Christianity culture
老舍英文简介
老舍英文简介老舍, 中国现代小说家、作家，语言大师、人民艺术家，新中国第一位获得“人民艺术家”称号的作家。
下面是店铺为你整理的老舍英文简介，希望对你有用!老舍简介Lao She (February 3, 1899 - August 24, 1966), formerly known as Shu Qingchun, another pen name Qing, Hong Lai, non-I, Because Lao She was born in the lunar calendar spring, his parents named for him, "Qingchun", probably contains the celebration of spring, the prospects for the good meaning. After school, his name changed to Shu Sheyu, with "abandon the self", that is, "ecstasy" means. Beijing Manchu is red flag. Chinese modern novelist, writer, language master, folk artist, new China first won the "people artist" title writer. Representative of the "camel Shoko", "four generations", the script "teahouse".Lao She's life, always forget to work, he is a well-deserved literary and art "model". In 1966, due to the Cultural Revolution in the vicious attacks and persecution, Lao She was forced to desperation contained in Beijing Taiping Lake.老舍人物生平Personal experience1899 Lao She was born in Beijing. His father was a Manchu army, killed in the Eight-Power Allied forces attacked the city of Beijing in the war. The whole family by the mother for the laundry to do life to live.1908 Lao She nine years old, was funded into the private school.In 1913, admitted to the capital of the third middle school (now Beijing three), a few months after the economic difficultiesdrop out, the same year to obtain public expense of Beijing Normal School.Graduated in 1918, was appointed to Fang alley primary school as president. Two years later, promoted to the outskirts of the Beijing Normal University Education Bureau, but because it is difficult and education and local old forces to work, and soon took the initiative to resign this well-paid duties, to return to school teaching.In 1921, in the "overseas new sound" published "her failure" of the vernacular novel, signed to give, it is so far found Lao She's earliest works, only 700 words.In 1922, the ceremony to join Christianity, after the Nankai Middle School in Tianjin to teach the country, and in Beijing Education Association, Beijing local service group work. During this period, he was keen on the cause of social services, but also in the English night school and Yanjing University tutoring English.In 1923, in the "Nankai quarterly" published the first short story "little bell".In 1924, went to the UK, the London University of Asia and Africa College (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) lecturer. In the United Kingdom, Lao She had used Colin C. Shu as the English name (should be its Christian name).In 1926, in the "Novel Monthly" serial series novel "Zhang's philosophy", No. 1 signed "Shu Qingchun", the second period from the "Lao She". After three years to continue to create, published in the UK published a novel three "Zhang's philosophy", "Zhao said", "two horse". The British teaching career makes Lao She a qualified writer.In the summer of 1929, from the British home, in Singaporefor six months, any secondary school teachers.In 1930, returned to the Ren Qilu University professor, while writing side teaching.In 1931, married with Ms. Hu Xiaoqing, published the same year, "small slope of the birthday."In 1932, the creation of "Cat City", and in the "modern" magazine serial. After a few years, Lao She has created a "divorce" and "crescent" in the history of modern literature has an important position in the work.In 1934, he was a professor of literature at Shandong University.In 1936, Lao She resigned from the Shandong University professor to concentrate on writing. In September, "Camel Xiangzi" in the "universe wind" serial, 1939 the book by the official book official release.In 1937, August returned to Qilu University to teach. November went to Wuhan alone.In 1938, Lao She was elected as executive director of the All-China Arts and Artists Association and director of the General Affairs Department, presided over the daily business, external representatives of the "Association", and overall responsibility for the leadership of the work. In July the same year, with the Association of West moved to Chongqing.In 1939, Lao She translated the English version of the "Golden Lotus" published in London, translated as The Golden Lotus, this version is more authoritative for the West, "Golden Lotus" translation, has issued four times.In 1944, the creation and reproduction by the Friends of the printing company published "four generations together" the first volume "apprehension".In 1946, by the United States Department of State invited to give lectures in the United States a year, the same year published "four generations" second volume "stealing".In 1949, the literary and art circles of more than thirty friends decided to return home, in October from the United States, arrived in