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语言学概论期末复习重点

语言学概论期末复习重点

语言学概论期末复习重点一、语音学语音学是研究语音的学科,重点研究语音的产生、结构、运动和感知等方面。

在复习时,需要关注以下内容:1.国际音标的掌握,包括元音、辅音和音节等。

2.发音器官的构造和功能,比如舌头、喉头、声带等的作用。

3.音位与音素的区别,音位是语言中的最小语音单位,音素是语音的实际表现。

4.音变规律,比如浊音化、清音化、辅音的鼻化等。

二、语法学语法学是研究语言结构和规则的学科,包括句法学、词法学等分支。

在复习时,需要关注以下内容:1.语法的基本概念,包括句子、短语、词类等。

2.句法分析的方法,包括基于短语结构的上下位关系分析和基于依存关系的句法分析。

3.句子成分的分类与功能,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语等。

4.语法关系的表示,包括句法树和依存关系图等。

三、语义学语义学是研究词义和意义的学科,包括词义学、语用学等分支。

在复习时,需要关注以下内容:1.语义的基本概念,包括词义、句义、语篇意义等。

2.词义的分类,包括编码词义和概念词义等。

3.语义关系的表示,包括隐性关系和显性关系等。

4.语义义原的掌握,比如用来描述词义的最小单位,可以用来解释多义、歧义、同义等现象。

四、语用学语用学是研究语言在特定情境中的使用和理解的学科,包括语用规则、言语行为等方面。

1.言语行为的分类,包括表示、指示、陈述、询问等。

2.言语行为的成分,包括言辞、语境、意图等。

3.语用规则的掌握,比如礼貌原则、言外之意等。

4.言语行为的实现方式,包括直接言语行为和间接言语行为等。

以上仅为语言学概论期末复习的一些重点内容,学生可以结合教材和课堂笔记进行更深入的学习和理解。

此外,复习时可以参考相关的案例和实例,加深对语言学原理的理解和应用。

语言学概论期末复习重点

语言学概论期末复习重点

语言学概论期末复习提纲导言部分一、语言的三大发源地:中国、印度、希腊-罗马五、根据研究对象的不同把语言学分为专语语言学和普通语言学。

五、1共时语言学:以同时的静态分析的方法、研究语言相对静止的状态。

描写分析语言在某一个时期、某一个阶段的状况,时从横的方面研究语言。

(如现代汉语、当代英语)五、2历时语言学:从历时的、动态的角度研究语言发展的历史,观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变,是从纵的方面研究语言的历史。

(如汉语史)五、3专语语言学:又称具体语言学、个别语言学,是以一种或几种有联系的语言为研究对象,研究某一语言的结构。

五、4普通语言学:以人类一般语言为研究对象,研究人类语言的性质、结构特征、发展规律,是综合众多语言研究成果而建立起来的。

五、5现代语言学之父:瑞士索绪尔代表作《普通语言学教程》六、语言学流派:历史比较语言学,为后来的结构主义和描写语言学的产生和发展创造了有利条件,它在19世纪进入了系统的研究,是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

结构语言学的分支:布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学派。

美国描写语言学代表人物:布龙菲尔德代表作《语言论》第一章语言的功能第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具一、语言是音义结合的符号系统,是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具。

一、1语言的作用:语言是人类社会的交际工具,每个社会无论经济发达还是落后,都必须有属于自己的语言,都离布开语言这个交际工具。

语言是组成社会必不可少的一个因素,是人类与动物相区别的重要特征之一。

语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带,没有语言,人类无法交际,人与人之间的联系就会中断,社会就会崩溃,不复存在。

语言又是思维工具,没有语言,人类就无法思维,也无法把思维表达出来。

(如普通话是汉民族用来交流思想传递感情的工具)一、2语言同社会的联系:语言与人类社会息息相关,人类社会以外无所谓语言,不同民族、不同地域都有不同语言。

同时社会的变化也给语言以极大的影响。

语言学期末复习资料整理版

语言学期末复习资料整理版

语言学期末复习资料整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

语言学总复习

语言学总复习

Origin of language
Divine- origin theory 神授说 Bow-wow theory 汪汪理论 摹声说 Pooh-pooh theory 噗噗理论 感叹说 Yo-he-ho theory 呦嘿吼理论 劳动叫喊说

