英文写作名词解释
基础写作名词解释材料
基础写作名词解释材料名词解释是对某个名词的概念、定义或解释进行阐述的文章或材料。
它通常用于教育、科普等领域，旨在帮助读者理解和掌握特定名词的含义和相关知识。
名词解释通常包括三个主要方面的内容：概念、定义和解释。
首先，概念是名词解释的核心内容之一。
它是对该名词所涵盖的基本概念和特征的简要介绍。
在这一部分，解释者可以通过列举该名词的特点、属性、作用等方面的内容，来帮助读者初步了解这个名词。
例如，如果解释的是“人工智能”，可以介绍它是指用于模拟、延伸和拓展人类智能的一类技术和方法，具有自动化、学习、推理等功能。
其次，定义是名词解释的重要组成部分。
它是对特定名词进行明确界定和界线划分的描述。
在这一部分，解释者可以通过对该名词的词源、发展历程、先后发明者、权威机构等方面的资料，来给出一个具体而准确的定义。
例如，要解释“离子交换”这个名词，可以描述它是一种将离子在液体或固体中的相互转移的化学过程，一般利用离子交换树脂作为媒介来实现。
最后，解释是名词解释中的重要环节之一。
它通过具体例子、实际应用等方式，来说明该名词在社会实践中的具体意义和应用背景。
在这一部分，解释者可以用举例、对比、分析等方法，向读者展示该名词的实际应用和相关问题。
例如，要解释“氢能源”这个名词，可以具体介绍氢能源的产出过程、储存方式、应用领域，以及它在环保、能源替代等方面的重要作用。
总之，名词解释是一种常见的文章形式，通过对特定名词的概念、定义和解释进行阐述，帮助读者理解和掌握相关知识。
它不仅可以用于教育、科普等领域，也可以用于学术研究和知识传播等方面。
通过清晰、准确地描述和解释名词的各个方面，名词解释可以为读者提供更多的知识和思考的角度，帮助他们更好地理解和应用相关概念。
英语写作议论文的名词解释
英语写作议论文的名词解释一、引言英语写作中，议论文是一种常见的文体，用来表达作者对某一主题或问题的观点和立场。
议论文的写作涉及许多名词，这些名词在文章中起到了重要的作用。
在本文中，我将解释一些关键名词，帮助读者更好地理解英语写作议论文的基本概念和要点。
二、论点论点是一篇议论文所要表达或论证的核心观点。
它通常是作者对于某一问题或主题的立场或看法。
论点应该明确、有说服力，并且需要在全文中得到充分的论证和支持。
一个好的论点应该具备逻辑性、客观性和可证伪性，使读者能够理解和接受作者的观点。
三、论证论证是用来证明或支持论点的过程。
在写作中，通过论证可以说服读者接受作者的观点。
论证需要基于事实、证据和合理的推理。
常见的论证方法包括举例、比较、对比、引用专家观点等。
论证的目的是为了说明论点的正确性和合理性，使读者能够信服并接受作者的观点。
四、主题句主题句是一段话或一句话，用来概括和总结一个段落或一篇文章的主题。
主题句通常位于段落的开头，它承担着引领和指导读者理解段落内容的重要作用。
一个好的主题句应该简明扼要地表达段落的中心思想，并与全文的论点和结构相呼应。
五、段落结构段落结构在议论文的写作中非常重要。
一个良好的段落结构应该具有逻辑性和连贯性，使读者能够清楚地理解作者的意思。
一个典型的段落结构应包括主题句、论据和结论。
主题句在段落开头引出主题，论据用来支持和证明主题句，结论总结并扩展主题句的观点。
合理的段落结构能够使文章的思路更加清晰，逻辑更加紧密。
六、论文结构论文结构是指整篇议论文的组织结构和逻辑顺序。
一个好的论文结构应该能够使读者能够快速理解全文的内容和观点。
通常，一篇议论文包括引言、正文和结论三个部分。
引言部分用来引入话题和背景，引起读者的兴趣；正文部分是对论点进行论证和论述的部分，包括论点、论证、举例等；结论部分是对全文观点的总结和扩展。
良好的论文结构能够使文章有条不紊地展开，逻辑清晰，读者容易理解和接受作者的观点。
美国文学的名词解释_特点_流派
美国文学的名词解释_特点_流派美国文学的名词解释美国文学(American Literature 或Literature of the United States)指在美国产生的文学(也包括建国前殖民地时期的文学作品)。
用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分。
美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。
美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。
美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。
美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。
美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。
美国文学的特点美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。
美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。
美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。
美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。
美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。
许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。
内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。
个性自由与自我克制、清教主义与实用主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、高雅与庸俗、高级趣味与低级趣味、深刻与肤浅、积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、精心雕琢与粗制滥造、对人类命运的思考和探索与对性爱的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，而且形成强烈的对照。
从来没有一种潮流或倾向能够在一个时期内一统美国文学的天下。
美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是一个浪潮未落，另一浪潮又起。
作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。
英国文学简史笔记
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空选择）9. Renaissance（名词解释）10.Thomas More——Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (col lection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）14. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16. William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。
公共演讲英语名词解释汇总
公共演讲英语名词解释汇总以下是一些与公共演讲相关的英文名词及其解释：1. Audience（听众）：指在演讲中接收信息的观众群体。
了解听众的特点、需求和期望，有助于演讲者更好地制定内容和掌握演讲效果。
2. Speech（演讲）：指用语言表达观点、思想或故事的行为。
演讲可以包括正式的演讲稿、即兴演讲或辩论等形式。
3. Presentation（陈述）：类似于演讲，但更强调通过视觉辅助工具（如幻灯片）来展示信息和观点。
演讲者通常使用演讲稿或提纲来指导陈述。
4. Preparation（准备）：在演讲前做的工作，包括研究主题、收集资料、组织思路、编写演讲稿等。
充分的准备有助于演讲者增强自信和掌握内容。
5. Body Language（肢体语言）：非语言的表达方式，如手势、面部表情、姿势等。
肢体语言可以加强演讲效果，使观众更好地理解和接受演讲者的信息。
6. Voice Projection（声音投射）：指在演讲过程中用力发声以使声音传达到整个观众群体。
良好的声音投射可以增加演讲的力度和清晰度。
7. Engaging the Audience（吸引观众）：通过使用互动和引人入胜的元素，如提问、故事、幽默等，来吸引观众的兴趣和参与，使演讲更有吸引力。
8. Eye Contact（眼神交流）：指与观众建立视觉接触，通过目光交流来增强沟通效果。
良好的眼神交流可以建立信任感和与观众的联系。
9. Visual Aids（视觉辅助工具）：在演讲中使用的图表、幻灯片、视频等可视化工具，用于支持演讲者的观点和解释。
10. Confidence（自信）：指在演讲过程中展示出的坚定和自信的态度。
自信可以提高演讲者的说服力，增加观众对演讲内容的接受度。
11. Rhetoric (修辞)：指演讲中使用的各种语言技巧和表达方式，如比喻、排比、反问等，用于增强语言的表现力和说服力。
12. Clarity (清晰度)：指演讲内容表达上的明确性和易于理解性。
名词解释
Transcendentalism(超验主义)Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in new england from about 1836 to 1860. it is the summit of American Romanticism. it originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Chruch, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic german philosophy, and from such english authors as coleridge and wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although Transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism,self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature , and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.超验主义是从1836至1860于新英格兰发起的一场文学,哲学以及艺术运动.即浪漫主义的顶点.由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义,他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念.超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治和沃兹华斯的影响,还在一定程度上受到东方古典哲学和宗教的影响.尽管超验主义思想并不能算是严格意义上的哲学, 但是它还是有一些基本原则的.超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性,只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合.从而超验主义十分强调个人主义,自立,拒绝传统权威思想.超验主义思想在爱默生的<论自然> 和梭罗的<瓦尔登湖>等书中表现得淋漓尽致Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
写作名词解释
文学写作名词解释1．文学是一种运用语言媒介创造艺术形象、表达思想情感的审美类的社会意识形态。
2．文学写作是人们运用文学语言描叙艺术形象、表达思想情感的一种创造性的审美心智活动。
3．现代文学写作则是在现代高新技术和网络环境支持下的一种用文学语言描述艺术形象，表达现代人情感的创造性的审美心智活动。
4．写作者的气质是指先天性建立在文学写作者躯体组织上的心理过程的速度、稳定性、强度以及心理活动的指向性等特征，是写作者个人心理活动的动力特征和个性的自然基础。
5．写作者的性格是指写作者对现实的态度及与之相适应的习惯化行为方式中比较稳定的独特的心理特征的总和。
6．形象思维是写作者在对感性世界的表象或形象信息进行输入、加工、处理和输入的认识历程中发展起来的一种个性的、动态的思维，它是文学写作的主要思维方式。
7．抽象思维：当文学写作者通过创造性想象来构建审美范式或艺术形象时，此时的形象思维进一步物化上升为抽象思维。
8．发散性思维是指写作者有目的地围绕某一点通过各种视角进行多向性、多角度挖掘思维对象属性的多元化、多侧面把握客观事物的丰富内涵的一种思维方式。
9．写作者的激情是指一种饱和、昂扬、亢奋的情绪，由积极的人生态度与生活态度所导致的一种情感形式。
10．体察能力是指写作主体比一般人更具敏锐、准确、深刻的认知力、感受力、观察力和对问题的鉴别和综合分析能力、卓有成效的自学能力。
11．想象能力是文学写作者的大脑对已有的表象进行加工改造而创造新形象的能力，它是作者得以孕育和创造出作品艺术形象的基本条件。
12．经验积累能力是指文学写作者在人生发展过程中不断提高自己的认知能力，从而积累丰富的生活经验和知识经验的一种能力。
13．技巧运用能力是指写作者理解一些逻辑、文法和修辞，熟练掌握语言艺术的特性，并且巧妙运用各种表现手法进行文学写作的能力，它包括写作基本知识、技巧和语言运用能力。
14．文学修养是指写作者通过后天的学习不断扩大对事物意义的理解范围而在头脑中形成的理性的历史积淀、文化气质、审美理想、情操和优雅的习惯。
英美文学名词解释
1.古英语：（Old English或Anglo-Saxon）是指从450年到1150年间的英语。
古英语和现代英语无论在读音、拼写、词汇和语法上都很不一样。
古英语的语法和德语比较相近，形态变化很复杂。
公元410年，罗马人结束了对英国的占领，随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落：昂格鲁人（Angles），撒克逊人，和朱尔特人开始到不列颠定居．英语就是盎格鲁_撒克逊的人的语言．语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语，中英语，现代英语．古英语的名词有数和格的分别。
数分为单数、复数；格分为主格、所有格、与格、宾格。
因此一个名词加起来共有8种变化形式。
此外，名词还分阳性、中性和阴性。
但是比较奇怪的是，这些性的区分并不是以性别来判断的，而且没有性别的事物也未必是中性。
例如妇女就是阳性的。
2. 头韵(Alliteration)：是英语语言学分支文体学的重要术语。
头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力.从应用范围、结构特征以及审美价值三个方面对其进行分析讨论,将有助于我们理解和欣赏这一辞格. 头韵在英语里叫alliteration，又叫initial rhyme，或head rhyme，是从拉丁语短语ad literam (根据字母)转化而来的，指两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音，最常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）weal and (or) woe（无论是福是祸）。
若追本探源的话，恐怕押头韵手法可以上溯到古英语(Old English)时期。
大约五世纪时，盎格鲁萨克逊( Anglo-Saxons)入侵者给英国人带来了作为现代英语(Modern English)基础的盎格鲁萨克逊语，或许就在那时还带来一种新的诗歌形式，其主要特征就是频繁使用押头韵手法。
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What is a summary?A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary?It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own.It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas.It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea.The goal of a summary?It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc)Paragraph unityA unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it.How to achieve paragraph unity?Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence.Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point.Prove or develop the point;don’t merely repeat it.Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow.How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story?Divide the story into smaller parts.Summarize each part in one sentence.Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story.What is a narrative paragraph?A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet?Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end.It includes as little conversation as possible.Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions.Here are some common time linking words/expressions.Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection )A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer’s train of thought(= a related series of thoughts)An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way.How to achieve paragraph coherence?Arrange sentence in a clear order.Use correct pronounsUse correct linking words and expressions.What is exposition?Exposition is explanatory writing.Its purpose is to explain or clarify a point.Patterns of expositionExemplificationProcess analysisCause-Effect analysisComparison and contrastClassificationDefinitionAnalogyWhat is exemplification?Exemplification is a method of supporting a thesis statement with a series of specific examples or sometimes,with a single extended example.It is one of the most common and most useful means of developing a paragraph or an essay.What is an essay?An essay is a related group of paragraphs written for some purpose.Types of essaysEssays can be classified into types,or modes,according to their purposes.Narrative essays relate a sequence of events,whether factual or not.Descriptive essays create a word picture of a scene,a person,or an object.Expositive essays explain--to inform,instruct,clarify,illustrate,or define.Argumentative essays state an opinion and defend it logically.Basic structure of an expositive essayAn expositive essay has three parts:A beginning called the introduction.A middle called the body.An end called the conclusion.Elements of the expositive essayOutliningThesis statementTitleTransitionWhat is an outline?An outline is a method of organizing materials in logical order.It is a list that shows the main ideas and the structure of something you are planning to write.In other words,it is a plan for a piece of writing.Constructing an outline makes the writing of your essay easier.Types of outline1.Topic outline,which uses only key words and phrases.2.Sentence outline,which uses complete sentence.Format(the arrangement ,design,or organization of something)A topic outline looks like this:Thesis:In my first year at college,I learned to spend my money wisely.What is process analysis?A process analysis is a step-by-step explanation of how to do something,or how something works/done or made,or something happened.What is process analysis used for?1.To give directions to people who want or need to perform the process.(giving instructions )2.To give information to those who want to understand the process but may not actually performit.(giving information)3.To explain how something happened.(giving the history)What are the major types of process analysis?1.Directive process analysis which is aimed at explaining how to do or make something.rmative process analysis which is aimed at explaining how something is done/works or how something took place/happened.What is comparison/contrast?Comparison/contrast is a method of developing a paragraph or an parison shows similarity while contrast shows difference.The word comparison is sometimes used to mean both comparison and contrast.What is comparison/contrast used for?1.To clarify something unknown or not well understood.2.To lead a new way of viewing something familiar.3.To bring one or both of the subjects into sharper focus.4.To show that one subject is better than the other.What is classification?Classification is the method of grouping objects,people,or ideas systematically.It is one of the most useful organizational strategies in writing.What is classification used for?1.To organize and perceive the world around us.2.To present a mass of material by means of some orderly system.3.To deal with complex or abstract topics by breaking a broad subject into smaller,neatly sorted categories.What is definition?1.Definition is the explanation of the meaning of a word or concept.2.Definition is also a method of developing an essay.What is analogy?Analogy is an extended comparison based on the similar features of two