英语句子成分及结构专题

一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)英语得句子成分主要有六种:即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与补语。

(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定状补)除了这六种主要成分之外,还有“表语”、“同位语”与“独立成分”得说法。

但表语与系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分时,划分在谓语上。

同位语分为主语同位语与宾语同位语,属于主语或宾语得一部分。

独立成分与句子得其她成分没有语法上得联系,能用作独立成分得有:感叹词、呼语与插入语。

1、主语:主语就是一个句子所叙述得主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性得词来充当。

可以作主语得词性或语法结构有:①名词②代词③数词④名词化得形容词(如the rich)⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦主语从句等表示。

例如:Tom is a clever boy、(专有名词人名作主语)画出句子得主语,并说明其构成方式:①During the 1990s, American country music has bee more and more popular、②We often speak English in class、③One-third of the students in this class are girls、④To swim in the river is a great pleasure、⑤Smoking does harm to the health、⑥The rich should help the poor、⑦When we are going to have an English test has not been decided、⑧It is necessary to master a foreign language、⑨That he isn’t at home is not true、正确运用主语得各种形式2、谓语:谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做得动作或具有得特征与状态,一般放在主语之后。

谓语得构成如下:(1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。

例如:He practises running every morning、(动词practise作谓语)We usually listen to the music on weekends、(动词短语listen to作谓语)(2)复合谓语:①由情态动词或其她助动词加动词原形构成。

例如:You may keep the book for two weeks、He has caught a bad cold、②由系动词加表语构成。

系动词不能单独作谓语,要与表语一起作谓语。

例如:We are students、Your idea sounds great、画出句子得谓语,并说明其构成方式:①My sister is crying over there、②I have been waiting for you all the time、③I would stay at home all day、正确运用主语得各种形式3、表语:表语多就是形容词,用以说明主语得身份、特征与状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, keep, stay,remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, bee, get, grow, go, turn, prove等)之后。

可以作表语得词性或语法结构有:①名词②代词③数词④分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦介词短语⑧副词⑨表语从句等表示。

例如:She is very beautiful、(形容词作表语)画出句子得表语,并说明其构成方式:①Our teacher of English is an American、②Is it yours?③The weather has turned cold、④The speech is exciting、⑤Three times seven is twenty one、⑥His job is to teach English、⑦His hobby is playing football、⑧The machine must be under repair、⑨The truth is that he has never been abroad、正确运用主语得各种形式4、宾语:宾语由名词性得词充当,表示动作得对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词与介词后面。

宾语分为动词宾语与介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构与介宾结构。

可以作表语得词性或语法结构有:①名词②代词③数词④名词化得分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦宾语从句等表示。

例如:They went to see an exhibition yesterday、(名词作动宾)画出句子得表语,并说明其构成方式:①They planted many trees yesterday、②-- How many dictionaries do you have? --I have five、③They helped the old with their housework yesterday、④I wanted to buy a car、⑤He pretended not to see me、⑥I enjoy listening to popular music、⑦I think(that)he is fit for his office、正确运用主语得各种形式5.补语:(1)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子得意义完整。

宾语补足语与宾语构成逻辑上得主谓关系,换句话说,在意思上,宾语相当于宾补得主语。

带有宾语补足语得一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等)+宾语+宾补。

宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语与从句充当。

可以作表语得词性或语法结构有:①名词②形容词③可作表语得副词④不定式⑥分词⑦介词短语⑧从句等表示。

例如:Disney called it Mickey Mouse、(专有名词作宾补)画出句子得表语,并说明其构成方式:①His father named him Dongming、②They painted their boat white、③Let the fresh air in、④You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you、⑤We saw her entering the room、⑥We found everything in the lab in good order、⑦We will soon make our city what your city is now、⑧I want your homework done on time、正确运用主语得各种形式(2)主语补足语:对主语得补充。

含有宾语补足语得句子在变成被动语态,宾语作主语时,原来得宾补就成了主语补足语。

例如:He was elected monitor、She was found singing in the next room、He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson、6、定语:定语就是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用得词、短语或句子,汉语中常用“……得”表示。

定语通常位于被修饰得成分前。

可以作表语得词性或语法结构有:①形容词②名词③代词④数词⑤副词⑥不定式⑦动名词⑧分词⑨介词短语⑩从句。

例如:Guilin is a beautiful city、(形容词作定语)在英语中,许多情况下,定语就是放在所修饰词后面得,这点与汉语习惯不同,也就是许多同学不能读懂长句得主要原因。

例如:①形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。

单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。

例如:The next man is a scientist、(下一个) The man next to me is a scientist、(我旁边得那个人)②副词用作定语一般要后置。

例如:People there are very friendly、(那儿得人们) He didn’t like the man downstairs、(楼下得那个人)③介词短语作定语时要后置。

例如:The boy under the tree is Tom、(树下得那个男孩)⑱The teaching plan for next term has been worked out、⑲China is a developing country; America is a developed country、⑳He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man、正确运用主语得各种形式7、状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征得句子成分,叫作状语。

例如:He writes carefully、He walks slowly、(认真地写,慢慢地走,修饰动词用副词,作状语)This material is environmentally friendly、(修饰形容词用副词,作状语)He runs very slowly、(修饰副词slowly, 因此very就是副词,作状语)Unfortunately, he lost all of his money、(修饰整个句子用副词,作状语)*一个句中有几个并列状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般就是:方式→地点→时间。

如:He worked hard at his lessons last year、I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning、He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment、*频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中得位置:位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。

You can never tell what he will do、He is often late、He is always helping others、He often came late、*语按意义分类:在句子成分中,主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认,如果这几个成分都不就是,那很可能就就是状语了。

因此,状语得种类很多,可以表示时间、地点、原因、目得、结果、程度、条件、方式与让步等。