Tianjin in December.In 1950, the Chinese Folk Literature Research Association was established as vice chairman.In 1951, was awarded the title of "People's Artist" by the Beijing Municipal People's Government.In 1953, he was elected vice chairman of the National Federation of Literary and Art Circles.In 1957, "teahouse" published in the "harvest" the first phase.In 1966, the Cultural Revolution could not bear humiliation, since Shen in Beijing Taiping Lake.In 1968, won the Nobel Prize for Literature nomination, and was voted on the first, because Lao She is no longer alive, the promise awarded to Kawabata Yasunari.In 1978, Lao She was reborn and restored the title of "People's Artist". Tombstone engraved with Lao She's words: "literary and art circles responsible pawn, sleep here."married familyIn 1930, Hu Xiaoqing is studying at Beijing Normal University, the mother afraid of her because of this school and delayed life events. Linguist Mr. Luo Changpei is Hu Xiaoqing brother's friend, one back, he went to Hu to play, Hu mother asked him to help. At this time Lao She just returned from London, and works, so Luo Changpei will introduce to the Lao Lao Lao She, Lao She was informed of the talent and character, Hu mother exceptionally pleased, privately set the dragon by law, and with Luo negotiateda well-planned plan to make Lao She and Hu Qingqing meet.In the winter of 1930, Lao She returned to Peking. Under the arrangement of Luo, Lao She was everywhere to be friends to eat, and the dinner table always Hu Qingqing. After frequent encounters, Hu and Shu produced the affair. Until the summer of 1931, Hu graduated from the school, the two held a wedding.After half a month of marriage, Lao She brought his wife to Jinan, continue to teach in the university, Hu Qingqing in a secondary school teaching. The first child was born in Jinan, is a girl, named Shuji. In 1935 the second child, son of Shu B was born in 1937, produced in Chongqing, the third child, second female Shu Li.老舍作品风格Creative subject matterLao She's works are mostly based on the public life. He is good at depicting the life and destiny of the urban poor, especially good at depicting the conservative and backward middle and lower people who have permeated the feudal patriarchal ideology, under the impact of the new historical trend in ethnic contradictions and class wrestling. Puzzled, hesitant, lonely contradictory psychology, and dilemma, at a loss of ridiculous acts. He likes to reflect the universal social conflict through everyday trivial scenes. Strokes tend to extend to the excavation of national spirit or the thought of national destiny, which makes people live a serious and heavy life from light and humorous. On the natural scenery of the colorful rendering and on the customs of the nuanced meticulous, add the work of the breath of life and fun.In the history of modern literature, Lao She's name is always with the public theme, Beijing subject matter closely linked. He isthe modern Chinese literature on the outstanding customs, the world (especially the customs of Beijing) painter. As a person, he reflects the social reality may not be broad enough, but within the scope of his description, but the history and reality, from all year round of the natural scenery, different times of social atmosphere, customs, Such as emotions, subtle minds are combined with concentrated, vibrant, lively, self-contained as a complete plump, "Beijing flavor" full of the world. This is Lao She in the history of modern literature made a special contribution.Lao She's work is another feature, is to show a distinctive anti-imperialist patriotic issues. Lao She's works often directly expose the crime of imperialist aggression, from different aspects of their economic, cultural, religious infiltration and racial discrimination given to the Chinese people all kinds of injuries. He manifested the national awakening, in recognition of national integrity, at the same time attacked in these aggression and infiltration in front of humble knot, for the tiger for the foreign slaves. 1960 is the sixtieth anniversary of the Boxer uprising, then wrote the drama "God fist", reproduce the Beijing residents to fight against the Eight-Power Allied heroic scenes.language styleLao She's language is vulgar and refined. Lao She said: "There is no one master of language art is out of the masses, and no one such master is to record the people's language, and not to its processing." Therefore, the characters in the works of language is refined Beijing vernacular. The "vulgarity" of his work language is based on fine thinking and research. His "white", so that readers easy to understand but quite depth. With the popular, plain text to reflect the times and life, this is Lao She as a language master of the