraw a lawsuit Contractor carrying capacity, bearing capacity lease enterprise quantitative check of Chinese comprehensive environmental control city zoo municipal water supply pipeline network Urbanization municipal innocuous garbage disposal treatment facility municipal domestic wastewater treatment urban sound environment urban water bodies municipal wastewater discharge municipal domestic sewage treatment plants procedural fairness/ procedural equity/adherence to procedural policies red tide Chifeng Desert Green Engineering Institute Cordycep Mushrooms insect infestation to lay down sound laws and statutes spring drought extensive economic growth pattern Fragile the “Green-Green-Grass” environmental educators delegation of cities'
建设工程规范中英对照
建设工程文件归档整理规范Code for Construction Project Document Filing and Arrangement粮食平房仓设计规范Code of Design of Grain Storehouses建造工程施工质量验收统一标准Unified Standard for ConstructionalQuality 组合钢模板技术规范Technical Code of Composite Steel-Form建造装饰装修工程质量验收规范Code for Construction Quality Acceptance of Building Decoration钢结构工程施工质量验收规范Code for acceptance of construction quality of steel structures工业锅炉安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial boiler installation engineering电气装置安装工程电力变流设备施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of power convertor equipment电气装置安装工程电气设备交接试验标准Erection works of electrical installations Standard for hand—over test of electric equipment电气装置安装工程母线施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of bus-bar device电气装置安装工程高压电器施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of high voltage appliance工业用水软化除盐设计规范Code for design of industrial water softening and demineralization室外煤气热力工程设施抗震鉴定标准Code for seismic assessment of outdoor gas and heating engineering facilities工业金属管道设计规范Code for design of industrial metallic pipeline engineering预制混凝土构件质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of precast concrete members建设工程监理规范Code for construction project management城市排水工程规划规范_ Code for planning of urban sewerage engineering猪屠宰与分割车间设计规范Code for design of workshop for pig slaughter and segmentation砌体工程检测技术标准Code for design of industrial metallic pipeline engineering智能建造设计标准Standard for design of intelligent buildings消防通信指挥系统设计规范Code for design of fire communication and command system 建造与建造群综合布线系统工程验收规范Code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and campus建造与建造群综合布线系统工程设计规范Code for engineering design of generic cabling system for building and campus电梯安装工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of erection works of elevators工业炉砌工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of brick works for industrial furnaces地下铁道、轻轨交通工程测量规范Code for engineering surveying of subway and light rail transit engineering地下铁道、轻轨交通岩土工程勘察规范Code for geotechnical engineering investigation ofsubway and light rail transit建筑安装工程质量检验评定标准( 容器工程) Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building construction erection works(container)建造安装工程质量检验说不定标准(通用机械设备安装工程) Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building construction erection works (general machinery equipment)通风与空调工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of Ventilation and air—conditioning works建造电气安装工程质量评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessmentof ventilation and air—conditioning works建造采暖卫生与煤气工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building heating，sanitary and gas engineering建造工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building construction建造安装工程质量检验评定统一标准Unified standard for quality inspection and assessment of building constructional erection works地下铁道工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of subway engineering风景名胜区规划规范Code for planning of scenic area电力工程基本术语标准Standard for basic terms of electric power engineering供水管井技术规范Technical standard for water supply well水泥工厂设计规范Code for design of cement plants核电厂总平面及运输设计规范Code for design of general plan and transportation of nuclear power plants城市电力规划规范Code for planning of urban electric power民用建造可靠性鉴定标准Standard for reliability evaluation of civil buildings房地产估价规范Code for appraisal of real estate土工合成材料应用技术规范Technical code for application of geosynthetics城市工程管线综合规划规范Code for comprehensive planning of urban engineering pipeline灌溉与排水工程设计规范Code for design of irrigation and drainage水利水电工程地质勘察规范Code for geological investigation of water resources and hydropower engineering堤防工程设计规范Code for design of levee projects调幅收音台和调频电视转播台与公路防护商距标准Standard for protection distance from highway to AM, FM and TV rebroadcast stations飞机库设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of aircraft hangar公路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准Unified standard of