专业英语试题库

一、选择题A（关键专业词汇5题以上）1.Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans, andreproduction is by binary fission. [A. abruption; B. binary fission; C. break up ;D. divide]2.The photosynthetic bacteria contain a range of bacteriochlorophylls and do notliberate free O2 during photosynthesis. [A. photosynthesis; B. photosynthate;C. breath;D. Reverse]3.Conjugation involves the transfer of large portions of genetic material betweendonor and recipient cells in mating pairs. [A. donor; B. donate; C. donation; D.endow]4.The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes containing chlorophyll, andalso phycobiliprotein pigments such as phycocyanin. [A. peptidoglycan; B.crystal violet; C. chlorophyll ; D. algae]5.Those using light as their energy source are termed phototrophic. [A.chemotrophic; B. lithotrophic; C. organotrophic ; D. phototrophic]6.Excessive extraction of water can lower water-tables,which, in some inlands（内陆）,may lead to____. A.subsidence B.salt-water instrusionC.earthquakeD.flooding7.But because of losses through ______ and plant transpiration. A.evaporationB.environmentC.evaporateD.evaporative8.Irrigation has allowed the expansion of agriculture into semi-arid and even____ environments. A.dry B.arid C.drought d. water9.The steady flows that dams cause alter the seasonal cycles of _____ andriparian plants and animals. A. aquatic B. aquatics C.aquacultureD.aquation10.New landfills have complex bottom layers to trap contaminant-laden water,called leachate ,leaking through the buried trash [A.wall B.leachate C.leaderD.little]11.A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above animpermeable clay.[A.impress B.impermeable C.improve D.impolite]12.However, many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns,such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke.[A.grave B.gritty C.groveD.glass]13.The buring waste heats water and the steam drive a turbine to generateelectricity, which is sold to a utility.[A.tool B.turbine C.troop D.type]14.Selection of landfill sites is based on an understanding of local geologyconditions.[A.geoblo B.geology C.condition D.location]15.The paradox is that in its gaseous state____, abundant thought it is, isunavailable to most life. A. nitrogen B. oxygen C . hydrgen D.alcohol16.To be used, free molecular nitrogen has to be fixed. This ____comes about intwo ways. A. energy B. fixation C. paradox D. radiation17.This fixation is accomplished by ____bacteria living in association withleguminous and root-noduled monleguminous plants, by free-living aerobicbacteria, and by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). A. together B. biologicalC. symbioticD. none of above18.According to the author, the energy needed for high energy fixations comesfrom______. A. cosmic B. meteorite C. lightning D. all abovei._____is a biological process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite andnitrate, yielding energy. A. ammonification B. denitrification C.bacterfiation D. nitrification19.1 How volatile nitrogen is turned into ______ for plants?20.A. nutrient B.nitrate C.nitrite D.nitric21.2 _____ gases emitted during the first phase of waste treatment are harvestedfor use as fuel .22.A green B warm C greenhouse D ignite23.3 ______ is the process in which soil bacteria oxidize ammonia(NH3)sequentially into nitrite(NO2-) and then nitrate (NO3-).24.A respiration B denitrification25. C photosynthesis D nitrification26.4 But too much untreated wastes dumped directly into fishpond can rob the fishof ______ ,and end up killing the fish .27.A nitrogen oxide B nitrogen28. C oxygen D carbon dioxide29.5 The _____ farm typically consists of crops, livestock and fishponds.30.A dream B intergrating C interva D integrated31.32.Ethanol is a good_______ for gasoline in spark-ignition engines.A. reserveB. substituteC. replaceD. shift33.As a summary, the long story was______into a few sentences.A. condensedB. condemnedC. concealedD. concentrated34.The problem with the country is how to lift its economy out of ____.A. reservationB. recreationC. recessionD. reversion35.Ethanol does_____ less carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides than gasoline.A. releaseB. outputC. setD. affranchise36.Alcohol can be obtained from _____A. sugar cropsB. starchy cropsC. celluloseD. all of above37.The air which we breathe consists, by volume, of about 78 percent______.A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. carbon dioxideD. Argon38.Gaseous hydrogen, produced by the ______of water, is another ______topetroleum.A. electrolysis, choiceB. hydrolysis, choiceC. electrolysis, alternativeD. alternative, alternative选择题B（关键短语5题以上）1.Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans, andreproduction is by binary fission. [A. make up of; B. build up; C. are composed; D. constitute]2. A species adapted to living under conditions of a bountiful energy source isdesignated as K selected. [A. living under; B. living in; C. living ; D. lived]3.It would be exposed to selection pressures different from those affecting anr-selected organism living in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments. [A. different from; B. different with; C. other than; D. differ with]4.Some estimate place their number as high as 40% of the total plate-countpopulation. [A. as high as; B. is high as; C. high as; D. as high to]5.The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwiseuncrowded environment would place a premium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness. [A. place a premium on; B. placea premium to; C. place a premium into ; D. place a premium with]6.Nowadays, governments in most OECD countries are ____large programmersto develop irrigation. A. scale back B. scaled back C. scaling back D.scales back7.In drier parts of the area, such as California, and the Murray –Darlingbasin inAustralia, agriculture accounts for well over 90% of consumptive use. A.accounts B. accounts up to C. accounts for D. accounts from8.We all want to know how OECD governments are responding to the increaseddemand for water in agricultural production. A. are responsible for B. areresponding to C. are responsibility to D. response tond degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction inits productivity and environmental regulatory capacity.(A.abilityB.ableC.capacityD.capacitly)10.Soil compaction is a worldwide problem.(pact pactionpactnessD.degradate)11.Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradationprocess. Similar to compaction.(A.erosion B.erosionalC.degradationD.degradate)12.Nutrient depletion is another principal process of land degradationwith severe economic impact on a global scale.(A.depletionB.depleteC.expandD.expanding)13.Despite the voluminous literature, land degradation remains adebatable issue.(A.degradation B.degradate C.gradateD.gradation)nd degradation, declines in land quality due to natural processesand anthropic activities, is a major global issue for the 20th century and will remain high on the international agenda even for the 21stcentury. (A.because of B.due to C.although D.as if)15.2. Land degradation can also be considered in terms of the loss ofactual or potential productivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors.( A. in terms of; B. refer to; C. evolved from;D. simply stated)16.3. High population density is not necessarily related to landdegradation.(A.as though B.resulted in C.related to D.as well as ) 17.4. Lands, depending on their inherent characteristics and climaticconditions, range from highly resistant or stable to extremely sensitive and fragile.(A.relating to B.depending on C.so as toD.therefore)18.5. Land degradation is a biophysical process driven by socioeconomicand political causes. (A.driven by B.resulted in C.because of D.as well)19.As better waste-disposal technologies were developed and as values changed,more emphasis was placed on the environment and quality of life. [A.are placed on B.was placed on C.locate in D.was located in]20.The heat derived from the buring is converted into steam and electricity.[A.converted to B.converted into C.transform to D.being]21.However, the landfill of today is far different from a simple hole in the groundinto which garbage is dumped. [A.different B.different from C.abstrict onD.refer to]22.They currently cost up to $1 million per hectare to prepare. [A.right B.up toC.belowD.about]23.Until recently, the disposal of municipal solid waste did not attract muchpublic attention. [A.attemp B.attract C.absort D.eyes on]24.Cosmic radiation, meteorite trails, and lightning provide the high energy______combine nitrogen with the oxygen and hydrogen of water. A.needed to B. gotten to C. came to D. needing to25.Fixation ___molecular nitrogen(N2)___two atoms of ftee N. A. go…into B.get….into C. splits….into D. jump…..into26.In nonagricultural systems some 12,000 species, from cyanobacteria tonodule-bacteria plants, _____nitrogen fixation. A. be reponsible for B.being reponsible for C. is reponsible for D. are reponsible for27.In terrestrial ecosystem nitrogen, largely in the form of ammonia or nitrates,_______by plants, which convert it to amino acids. A. is taken up B.are taken up C. is broke down D. are broke down28.In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar manner, except that the largereservoir in the soil ______. A. is lacking B. lacked C. are lacked D.is lacked29.The integrated farm typically ______ crops, livestock and fishponds. A.make up B. made up of C. is consisted of D.consists of30.Both of winter wheat and summer corn has still great potential to increase ____.A. yellB. yieldsC. yieldD. yells31.The small amount of residual nutrients left after tremendous losses that _____the environment have taken place. A destroy B damage C ruin D violate32.Officials also say a woman may _____ a second attack in the northern part ofthe country. A. are