中英文科技论文写作-Abstract
中英文摘要的写作要求
科技论文摘要的撰写要求1 摘要的功能使读者了解论文的主要内容，为科技情报人员和计算机检索提供方便。
由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分，或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供，并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文，因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。
2 摘要的内涵摘要的定义为：“以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文”。
摘要本质上是一篇高度浓缩的论文，所以，其构成与论文主体的IMRAD（引言Introduction、材料与方法Materials and methosds、结果Results和And讨论Discussion）结构是对应的。
摘要应包括以下内容：（1）目的：研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等；（3）结果：实验的、研究的结果，数据，被确定的关系，观察结果，得到的效果，性能等；（4）结论：结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题，今后的课题，假设，启发，建议，预测等；（5）其它：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的，但就其见识和情报价值而言也是重要的信息。
3 摘要的分类根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。
（1）报道性摘要(informative abstract)：指明文献的主题范围及内容梗概，反映论文的目的、方法及主要结果与结论，在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定量的信息，充分反映该研究的创新之处，300字左右。
学术性期刊多选用报道性摘要；（2)）指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：指明文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平，目的是使读者对该研究的主要内容有一个轮廓性的了解，多用于综述、会议报告等，200字左右；（3）报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)：界于上述两者之间，以报道性摘要的形式表述文献中信息价值较高的部分，而以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分，200~400字；80年代出现了另一种摘要文体，即“结构式摘要”(structured abstract)，它是报道性摘要的结构化表达，强调论文摘要应含有较多的信息量。
学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract
What is an abstract? Types of abstracts Why write an abstract? What should the abstract include? How do you write an abstract? What is the style of an abstract? An outline for writing an abstract Common problems in writing an abstract Difference between an abstract and an introduction The Tricks, Conclusion of the lecture
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
Abstract科技论文摘要的写作
二、摘要的分类(Classification of abstract)
根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类: 一是报道性摘要( informative abstract) :
也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。是指明一
次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要， 相当于简介。
特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、 方法、主要数据和结论。通常这种摘要 可部分地取代阅读全文。
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被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科 技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁 做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要 中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为 好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者 无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。 例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.
⋯ (to be) contrary to ⋯ ⋯ (to be) in contrast with ⋯
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常用的句型有： (1) Examples of …demonstrate that … (2) Statistics confirm that …
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4. 结论( What conclusions can I draw?) ：
To investigate ⋯. and ⋯;
To assess⋯; To determine
whether⋯; To study⋯; To examine ⋯;
To evaluate ⋯ and compare ⋯;
To improve⋯; To describe ⋯; To explore ⋯; To clarify; To identify ⋯。
论文写作中的英文摘要范例
论文写作中的英文摘要范例英文摘要(Abstract)是论文写作中必不可少的一部分，其作用是概括出论文的主要内容和结论，帮助读者迅速了解论文的核心观点。
本文将提供一篇关于论文写作中英文摘要的范例，以供参考。
AbstractWith the increasing globalization of academic research, it has become essential for scholars to effectively communicate their work to a wider audience. One crucial element in this process is the abstract, which summarizes the main points and findings of a research paper. In this article, we will provide an example of an English abstract for a research paper, demonstrating key elements and tips for writing an effective abstract.IntroductionThe abstract serves as a brief overview of a research paper, allowing readers to quickly grasp the purpose, methodology, and outcomes of the study. It should be concise yet informative, providing enough information to engage the reader while remaining within a specified word limit.Main BodyI. Purpose and BackgroundThe first element of an abstract is a clear statement of the research paper's purpose and its background. It should outline the rationale for the study, highlighting any research gaps or unanswered questions in the field. For example:This research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems, with a focus on marine biodiversity and coral reef health. Given the increasing threats to these ecosystems, understanding the potential impacts of climate change is crucial for effective conservation strategies.II. MethodologyThe abstract should briefly describe the methodology employed in the research. This can include the study design, data collection methods, and analytical approaches. However, detailed technical information should be avoided. For example:A combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess the long-term effects of temperature increase and ocean acidification on coral reefs. Data on species diversity, abundance, and health were collected from various reefs in the Caribbean region.III. ResultsThe abstract should highlight the key findings of the research. It should summarize the outcomes and conclusions derived from the data analysis. However, specific data or numerical results should be avoided, focusing instead on general trends and significant discoveries. For example:Our study revealed a significant decline in coral species diversity and overall health in response to increased water temperatures and ocean acidification. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the abundance of commercially important fish species, indicating potential impacts on local communities dependent on coral reef resources.IV. Implications and ConclusionThe abstract should conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the research and its significance. It should provide a concise statement summarizing the main contributions of the study to the field and any recommendations for future research or policy implications. For example:These findings highlight the urgent need for immediate actions to mitigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems. Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and establishing marine protected areas can help safeguard marine biodiversity and protect the livelihoods of communities dependent on coral reef resources.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for communicating the key points and contributions of a research paper. By providing a clear purpose, concise methodology, major findings, and broader implications, the abstract serves as a concise summary of the research work, enticing readers to delve deeper into the full paper. By following the guidelines and structure provided in this example abstract, researchers can enhance their chances of effectively conveying their research to a global audience.。
英文abstract范文
英文abstract范文Title: The Impact of Technological Innovations on Modern Education Systems.Abstract:The present study delves into the profound influence of technological advancements on modern education systems, exploring both the opportunities and challenges they pose. The analysis begins by tracing the historical evolution of educational technology, from the advent of the printing press to the current era of digital transformation. This progression has reshaped the landscape of education, making learning more accessible, interactive, and personalized.The emergence of digital tools and platforms has revolutionized teaching methods, allowing instructors to engage students through interactive lectures, simulations, and online discussions. The use of learning analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) further enhances thepersonalization of learning experiences, as they enable teachers to tailor their approaches to individual student needs and preferences. These technological advancements have also expanded the reach of education, breaking down geographical barriers and connecting learners from diverse backgrounds.However, the integration of technology into education systems has not been without its challenges. Onesignificant concern is the digital divide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and its associated resources among different social and economic groups. This divide can exacerbate existing educational disparities, limiting the potential of technological advancements to transform education for all.Moreover, the widespread use of digital tools raises concerns about privacy and security. The collection and analysis of personal data, while essential for personalized learning, must be balanced with the need to protect student privacy. Additionally, the ethical implications of AI-powered decision-making in education, such as automatedgrading and admissions processes, must be carefully considered.Despite these challenges, the potential of technological innovations to improve education systems remains significant. The future of education lies in harnessing the power of technology to create inclusive, equitable, and innovative learning environments that cater to the diverse needs of students. To achieve this, it is crucial to address the digital divide, prioritize data privacy and security, and ensure ethical implementation of AI and other emerging technologies.The present study contributes to the ongoing discussion about the role of technology in education by providing a comprehensive analysis of its impacts and implications. It offers insights into the opportunities and challenges presented by technological advancements, highlighting the need for a balanced approach that addresses both the potential benefits and risks associated with theintegration of technology into modern education systems.。
论文的Abstract写法
文摘要求对于科技期刊的文章，论文的 abstract 主要由三部分组成，即：研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。
文摘只有写得正确，写的好，才能起到帮助读者了解原文的作用。
因此必须对文献进行认真的主题分析， 找出文献的主题概念， 正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明准确完整地写出文摘来。
文摘长度一般不超过 150 words 。
少数情况下允许例外，视原始文献而定。
在不遗漏主题概念的前提下，文摘应尽量简洁。
（一）.缩短文摘方法:1.取消不必要的字句：如 ”t is reported here ”、 “new ”、 “ mainly ” 也尽量不要。
2. 对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;3. 取消或减少背景信息（ Background Information ）;4. 不说无用的话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”， “本工作首次实现了 …” “经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句切不可进入文摘;5. 作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘；6. 文摘第一句应避免与题目（Title ）重复。
7. 尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：（二）.文体风格 1. 文摘叙述要完整，清楚，简明；2. 尽量用短句子并避免句形单调；3. 用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论；如 “The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-beam electron microscopy. Thedislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80 edge and screw casesrespectively. The results show that... __________________________________ ”可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用 of 句型。
学术英语abstract写作
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
������ 字少、错选：提示 性、报道性、资料性 ������ 结构要素残缺：目 的，方法，结果，结论 ������ 丧失摘要特点������
· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
英语科技论文写作Unit 4
– Use your own words wherever possible. – Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as “as noted in …”, “as shown by …” or “for example, …”. – Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources found in the references list of the original paper. – Write concise, straightforward English; count every word. – Your abstract must be completely independent of the paper.
– It is an effective practice in preparing your abstract. This is especially important for a descriptive (or
indicative) abstract.
“5 Steps” for Abstract Writing
Likely Mistakes/Common Errors
• Mixed Writing Style
– In this paper, we have given a reason that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and economical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does, so it can get much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms.
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The sources of noise in the instrument are discussed, and simple models and methods for reducing noise are presented.
The instrument can be used for fast scanning calorimetry of submicrogram samples with sensitivity of 1 nJ/K and time solution of 5 ms.
（人类至今尚未发现一种有效治疗感冒的 方法。） 句中隐含着估计一段时间后也不会发现， 但是将耒能否会有，尚有待事实来说明。 （参见：周春晖编著. 科技英语写作. 北 京：化学工业出版社，2003）
举例 一般现在时及其被动语态 PET films uniaxially drawn in hot water are studied by means of conventional DSC and modulated DSC (MDSC). Variations of Tg with the water content and with the drawing are discussed in terms of the structure in these materials. The increments of ΔCp at Tg are also interpreted using a three phases model.
摘要的内容应大致包括
IMRAD: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion
独立短文：独立性
The first studies by Shuford et al. (Polym Eng Sci 1976,16,25) of the effect of draw ratio on the piezoelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) lms concluded that the effect of molecular orientation due to draw prior to film polarization was to increase greatly the piezoelectric response.
Abstract
1 基本特性 2 时态 3 语态 4 语法修辞 5 一个典型示例 6 化学常用句式
定义：以提供文献内容梗概为目的， 不加评论和补充解释，简明、 确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文。 摘要是检索机构数据库的重要 信息来源。
1 基本特性
具有独立性和自明性，它是通篇文章的 概括和总结，应该反映文章的全貌，因 此一篇英文摘要应该用简明、精炼、确 切的文字向广大读者提供尽可能多的定 性和定量的信息。
Abstract Objective: Determination of components of meleumycin of domestic products to improve the quality specification of meleumycin of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005. Method: using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to identify the eight major components of the reference substance of meleumycin, using this method, eight components of twelve samples were qualified. Result: The contents of the components of midecamycin A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%～50% and 10%～20% respectively, the contents of the rest components were lower, different manufactures produces have different components. Conclution: To revise the specification of meleumycin for quality control. meleumycin 麦白霉素，midecamycin 麦迪霉素 leucomycin 吉他霉素
· Omit obscure abbreviations. · Write the paper before you write the abstract.
1 基本特性 2 时态 3 语态 4 语法修辞 5 一个典型示例 6 化学常用句式
2 时态
以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和 现在完成时 说法一：从理论上讲： 一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结 论，揭示自然界的客观规律 一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象 的规律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性 现在完成时 表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（过 程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响
summary of the main sections of the paper:Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion.
· An abstract can be defined as a summary of
the information in a document.
许多论文，虽然是作者过去做的工作和 得到的结论，然而这些工作和结论并不 是达到“完结了”的阶段，而是还会有 人，也可能是作者本人，继续研究下去， 从而产生进一步的改进和完善。从这一 角度出发，可以用现在完成时来描述已 做过的工作，以表达这种延续性。
例： Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.
关于结构式文摘
韩仲琪，李炳汝，王庆法. 医学论文英文摘要格式 及其写作问题. 编辑学报，2002，14（6）：412
据统计，目前世界上约有60％的核心生物医学期刊采用 结构式摘要，但此种摘要不适合综述之类的文章。 结构式文摘是按 Objective （目的）、 Methods （方法）、 Results（结果）和Conclusions（结论）逐一阐述论文 的梗概。在Objective项，可直接用动词不定式的一般 式主动语态，如To provide, To explore, …; Methods和 Results 项，可用一般过去时（有时也用现在完成时） 及其被动语态；Conclusions 则用一般现在时
说法二： EI 数据库建议： 用过去时态叙述作者工作； 用现在时态叙述作者结论。
说法三
论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的 结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将耒都是如 此。故常用现在时表达。 过去时“表达一件过去发生过的事，而且现在 已经完结了。”如文中指出发生的日期和时 间是写文章之前，必须用过去时，例： This was first known in 1930.
指示性文摘（indicative abstract）
This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subject of a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.
Methods 用完整的句子，以被动句和过去时态为主。
Results 用一般过去时陈述实验结果。
Conclusions 集中表达作者的学术观点。
参见：刘雪立 . 医学论文英文结构式摘要的写作， 中国科技期刊研究，2003，14（4）：452
摘要的基本内容与写法
· The Abstract should provide a brief
The method has been successfully tested on materials of known critical cooling rates. The data have been analyzed by the McMillan-Mayer theory to determine the enthalpic interaction coefficients.
Objective 动词不定式开头 To investigate … To study … To explore … To examine … To determine … To report … To review … 使用第一人称时，用凡指的 we, the author, the authors ,不用I。 如：In this paper we conclude …
对化学文摘两个最基本的形式： 报道性文摘（informative abstract）
It can and should briefly state the problem, the method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions.
基本类型： 报道性，指示性，报道-指示性和 结构式文摘 注意摘要与前言的区别，有关背景资料 （background information) 放前言中
摘要有几种类型：
informative abstract indicative abstract informative-indicative abstract structured abstract 20世纪80年代出现的， 是报道性摘要的结构化表达