reliability design of highway engineering structures城市给水工程规化规范Code for planning of urban water supply engineering泡沫灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of foam fire extinguishing systems城市规划基本术语标准岩土工程基本术语标准Standard for basic terminology of urban planningStandard for fundamental terms of geotechnical engineering起重设备安装工程施工验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of crane installation engineering铸造设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of casting equipment installation engineering破碎粉磨设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of crusher and mill equipment installation engineering压缩机、风机、泵安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of compressor，fan and pump installation engineering制冷设备空气分离设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial boiler installation engineering锻压设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of forging —press equipment installation engineering金属切削机床安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of metal - cutting machine installation engineering连续输送设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of continuous conveyer equipment installation engineering地基动力特性测试规范Code for measurement method of dynamic properties of subsoil 给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of water supply and sewerage pipeline engineering核电厂抗震设计规范Code for seismic design of unclear power plants工程岩体试验方法标准Standard for test methods of engineering rock masses泵站设计规范Code for design of pumping stations工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范Code for design of heat insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipe lines气体灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of gas fire extinguishing systems铁路工程基本术语标准Standard for fundamental terms of railway engineering自动喷水灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems电力设施抗震设计规范Code for design of seismic of electrical installations电气装置安装工程电气照明装置施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric lighting devices电气装置安装工程1KV 及以下配线工程施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of 1kV and under feeder cable engineering电气装置安装工程爆炸和火灾危（wei）险环境电气装置施工及验收规范Electric equipmentinstallation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric device within explosion and fire hazard atmospheres电气装置安装工程起重机电气装置施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of power convertor equipment电气装置安装工程低压电器施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of low-voltage apparatus输油管道理工程设计规范Code for design of oil transmission pipeline engineering工业安装工程质量检验说不定统一标准Unified standard for quality inspection andassessment of industrial erection engineering输气管道工程设计规范Code for design of gas transmission pipeline engineering通风与空调工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of ventilation and air —conditioning works采暖与卫生工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of heating and sanitary works现场设备、工业管道焊接工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of welding works of on —site equipment and industrial pipeline工业金属管道工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial metallic pipeline engineering110~500kV 架空电力路线施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of 110~kV over — head electrical power transmission机械设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of mechanical equipment installation engineering火力发电厂与变电所设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of power plant and substation工程测量基本术语标准Standard for foundational terminology of engineering survey并联电容器装置设计规范Code for design of installation of shunt capacitors铁路旅客车站建造设计规范Code for design of railway passenger station buildings人民防空工程设计规范Code for design of civil air defense works建造防腐蚀工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of anticorrosion engineering of buildings建造抗震设防分类标准Standard for classification of seismic protection of buildings建造内部装修设计防火规范Code for fire prevention design of interior decorationof buildings钢结构工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of structural steel engineering城市道路交通规划设计规范Code for planning design of transport on urban road水喷雾灭火系统设计规范Code for design on water spray fore extinguishing systems工程岩体分级标准Standard for classification of engineering rock masses电力工程电缆设计规范Code for design of cables of electric works铁路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准Unified standard for reliability design of railway煤炭工业矿井设计规范Code for the colliery design of coal mining industry矿山井巷工程施工及验收规范engineering建造防腐蚀工程施工及验收规范corrosion prevention works工业炉砌筑工程施工及验收规范industrial furnaces Code for construction and acceptance of mining pit Code for construction and acceptance of building Code for construction and acceptance of brick works