things of different classes,one familiar one easily understood,the other unfamiliar ,abstract,or complicated.It is an important method of exposition.What are transition?Transition,also called”transitional devices”,are words,phrases,and even whole sentences that link sentence to one another.What is a journal?A journal is a record of experiences,ideas,or reflections kept regularly for private use.It is something “for you eye only ”.So you can write from your heart and let ideas and feelings flow freely.Journal writing is a form of free-writing,which involves writing whatever comes to your mind about what happens around you and what you observe and think about.Argumentation and persuasion defined.Argumentation-persuasion is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue.In argumentation ,writers use objectives,logical reasoning,facts,and hard evidence to demonstrate the soundness of a position.Their purpose is to encourage readers to accept their point of view.In persuasion,writers use emotional language and dramatic appeals to readers' concerns,beliefs and values,often in the hope of encouraging then to take a specific action,besides,encouraging acceptance of an opinion.Argumentation and persuasion are frequently used together in an essay.Also,the two terms are often used interchangeably.The claim definedClaims,or propositions,represent answers to what you are trying to prove in an argumentative essay.Although they are the conclusions of your arguments,they often appear as these statements. Abstract&concrete wordsConcrete words identify persons and things that can be perceived by the senses--seen,heard,tasted,felt,smelled,e.g.table,boy,rose,etc.Abstract words denote qualities,concepts,relationships,acts,conditions,ideas that we can’t perceive directly through our five senses,e.g.honesty,friendship,life,etc.Most words are neither wholly abstract nor concrete.They are between the two extremes,e.g.exercise,rest,answer,etc.General&specific wordsSpecific words identify individual items in a group,e.g.BuickGeneral words relate to categories,an overall group,e.g.carMost words are neither wholly general nor specific.They are between the two extremes,e.g.child,student,flower,etc.The support definedThe ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable. What is conciseness?Conciseness means being direct and to the point.Redundant words or wordy writing is not concise.Do not over-use words to deliver the message in your writing.Refutation definedRefutation is attempts to prove views against the writer’s position wrong or false.It is often an indispensable part of an argumentative essay,for it shows that the writer is aware of opposing viewpoints and has thought about both sides.Essays that mainly refute opposing views are known as rebuttal arguments.Fallacies definedFallacies are statements that may sound reasonable or true but are not logically defensible and may actually be deceptive.The emotional appeal definedEmotional appeal is a strategy writers and public speakers use to persuade,which is to arouse the reader’s/audience’s feelings to reinforce an argument.真题：What is the research paper?What is the process of writing it?A research paper is usually a formal,fairly long and well-documented composition.Process：1.choosing a topic2.Collecting information3.Analyzing the information,organizing ideas and working out an outline4.Writing the first draft5.Revising the draft and finalizing the paper.What is the sentence?What is the effective sentence?A sentence contains at least a subject and a predicate verb:if the verb is transitive,there must be an object,if the verb is a link verb,there must be a predicative or complement.They are unity,coherence,conciseness,emphasis and variety.How many types of sentences according to the use?What are they?There are four.They are declarative,interrogative,imperative and exclamatory sentence.How many types of sentences according to the structure?What are they?There are four.They are simple,compound,complex and compound-complex sentence.。