2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义
2015考研英语语法大全(语法看这个基本够了,适合打印)
英语基础语法体系对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。
其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。
著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。
因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。
一、英语动词的时态（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：英语的词类与汉语的不同。
汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。
英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。
有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。
同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。
（二）英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。
因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。
英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：(1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。
主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。
规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。
如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。
因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
2015考研英语解析：搞定长难句,从断句开始
2015考研英语解析：搞定长难句，从断句开始2015年全国研究生入学考试今天拉开帷幕。
今天是考研的第1天，下午进行了英语的考试，新东方在线考研辅导名师团队第一时间通过酷学网对考研真题进行直播解析，敬请持续关注。
以下是新东方在线考研名师田静为2015考生带来的考研英语写作深度解析：各位同学大家好，欢迎来到新东方在线网络课堂，我是考研语法老师田静。
在刚刚结束的2015年考研英语真题考试当中，我们出现了很多之前我们在网络课堂中讲过的知识点，所以2015年的考生千万别着急，只要大家认真学习我们之前的内容一定会在这次考试中取得好的成绩。
总体分析一下这次的考试趋势，给大家看一些数据。
在2015年全国研究生的报名人数达到了164.9万，比去年减少了6.5万人，降幅达到了3.8%，从2009年开始一直到2015年的考研当中，之前一直呈现上升的趋势，但是只有最近两年，也就是说2014年、2015年的考研开始出现了下降的趋势。
大家会发现虽然整体的报名人数呈现了微微下降的趋势，但是在我们专业硕士考试人中出现了上涨的趋势。
今年报告专业硕士人数达到了72.6万，比去年增加了5万人，已经达到了总的报名人数的44%，所以总体来讲，硕士报名人数在下降，但是专业硕士人数在上涨。
所以各位同学在准备下一年考研的时候可以以这这个数据为参考。
大家一定要注意一点，专业硕士考察英语的时候不一定都考察英语二，大家需要仔细确认自己报考的学校考察的是考察英语一还是英语二。
大部分是英语二，相对它的难度比英语一简单一些。
大家会发现无论考英语一还是英语二的同学，一定要做到一件事，就是在准备后期课程的时候，一定要在之前先学好基础，也就是我们的词汇和语法课。
很多人都会觉得很郁闷，明明我们在考研考试当中不考语法，为什么还要学呢？大家会发现，无论大家响应任何类型的考试，无论是阅读题还是完形填空，还是写作的时候，会发现大家都需要具备的一个基本的能力是一定要会读句子和写句子。
【2015考研英语】语法完整讲义
【2015考研英语】语法完整讲义第一部分：考研语法导学一、考研语法考什么？二、考研语法讲解（预告篇）(一) 句子的结构(二) 句子的省略——非谓语动词(三) 句子的补充三、考研真题应用（预告篇）第二部分：考研语法讲解一、句子的结构(一) 简单句1. 简单句的构成：一主一谓2. 简单句的分类：谓语动词的分类3. 简单句的变化：谓语动词的时态／语态／情态(二) 并列句(三) 复合句复合句1 ——名词性从句1. 宾语从句2. 表语从句3. 主语从句4. 同位语从句复合句2 ——定语从句复合句3 ——状语从句二、句子的省略——非谓语动词三、句子的补充(一) 成分的补充：定语／状语／同位语(二) 句式的补充：倒装／强调(三) 考点的补充：it／as第三部分：考研真题应用一、读句子(一) 基本结构的长难句分析(二) 特殊结构的长难句分析1. 分裂结构2. 嵌套结构3. 平行结构4. 省略结构二、写句子第一部分：考研语法导学一、考研语法考什么？二、考研语法讲解（预告篇）(一) 句子的结构1. 一个句子（一件事）——简单句(1) 最核心的简单句：N. + V.(2) 简单句的变化：例如：句子连接的核心？例：We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (2010 年阅读Text 1)(二) 句子的省略——非谓语动词He is lying in bed, while he is reading a book.He is lying in bed, a book.A woman who was wearing a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.A woman a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.例：Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. (2011 年阅读Text 3)(三) 句子的补充1. 成分的补充例：The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009. (2011 年阅读Text 1)请划出补充的成分：例：One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. (2010 年翻译)例：Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. (2008 年翻译)2. 句式的补充：倒装／强调3. 考点的补充：it / as三、考研真题应用（预告篇）1. 读句子（完形＋阅读）2. 写句子（写作）：写的对／写的好根据讲解，在下面的例句上划出分析的部分：例：The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (2011 年阅读Text 3)例：While traditional “paid”media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. (2011 年阅读Text 3)例：... what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence.” (1992 年翻译)例：It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. (2010 年翻译)例：Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. (2008 年翻译)第二部分：考研语法讲解一、句子的结构(一) 简单句1. 简单句的构成：N. + V.（一主一谓）简单句的核心部分？2. 简单句的分类：取决于的分类简单句的分类练习：1)Yesterday morning I went to the church.2)Most boys in my class liked playing football.3)Some schools give their students a long summer vacation.4)Watching fun movies allows me to take a break from my busy routine.5)Computers have become very useful tools in modern life.简单句的分类真题应用：例：On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. (2008 年翻译)例：Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. (2006 年阅读Text 3)3. 