for建造地面工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of ground and floor engineering地下防水工程施工验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of underground water proof engineering屋面工程技术规范Technical code for roof engineering木结构工程施工质量验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of timber structureengineering砌体工程施工质量验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of masonry structure engineering地基与基础工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of foundation engineering土方与爆破工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of earthwork and blasting engineering防洪标准Standard for flood control有线电视系统工程技术规范Technical code for CATV system水利水电工程结构可靠度设计统一标准Unified standard for reliability design of hydraulic engineering structures民用闭路监视电视系统工程技术规范Technical code for civil closed circuit monitoring TV system engineering露天煤矿工程设计规范Code for design of open pit coal mine engineering高倍数、中倍数泡沫灭火系统设计规范(2002 年版) Code for design of high and medium expansion foam fore extinguishing systems发生炉煤气站设计规范Code for design of producer gas stations建设工程施工现场面供用电安全规范Code for safety of power supply and consumption in engineering construction site二氧化碳灭火系统设计规范Code for design of carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems 河港工程设计规范Code for design of river port engineering构筑物抗震设计规范Code for design of earthquake-resistant of structural constructions 多层厂房楼盖抗微振设计规范Code for design of anti-micro —vibration of multistoryfactory floor旅游旅馆建造热工与空气调节节能设计标准Standard for design of air conditioning and energy conservation in tourism hotel buildings村镇规划标准Standard for planning of rural village and town工业企业总平面设计规范Code for design of general plan for industrial enterprises港口工程基本术语标准Standard for basic terms of port engineering工业设备及管道绝热工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of heat insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipelines工业金属管道工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of industrial metal pipeline engineering原油和天然气工程设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of crude电气装置安装工程电梯电气装置施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of electrical appa蓄滞洪区建造工程技术规范Technical code for constructional engineering in flood detention basin城市居住区规划设计规范Code of urban Residential areas planning m Design河流流量测验规范Code for measurement of fluid flow in open channels建造气候区划标准Standard for climatic region-alization for building and civil engineering 氢氧站设计规范Code for design of hydrogen and oxygen stations民用建造热工设计规范Code for thermal design of civil buildings露天煤矿工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of open pit coal-mine engineering电子计算机机房设计规范Code for design of electronic computer room电气装置安装工程35kV 及以下架空电力路线施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of 35kV and under over-head power levels电气装置安装工程蓄电池施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of battery电气装置安装工程盘、柜及二次回路结线施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installation and acceptance of switchboard outfit, complete cubicle and secondary circuit 电气装置安装工程旋转机电施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code of construction and acceptance of rotating electrical machines电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of earthed devices电气装置安装工程电缆路线施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of cable levels工程摄影测量标准Code for engineering photogrammetry火灾自动报警系统施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of automatic fore alarm systems古建造木结构维护与加固技术规范Technical code for maintenance and reinforcement of ancient timber buildings混凝土质量控制标准Standard for quality control of concrete卤代烷1301 灭火设计规范Code for design of halon 1301 for extinguishing systems道路工程制图标准Standard for road engineering drawing烟花爆竹工厂设计安全规范Code for safety design of fire-works and firecrackers plants 石油化工企业设计防火规范code for fire protection design of petrochemical enterprises 河流悬移质泥沙测验规范Code for measurement of suspended sediment in open channels港口工程结构可靠度设计统一标准Unified standard for reliability design of port engineering地下铁道设计规范code for design of under-ground railway小型石油库及汽车加油站设计规范Code for design of small petrochemical storage depots and service stations采暖通风与空气调节术语标准Standard for terminology of heating ，ventilation and air-conditioning地下及覆土火药炸药仓库设计安全生产规范Code for safety design of underground and earth powder and explosive warehouse工程结构可靠度设计统一标准Unified standard for reliability design of engineering structures混凝土结构试验方法标准Standard for test methods of concrete structures低倍数泡沫灭火系统设计规范Code for design of low expansion foam extinguishing systems电气装置安装工程高压电器施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of high voltage appliance粉煤灰混凝土应用技术规程Technical code for application of fly ash concrete土的分类标准Standard for classification of soils工业厂房可靠性鉴定标准Standard