语篇分析 讲义Discourse Analysis
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2012 Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis 语篇分析
2 Information Structure
❖How do language users arrange information within discourse?
❖2.1 Given and new information ❖Alice: Who ate the bread? ❖Tom : Mary ate the bread.
given/ comment
2.2 Topic and comment
❖Topics are not so important to the grammar of English.
❖There is only one grammatical structure which marks topics in English. ▪ As for me, I’m gonna go to bed.
❖Mark the topic ▪ Place topic in the initial position in English. ▪ A beautiful dress she did make.
2.2 Topic and comment
❖Topic is not necessarily a property of the sentence; it may be a property of the discourse context: ▪ Oh, look! ▪ (an unexpressed topic “the setting sun” or “the sky”)
❖Given information can be something closely related to the mentioned information (e.g. meronymy) ▪ Kent returned my car last night after borrowing it for the day. One of the wheels was about to fall off and the dashboard was missing.
语篇分析讲义Discourse Analysis(课堂PPT)
Implications about the definition:
1) It is the use of language that makes
2)
human beings human;
2) Language seems to be as old as our species;
3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
6
Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
8
Discourse Analysis (9)
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
7
Discourse Analysis (8)
DiscourseAnalysis
2.3 Discourse Pattern
2.3.2The general particular pattern The typical textual patterns are those as follows: General statement General statement
↓
↓
Specific statement 1 ↓ Specific statement 2
2.3 Discourse Pattern
2.3.3 The hypothetical-real pattern or the claimcounterclaim pattern [2.10] Every other critic has said that On Food and Cooking is brilliant, a revelation, and a unique combination of scientific insight and literacy which sweeps aside all myth and jargon as none have done before. Mcgee‘s book is indeed well written, is full of good things and is good to have on the shelves as a continuing source of reference and quotes . But it also has its fair share of mistakes, omissions and misalignments of emphasis.
2.3 Discourse Pattern
《语篇分析简介》PPT课件
What is discourse? What is Discourse Analysis? What are the aims of discourse analysis? How is discourse analysis done?
Discourse和Text在中国学术界的翻译 Text“文本”、“篇章”、“话语”、“语篇” Discourse“话语”、“语篇”、“语段” 胡壮麟：语篇＝篇章/话语（《语篇的衔接与连贯》，1994: 3）
(3) examine speech activities
(4) describe oral and liSociology of order in interaction
4. Objective
(1) analyze the linguistic structures of different discourse of genres (e.g. ESP)
(2) describe conversational sequences
1.Purpose of Discourse Analysis
(1) offering a means of exposition
(2) deconstructing the social practice
(3) expressing people’s points of view and value systems
2. What is discourse analysis?
(1)how language users produce and interpret language in situated contexts.
(3) examination of language used by members of a speech community
Critical Discourse Analysis 批评性语篇分析PPT
2.2.1 The aims of CDA
The purpose of critical discourse analysis is to focus on social and political problems, mainly those involving inequality and power dominance . The reactions of people of different sexual orientations, classes, age groups, locations and other groups all vary according to their own ideologies . Those who practice critical discourse analysis accept certain facts on the social and political issues. The end goal is to change or stop the social or political problem of inequality.
2.2.3The Priniciples of CDA
Critical research on discourse needs to satisfy a number of requirements in order to effectively realize its aims.Fairclough and Wodak summarize the main tenets of CDA:
CL很大程度上是对长期处亍主导地位癿结构 主义语言学癿反叛和补充。以Saussure, Bloomfield and Chomsky 为代表癿语言学将语言 规为一个自给自足和自我调节癿抽象系统，美国 结构主义语言学也试图以当时癿自然科学为蓝本 将自己建成一门经验科学，主张语言只能以其自 身癿条件孤立地加以描写。CL把语言形式在交际 语境中癿功能作为自己癿核心课题，认为语言运 用充满了价值观，我们理应实践一种旨在理解这 种价值观癿语言学。
语篇分析与话语分析(讲稿)
语篇分析与话语分析从文献上看，学者们对text，discourse和discourse analysis或对“语篇分析”和“话语分析”的使用没有一致的看法，这是因为大家对这些术语的内涵和外延没有一致的或比较一致的观点。
因此，有些学者在使用这些术语时做了界定，有些则不做区分、互换使用。
在中国的英语界，语篇分析和话语分析这两个术语都是译自discourse analysis。
通过查阅相关资料，下面简单区分三种不同的discourse analysis。
1.三种discourse analysis根据Guy Cook的观点，可以根据不同的目标、研究方法、理论来源、研究重点等把discourse analysis分为三种：英美学派（the British-American school）, 以法国哲学家福柯（Michel Foucault）的理论为基础的学派，批评话语学派（critical discourse analysis）。
⑴英美学派①研究重点：语言和语言的使用，从历史发展的角度看，研究重点从语言结构的使用（如上下文语境和情景语境）逐渐向图式、体裁（如文化语境）转移，但语言使用始终是研究的重点。
②所做的discourse analysis: 从功能语言学（如Halliday,1994）角度看，英美学派所做的discourse analysis不是一种“说明性活动”（interpretive activity），而是一种“解释性活动”（explanatory activity）。
⑵福柯学派①研究重点：话语秩序（order of discourse）、意识形态（ideology）、社会关系（social relationships）、社会联盟(social practices)等有关社会实践和社会变革问题。
②所做的discourse analysis: 相对于英美学派所做的discourse analysis，在我国，属于福柯学派的研究比较少，尤其在语言学、应用语言学和外语教学界。
功能语言学与语篇分析DiscourseAnalysis
功能语言学与语篇分析DiscourseAnalysis功能语言学与语篇分析Discourse Analysis Text (written)笔语分析VS discourse (spoken) 口语分析研究的是language in use，paralinguistic 副语言metadiscourse 元话语Ken Hyland 燕大网查文章：ELserver / English for Specific （Academic）Purpose 不要Made-up data 要鲜活的语言。