简单句的变化主要研究谓语动词的变化：时态／语态／情态(1) 谓语动词－时态的变化考研中最常用的时态：特别注意：1) 现在完成时He has left.We have studied English for ten years.They have tried to help him hundreds of times.例：The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. (2006 年阅读Text 2)例：The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (2006 年阅读Text 3)例：The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. (2011 年阅读Text 1)2) 过去完成时vs. 一般过去时例：Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in twoor three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirtyyears. (2008 年翻译)3)现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）例：The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s email. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. (2003 年阅读Text 1)4)过去将来时(would do ; was/were going to do)(2) 谓语动词－语态的变化：被动语态1) 被动语态跟时态相结合be + done例：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. (2007 年翻译)例：It has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.(2005 年完形填空)2) 被动语态跟情态动词相结合例：It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009 年翻译)(3) 谓语动词情态的变化例：In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. (2011 年阅读Text 3)例：Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping, baby-size holes in their lives. (2011 年阅读Text 4)注意：掌握谓语动词的时态／语态／情态的变化，是为了帮助大家更加准确的定位谓语动词（谓语动词不一定是一个单词，有可能是几个单词构成），进而看懂句子。
2015年公共英语讲义-语法讲解
语法一、虚拟语气高频考点：(1)口诀1：常规虚拟句，看“时态、时状”时间If条件句中谓语形式主句中谓语形式将来（常考）were to +动词原形（最常考），should +动词原形，动词过去式 (be用were)would / could / might / should + 动词原形过去（常考）had +动词过去分词would / could / might / should + have + 动词过去分词现在动词过去式 (be用were) would / could / might / should + 动词原形试题规律：①条件句中were、should、had、could等词放到句首时，if通常省略，主语与上述词替换位置，采用倒装句式。
②注意对现在、将来的假设，形式上（主句、从句）的共同点；特别提示，若句中无相关时间状语，看不出是对现在抑或将来假设，而主句中为would + 动词原型，从句中时态往往为一般过去时。
③主句对过去假设，选项中若出现would / should / might / could + have + 动词过去分词中的两个以上，则要根据句意选择。
特别提示，往往would选的最多，should选的最少。
④条件句用“should+动词原形”时，主句谓语可用“should (would, could, might)+动原”，有时也可用陈述或祈使语气。
例：If I should see him, I’ll tell him.Should you find yourself in a condition of being troubled or worried about some trifles, please cultivate a hobby.⑤句中出现right now，right away（马上，立刻），表示虚拟将来，条件句的时态选：were to do；for the time being（目前，暂时），虚拟现在，条件句的时态选：一般过去时。
2015年考研考研英语语法考察重点真题解析参考书考研真题考录比
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2015年考研考研英语语法考察重点真题解析参考书考研真题考录比从1994-2008年语法知识点翻译统计分析中，我们可以得出如下结论：1、从句是考查的重点，在翻译试题中占的比重最大。
分析清晰地反映出：从句和非谓语形式是历年考研英语翻译考查的重点，而从句是必考内容：几乎每年的翻译题目都会以不同形式对从句进行考查。
从1994到2008年，75个句子有69个都涉及到对从句的考查，这有力地说明了从句在整个考研英语翻译中的重要性。
2/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】22、从句涉及的范围比较广，主要的从句类型有十几种，考研英语中最常考的当属定语从句。
75个句子中有35个是定语从句，占到了45%的比例。
这足以说明定语从句在整个考研英语翻译中的重要性。
因此定语从句翻译的好坏直接影响到考研翻译的分数。
3、仅次于从句，翻译中考查的另一个重点是非谓语形式。
75个句子中有36个句子涉及到非谓语形式，占48%.而在各种非谓语形式中，过去分词又是考查的重中之重，36个句子中有19个考查了过去分词，占非谓语形式的52.8%.其次对现在分词的考查也占据较大比重，36个句子中有12个句子考查了这一语法点，占非谓语形式的33%，不容忽视。
2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义
2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义2015考研英语关键语法第一部分：核心语法一、分词（V+ing,V+ed）1.区别动名词（1）作主语和宾语Saying is easier than doing.（说比做容易。
）（2）作介词宾语We get pleasure from loving and being loved.（我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。
）2.分词作定语（1）前置①The beginning student should be given more encouragement.（初学者应多给予鼓励。
）②A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.（均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养。
）（2）后置①Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.（靠山吃山）②Children disciplined when they are youn g will become good citizen.（小时候受过良好教育的儿童长大会成为好公民。
）3.分词作状语①Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.（听到这个消息，他们立即出发到上海去了）。
②Seen from the pagoda,the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.（从这个塔上远眺，紫金山南麓是树的海洋。
）③Printed white,the house looks bigger.（漆成白色后，这房子像是更大了。
）④Having written an important letter,I listened to the music for a while.1/doc/4816542008.html,（写完一封重要的信之后，我听了一会儿音乐。
韩苏15考研英语基础班语法讲义
2015考研基础讲义之语法解绝真题课程目的：词汇+语法=句子+句子=文章，故有了语法，解决根本问题。
引言：语法的意义何在（什么是语法）（1997年翻译）On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. （2006年阅读4）happiness more often than not ends in sadness.（2012年翻译）Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.指导：如何解决考研语法：一个核心：三种残缺：两种顺序：五种从句：五种结构：一、语法核心——谓语（一个核心）1.谓语的意义：（2002 年阅读）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips thenorthern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.2.谓语判断原则：提示记录区：动词分类1）2）3）3.谓语判断举例：（1996年翻译）This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.二、非谓语动词（三种残缺）1. 非谓语动词来源： 非谓语动词 谓语类型谓语来源残缺部分谓语含义非谓语翻译可做成分to do doing done done doing2. 非谓语动词举例： 1）做主语+宾语（2012年翻译）T o filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.2）定语Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.（2012年阅读TEXT1）3）状语Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.（2012年阅读TEXT2）3. to do 的形式用法 1）形式主语（2005年翻译）It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.2）形式宾语：（2007年新题型）All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.3）that 形式主语（2004年阅读TEXT2）It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.提示记录区：简单句的成分提示记录区：done 和doing 作定语4) 强调结构： （2009Text2）It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.三、定语与状语（两种顺序）1. 定语成分与顺序 1）定语成分一览表2）定语翻译举例举例一：（2011年text1）The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.举例二：（1997年text5）Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science.2. 状语分类与顺序 1）状语分类2）状语成分定语成分 形容词 名词 代词 分词 不定式 介词短语定语从句前置定语 后置定语状语分类时间地点原因目的条件让步结果比较方式代表位置状语成分状语举例提示记录区：定语翻译顺序状语位置3）状语的翻译中文状语语序：英语状语语序：4）条件状语的真伪（虚拟语气）真题举例一：（2003年text1）Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.41. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession四、五种从句1. 从句概念与分类2. 引导词A.关系代词B.关系副词3. 从句特征一览表从句类型特征引导词举例翻译方式主语从句宾（表）语从句定语从句同位语从句状语从句4. 定语从句的特殊性1）限定性定语从句He likes his father who gives money to him.2）有介词的定语从句举例一（2003年text3）It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.举例二（2003年翻译)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.3）使用关系副词的定语从句举例三（2010年text1）It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.举例四(2010年翻译)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.五、五种结构1. 代词指代核心三原则：1. 2. 3.（2012年翻译）Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.2. 平行比较结构1）平行原则：1. 2.（1995年翻译）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.2）比较原则：1. 2.（1995年翻译）Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.3. 省略（1）重复省略1.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.（2012年TEXT4）2.The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.（2012年TEXT4）3.Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? （2005年TEXT2）（2）简洁省略A B C DB. European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.（2010年TEXT4）C.The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.（2012年TEXT2）D.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.（2012年TEXT1）4. 分隔结构（1）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.（2002 年阅读TEXT1）（2）Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. （2012 年阅读TEXT4）（3）And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.（2012 年阅读TEXT1）5. 倒装结构1）部分倒装：a b c（1986年text1）Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.(2009年text3)Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.（1996年text5）And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.2）完全倒装:a. b. c.At the core of this debate was chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.（1997, passage 4）Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. (1998passage 5)。
2015考研英语：如何过语法这道关卡
2015考研英语：如何过语法这道关卡语法是考研生的一道关卡，很多考研生找不到好的复习方法，所以复习效率上也不太乐观。
下面太奇考研小编整理了语法复习的一些建议，希望能对各位考研生有所帮助。
对于那些语法基础知识较差的考生，一本正规的语法书就像一本词典，随时可以帮助大家重拾记忆。
考生可以根据语法书中系统复习一遍，找找当时学习英语的感觉。
其中，句法的理解分析对阅读及翻译写作都十分重要。
通过对大纲的研读，以及对历年真题的分析和统计，得出考研英语常考的重点的语法知识包括：名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;常用连接词的词义及其用法;非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;虚拟语气的构成及其用法;各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法等。
复习中要重点把握考研考查的语法体系，而不要陷入了盲目学习的误区。
如果单纯地看语法书，那一定会很枯燥，学习效果也不好，跟真题中出现的语法长难句结合起来复习，不仅可以检验语法知识的掌握情况，还有助于深刻地了解真题中语法的考查角度。
看语法书的同时，要对基本的语法知识进行整理，形成一个体系，也要对一些特殊的语法现象进行归纳，要手眼并用，不能只看不动手。
另外，语法复习重在语法现象本身，而不是记住那些枯燥无味的术语。
对于英语成绩不好的同学，可能是语法基础不扎实，也可能是囫囵吞枣，对语法知识一知半解，不能很好的应用到阅读和做题中。