Functions of language
The nose: the nasal cavity(鼻腔)
Table
2.1 A chart of English consonants
English vowels(RP)
Four basic requirements for the description of vowels 1) the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low) 2) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back) 3) the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short) 4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded)
The classification of word 词的分类
1 variable and invariable words可变词与不 变词 2 grammatical (functional) and lexical (content) words词汇词和语法词 3 closed-class and open-class words 封闭 类词和开放类词 4 word class词类
Important distinctions in linguistics

语言学概要复习资料

语言学概要复习资料

语⾔学概要复习资料普通语⾔学概要复习资料完整版第⼀章语⾔与语⾔学第⼀节语⾔⼆、语⾔是符号系统1、什么是符号?它有哪些因素构成?符号是⼀个社会全体成员共同约定⽤来表⽰某种意义的记号、标记。

符号包括了形式和内容(意义)两个⽅⾯的要素。

形式和内容互相依存。

2、符号和征候的区分?符号和所标记的事物是具有约定性的(或者是由某些⼈规定,或者是社会习惯),⽽征候与它所标记的事物之间往往具有⾃然(本质或必然)的联系。

3、符号的分类:象征(有⼀定的含义,有⼀定的理据)狭义的符号(没有理据,任意约定的)4、语⾔是⼀种符号系统?语⾔具有符号的⼀切特征:语⾔是由语⾳和意义两个⽅⾯统⼀构成。

语⾳和意义在具体的语⾔中统⼀于⼀体,密不可分,⼆者互为存在条件。

语⾳和语义的联系是社会成员约定俗成的,个⼈不能任意改变这种联系。

注:具体来说语⾔中的词可以分为三种情况:⼀类是“哈哈”“啊”等叹词,它们可以说是⼈类感情的本能的反应,可以归⼊征候。

⼀类是“哗啦”“汪汪”等拟声词,⽤事物所发出的声⾳来记录事物本⾝,和事物间有着⼀定的联系,但同⼀种事物的声⾳在不同的语⾔中往往有着不同的记录,也体现了它的社会约定性,可以归⼊象征。

剩下的语⾔中绝⼤多数的词,它们的⾳和义之间关系完全是社会约定俗称的,没有任何理据可⾔,属于真正意义上的狭义的符号。

5、语⾔符号的任意性和线条性特点?任意性和线条性是语⾔符号的两个最基本的特点。

语⾔符号的任意性是指语⾔符号的⾳义关系是由社会约定的,⽤什么样的“⾳”去表达什么样的“义”⼈们说不出什么道理,完全由社会约定,这种⾳义关系⼜叫约定性。

语⾔符号的任意性是就语⾔创制时来说的,语⾔符号⼀旦形成,在整个社会范围内的执⾏就具有强制性,因⽽也就表现为⼀定的稳固性(可变性)。

——民族性;——时代性语⾔符号的线条性是指符号的使⽤只能在时间的线条上绵延,⼀个符号跟着⼀个符号依次出现。

语⾔符号的排列只能成⼀条线,线条性限制了语⾔在组合时的空间位置。

语言学概论期末复习资料整理

语言学概论期末复习资料整理

语言学概论复习资料一、名词解释1.语言的主观性:说话者在话语中表达自己的情感、态度、意图。

(互动的另一方面包括受话人受到影响,做出相应的语言或行动上的反馈。

)3.心理现实:贮存在人脑的人对客观现实认知的成果,是关于客观现实的各种知识信息。

其来源:①感官对客观现实的直接感知,经脑神经综合处理转化为记忆信息;②对语言文字的接收处理。

4.颤音:舌尖或小舌连续颤动而发出的音。

(是舌尖、小舌这两个柔软的尖状物处在十分放松并有气流的冲击的状态下连续颤动而发出的音。

)例如:俄语中的Р(如РУка,手)是舌尖颤音[r]。

5.闪音:舌头颤动一次发出的音。

例如:英语very中的处于弱读音节的r[?]。

6.区别特征:具体语言中有区别音位作用的发音特征。

每一个音位都可以分解为几个不同的区别特征。

例如汉语普通话/ɑ/音位有不圆唇和舌位低两个发音特征;某个音位利用哪些特征和其他音位对立,这由该特征在音位系统中所处的地位而定。

例如:英语音位用清/p/浊/b/对立而不同于汉语普通话的用是否送气来区别。

8.成句范畴:语气(陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹)、情态、时、语态等句子功能意义类别。

成句范畴有一定的表达形式,例如疑问句语气可以用语调或虚词表达。

9.黏着语:只以黏着语素替换作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言。

例如土耳其语、维吾尔语、芬兰语等。

11.中心意义:离开上下文后人们最熟悉的意义,它大多同本义一致,有时同本义不一致。

中心意义是从多义词在某个时代各义项之间的关系的角度分析出的。

例如,单独取出“兵”这个词,一般人首先想到的是“兵士”的意义。

二、相近概念的辨析1.语言和言语答:(1)语言是人类最重要的交际工具,是人们进行沟通交流的各种表达符号。

言语是说出来的话;说出来的一个词。

(2)语言与言语的区别:①语言是交际工具,非自由的,组词成句的规则有限;②言语即说话,运用交际工具,是自由的,创造新句无限。

(3)语言与言语的关系:①言语是对特定语言的具体运用;例如:他不言语。

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammarwhich studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties. It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language. 2.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules forpeople to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and th e i r f i n d d i f f e r e n c e s . / p > p > P h o n o l o g y d e s c r i p t i o n o f s o u n d s y s t e m s o f p a r t i c u l a r l a n g u a g e s a n d h o w s o u n d s f u n c t i o n t o d i s t i n g u i s h m e a n i ng . / p > p > A p h o n e t i c i a n w o u l d b e m o r e i n t e r e s t e d i n s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s c o s s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l n o t c o s d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e a n i n g . / p > p > 2 . W h a t i s p h o n e ? H o w i s i t d i f f e r e n t f r o m a p h o n e m e ? h o w a r e a l l o p h o n e s r e l a t e d t o a p h o n e m e ? / p > p > P h o n e i s a p h o n e t i c u n i t , i t h a s n o m e a n i n g . / p > p > P h o n e m e i s a p h o n o l o g i c a l u n i t w i t h d i s t i n c t i v e v a l u e . / p > p > T h e p h o n e m e / l / c a n b e r e a l i z e d a s d a r k / l - / a n d c l e a r / l / , w h i c h a r e a l l o p h o n e s o f t h e p h o n e m e / l / / p > p > A l l o p h o n e s - - - a c t u a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f a p h o n e m e i n d i f f e r e n t p h o n e t i c c o n t e x t s . / p >。

语言学复习资料

语言学复习资料

语言学复习资料语言学纲要一、名词解释(5×4’=20’)(1)音位变体:处在互补关系中的相似的音素彼此不对立,如果他们被归并为一个音位,则处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看成同一个音位在不同位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不同的变异形式,我们把他们叫做音位变体。

(2)语音四要素:声音是由弹性物体受到外力的压迫而发生振动的结果,包括音高、音强、音长和音质四个要素。

(3)国际音标:又称国际语音字母,是用于为全世界所有语言注音的符号系统(4)语流音变:音位在和气体音位组合的时候,由于受说话时快慢、高低。

强弱的不同和邻音的影响,可能发生不同的临时性的变化。

这种变化我们叫做语流音变。

(5)自源文字:文字创造的一种形式,一种是在某种语言的基础上自发产生并逐步完善的文字(6)他源文字:文字创造的一种形式,是部分或全部、借用或参考其他名族文字的字形,再根据本民族语言的特点做或多或少的改动而形成的文字。

(7)语法单位:语法单位存在于具体的语句中,凡是能在组合的某一位置上被替换下来的片段都是语法单位。

(8)组合关系:是指一个单位和同一序列的其他单位间的关系,或共现的所有成分的关系处于组合关系的词必须满足一些句法和语义条件。

(9)组合的递归性:语法的组合结构一层套一层,所以同样的结构规则尽可以重读使用而不致造成结构上的混乱。

同样的结构可以层层嵌套,借用数学术语来说,这就是结构规则有“递归性”(10)短语:短语是由句法、语义和语用三个层面上能够搭配组合起来的没有句调的语言单位,又叫词组。

(11)语法手段:是表达语法意义的形式标志或物质手段的类型,即把具有共同特点的语法形式概括起来(12)聚合关系:在链条的某一环节上能够相互替换的符号具有某种相同的作用,它们自然聚集成群。

它们彼此的关系称为聚合关系。

(13)文白异读:指一个方言中不少汉字(记录的是一个语素)有两个或多个有文雅/俗白风格区别的语音形式,形成成系统的层次。

(14)系统感染:指处于同一地区的若干语言在语音、语法系统的结构格局、结构规则方面逐渐趋同,但任然保持了各自语言的本质—有相当数量继承于自己语言祖语的核心词根。

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Postalveolar
后齿龈音 [ʃ] [ʒ] [dʒ] [tʃ]
Retroflex
卷舌音 [r]
Palatal
腭音 [j]
Velar
软腭音 [k] [g] [ŋ]
Uvular
小舌音 [r]
Pharyngeal
咽音
Glottal
声门音
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“Phonology” is the study of sound systems—the invention of distinctive speech sounds that occur in a language and the patterns.
1 、 Descriptive & Prescriptive ( 描 写 与 规 定 ) 2 、
Synchronic L & Diachronic L (共时L与历时L) 3、
Langue & Parole(语言与言语) 4、Competence &
Performance(语言能力与语言应用)
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3
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
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2. Speech Sounds
1. What is phonetics?
2. What are the three main branches of phonetics?
3. Classification of English Consonants.
4. Classification of Vowels.
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2. Acoustic Phonetics :is the study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.
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3. Auditory Phonetics :is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
5. What is phonology?
6. What’s the difference between phonetics and phonology?
7. What is a phone? What is a phoneme? What
is an allophone?
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What is phonetics?
Language is a system.
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic(内在的) connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.
音位学研究的是一种语言的整个语 音系统及其分布或布局状况,包括 某一特定语言里的语音或音位分布 和结合的规则或规律。
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Phonetics
பைடு நூலகம்
1.Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学
2.Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学
3.Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学
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1. Articulatory Phonetics : the study of the production of speech sounds.
语言学复习
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1. Invitations to Linguistics
1. What is language?
2. What are the design features of language?
3. What is arbitrariness?
4. What is duality?
5. What is creativity?
边通音 [l]
Trill
颤音 [r]
Tap and Flap 触音
Affricate 塞擦音 [t∫] [dЗ]
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Bilabial
双唇音 [p] [b] [m]
Labiodental
唇齿音 [f] [v]
Dental
齿音 [θ] [ð]
Alveolar 齿龈音 [t] [d] [n] [r] [s] [z] [l]
6. What is displacement?
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7. The origin of language. 8. What functions does language have? 9. What is Linguistics? 10. What are the main branches of linguistics? 11. Important distinctions in Liguistics.
“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”
——Romeo and Julier
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“Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission.
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Stop (Plosive) 塞音(爆破音)
[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]
Nasal 鼻音 [m] [n] [ŋ]
Fricative 擦音 [f] [v] [θ] [s] [z] [∫] [З]
Approximant 中通音 [ j ] [r] [w]
Lateral
The science studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
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