英文科技论文写作How_to_write_RESULTS
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科技论文写作 how to write a scientific research article for an academic journal
Discussion
1. State the main findings emphasising the new contributions to the research area and the important conclusions that follow from them. 2. Get rid of bad news by outlining the weaknesses of the study 3. But on other hand… outline the strengths of evidence. 4. Put the findings in context. Compare and contrast the findings by detailing the results from previous studies on the same topic. 5. Unanswered questions and outline future research. 6. Implications and take home message referring to study objectives.
PLANNING
1. Decide on the target audience and the journal you plan to submit your manuscript to. Each journal has specific requirements for writing style and these preferences should be followed.
This article details step-by-step instructions on how to write a scientific paper for publication in a medical journal. These instructions are based on a method devised by Tim Albert, a UK-based medical writing specialist who conducts writing and editing work-shops for health professionals (see for details). This method is outlined in Tim Albert’s highly commended books on medical writing1, 2 and details he imparted at the BMJ short course for medical journal editors in Christchurch August 5-6 2004. Relevant details from other writing guidelines compiled by the University of Otago Student Learning Centre3, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors4 and the Cochrane Organisation5 have also been included where appropriate.
1. State the main findings emphasising the new contributions to the research area and the important conclusions that follow from them. 2. Get rid of bad news by outlining the weaknesses of the study 3. But on other hand… outline the strengths of evidence. 4. Put the findings in context. Compare and contrast the findings by detailing the results from previous studies on the same topic. 5. Unanswered questions and outline future research. 6. Implications and take home message referring to study objectives.
PLANNING
1. Decide on the target audience and the journal you plan to submit your manuscript to. Each journal has specific requirements for writing style and these preferences should be followed.
This article details step-by-step instructions on how to write a scientific paper for publication in a medical journal. These instructions are based on a method devised by Tim Albert, a UK-based medical writing specialist who conducts writing and editing work-shops for health professionals (see for details). This method is outlined in Tim Albert’s highly commended books on medical writing1, 2 and details he imparted at the BMJ short course for medical journal editors in Christchurch August 5-6 2004. Relevant details from other writing guidelines compiled by the University of Otago Student Learning Centre3, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors4 and the Cochrane Organisation5 have also been included where appropriate.
How_to_Write_the_Results
Preferring a little bit of predigestion (简化)..
Avoid Redundancy
• Do not repeat, in words, what is already apparent to the reader from the examination of the figures and tables. • Do not make an actual presentation, in the text, of all or many of the data shown in the table or figures.
Potential somatic(躯体的) comorbidity in CDH has received less study than the psychological aspects. Hypertension,17-20 alcohol overuse,21 and sleep disturbances have been reported to be associated with CDH.22 What factors specifically contribute to the transformation from episodic into CM and to the de novo (再次) development of new daily persistent headache(NDPH acronym) remain largely unknown.
How to Handle Numbers
• Treat a few determinations(项) or data descriptively in words or in the text. • Tabulate or graph extensive determinations or data (e.g. variables) that are meaningful. • Define the negative aspects of your experiments. • State what you did NOT find under the conditions of your experiments.
英文科技论文写作HOW_to_WRITE_Discussion
Our finding/result is associated with/similar to, different from …(others’ …)
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Alternative Explanations of the Findings
10
Remember that the purpose of research is to discover and not to prove. Don’t fall into the trap – to prove
Relate to expectations and to literature Prove the hypotheses/Answered questions
The importance/significance of Your findings
Limitations Your conclusions/future works
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Discussion
14
The same information can have different meanings or significances to different people brainstorming
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Diesults fit into a broader context?
What do the findings mean? Why are they important?
“That make perfect sense!” (Why didn’t I think of this?)
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Always remember:
Introduction
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Alternative Explanations of the Findings
10
Remember that the purpose of research is to discover and not to prove. Don’t fall into the trap – to prove
Relate to expectations and to literature Prove the hypotheses/Answered questions
The importance/significance of Your findings
Limitations Your conclusions/future works
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Discussion
14
The same information can have different meanings or significances to different people brainstorming
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Diesults fit into a broader context?
What do the findings mean? Why are they important?
“That make perfect sense!” (Why didn’t I think of this?)
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Always remember:
Introduction
科技写作 Scientific Writng
y The Scope of Scientific Writing:
◦ Scientific papers ◦ Review papers ◦ Grant proposals ◦ Oral presentations ◦ Poster presentations
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
9
Approaching a Writing Project
y Doing the Writing
◦ Block out times to write Indicate on your calendar or in your personal organizer the times you have reserved for given writing projects
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
11
Approaching a Writing Project
y Follow the Instructions to Authors
◦ If instructions are lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱng, underline or highlight the key points to remember
feedback, revise your writing some more
x Expert in your research specialty – technical problems
x Someone in your general field – note items that may unclear to readers
英语科技类作文范文
英语科技类作文范文English:In the realm of technology, innovations have vastly improved our daily lives, changing the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and automation have led to more efficient and convenient ways of completing tasks. For instance, the rise of smart devices like smartphones and virtual assistants has made information accessible at our fingertips, enabling us to stay connected and informed. Moreover, technological breakthroughs in healthcare have revolutionized the medical field, from precision medicine to robotic surgeries, enhancing patient care and outcomes. In addition, the integration of technology in education has transformed traditional teaching methods, providing interactive learning experiences and personalized instruction for students. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, the future holds endless possibilities for further innovation and progress.Translated content:在科技领域，创新大大改善了我们的日常生活，改变了我们与世界沟通、工作和互动的方式。
如何撰写英文科技论文-How_to_Write_a_Scientific_Paper
Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.” 要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。你的研究目 的不是简单的收集数据。 A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is“complete.” 一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果，它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架。如果明确了论 文的目的，这对于计划开展你的研究工作有很大益处。好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过 程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总结。 最有效率的做法是及时的理解， 分析， 总结， 形成假说； 而不是等到完成时才开始收集和整理数据。
英文科技论文写作How-to-write-RESULTS
强调结果的创新性和重要性
阐述研究结果对理论或实践 的贡献
讨论结果对未来研究的启示 和影响
指出结果的局限性和不足之 处
汇报人：
,
汇报人：
CONTENTS
PRT ONE
PRT TWO
清晰呈现研究结果 突出研究亮点和创新点 为结论和讨论提供依据 吸引读者并引导其理解论文的核心内容
明确研究目的和假设 简要介绍研究背景和意义 概述研究方法和实验设计 详细呈现实验结果和数据分析
PRT THREE
研究背景：简要介绍研究领域的现状和问题说明研究的重要性和必要性。 研究目的：明确提出研究的主要问题或假设以及研究要达到的具体目标。
有知识体系。
理论贡献：验证或挑战现有理 论推动学科发展
实践指导：为解决实际问题提 供思路和方法促进技术进步
政策建议：为政府决策提供科 学依据促进社会进步
学术交流：为同行提供研究素 材促进学术验结果：简要介绍实验的主要发现和数据。 对比分析：将实验结果与预期结果或相关研究进行比较。 结论一致性：确保结论与实验设计和假设相一致。 主要发现的意义：阐述实验结果对理论或实践的贡献和影响。
实验目的和意义 实验材料和设备 实验步骤和操作流程 实验结果和数据分析
PRT FOUR
表格：用于呈 现定量数据如 实验结果应简 洁明了避免过
于复杂
图表：用于展 示趋势、比较 等使数据更直 观常用类型有 柱状图、折线
图和饼图
图表设计：颜 色、线条、标 签等应清晰易 读避免过于花
哨
表格和图表应 与文字描述相 互补充共同呈
实验误差或偶然 性：对结果的解 释和讨论应考虑 到实验误差或偶
然性的影响。
样本量或代表性： 讨论结果时应考 虑样本量是否足 够大以及样本是 否具有代表性。
专业英语-结果和讨论
图表的制作与说明(Figures and Tables)-3
图表说明 :
突出重点，明确差异。不是逐次重复图表的内容，而 是将一组数据与另一组作对比，把自己的结果同别人的结 果比，只择其重要者，能支持自己的论点的部分，加以重 点说明。对图表的说明既不应过分详细，也不应过分简单。
图表说明的时态
用小一号的字母按顺序标注。脚注内容直接放在表后。
(6) 数字： 每一栏的阿拉伯数字应按位数对齐。
(7) 宽度： 表格宽度应略短语正文， 如超过页面可横过来，上面应在左侧。
(8)长度： 表格最好不要转页，如超过一页长度，可转第二页。在第二页上仍应列
出各栏的标题，并在右上方注明“Table5 （continued）”字样。
Tense Voice Useful sentences
Writing requirements of discussion
1. 对本次实验或观察结果做出理论解释和讨论 ； 2. 将本次结果，与过去及其他研究结果（不同时间、
不同地点、相同或不同的研究对象中的研究结果）相 比较，分析异同，解释产生差别的可能原因，并根据 自己或他人的文献资料，提出自己的见解，实事求是， 有根据地与其他作者商榷 ； 3. 突出本项研究中地新发现、新发明，提出可能原因 ； 4. 分析本次研究地不足，还存在哪些尚未解决地问题， 提出今后急需研究的方向和设想。
图表的制作与说明(Figures and Tables)-1
图（Figures）
(1)名称： 各种绘图和照片通Figure，可缩写为Fig.，+复数为Figs.。第一个字母大
写， 按出现顺序用阿拉伯数码编号， 例如 Fig. 5
(2)图标题： 图标题与图表题不同，一般放在图的下端，上端与图隔开一行，下端与
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Results
What did you observe? Briefly describe experiment without detail of methods section (a sentence or two). Report main results, supported by selected data: Representative: most common Best or worst case: best or worst example of ideal or exception
10-3×(6.36-10.2)a 10-3×(3.46-5.41)b 10-3×(6.38-10.5)a 10-3×(5.54-8.75)a 10-4×(8.52-13.7)c 10-4×(1.89-3.04)d
8.73+1.84x 8.85+1.68x 8.10+1.52x 8.76+1.76x 10.76+1.98x 12.20+1.95x
1985
LD50 μg·aphid-1
95% FL a)
Regression equation
9.19+1.81x
4.87×10-3
10-3×(3.66-6.48)a
6.42+1.87x
10.14+2.12x
3.20×10-3
10-3×(2.77-5.00)a
6.35+1.74x
9.12+1.85x
11.9+1.89x
2.07×10-4
13.7+2.31x
1.75×10-4
10-4×(3.69-6.18)a 10-4×(4.11-6.92)a 10-4×(3.50-5.78)a 10-4×(4.01-7.27)a 10-4×(1.62-2.63)b 10-4×(1.44-2.13)b
8.23+1.48x 8.59+1.80x 8.69+1.62x 7.25+1.22x 9.17+1.68x 13.2+2.2x
Results
Use the same sequence and subheadings as in the M&M
Present the facts Clear, accurate, and precise
Results
Use a conclusive sentence at the beginning of each section
12.5+1.58x
Six materials 8.00+1.92x
2.75×10-2
10-2×(2.17-3.48)ab
7.18+1.75x
8.28+1.90x
1.88×10-2
10-2×(1.48-2.38)b
7.05+1.78x
7.54+1.68x
3.05×10-2
10-2×(2.33-3.99)a
Always provide the statistical parameters in comparison of two or more treatments
(F = xxxx; df = x, y; P =/</> xxxx) (t = xxxx, df = x; P =/</> xxxx) (X2 = xxxx, df = x; P =/</> xxxx) (G = xxxx, df = x; P =/</> xxxx)
variables: regression equation, 12.9+1.80x 15.2+2.22x
3.84×10-5 2.60×10-5
10-5×(2.99-4.93)b 10-5×(2.12-3.18)b
8.93+1.34x 14.2+2.04x
1.15×10-3 2.91×10-5
10-3×(0.82-1.61)b 10-5×(2.33-3.63)c
10-1×(0.14-0.22)a 10-1×(0.13-0.22)a 10-1×(0.05-0.09)b 10-1×(0.07-0.12)b 10-1×(0.02-0.03)c 10-5×(1.29-2.29)d
10-2×(4.43-7.41)ab 10-2×(5.74-9.07)a 10-2×(3.14-5.00)b 10-2×(5.62-9.28)a 10-3×(7.96-11.4)c 10-3×(0.97-1.56)d
Results - Tips
If a figure can be used to show the data, use the figure
Pure tables of numbers can be difficult to interpret
Don't present the same data in several ways, choose the best way
5.80×10-3
10-3×(4.44-7.58)a
7.23+1.90x
9.33+1.75x
3.37×10-3
10-3×(2.56-4.44)a
6.88+1.82x
9.58+1.39x
4.72×10-4
10-4×(3.50-6.36)b
8.01+1.79x
12.79+1.62x
1.57×10-5
10-5×(1.19-2.07)c
Results
Tables Need exact values Complex data that were hard to show in figures
Overused
Table 1. Comparison of resistance of Aphis gossypii to six insecticides in five major cotton planting areas of Shandong, China in 1985, 1999 and 2004
It may be the second easiest part of the paper to write
Results
Numerical data: How to handle “numbers” How to present “the numbers”
Descriptive data: Pictures Photos Flow charts Description
10-2×(5.17-8.47)a 10-2×(6.45-11.9)a 10-2×(4.35-7.06)a 10-2×(6.39-10.1)a 10-2×(0.87-1.50)b 10-3×(0.89-1.37)c
imidacloprid
Binzhou Heze Liaocheng Dezhou Taian Susceptible
2.83×10-3 2.78×10-3 2.32×10-3
10-3×(1.96-4.09)a 10-3×(1.91-4.05)a 10-3×(1.73-3.12)a
Three
13.1+1.93x
6.77×10-5
10-5×(5.36-8.55)a
8.22+1.22x
2.25×10-3
10-3×(1.73-2.26)a
Results
Organizing and presenting data to promote better understanding of numerical results
Results
Data can be presented in: Tables Figures: Graphs and histograms Maps Photographs Drawings Flow charts or diagram A combinations of more than one type New: Video/websites/database
Three years 13.2+1.98x 13.5+2.05x 13.3+2.03x
6.73×10-5 7.35×10-5 7.81×10-5
10-5×(5.34-8.47)a 10-5×(5.90-9.16)a 10-5×(6.25-9.76)a
8.12+1.23x 8.07+1.20x 9.04+1.53x
carbosulfan
Binzhou Heze Liaocheng Dezhou Taian Susceptible
9.05+1.93x 9.77+2.02x 8.81+1.82x 9.26+1.98x 1.90x 11.9+1.90x
8.04×10-3 4.33×10-3 8.17×10-3 6.96×10-3 1.08×10-3 2.40×10-4
10.6+1.92x
1999 LD50 μg·aphid-1 0.17×10-1 0.17×10-1 0.07×10-1 0.09×10-1 0.02×10-1 1.72×10-5
5.73×10-2 7.04×10-2 3.96×10-2 7.22×10-2 9.53×10-3 1.23×10-3
95% FL a)
7.71+1.93x
Six locations 7.85+1.90x
8.51+1.48x
3.16×10-2 4.22×10-3