for reliability evaluation of industrial factory buildings 架空电力路线、变电所对电视差转台、转播台无线电干扰防护间距标准Standard for protective spacing of radio interference from over—head electric lines，substations to t 中、短波广播发射台与电缆载波通信系统的防护间距标准Standard for protective spacing between medium ，short wave broadcast transmitting station and electric cable carrier telecommunication systems给水排水构筑物施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of constructional structures of water supply and sewerage建造灭火器配置设计规范Code for design of extinguisher disposition in buildings内河通航标准Standard for navigation of inland river水位观测标准Standard for observation of water level城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准Standard for classification of urban land and for planning of constructional land电镀废水管理设计规范Code for design of disposal of electroplating waste water高耸结构设计规范Code for design of high— rise structures人防工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of civil air defense works 民用建造照明设计标准Standard for design of artificial lighting in civil buildings工程结构设计基本术语和通用符号Standard for basic terms and general symbols used in structural design of engineering自动化仪表安装工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality inspection and assessment of installation works for automatic instruments钢筋混凝土升板结构技术规范Technical code for reinforced concrete lift—slab structure 砌体基本力学性能试验方法标准Standard for test methods of basic mechanical properties of masonry立式圆筒开形钢制焊接油罐施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of stand cylindrical steel welded oil storage tank架空索道工程技术规范Technical code for aerial ropeway engineering工业设备及管道绝热工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of heat insulation in industrial equipment and pipe work给水排水设计基本术语标准Standard for basic terms used in design of water supply and sewerage engineering道路工程术语标准Standard for terms used in road engineering土工试验方法标准Standard for test methods of earthworks工业企业噪声测量规范Code for measurement of noise in industrial enterprises建造隔声评价标准Standard for assessment of building sound insulation工业企业共用天线电视系统设计规范Code for design of community television system in industrial enterprises混凝土外加剂应用技术规范Technical code for application of admixture in concrete民用建造隔声设计规范Code for sound insulation design of civil buildings工业构筑物抗震鉴定标准Standard for earthquake-resistant evaluation of industrial constructional structures火灾自动报警系统设计规范Code for design of automatic fire alarm systems工业电视系统工程设计规范Code for design of close circuit television system采暖通风与空气调节制图标准Standard for heating ，ventilation and air—conditioning drawings液压滑动模板施工技术规范Technical code for construction using hydraulic slip formworks膨胀土地区建造技术规范Technical code for buildings in swelling soil zone铁路工程抗震设计规范Code for seismic design of railway engineering卤代烷1211 灭火系统设计规范Code for design of haton1211fire extinguishing systems 地下工程防水技术规范Technical code for water proof in underground engineering混凝土强度检验评定标准Standard for inspection and assessment of strength of concrete给水排水制图标准Standard for water supply and sewerage drawing建造结构制图标准Standard for structural drawing建造制图标准Standard for architectural drawing总图制图标准Standard for general layout drawing工业循环冷却水设计规范Code for design of industrial recirculating cooling water建造楼梯模数协调标准住宅建造模数协调标准中小学校建造设计规范Standard for modular coordination of building staircases Standard for modular coordination of dwelling houses Code for design of secondary and primary school buildings人民防空工程设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of civil air defense works水泥混凝土路面施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of cement concrete pavement住宅设计规范Code for design of dwelling houses水文基本术语和符号标准Standard for terms and symbols used in hygrometry球形储罐施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of spherical tank工业自动化仪表工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial automatic instrument works沥青路面施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of asphalt pavement铁路车站及枢纽设计规范Code for design of railway stations and railway terminals铁路线路设计规范Code for design of railway line民用爆破器材工厂设计安全规范Code for safety design of civil explosive materials manufacturing plants驻波管法吸声系数与声阻抗率测量规范Code for measurement of sound—absorbing coefficient and specific acoustic impedance of standing—wave工业企业噪声控制设计规范Code for design of noise control in industrial enterprises锚杆喷射混凝土支护技术规范Technical code for shot concrete rock bolts shore喷灌工程技术规范Technical code for sprinkling irrigation engineering自动喷水灭火系统设计规范Code for design of automatic fire sprinkler systems建造结构设计术语和符号标准Standard for terminology and symbols used in design of building structures普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验方法Standard for test methods of long—term performance and durability of ordinary concrete普通混凝土力学性能试验方法标准Standard for test methods of mechanical properties of ordinary concrete普通混凝土拌合物性能试验方法Standard for test methods of properties of ordinary concrete mixture工业企业通信接地设计规范Code for design of telecommunications earthing in industrial enterprises烟囱工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of chimney works钢筋混凝土筒仓设计规范Code for design of reinforced concrete silos厅堂混响时间测量规范Code for measurement of reverberation time in hall建造隔声测量规范Code for measurement of building sound insulation石油库设计规范Code for design of petroleum depots洁净厂房设计规范Code for design of industrial clean rooms冷库设计规范Code for design of cold-storages小型水力发电站设计规范Code for design of small—sized hydropower stations矿山电力装置设计规范Code for design of mine electrical power equipment给水排水工程结构设计规范Code for structural design of water supply and sewerage engineering建造结构设计统一标准Unified standard for design of building structures汽车库、修车库、停车场设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of garage, motor repair shop and parking area制冷设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of installation works of refrigeration equipment工业与民用电力装置的接地设计规范Code for design of earthing of industrial and civil electrical installation工业与民用电力装置的过电压保护设计规范Code for design of over —voltage protection of industrial and civil electrical installation电力装置的电气测量仪表装置设计规范Code for design of electrical measuring instrumentation of electrical installation电力装置的继电保护和自动装置设计规范Code for design of relaying protection and automatic device of electric power installation66KV 及以下架空电力路线设计规范Code for design of 66KV or under over-head electrical power transmission line3~110KV 高压配电装置设计规范Code for design of 3~110KV high voltage electrical installations35~110KV 变电所设计规范Code for design of 35~110KV爆炸和火灾危（wei）险环境电力装置设计规范Code for design of electric installations within explosion and fire hazard atmospheres建造物防雷设计规范Code for design of lightning protection of buildings电热设备电力装置设计规范Code for design of electrical equipment of electroheat installations通用用电设备配电设计规范Code for design of power distribution of general electrical installations低压配电装置及路线设计规范Code for design of low voltage power distribution installations and wiring systems10KV 及以下变电所设计规范Code for design of 10KV or under substations供配电系统设计规范Code for design of electric power supply systems烟囱设计规范Code for design of chimneys工业循环冷却水处理设计规范Code for design of industrial recirculating cooling water treatment小型火力发电厂设计规范Code for design of small -sized power plant混响室法吸声系数测量规范Code for measurement of sound -absorbing coefficient in reverberation room工业建造防腐蚀设计规范Code for design of corrosion prevention of industrial buildings 高层民用建造设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of high— rise buildings室外给水排水工程设施抗震鉴定标准Standard for seismic assessment of outdoor water supply and sewerage engineering facilities工业企业通信设计规范Code for design of telecommunication in industrial enterprises锅炉房设计规范Code for design of boiler house动力机器基础设计规范Code for design of dynamic machine foundation村镇建造设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of rural buildings人民防空地下室设计规范Code for design of basement for civil air defense建造地面设计规范Code of design for ground surface and floor of buildings工业企业照明设计标准Standard for artificial lighting design of industrial enterprises医院洁净手术部建造技术规范Standard for daylighting design of industrial enterprises 室外给水排水和煤气热力工程抗震设计规范Code for earthquake-resistant design of outdoor water supply, sewerage，gas and heating engineering乙炔站设计规范Code for design of acetylene stations氧气站设计规范Code for design of oxygen station压缩空气站设计规范Code for design of compressed air stations城镇燃气设计规范Code for design of city gas engineering供水水文地质勘察规范Code for hydro—geological investigation of water supply工程测量规范Code for engineering surveying湿陷性黄土地区建造规范Code for building construction in collapsible loess zone建造抗震鉴定标准厂矿道路设计规范岩土工程勘察规范Standard for earthquake— resistant evaluation of buildings Code for design of road in factories and mining areas Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering采暖通风与空气调节设计规范Code for design of heating ，ventilation and air conditioning冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范Technical code for design of cold-formed thin -wall steel structures钢结构设计规范Code for design of steel structures建造设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of buildings建造给水排水设计规范Code for design of building water supply and sewerage室外排水设计规范Code for design of outdoor sewerage engineering室外给水设计规范Code for design of outdoor water supply engineering工业企业标准轨距铁路设计规范Code for design of standard track gauge railway in industrial enterprises建造抗震设计规范Code for seismic design of buildings混凝土结构设计规范Code for design of concrete structures建造结构荷载规范Loading code for design of building structures建造地基基础设计规范Code for design of building厂房建造模数协调标准Standard for modular coordination of factory buildings 木结构设计规范Code for design of timber structures砌体结构设计规范Code for design of masonry structures建造模数协调统一标准Unified standard for modular coordination of buildings 房屋建造制图统一标准Unified standard for building drawing。