Context包括cultural context，situational context，co-contextHalliday + Hason 合著Cohesion in EnglishMacharthy，M（1991）Discourse Analysis for language teachers韩李德的划分：概念功能ideational function 人际功能interpersonalText（genre）语体Ideational interpersonal textualYou give me a book.A book is given to me by you. （有标记）A）I have a number of comments to make about your behavior. For a start, you have greatly offended the neighbors by singing rude songs and playing music instruments at all hours of the night. Then there is the matter of the burnt settee and broke window, to name but two signs of damage. I am further concerned that you appear to be keeping racing pigeons in the house, and on top of that all, it is over four months since you last paid any rent.上段体现出formal的特点。
语篇分析-讲义Discourse-Analysisppt课件
Discourse Analysis (14)
Definition of “text linguistics”
The linguistic analysis and description of extended “texts, either written or spoken. Originally in German (textlinguistik) and involving in particular the concept of text grammar, or generative grammar of texts, analogous to a grammar generating sentences.
morphology (meaningful combinations of sounds) > lexis (words) > syntax
(meaningful combinations of words) > semantics (meaning)
Discourse Analysis (12)
context, body move- clear within the
ment, gestures;
context;
Spontaneous;
Not spontaneous;
Discourse Analysis (11)
Speech
Writing
Associative
Logical
The components of language Language - phonology (sounds) --<
Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
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Discourse Analysis (15)
Definition of “linguistics” 1) “the science of language” or
“scientific study of language” 2) “the branch of knowledge that deals
prescriptive; b) Linguistics regards the spoken language as
c) Course project along with the presentation;
d) Tutorial will be much encouraged between teacher & students and it will be done by taking advantage of internet
context, body move- clear within the
ment, gestures;
context;
Spontaneous;
Not spontaneous;
Discourse Analysis (11)
Speech
Writing
Associative
Logical
The components of language Language - phonology (sounds) --<
Relatively permanent;
Perceived by the ear; Perceived by the eye;
Addressee present; Addressee absent;
Immediate feedback; Feedback delayed;
Meaning helped by Meaning must be made
Discourse Analysis (2)
a) Lecture on theoretic points, which is intended to give students some guiding ideas to understand the course;
b) Discussion on the key points within the group or class activities;
Concluding remarks: When we have examined these levels and the way they interact, we will have acquired the necessary tools to study language in general (linguistics), the variety in language and the uses to which people put languages (sociolinguistics), the ways in which people teach and learn languages (applied linguistics) and the value of the study of language in understanding the human mind (psycholinguistics).
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
Discourse Analysis (8)
(15%) c) Course papers (Two): (10% for each); d) Course examination: (is (4)
Definition of “language”
“Language is a generative system of arbitrary, vocal, visual and conventionalized symbol used universally and mainly by human beings in speech community or culture for communication.”
phological devices
like italics;
Produced effortlessly, Produced with effort-
no tools required;
tools required;
Discourse Analysis (10)
Speech
Writing
Transitory;
key words & expressions:
generative system arbitrary vocal visual conventionalized
Discourse Analysis (5)
symbol universally mainly human beings speech community/culture communication
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
Discourse Analysis (9)
with language” 3) “the systematic (scientific) study of
language” The tasks for linguistics:
Discourse Analysis (16)
Linguistics is entrusted with providing answers to the following questions: 1. “What is language?” 2. “How does language work?” 3. “What do all languages have in common?” 4. “What range of variation is found among
Discourse Analysis (14)
Definition of “text linguistics”
The linguistic analysis and description of extended “texts, either written or spoken. Originally in German (textlinguistik) and involving in particular the concept of text grammar, or generative grammar of texts, analogous to a grammar generating sentences.
Implications about the definition: 1) It is the use of language that makes
human beings human; 2) Language seems to be as old as our species; 3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
Discourse Analysis (1)
Course Orientation:
Aims:
This course provides a general introduction of ‘discourse, text, text organization, conversational analysis, among others’, which will help students to have a good command of the means with which to look into the use of language.
Discourse Analysis (3)
The assessment & evaluation of the course will be based on a) Class attendance and class
performance: (10%) b) Assignment and other relevant work:
Differences between speech & writing
Speech:
Writing:
Composed of sounds ; Composed of letters
Makes use of intonation Makes use of punc-
,pitch, rhythm, tempo; tuation and other gra-
to human language for flexibility, complexity, precision, productivity and sheer quantity.
Discourse Analysis (6)
Conclusion: Humans have learnt to make infinite use of finite means. Language & medium A language is an abstraction based on the linguistic behavior of its users. “Speech is primary” and this statement is true in many ways: