章振邦英语语法第五版introduction
章振邦《英语语法教程》教学大纲
《英语语法》教学大纲课程编号：2152102课程类别：专业课学时：32学分：2.0适用专业：英语专业一年级先修课程：无一、课程性质、目的和任务《英语语法》为英语专业基础课，英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求，旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。
通过本课程的学习，学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力，了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念，了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点，熟练掌握常用的语法知识，语法体系，具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础，并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。
课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。
二、课程教学内容、要求1．课程教学内容语法层次；句子结构；主谓一致；名词和名词词组及属格；限定词；代词；动词和动词词组；动词的时和体；将来时间表示法；被动态；虚拟式；助动词；不定式；分词；独立结构；比较等级和比较结构；并列结构；从属结构；关系分句；倒装；省略；替代；语篇衔接2. 课程教学要求：1). 精讲多练，注重实践2)．以学生为中心组织教学3)．注意培养语篇水平上应用语法知识的能力。
导论：语法层次序号知识点能力要求1 词素：自由词素；粘附词素理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 词：简单词、派生词、复合词；封闭词类和开放词类理解（一）基础3 词组：名词词组、动词词组、形容词词组、副词词组、介词词组理解4 分句：独立分句和从属分句；简单分句和复杂分句；主句和从句；限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句掌握5 句子：完全句和不完全句；简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句掌握第1 讲：句子结构序号知识点能力要求1 主谓结构和句子分析理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 基本句型掌握（一）基础3 基本句型的转换与扩大掌握第2、3 讲：主谓一致序号知识点能力要求1 主谓一致的指导原则理解2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题掌握对专业培养目标的支持（程度）3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题掌握4 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题掌握5以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题掌握6其他方面的主谓一致问题掌握（一）基础第4、5 讲：名词、名词词组和名词属格序号知识点能力要求1 名词分类了解2 名词词组的句法功能理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）3 名词的数了解4 单位词理解5名词属格的构成、意义和用法掌握6独立属格和双重属格掌握（一）基础第6、7 讲：限定词序号知识点能力要求限定词与三类名词的搭配关系理解1 对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 限定词与限定词的搭配关系理解3 Many、much/few 、little/some 、any/all 、both 等若干限定词用法比较掌握（一）基础4 冠词的类指与特指理解5 各类名词前的冠词用法掌握第8、9 讲：代词序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 代词及其先行项在数、性、人称方面的一致掌握2 代词的格理解3 物主代词、反身代词、人称代词的类指用法掌握（一）基础4 代词的照应理解第10 讲：动词和动词词组序号知识点能力要对专业培养目标求的支持（程度）1 动词的分类理解2 动词的时、体、态、式概说掌握（一）基础第11、12 讲：动词的时和体序号知识点能力要求1 一般现在时的用法掌握2 一般过去时的用法掌握3 现在进行体的用法掌握对专业培养目标的支持（程度）4 过去进行体的用法掌握（一）基础5 现在完成体和现在完成进行体的用法掌握6 过去完成体和过去完成进行体的用法掌握7 关于完成体用法的几点补充说明掌握第13 讲：将来时间表示法序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 英语中表示将来时间的几种结构掌握2 表示将来时间的几种结构的用法掌握（一）基础第14、15 讲：被动态序号知识点能力要求1 被动句的使用场合理解2 两种被动句型的转换掌握对专业培养目标的支持（程度）3 英汉被动意义表示法比较理解（一）基础4 主动结构表示被动意义的问题掌握5 被动结构和系表结构的比较理解第16 讲：虚拟式序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 语气的定义和种类、虚拟式的定义理解2 虚拟式的两种形式：be- 型虚拟式;were- 型虚拟式理解3 两种虚拟式的意义和用法掌握4其他表达假设意义的形式和用法掌握（一）基础第17、18 讲：助动词序号知识点能力要求1 助动词的分类、形式和功能理解2 助动词的缩略形式了解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）3 情态助动词的推测性用法和非推测性用法掌握（一）基础4 情态意义表示法掌握5 基本助动词和半助动词的意义和用法理解第19、20 讲：不定式序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 非限定动词的定义与分类理解2 不定式的形式与功能掌握（一）基础3 不定式符号的问题理解4 不定式与形容词的搭配关系掌握5 不定式与名词的搭配关系掌握6 不定式与动词的搭配关系掌握第21、22 讲：分词序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 -ing 分词以及-ed 分词的形式与功能理解2 -ing 分词与动词的搭配关系掌握3 既能直接带不定式有能直接带-ing 分词的动词掌握4 -ed 分词作前置修饰语和补语掌握（一）基础5 不定式、-ing 分词和-ed 分词的用法和比较掌握6 悬垂分词的定义和用法理解第23、24、25 讲：形容词和形容词词组；副词和副词词组；比较等级和比较结构序号知识点能力要求1 形容词、副词的定义、分类和功能理解2 形容词和副词的比较等级理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）3 比较结构的基本形式: as , as 结构/ more , than 结构/ (the)+ 形容词/ 副词最高级+比较范围结构其他比较结构的形式与用法：more, than /not结构的其他用法掌握（一）基础4 so, as 与not so much, as/not more than 与no more than/ the掌握more, the more 与more and more第26 讲：介词和介词词组序号知识点能力要求1 介词与形容词、动词、名词的搭配关系掌握对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 复杂介词掌握（一）基础3 介词词组与某些限定分句的转换关系掌握第27 讲：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句序号知识点能力要求1 肯定陈述句和否定陈述句了解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 疑问句的类型和用法：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、附加疑问句掌握（一）基础3 祈使句的意义和用法掌握4 感叹句的意义和用法掌握第28、29 讲：存在句；IT- 句型序号知识点能力要求1 存在句的结构特征理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 存在句的非限定形式的用法：there to be ;there being 结构了解3 “虚义”it 和先行it 掌握4 it“分裂句引导词”掌握（一）基础4/7序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 并列结构的各种形式理解2 and ,or but 并列连词的意义和用法理解3 从属连词和从属句的分类理解4 限定从属分句的分类和用法：名词性分句、形容词性分句（关系分句）和福此行分句（状语分句）掌握5 非限定从句的结构模式和句法功能：不定式分句、-ing 分词分句-ed 分词分句掌握（一）基础6 无动词分句的结构模式和句法功能掌握7 简单句、并列句和从属句的转换掌握8 独立结构的实质和类型理解9 独立结构的意义和用法掌握第33 讲：关系分句序号知识点能力要求1 限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 关系词的选择掌握3 “介词＋关系代词”引导的分句结构掌握4双重关系分句和嵌入式关系分句了解（一）基础第34 讲：条件句序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 条件句的类型理解2 条件句四种类型的基本形式和变体形式掌握（一）基础第35 讲：直接引语和间接引语序号知识点能力要求陈述句的间接引语：时间的变化（现在时间推移到过去时间、过去1时间推移到过去的过去、将来时间推移到过去将来时间）和人称代掌握对专业培养目标的支持（程度）词、限定词、实际安装于、地点状语的变化2 疑问句的间接引语的引导词选择和交际功能理解3祈使句和感叹句间接引语的转换掌握4各类句子混杂使用的间接引语了解（一）基础第36 讲：修饰序号知识点能力要求1 名词修饰语的类型和用法理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 名词词组同位语的结构形式、引导词、附加修饰成分掌握（一）基础3 限制性同位语和非限制性同位语理解第37、38 讲替代和省略序号知识点能力要求1 名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代的定义、省略的类型理解对专业培养目标的支持（程度）2 名词性替代词one/ones 的用法掌握3 one 分别作为替代词、类指代词和数词的用法掌握4动词替代词的用法掌握（一）基础5 分句替代词的用法掌握6 并列结构和主从结构中的省略掌握第39 讲：后置、前置、倒装序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 英语语序的历时发展了解2 英语的自然语序和特殊语序理解（一）基础3 后置、前置与倒装的功能和用法掌握第40 讲：从句到篇序号知识点能力要求对专业培养目标的支持（程度）1 句子和语篇：句子的意义和交际功能；句子结构的正确性和适合性理解2 语篇的逻辑、语法、词汇纽带理解3 语篇结构—句子、语段、语篇理解4语篇修饰理解（一）基础三、参考学时分配章节各章标题名称讲授学时实践学时上机学时备注导论语法层次（导论） 1第1 讲句子结构 1 第2、3 讲主谓一致 2第4 、5 讲名词和名词词组及属格 1第6、7 讲限定词 1第8、9 讲代词 2第10 讲动词和动词词组 1第11、12 讲动词的时和体 2第13 讲将来时间表示法 1第14、15 讲被动态 1第16 讲虚拟式 1 1 第17、18 讲助动词 1第19、20 讲不定式 1 1 第21、22 讲分词 1 1第23、24、25 讲形容词和形容词词组；副词和副词词组；比较等级和比较结构1 1第26、27、28 讲介词和介词词组；陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句；存在句1 1第29 讲IT- 句型 1第30 、31、32 讲并列和从属结构 1 1第33、34、35 讲关系分句；条件句；直接引语和间接引语1 1第36、37、38 讲修饰、替代与省略 1第39、40 讲倒装；语篇衔接 1 1总学时：32四、课程说明1. 本大纲依据兰州理工大学技术工程学院2014 年英语专业本科人才培养方案编写。
8-Infinitive新编英语语法教程第五版章振邦PPT回顾.ppt
❖ Used in some fixed combinations: let go/fly/slip/fall, make do, make believe…, e.g.
❖ He did all that just to make believe.
❖ We don’t have time for lunch, but we made do with
(to).
演示课件
Notes on the use of “to”
❖ Ellipsis of the infinitive “to” ——
❖ The second “to” can be omitted when two infinitives are
coordinated by and or or, e.g.
演示课件
Grammatical forms of infinitive
❖ Bare infinitive following modal idioms such as: would rather, would rather… than, would sooner, would as soon, may/might as well, cannot but…, e.g.
演示课件
The forms of infinitive
Past action/event
Active
passive
to do
to be done
Perfective
Progressive Perfective Progressive
to have done to have been done
to be doing
❖ He was seen to walk out the room.
章振邦英语语法第五版L2
1)objects consisting of two parts: plural; or: according to the quantity meaning of the unitword 2)archives, arms, clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains, stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages, shears: plural 3) whereabouts, dramatics: pl. & single. 4)-ings: plural(usu.) – clippings, diggings, surroundings, sweepings, filings, lodgings, earnings pl. & single – tidings 5) when a word’s plural form is same to its single form, notional concord works.: headquarters, barracks, means, series, species, works 6) “odds”- “机会，赔率”（pl.）; what’s the odds? 7) “remains”- “遗体”（pl.）; “遗迹、剩余物”（pl./sing.）
Problems of concord with words
Problems of concord with collective nouns as subject
1 Characteristics of collective noun: collective nouns are singular in form, but plural in meaning. 2 The choice between grammatical concord and notional concord is mostly dictated by usage.
2022英语专业《英语语法教程(章振邦)》专有名词汇总最新版
morpheme词素free morpheme自由词素（用法use alone as simple word简单词充当root词根＋affix词缀（为derivational affix）＝derivative派生词free morpheme＋other free morpheme＝compound word复合词）bound morpheme粘附词素（分类＝词缀affix＋组合形式combining form）（①用法inflectional affix屈折词缀；derivational affix派生词缀（prefix前缀suffix 后缀）＋root＝derivative②充当root即bound root粘附词根＋affix＝primitive derivative原始派生词；＋word＝compound word；＋combining form＝neo-classical compound新古典复合词）Δallomorph词素变体word单词（构词法simple word、derivation、compound word（compound noun/adjective/verb/adverb/pronoun/conjun ction连词/preposition介词）（语法功能closed class封闭词类→function word功能词（preposition、pronoun、determiner限定词、conjunction、auxiliary 助动词）、open class开放词类→content word 实义词（noun、adjective、adverb、main verb 主动词、cardinal numeral基数词、ordinal numeral序数词）interjection感叹词介于两者之间transitional word过渡词phrase词组（head或headword中心词）noun/adjective/adverb/verb/prepositional phraseclause分句independent clause独立分句dependent/subordinate clause从属分句（从句）main clause主句simple clause简单分句simple sentence简单句complex clause复杂分句complex sentence复杂句finite clause限定分句non-finite clause非限定分句（infinitive clause 不定式分句、-ing participle clause-ing分词分句、-ed participle clause-ed分词分句）verbless clause无动词分句nominal clause名词性分句clause element分句成分（central element中心成分→subject、predicate verb/predicator 谓语动词、object、complement（subject complement＋object complement）、adverbial（adjunct/depictive adverbial））peripheral element外围成分→stance adverbial/disjunct评注性状语、linking adverbial/conjunct连接性状语……parenthesis插入语）basic clause type分句基本类型subject主语predicate谓语double predicate双重谓语complementation补足成分Δnotional subject实义主语（real subject真主语）logical subject逻辑主语sentence句子full sentence完全句（simple sentence、compound sentence并列句、complex sentence、compound-complex sentence并列复杂句）minor sentence不完全句主谓一致（主-动-致subject-verb concord）concord/agreement一致grammatical concord语法一致notional concord意义一致principle of proximity就近原则coordinate subject并列结构做主语noun phrase of amount or quantity表示数量概念的名词词组noun→noun phrase→complex noun phrase 词汇意义proper noun专有名词、commonnoun（individual noun、collective noun、mass noun/material noun、abstract noun）语法特征count/countable noun、non-count/uncountable nounnumber数→语法范畴singular number单数plural number复数（regular plural、irregular plural）partitive单位词（unit noun单位名词）case格→语法术语nominative case主格、genitive/possessive case属格/所有格、dative case与格、accusation case宾格→old English古英语genitive/possessive case、common case通格→modern English现代英语independent genitive独立属格double genitive双重属格determinerreferential meaning所指意义→specific reference特指、generic reference类指definite quantity确定数量indefinite quantity非确定数量分类：predeterminer前位限定词、central determiner、postdeterminerarticle冠词definite article定冠词indefinite article不定冠词zero article 零冠词definite specific reference确定特指（anaphoric specific reference后照应特指、cataphoric specific reference前照应特指、situational reference语境特指）indefinite specific reference非确定特指adjective形容词（open class）词的构成→one-word adjective单词形容词、compound adjective复合形容词句法功能→central adjective中心形容词、peripheral adjective外围形容词词汇意义→dynamic adjective动态形容词、stative adjective静态形容词词汇意义→gradable adjective等级形容词、non-gradable adjective非等级形容词modifier修饰语premodifier前置修饰语postmodifier后置修饰语subject complement、object complementΔcausative construction使役结构adverb→adverb phrase词的构成→simple adverb简单副词、derivative adverb派生副词词汇意义→adverb of mannar方式副词、adverb of degree程度副词、adverb of frequency频度副词、adverb of time时间副词、conjunctive adverb连接副词（the head/headword of the verb phrase when used as a linking adverbial/conjunct）usage①modifier②adverbial （adjunct/depictive adverbial修饰性状语、disjunct/stance adverbial评注性状语、conjunct/linking adverbial连接性状语）比较等级和比较结构比较等级：当adjective和adverb用于比较结构时采取的特殊的语法形式比较结构：形容词和副词比较等级用于句子当中便形成了比较结构gradable可等级的positive/absolute degree原级comparative degree比较级superlative degree最高级comparative degree and superlative degree both have two forms→regular form and irregular formregular form has two expressions①synthetic form综合形式（add suffixes-er or-est to the positive/absolute degree）②analytic form分析形式（add more or most before positive/absolute degree）comparative construction比较结构gradable noun可等级名词Δnucleus调核代词pronoun（closed class封闭词类）personal pronoun人称代词（person人称形式→first/second/third第一/二/三人称）possessive pronoun物主代词＝genitivepronoun属格代词（按语法功能分类→nominal genitive pronoun名词性属格代词、determiner genitive pronoun限定词性属格代词词）possessive determiner物主限定词（my、your 等）reflexive form反身形式reflexive pronoun反身代词（9个）（用法→emphatic use强调性用法、unemphatic use 非强调性用法）reciprocal pronoun相互代词demonstrative pronoun指示代词demonstrative determiner指示限定词demonstrative指示词interrogative pronoun疑问代词relative pronoun关系代词indefinite pronoun不定代词（分类→numeral 数次和quantifier量词、compound pronoun 复合代词）referent对象＝antecedent先行项pronoun reference代词照应（anaphoric reference前照应、cataphoric reference后照应、situational reference情景照应；personal reference人称照应、demonstrative reference 指示照应）Δnoun of common gender通性名词、pro-verb代动词介词prepositionsimple/complex preposition简单/复杂介词、two-word/three-word/four-word preposition 双词/三词/四词介词Δanalytic language分析性语言、word order 词序（nomal order正常词序＝natural order 自然词序）动词与动词词组verb动词（main verb主动词、auxiliary助动词→primary auxiliary基本主动词、modal auxiliary情态助动词、semi-auxiliary半助动词＝semi-modal半情态助动词）Δmarginal modal auxiliary边际情态助动词（need、dare 等）verb phrase动词词组（simple verb phrase简单动词词组、complex verb phrase复杂动词词组、finite verb phrase限定动词词组、non-finite verb phrase非限定动词词组）notional verb实义动词contracted form缩略形式transitive verb及物动词（monotransitive verb 单宾语及物动词、ditransitive verb双宾语及物动词、complex-transitive verb复杂及物动词）intransitive verb不及物动词、linking verb 连系动词dynamic verb动态动词、stative verb静态动词single-word verb单词动词、phrasal verb词组动词（verbal idiom成语动词）regular verb规则动词、irregular verb不规则动词finite verb限定动词、non-finite verb非限定动词finite form限定形式、non-finite form非限定形式base form原形grammatical form语法形式（5种）Δmodal idiom情态成语时tense、体aspectpresent tense现在时、past tense过去时progressive aspect进行体、perfective aspect 完成体simple present/past一般现在时/过去时present/past progressive现在/过去进行体present/past perfective现在/过去完成体present/past perfective progressive现在/过去完成进行体future tense将来时pure future单纯将来语态voiceactive/passive voice主动/被动态active/passive sentence主动/被动句BE-passive be-型被动态GET-passive get-型被动态mood式（语气）subjunctive mood虚拟语气、indicative mood 陈述语气、imperative mood祈使语气hypothetical meaning假设意义＝non-factual meaning非事实意义BE-subjunctive be-型虚拟、were-subjunctive were-型虚拟情态意义表示法ability能力、possibility可能、permission许可、obligation义务、necessity必然、prediction 预见、assumption推测、willingness意愿、intention意图、determination决心epistemic推测性、non-epistemic非推测性Δparaphrase意译非限定形式non-finite form①infinitive不定式to-infinitive带to不定式、bare infinitive不带to不定式Δsplit infinitive分裂不定式②-ing participle-ing分词（present participle 现在分词、gerund动名词）③-ed participle-ed分词（past participle过去分词）dangling participle悬垂分词（unattached participle无依着分词）attachment rule依着法则Δabsolute construction独立结构relative clause关系分句（restrictive relative clause限制性关系分句、non-restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句）double relative clause双重关系分句embedded relative clause/pushdown relative clause嵌入式关系分句relative word关系词（relative pronoun关系代词、relative adverb关系副词、relative determiner关系限定词）attributive clause定语从句antecedent先行项、old information旧信息、given/known information已知信息register语域style语体statement陈述句（declarative sentence）emphasizer强调词、reinforcement tag强调附加结构、double negative双重否定、rhetorical question修辞疑问句、operator操作词、intonation pattern调型（low fall低降调、high fall高降调、low rise低升调、fall rise 降升调）question疑问句（interrogative sentence）（分类→general/special/alternative/tag一般＝yes-no question是非问句/特殊＝wh-question wh问句/选择/附加疑问句）command祈使句（imperative sentence）、exclamation感叹句（exclamatory sentence）interrogative exclamation问句型感叹句、echo exclamation重复感叹句existential sentence存在句complex existential sentence复杂存在句finite existential sentence限定存在句non-finite existential sentence非限定存在句locative adverbial地点状语temporal adverbial时间状语Δrheme述位IT-句型和否定结构non-referring it非指代性itassertive word肯定词non-assertive word非肯定词negative word否定词semi-negative半否定词scope of negation否定范围focus of negation否定焦点transferred negation转移否定double negation双重否定local negation局部否定pleonastic/superfluous negation多余否定并列结构coordinate structure coordinator并列连词correlative coordinator关联并列连词quasi-coordinator近似并列连词compound sentence并列句asyndetic coordination不带连词的并列结构syndetic coordinate带连词的并列结构predication述谓成分parallelism排比（作为修辞手法的并列结构）、parallel construction排比结构climax高潮从属结构subordinate construction subordination从属subordinator从属连词simple subordinator简单从属连词（one-word subordinator单词从属连词）complex subordinator复杂从属连词correlative subordinator关联从属连词marginal subordinator边际从属连词same time同时性earlier time先时性later time后时性nominal relative clause名词性关系分句nominal that-clause名词性that分句nominal wh-clause名词性wh-分句adverbial clause of time/place/manner/cause/result/purpose/co ndition/concession/accompanying circumstances时间/地点/方式/原因/结果/目的/条件/让步/伴随状语分句条件句conditionalreal conditional真实条件句unreal conditional非真实条件句implied conditional含蓄条件句basic form基本形式variant form变体形式alternative form替换形式直接引语和间接引语direct speech直接引语indirect speech间接引语reporting word引述动词free direct speech自由直接引语free indirect speech自由间接引语修饰modificationsquinting modification偏斜修饰、discontinuous modification分隔修饰、transferred modification转移修饰、partial modification局部修饰、multiple modification 多重修饰premodifier前置修饰语、postmodifier后置修饰语、restrictive modifier限制性修饰语、non-restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语、transferred modifier/epithet转移修饰语、squinting modifier偏斜修饰语contrastive meaning对比意义替代substitutionnominal/verbal/clausal名词性/动词性/分句性替代substitute替代词（nominal/verbal/clausal substitute名词/动词/分句替代词）省略ellipsis、situational ellipsis情景省略强调emphasis、rhetorical repetition修辞重复postponement后置、end focus句尾焦点、end weight句尾重心、periodic sentence尾重句、loose sentence松散句、trailing sentence 拖沓句fronting前置、inversion倒装（full inversion 完全倒装、partial inversion部分倒装cleft sentence分裂句、pseudo-cleft sentence 假分裂句focus element中心成分morphology词法、syntax句法、text语篇（＝discourse口语中）、sentence group句群（语段）、paragraph段落、correctness正确性、appropriacy适合性、unity统一性、coherence连贯性、cohesion 粘着性、mobility流动性、clearness清晰性logical connector逻辑纽带、grammatical connector语法纽带、lexical connector词汇纽带literary language文学语言、textual rhetoric 语篇修辞标点符号punctuationperiod/full stop/stop句号、question mark问号、exclamation mark感叹号、comma逗号、semicolon分号、colon冒号、ellipsis省略号、dash破折号、brackets/parentheses括号、quotation mark引号、hyphen连字号、apostrophe撇号、slant斜线、italics斜体、underlining下划线、。
论《新编英语语法教程》中几个值得商榷的问题
第 １期
邢 台学 院学 报
Ｊ ＵＲＮＡ Ｌ ０ ｏＦ Ｉ Ｘ ＮＧ ＴＡ ＩＵＮ Ｉ ＥＲ Ｓ ＴＹ Ｖ Ｉ
Ｖ ｏ１ ２ Ｎ ．１ ． ６．
Ｍ ａ． ｒ ２０１１
２ １ 年 ３月 ０１
论 新 编 英 语 语 法教 程 中几个 值 得 商榷 的 问题
王 晓 杰
中图 分 类 号 ：Ｈ３ ９ １ 文献 标 识 码 ：Ａ 文 章 编 号 ： ｌ７ —６ ８２ １）１０ ６ —２ ６２４ ５ （０ １０ —０ ５０
英语语 法是 高等学校 英语 专业 英语 教 学大 ｔ ｋ ｏ ０ ｎ ｗ ｔ ａｔ ｗａ ｈ １ ｓ 纲 规 定 的一 门专 业 必修 课 。 由章振 邦教授 主编 、 上 海 外语教 育 出版 社 出版 的 新 编 英语 语 法教 程 １ ｈ （ 以下简 称 教 程 ）是 目前各 高校 普遍使 用．的英 ｅ 可就在随后的第 １ ９章第 ３ 部分 （ ２６页 ） 第 ２ Ｓ １ ｅ 讲述 “ 语专业语法教材， 目前 已出版 第五版 。该书是 一部 不定式符号 ｔ ０与介词 ｔ ｏ的辨别 问题”时又 新型的、融合传统语法与现代语言学和语法学某些 这样写道 ： “ ……ｃｍ ，ｇ ｔ若接不定 式则含义不 ｏｅ ｅ ｎ ９ ． Ｈ ｇ ０ 研究成果于一体的英语语法教材 ，是新世纪高等院 同。例 如 ： （） Ｈ ａ ｅ ｔ ｅ １ ｚ ｈ ｔ ｈ ａ １ ｅ ｃ ｍ ｏ ｒ ａ ｉｅ ｔ ａ ｅ Ｗ Ｓ Ｗ 校英语专业本科 生系列教材，普通高等教育 “ 十一 ｍ ｔ ｋ ｎ （ 示 ‘ 于 明 白’ ） （） Ｗ ｅ ｏ ｉ ａｅ． 表 Ｓ 终 ２ ｈ ｎ ｙｕ ｄ 五”国家级规划教材，是一部兼有教科书和参考书 ｇ ｔ ｏ ｋ ｏ ｉ ， ｙ ｕ１ １ ｋ ｉ． （ 示 ‘ ｅ ｔ ｎ ｗ ｈ ｍ ｏ ’１ ｉ ｅ ｈ ｍ 表 达 ｄ 双 重 功 能 的 新 型 语 法 著 作 。 该 书 贯 彻 了层 次 分 析 到认识 阶段’ ） 显然编者在这 一章 中把这 两个 ｙ ” Ｏ Ｕ 法，引进 了两时两体 的动词体系，全 面介绍 了将来 例 句 中 的 ｃｍ ｏｅ和 ｇ ｔ当成 主 动词 了，但是 这 两个 ｅ 时间表示法 ，简化 了 虚拟式，确立 了限定词为一个 例 句 中 的 ｃｍ ｇ ｔ与半 助 动词 ｃｍ ｏ ｇ ｔ ｏ ｅ ｏ， ｅ ｏ ｅ ｔ， ｅ ｔ 词 类 ，注 意 了语 法 结构 和词 汇意 义 的关 系 以及语 法 表 达 的含 义相 同。 和语篇 的联系 ，从而在一定程度上提 高 了英语教学 此外 ，按照 教程》的有关半助动词的描写， 语法的广度和深度 （ 章振邦，２ ０ ）。 ０９ 半助动词是包含 ｔ ｏ在 内的语法结构 ，但在第 ２ ２ １ 笔者所在的邢 台学院 自开设语法课 以来 一直使 页上介绍半助动词与 “ｔ ｈ ｔ ｉ …ｔａ ”结构互相转换 的 用 《 程 ） 为专 业语 法 教材 ，见 证 了该 书 的第 三 例 证 （Ｉ 垒 卫垒 ｔａ — — ｓ ａ ｙ ｒｅ ｄ． 教 ）作 ｔ 卫 星 ｈ ｔ ｈ ｈ ｍｎ ｆ ｌｎ ｓ ｅ ａ 版 、第 四版和第五版 ，可 以肯定地说 ，每次修订都 一旦 垒卫 垒 ！ 垒 曼ｍ ｎ ｒｅｄ ． 旦 卫 曼！ Ｑ ａｙ ｆ ｉｎ ｓ ）中，］ 戈 １ 有巨大的改进和完善。由于 教程 特有 的编写体 线 竟 然 把 ａｐ ａ 和 ｔ 分 开 了 ， 显 然 没 有 把 ｐｅ ｒ ｏ 系和 新颖 的 内容 ， 以及 该 书体 现 了英 语 专业 四级考 ａ ｐａ ｔ 为 一个 整体 语 法结构 。 ｐ ｅ ｒ ｏ视 试 （Ｅ一 ＴＭ ４）语 法 方 面 几 乎所 有 的 重 点和 难 点 ，从 二 、ｂ 一 ｅ 型虚 拟 式 的部 分规 则落 后于 语 言发展 而受到教 师和学生的一致好评。在使用 了 （ （ 教程》 教程 认为 ，虚 拟 式作为 专 门表达 假 设意 义 第五版一年 以后 ，笔者发现 了该书中仍 然存在着 一 和其他非事实意义的动词形 式，仅是古英语遗留下 些值 得 商榷 的 问题 ，本 文 将这 些 问题 提 出来供 大家 来 的残 余 。 它 仅 有 两 个形 式 ， 即 ｂ－ 虚 拟 式 和 ｅ型 讨论。 ｗ ｒ－ 虚 拟 式 。 ｂ－ ｅｅ型 ｅ 型虚 拟 式是 以动 词 原 形 表 示 半助 动 词 的划 分标 准前 后 不统 一 的，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用原形 。其 教 程 在 第 １ ８章 （ ２ 第 １ ０页一 ２２页 ）介 中有 一 条 规 则 是 “ ｅ 型虚 拟 式用 在 ａｖ ｂ ｅ １ ｂ－ ｄ ｉａ ｌ， ｓ ｐ ｏ ａｔ ， ｓｉ ａ ｅ ｓｓ ｎｔｉ ， ｔ ｎｇ 绍 了半助动词的功 能和类型。半助动词是指某些兼 ａ ｐｒ ｐｒｉ ｅ ｄｅ ｒ ｂｌ ， ｅ ｅ ａｌ ｆｉ ｔｉ ， ｍｐ ａｔｉ ｅ， ｍｐ ａ ， ｍｐ Ｓｉ ｅ ｅ ｅｓ ｓ ｙ 有主动词和 助动词特征 的语法结构 ，它们 既能协助 ｉ ｅｒ ｖ ｉ ｏｒｔ ｎｔ ｉ ｏｓ ｂｌ ， ｎ ｃ ａｒ ， 主 动词 构成 限定 动词词 组 ，也 可 能 与基 本 助 动词 或 ｏ １ ｇ ｔ ｒ ，ｐ ｏ ｅ 等形 容词 之后 的 ｔ ａ － 分句 ｂ ａ ｏ ｙ ｒ ｐ ｒ ｉ ｈｔ 情 态 助 动词搭 配 而充 当 “ 动词 ” 。 教 程 》将 主 中。 ” 但 是 现 在 随 手 打 开 国 内 出版 的词 典 就 会 发 ｃｍ ｏ ｇ ｔ ｏ等 归为 半 助 动词 ，并举 例 说 明 ： ｏ ｅ ｔ， ｅ ｔ 现 ，在 上 述 形 容 词 之 后 的 ｔａ一 分 句 中大 量 使用 ｈｔ （） Ｈ ｗ ｄ ｄ ｙ ｕ ｃ ｍ ｔ ｋ ｏ ｈ ｒ ｓ ｅ １ ｏ ｉ ｏ ｏ ｅ ０ ｎ ｗ ｗ ｅ ｅ ｈ 陈述 式， 即动词 有 时体 变化 。 如：
浅谈《新编英语语法教程》第五版中的几个问题
浅谈《新编英语语法教程》第五版中的几个问题作者：张逸萱张国来源：《文教资料》2017年第17期摘要：本文在参阅《新编英语语法教程》前四版的基础上，结合第五版及当代英语语法的发展，指出了该教程中存在的一些问题，以利于教师的教学和学生的自学。
关键词：语法《新编英语语法教程》问题章振邦教授主编的《新编英语语法教程》（以下简称《教程》）自1983年初版问世以来，在我国英语教学界引起巨大的反响，并被推荐为高等学校教材，受到全国高校和广大英语自学者的好评。
《教程》的初版于1990年10月荣获“华东区大学出版社首届优秀图书一等奖”，第二版（1995）于1998年3月荣获“1997年上海市高校优秀教材一等奖”。
2000年该书推出了第三版，2003年12月推出了第四版，2013年4月又隆重推出了第五版并被列入“十二五”普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材。
教材的每一版都继承了前一版的优点，并对不足之处做了“调整、修正、充实、补齐”，“因而在编排上更加合理，在体系上更加周密，在内容上更加充实，更有利于教学和自学”（《教程》第二、三版前言）。
《教程》第五版基本上代表了我国目前英语语法研究的最高水平。
当然，正如任何一部著作不可能十全十美一样，《教程》第五版也存在一些问题。
本文不过多地纠缠于理论问题，只想就教授和学习该书过程中遇到的几个具体使用方面的问题提出来与广大读者及同仁讨论。
一、“既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词”的用法模糊《教程》第27页对于“既可作单数又可作复数的集体名词”的用法讲得不很清楚。
尽管《教程》提到将audience，family，public等名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，动词用单数；将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数，但英语中还有些常用的集体名词如audience，enemy，jury，panel，profession，public，staff等用单数动词或复数动词均可，区别不大，书中并未提及。
比如：The school’s teaching staff is（are）excellent./ The teaching profession claim （s） to be badly paid./ The jury is （are） about to announce the winner./ What does （do） the panel think？书中第28页的练习第8题和19题仅给出用复数动词一个答案，这是不完整的。
章振邦英语语法第五版Tense and Aspect
Past, present, future
[now] PAST TIME
[preceding now]
FUTURE TIME
[following now]
PRESENT TIME
[including now]
On this semantic level of interpretation, ‘present’ is the most general and unmarked category. Albatrosses were large birds.<marked> The speaker does not commit himself to the continuation of the past state of affairs it describes into the present, while it does not exclude the possibility of such a continuation. It is possible to assert: Albatrosses were, are, and always will be large birds.
Eternal present Habitual behavior Temporary habit Momentary behavior Instantaneous behavior Behavior of the present moment
Eternal truths
• Using the simple present to the stative verbs to express eternal truths or proverbs, as well as in scientific, mathematical, geographical and other statements made for all time. • E.g. • Honesty is the best policy. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
章振邦英语语法教程--Lecture 5 Subject-verb Concord(2)
Lecture 5 Subject-verb Concord (2)This lecture deals with problems of concord in a sentence with a coordinate construction, a quantitative expression, or a nominal clause as subject.5.1 Problems of concord with a coordinate subjectThe following rules are to be observed in the case of a coordinate subject.1) Coordination with “and” or “both… and”Coordination by “and” or “both…and” is usually regarded as plural when it refers to two or more than two persons/things, but it is treated as singular when it refers to only one person or thing. Compare:Both Pauline and Bob have gone fishing on Miramar Lake.Rain, hail and wind have caused an estimated $22,000,000 damage to crops and livestock.The secretary and treasurer was absent from the meeting.Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.2) Coordination with “or”/ “either…or”, “not”/ “neither… nor”, “not only…but also”Here the problem of concord is generally dealt with according to the principle of proximity. But in informal style, coordination by “neither…no r” or “not only… but also” can sometimes be regarded as plural, e.g.:My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.Either my father or my brothers are coming.Neither the players nor the coach was/ (were) overconfident.Not only the switches but also the old wiring has/ (have) been changed.5.2 Problems of concord with expressions of quantity as subjectQuantitative expressions fall into two categories: definite and indefinite.1) Concord with expression of definite quantity as subjectWhen a defintie quantity is regarded as a single unit, the verb takes the singular form and when used in the sense of the individuals that constitute the quantity, the verb takes the plural form. Compare:He thought that 65 dollars was not too much to ask.There were 6 silver dollars in each of the stockings.If the subject is “a fraction/percentage + of-phrase”, the form of the verb is determined by the noun in the of-phrase. A plural noun in the of-phrase requires a plural verb; a singular or a mass noun in the of-phrase is to be followed by a singular verb, e.g.:Over 60% of the city was destroyed in the war.Two-thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming.Nearly 50% of the doctors are women.If the subject is an expression of “A plus/ and B” or “A multiplied by B”, the verb caneither take the singular or the plural verb. If, on the other hand, the subject is one of “A minus B” or “A divided by B”, the verb can only be singular, e.g.:Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve.Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five.Five times eight is/are forty.Forty divided by eight is five.If the subject is a noun phrase composed of “one in/out of + plural noun”, the verb takes the singular form in formal style, but in informal style it can be plural, e.g.:One in ten students has/have failed the exam.One out/of twenty was/were badly damaged.2) Concord with expression of indefinite quantity as subjectWhen the subject is a noun phrase composed of “all of…, some of…, none of…, half of…, most of…, etc.”, the number of the verb is determined by the noun in theof-phrase. This is also true of “lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of + noun”, e.g.: All of the cargo was lost.All of the crew were saved.Lots of food is going to waste.Lots of people are waiting outside.When the subejct is a noun preceded by “a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of”, the verb invariably takes the singular form, whatever the form of the noun. Likewise, when the subject is a noun, singular or plural, preceded by “a kind/sort/type of” or by “this kind/sort/type of”, the verb takes the singular form. If “kind/sort/type of” is preceded by “these/those” and followed by a plural form, the verb should be plural, e.g.:A substantial portion of the reports is missing.A series of accidents has been reported.This kind of man annoys me.This type of car is old-fashioned.These sorts of machines are up to date.If the subject is a noun phrase composed of “many a + noun ” or “more than one + noun”, this kind of noun phrase, though notionally plural, is treated as singular.Many a man had doen his duty.More than one game was lost.If the subject is a plural noun preceded by “am average of/a majority of”, the verb form is determined by the notion of the noun phrase: if the noun head is the word “average/majority”, the verb should be singular; if the head is the plural noun, the verb should be plural. Compare:An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.An average of 25 persons apply each month.5.3 Other problems of subject-verb concordThere are other problems of subject-verb concord that are worth mentioning.1) Problems of concord with a nominal clause as subjectintroduced by what, who, which, how, why, whether, etc. the verb usually takes the singular form. But when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and or both…and, a plural verb is required, e.g.:What caused the accident is a complete mystery.What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.In SVC constructions with a what-clause as subject, the verb usually takes the singular form. But when the subject complement is plural, or when the what-clause is plural in meaning, the verb of the main clause can be plural, e.g.:What was real to him were the details of his life.What are often regarded as poisonous fungi are sometimes safely edible.2) Subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause as subjectthe verb of the main clause usually takes the singular form. But when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and, the verb of the main clause takes the singular form when the subject refers to one thing, and the plural form when the subject refers to separate things, e.g.: To climb mountains requires courage.Playing tennis is a very good exercise. Compare:Reading Ibsen and solving a quadratic equation are entirely different assignments. 3) Subject-verb concord in relative clausesIn the construction of “one of + plural + relative clause”, the principle of grammatical concord is generally observed. Sometimes, especially in British English, in order to lay emphasis on “one”, the verb can also take the singular form. When “one” is preceded by “the” or “the only”, the verb can only be singular. Compare:Joan is one of those people who go out oftheir way to be helpful.Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.Keves is the only one of the players who has learned all the rules.4) Subject-verb concord in cleft-sentencesIn cleft-sentences, subject-verb concord in that-/who-clauses is generally determined by the number of the focal element functioning assubject in the clause. There is one point that should be noted: when the focal element is “I”, the verb to be in the following who-/that-clause usu ally agrees with “I” in both person and number; if, one the other hand, the focal element is “me” instead of “I”, the verb to be in the following who-/that-clause should take the third person singular number, e.g.:It is I who am to blame.It is me that is to blame.5) Subject-verb concord in existential sentencesIn existential sentences, subject-verb concord is generally determined by the number of the “notional subject”, but in informal style, especially in spoken language, the verb often agrees with the “formal subject” and takes the singular form, even though the notional subject is plural. When the notional subject is a coordinate construction, the verb form goes with the first coordinate element of the notional subject, singular or plural, e.g.: There is a note left on the desk.There are three routes you can take.There’s more grace and less carelessness.There’s a long springboard, and three rafts at varying distances from the shore.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Grammatical Hierarchy
WHAT EXAMPLES
What is GRAMMAR
Grammar is the structural system of a language. Grammatical hierarchy: 5 ranks sentence A full sentence can be clause segmented rank by rank phrase down to its smallest word constituents morpheme
⊕autonomous learning
学习者充分发挥主体能动性，相 对独立地积极建构知识并不断调控自 己的学习进程和学习状态的一种学习 方式。
Requirements
Preview
Exercises Attending the class
→WHAT →HOW →WHY →WHEN →WHICH
2 Classification in terms of grammatical function
What is PHRASE?
Phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. It’s the word class of the head that determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.
Reference
Predicate述语 Predication述谓结构 Predicator=predicate verb谓语动词
Predicate=operator+ predication =predicator+object+complement +adverbial
Transformation
Affirmative Statement Active
Negative Question Passive
Expansion
Adding modifiers Coordination Subordination
Assignment
Review and finish the ex. Preview pp28-52, finish the ex.
Assignment
How many ranks can English grammar be divided into? What are they? Define and explain with plenty of examples.
Write down the answer on your notebook.
Sentence Structure
WHAT EXERCISES
Clause elements
Sentence/Clause = Subject + Predicate NP. VP.
What is SUBJECT?
The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about.
Bound morphemes
affixes: inflectional (-s/-es -’s -ed -ing -er/-est…) derivational (prefix, suffix)
What is WORD?
Word is composed of one or more morphemes.
What is SENTENCE?
Sentence is a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function. Types
full sentence (formal) minor sentence(informal, prominence, not necessarily omitting, summarizing the text) simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence compound-complex sentence
Review Quiz
Schedule
Introduction Grammatical Hierarchy Lecture 1 Sentence Structure Lecture 2 Subject-verb Concord Lecture 3 Quiz1;Noun and Noun Phrase Lecture 4 Genitive Noun; Determiners I Lecture 5 Quiz 2; Determiners II Lecture 6 Pronouns Lecture 7 Tense and Aspect Lecture 8 Passive voice Lecture 9 Quiz 3; Subjunctive mood;Unreal conditional Lecture 10 Auxiliaries Lecture 11 Infinitive ; Subordination Lecture 12 -ing participle, -ed participle, Lecture 13 Quiz 4; Subordination II Lecture 14 Relative clause Lecture 15 Comparison and comparative constructions;Inversion
What is MORPHEME?
Morpheme is the minimum grammatical unit. It is also the smallest meaningful element of speech.
Free morphemes
(boy girl kind cruel give take…)
II. Basic clause types
The subject is usually a NP, which follows a certain structure; The predicate show variety in structure. It is the character of predicate verb that determines the variety of the VP structure.
What is CLAUSE?
A full-fledged clause is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject+predicate”. Types
Independent and dependent clauses Simple and complex clauses Main and subordinate clauses Finite and non-finite clauses Verbless clauses
What is PHRASE?
Noun phrase = (DET+)(pre-modifier+)noun(+post-modifier) Verb phrase =(modifier+)main verb; =(auxiliary/auxiliaries+)(modifier+)main verb Adjective phrase =(modifier+)adjective(+postmodifier/completmentation)main verb Adverbial phrase =(modifier+)adverb(+post-modifier) Prepositional phrase =(modifier+)preposition+completmentation
Classifications 1 Classification in terms of word-formation
Simple words /Morpheme Word Derivatives =free morpheme +derivative affix Compounds =two or more free morphemes
English Grammar
Lecturer: Wang Wei
Introduction
⊕Tasks ⊕method ⊕Requirements ⊕Schedule
Tasks
WHAT HOW WHY WHICH WHEN
WHAT
What does …… mean?
HOW
How to use……?
NP VP S V (S.+intransitive verb) S VC (S.+ linking verb) S VO (S.+ monotransitive verb) S VoO (S.+ ditransitive verb) S VOC (S.+ complex transitive verb) S VA S VOA Cf. SVO+adverbial phrase