realm, can be described as "water out ofhibiscus, natural to carving." On the other hand, Lao She and the use of language to take off the natural shape of the rough and random, made of gold, so that the modern Beijing spoken language as simple and elegant as a carved porcelain.The same Lao She's work is also the pursuit of humor, on the one hand from the Dickens and other British writers, on the other hand also deeply marked the "Beijing civic culture" brand, forming a more intrinsic "Beijing flavor." Humorous, Lao She is the overall style of language works. He said: "the text to be lively and interesting, must use humor ... ... false Nymphoides dry, obscure, boring, is the fatal injury of literature and art; humor will have a great importance." Therefore, Lao She's novels, drama, prose Full of humor and funny colors. His works of words between the lines are flashing his humor: the "thought deep" ideological content, with "said pretty" language to express, subtle timeless, full of rich humor. From the "Zhang's philosophy" come out, Lao She began to be called "humor novelist".Mr. Lao She is the master of the use of subtext, its representative is the "tea house". "Teahouse" with profound subtle subtext, effectively enriched the language of the connotation. The most classic example is the first case of Pang eunuchs and Qin Zhongyi's "tongue war". One of the two men is the Queen Mother of the Queen Mother, one is concerned about the reform of the bourgeoisie, the two met on the surface of hospitality, the bones are bit by bit. "Teahouse" in such lines like everywhere. It does not lead to the tone of the mobs to mobilize people's interest and thought, feel chewy.Lao She works successfully used the vitality of Beijing oral vocabulary, so that the works of language revealed a unique Beijing rhyme, works of life mellow, local scenery, customs andreal customs. At the same time with the authentic Beijing, then write Beijing, native character, lively and interesting, rustic and natural, breath of life toward the head, with a unique charm, revealing the charm of the Beijing dialect, showing the lively vitality of Beijing and Lao She control Beijing language ability.Literary thoughtLao She's literary thought composition is complex, the history of modern literature in the proletarian literature and bourgeois literature struggle, his faction color is not obvious, although he left the revolutionary leadership literature art direction and other artistic and ideological ideas Have a word. At the same time Lao She has not joined the third generation of Su Wen and Liang Shiqiu and others - do not think that literature is free to death. The tone of his literary thought is to emphasize the freedom of expression of literature, and that the role of literature on society is endless and long-term.But because of the impact of the times, Lao She was once close to the practicality of literature, but after a period of development, the artist he felt uncomfortable, and then re-call and practice the free expression of literature and art, during which its literary thought Also appeared repeated and shocks. So Lao She has no firm and pure literary position, his literary thought is wavering, but he tends to feel from the emotional point of view of literature, that "people are happy is the purpose of art," "literature is to understand life, to explain life of". At the same time Lao She that "the text of the main gas" emphasizes the expression of self-oriented, do not make literature into a textbook of preaching.On the basis of free expression by writers without external interference, Lao She further deepened the depth of personalliterature thinking - the form of the good. Lao She repeatedly put forward "literature is a beautiful text for the performance of the soul." At the same time by the British literature inspired by the pursuit of simple and simple language style "off the flower of the clothes, and reveal the text of the body of beauty" To a large extent is connected with the British literature, but also Lao She by Dickens and other writers in the creation of an important projection, is an integral part of Lao She's literary thought.Lao She is also opposed to the literary view of the text, but does not deny the social and social functions of literature, such as Lao She early and mid-term novel "Zhang's Philosophy "" Zhao Zizhi "" two horse "" small slope of the birthday "" Cat City "" Niu Tianci Chuan "" Camel Xiangzi "and so on, the central purpose is to explore the revitalization of national transport, strong national road. Lao She is based on the civilian life as the description of the object to the traditional ethical philosophy of philosophy as the basis for the basis of humanitarian good and evil view as the most basic starting point, whether it is conducive to the revitalization of national transport, strong national scale, and literary description , And later Lao She during the war of resistance against Japan issued a large number of propaganda and anti-war art works.。