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory
5
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Oil Conditioning
Objective
• Keep oil dry and clean[4]
Typical Practices[1,2,5]
3
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Wind Turbine Gearbox
Oil-based techniques
• Gearbox only
Main components
• Gears • Bearings • Oil
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
10
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Results: Oil Condition
Units
• • Moisture - % Quality - customized unit, 0 (new oil) to 100 (worst quality) Total ferrous debris ppm
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Innovation for Our Energy Future
Results: Particle Counts
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 11/2 11/4 11/6 11/8 12/2 11/10 11/12 11/14 11/16 11/18 11/20 11/22 11/24 11/26 11/28 11/30 12/4
12
Date
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Innovation for Our Energy Future
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
9
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Results: Oil Cleanliness Level
Increases when generator speed ramps up Decreases during generator shutdown and the use of a continuously functional lubricant filtration system Potentially useful for controlling the run-in of gearboxes
Periodic oil sample analysis
• Beyond typical practices mentioned earlier
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
8
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Test Setup: Lubrication Diagram
Some failure symptoms[1-3]
• Oil contamination: dirt, wear debris, water, wrong oil, etc. • Oil degradation: additives depletion, oxidation, base stock breakdown, etc. • Oil and lubrication system performance parameter change: temperatБайду номын сангаасre, pressure, etc. • Elevated vibrations: misalignment, imbalance, subsurface and surface cracks, etc.
Typical Practices
• Particle counts: total counts, ferrous and nonferrous in different size bins • Oil condition: acidic level, water content, etc. • Temperature and pressure (normally part of turbine SCADA system)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
4
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Real-time Oil Condition Monitoring
Objectives
• Monitor lubricant contamination and degradation • Detect gear and bearing components deterioration • Lubrication system functionality monitoring
• • • • • Pre-filter: remove initial contaminations in new oil Inline filter: remove large particles normally down to 10 µm Offline filter: remove fine particles normally down to 3 µm Breather for moisture and contamination prevention Heat exchanger for lubricant temperature control
NREL/PR-5000-50301
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Date 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 11/2 11/4 11/6 11/8 12/2 11/10 11/12 11/14 11/16 11/18 11/20 11/22 11/24 11/26 11/28 11/30 12/4
Throughout the test period K1 (left top), K2 (left bottom) and K3 (right top) Trends are similar, though particle counts vary
Case Study
• Dynamometer test setup • Results
Observations and Recommendations for Practice
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
2
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Real-time Monitoring
• Inline filter loop: particle counts, greater than 300 µm, sensor K1 in later slides • Offline filter loop
o o
o
ISO 4406 (1999) cleanliness level Particle counts: greater than 45/50 µm for ferrous and 135/150 µm for nonferrous, each type divided into five bins, sensors K2 and K3 in later slides Oil condition (total ferrous debris, temperature and relative moisture, quality: reflect changes caused by water and acid levels)
6
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Oil Sample Analysis
Objectives
• • • • Monitor parameters not covered by real-time instruments Elemental analysis to pinpoint failed components Assist root cause analysis Evaluate the functionality of conditioning devices
Outline
Introduction
DOE 1.5 MW Wind Turbine /PIX17245 NREL 2.5 MW Dynamometer /PIX16913
• • • •
Condition monitoring (CM) for wind turbines Wind turbine gearbox Oil conditioning and real-time monitoring Oil sample analysis
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Innovation for Our Energy Future
Dynamometer Test Setup
Oil Conditioning
• • • • • Pre-filter new oil with a 3 µm filter Inline filter loop two stage filtration: 50 µm and 10 µm Offline filter loop continuous filtration: 3 µm Breather Heat exchanger