respective for B. is possible for C. are responsible for D. are looking for33.Nearly all organs for transplant ______ executed prisoners. A. areproduced from B. are harvest of C. are harvested from D.are gotten from34.Liquid fuels______ the US economy.A. is indispensable toB. are indispensable toC. is projected toD. are projected to35.The production and use of ethanol fuel______ the increase in atmosphericcarbon dioxide and to global warming.A. result inB. bring outC. as resultD. contribute to36.Changing her job like that______ giving her the sack.A. is equivalent toB. is equablet onC. is different fromD. is disparate to37.Hydrogen has the potential to serve______ a renewable gaseous fuel fortransportion vehicles.A. onB. forC. upD. as38.______gasoline, both methanol and ethanol reduce the amount of carbondioxide,which is good for our environment.A. compared toB. with regard toC. consideringD. in view of39.Mankind must take care not to______ the earth______ its natural resources.A. expend，ofB. spend，onC. deplete，ofD. defray，to二、配对题（核心专业词汇8题以上）1.Ethanol 乙醇，酒精2.Cellulose 纤维素3.Sugarcane 甘蔗4.Hydrolysis 水解（作用）5.Electrolysis 电解6.Photovoltaics 太阳能电池7.Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳8.Distillation 蒸馏9.Livestock 家畜，牲畜10.Hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢11.fungi 真菌12.eukaryote 真核生物13.peptidoglycan 肽聚糖14.binary fission 二分裂15.autotrophic 自养的16.heterotrophic 异样的17.cyanobacteria 蓝细菌18.aerobic 好氧的、需氧的19.chlorophyll 叶绿素20.bacteriochlorophyll 细菌叶绿素21.transpiration 植物蒸腾22.semi-arid 半干旱23.aquifers 含水层24.erosion 腐蚀，侵蚀25.replenish 补充，填满26.Degradation 退化27.Anthropology 人类学28.Eutrophication 富养化29.Contamination 污染30.Regulatory 调整的paction 板结32.Unsustainable 不可持续的33.Acidification 酸化34.Impermeable 不透性的35.impermeable membrane 非渗透性膜36.geologic 地质的37.scavenge 清除38.hectare 公顷39.turbine 涡轮40.mercury 水银41.gritty 有沙的42.Fixation 固定43.Symbiotic 共生44.Ammonification 氨化作用45.Nitrification 硝化作用46.Glucose 葡萄糖47.Nitrogen 氮48.Nitric acid 硝酸49.Photosynthesis 光合作用50.aerobically 需氧地，好氧性的51.nitrogen peroxide 过氧化氮52.zero input and zero emission 零输入和零排放53.plankton 浮游植物54.decompose 分解55.non-arid 不干旱的56.potable water 饮用水57.manure 粪肥58.by-product 副产品三、是非题（重点专业知识句子3题以上）（F表示错误，T表示正确）1.Carbon monoxide is harmful to mankind's health. [ T ]2.Ethanol can be obtained from oil crops. [ F ]3.The oxygen can be combined with hydrogen in a fuel cell. [ T ]4.Alcohol produced from corn is a renewable energy source. [ F ]5. A solar cell works mainly based on the optoelectronics effec. [ T ]6.Bacteria are termed prokaryotic because they lack nuclear membranes. [ T ]7.Chemoorganotrophs are referred to as autotrophs. [ F ]8. A species surviving in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictiveenvironments is designated as K-selected. [ F ]9.The numerically predominant bacteria in soil are Streptomycetes. [ F ]10.Throughout most of the world, industry is the leading consumptive user ofwater. [ F ]11.Withdrawals for agricultural purposes currently account for over two thirdstotal abstraction in all OECD countries. [ F ]12.The practice of exploiting underground water for agriculture is essential for theprotection of natural resources. [ F ]nd degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivityand environmental regulatory capacity. [ T ]nd degradation is a physical process driven by socioeconomic and politicalcauses. [ F ]15.Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation process [ T ]16.In ancient times, the disposal of municipal solid waste attracted much publicattention[ F ]17.Nowadays, none of countries of areas dumps solid wastes outside of the city orvillage [ F ]ndfills had been the primary method of waste disposal because of the lowestcost and the simplest technology until the threat of groundwater contamination was recognized. [ T ]19.High energy fixation is the main way of nitrogen fixation. [ F ]20.According to the text the second step of biological fixation is that the free Natoms combine with oxygen to form two molecules of nitrate. [ F ]21.Nitrogen is directly absorbed by plant roots and incorporated into aminoacids,which pass through the food chain. [ T ]22.Nitrosomonas bacteria and nitrobacter are two groups of microorganisms thatinvolved in the process of nitrification. [ T ]23.According to the text, nitrogen cycles in aquatic systems in a similar mannerwith terrestrial ecosystem. [ F ]24.Forests are important to the environment because they take in carbon dioxideand release another gas – oxygen. [ T ]25.Livestock manure contains large amounts of ammonia gas that must be turnedback into stable nitrate before it can be absorbed as nutrient by plant. [ T ]26.Abundantly productive farms with zero input and zero emission are poweredby waste-gobbling bugs and human ingenuity. [ T ]四、句子翻译题（重点难、长句子3题以上）1.Various raw materials can be used for methanol production, including naturalgas, coal, wood, and municipal solid wastes. [许多种原料可用于甲醇生产，包括天然气、煤炭、木材和城市固体废物。