如果在阅读中面对一个长难句，能快速准确地抓住这个长难句的主干，理清各个成分之间的关系，并能正确翻译，那就说明对这部分的语法知识掌握的不错;如果达不到这个要求，就说明掌握的还不好，还需要强化复习。
语法是考研英语的重难点，其在阅读理解、写作中都有考查，建议各位考研生一定要重视起来，不能知难而退。
希望各位考研生能在复习过程中总结出适合自己的复习方法，打赢考研这场战役。
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2015考研英语关键语法第一部分：核心语法一、分词（V+ing,V+ed）1.区别动名词（1）作主语和宾语Saying is easier than doing.（说比做容易。
）（2）作介词宾语We get pleasure from loving and being loved.（我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。
）2.分词作定语（1）前置①The beginning student should be given more encouragement.（初学者应多给予鼓励。
）②A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.（均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养。
）（2）后置①Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.（靠山吃山）②Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizen.（小时候受过良好教育的儿童长大会成为好公民。
）3.分词作状语①Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.（听到这个消息，他们立即出发到上海去了）。
②Seen from the pagoda,the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.（从这个塔上远眺，紫金山南麓是树的海洋。
）③Printed white,the house looks bigger.（漆成白色后，这房子像是更大了。
）④Having written an important letter,I listened to the music for a while.1（写完一封重要的信之后，我听了一会儿音乐。
）⑤Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.（持极端观点的人认为，人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，所以对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
）⑥An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.（对于计算机课堂教学，人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界线：有人认为应从学生的就业前景来考虑这一问题，而另一些人认为应从推行彻底的教育改革方面来更加全面地考虑计算机进入教室这一问题。
）（区别动名词短语作主语）Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.（2005-49）（创造一种能够尊重不同文化与传统的欧洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情，而这些文化传统将会成为维系欧洲大陆的基础结构，这需要一种战略性的选择。
）4.独立主格结构Mary coming back,they discussed it together.（=When mary came back…）（玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。
）Health and persistence given,one can do great things.（=If health and persistence are given…）（有健康的身体和顽强的毅力的话，一个人能做出伟大的事情。
）The moon having risen,they took a walk in the fields.（=When the moon had risen…）（月亮升起后，他们在田野里散步。
）So much time having been spent,the work is only half done.（=Though so much time has been spent…）（虽然花了这么多时间，这项工作才做了一半。
）But with homework counting for no more than10%of their grades,students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.（但是由于作业在成绩中所占的比例不超过10%，学生很可能少做一半的作业，而在他们的成绩单上也不会有什么差别。
）二、定语从句A：He has one sister who is working in the city.B：He has one sister,who is working in the city.2考研讯息 C：All the people in the auditorium who had enough of classical music start to leave.D：All the people in the auditorium,who had enough of classical music,start to leave.E：The bookstore which sells this book is the largest one in Nanjing.F：The bookstore where I work is the largest one in Nanjing.1.Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture”,like the concept of“set”in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.（2003-50）（因此，人类学中的“文化”就象数学中的“集”一样，是一个抽象概念，这种抽象概念使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
）2.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.（2006-46）（我将其定义为这样一个人：他以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题，并将此当作人生的主要责任和乐趣。
）3.Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,…（2003-46）（而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，…）4.It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.（2010）（这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。
）5.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.（这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕作方式很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕作方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
）6.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.（现在，既然对智力的评估是比较性的，那么，在对我们的对象进行比较时，所采用的尺度就应当是“有效的”或“公平的”。
）7.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invited you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.（这在一开始就将问题引向极端，它让人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么象对待人类自身那样去关怀，要么完全冷漠无情。
）38.On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.（在另一层面上，许多医学界人士承认，关于辅助自杀的争论的升温的部分原因在于病人的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学事实上延长了临终前身体的痛苦。