西方文化
Culture―最近的词源是拉丁文cultura，可追溯的最早词源为拉丁文colere。
Colere具有一系列涵义：居住（inhabit）、栽种（cultivate）、保护（protect）、朝拜（honor with worship）。
‖Definition of culture:Culture in narrow sense and meaning refers to the spiritual wealth of human beings, including arts, literature, music, movie, play, education, and even entertainment. Culture in extensive and broad sense meaning refers to the total pattern of beliefs, religion, thinking or philosophy, customs, institutions, objects and techniques that characterize the life of a human community. Conclusion: Culture covers every part of a people and it is the way of life in a society.West and Western cultureWest ----mainly refers to the EuropeAmerican culture and European cultureWestern cultureThe Greco- Roman culture, ChristianityThe core of Western culture originated from The Greek Rationalism and Judeo-Christian traditionWhy should we study Western culture?1. To improve college students’ quality.2.To adjust to the needs of the world’s development3.To deepen our understandings of Chinese culture.4. To absorb essence of Western culture.Origin of Ancient Greece•It originated from 800 BC and ended in 146 BC. It lasted about 650 years.•It located in the Southern Europe and the northeastern Mediterranean, including Southern Balkans, West coast of Asia Minor peninsula and many islands of Aegean.•In 2000 BC, Crete Civilization(克里特文明) and Mycenae Civilization (迈锡尼文明) originated from Aegean.Aegean Civilization(爱琴文明) is the earliest Greece Civilization.The Origin of Greek MythologyAncient Greece entered the Age of Heroes (Homer Era)from 1200 BC to 800 BC. The main literary achievements are Mythology and Epic.Homer•Homer is the earliest literary form in Western literary history. It includes the Iliad (伊利亚特) and the Odyssey (奥德赛).•Hesiod (赫西奥德), a possible contemporary with Homer,offers in his Theogony (《神谱》)(Origin of the Gods) the fullest account of the earliest Greek myths. Hesiod’s Works and Days(工作与时日)is a didactic poem about farming life.希腊城邦文化(Greek City-States Culture)The Development of Greek City-States希腊城邦的崛起与殖民在―黑暗时代‖(1200BC-800BC)的末期，一批新兴的城市国家——城邦（City-States）开始取代建立在氏族和部落基础上的农村公社；这种分离主义(Separatism)的政治态度和自由主义(Liberalism)的生活信念构成了希腊城邦社会的重要特征。
西方传统文化英语作文
西方传统文化英语作文Western traditional culture is rich and diverse, with a long history and profound influence. From literature to art, from philosophy to religion, Western traditional culturehas left a deep imprint on the world.One of the most iconic aspects of Western traditional culture is its emphasis on individualism. Throughout history, Western thinkers and artists have celebrated the unique qualities of the individual, championing the idea of personal freedom and self-expression. This emphasis on individualism has had a profound impact on Western society, shaping everything from political systems to social norms.Another key feature of Western traditional culture isits focus on the pursuit of knowledge and truth. From the ancient philosophers of Greece to the Renaissance scholarsof Italy, the Western tradition has always placed a high value on learning and intellectual inquiry. This commitment to the pursuit of knowledge has led to countless scientificand cultural advancements, and continues to be a defining characteristic of Western culture.Religion has also played a central role in shaping Western traditional culture. Christianity, in particular, has had a profound influence on the development of Western society, shaping everything from art and architecture to morality and ethics. Even as Western societies have become more secular in recent centuries, the influence of Christianity and other religious traditions continues to be felt in various aspects of culture and society.The arts have long been a central part of Western traditional culture, with a rich tradition of literature, music, and visual arts. From the plays of Shakespeare to the symphonies of Beethoven, Western artists have produced some of the most enduring and influential works in human history. The Western artistic tradition continues to thrive today, with new generations of writers, musicians, and visual artists adding to the rich tapestry of Western culture.In conclusion, Western traditional culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, encompassing a wide range of beliefs, practices, and artistic expressions. Its influence can be seen in every aspect of modern society, and its legacy continues to shape the world in profound ways.。
基督教文化
缘起与发展基督教文化(Christian Culture)是信仰基督教为主的人群长期以来形成的一种文化，并构成了基督教文明(christian-civilization)的主体。
基督教文化是一种以基督教为其存在基础和凝聚精神的文化形态，包括其崇拜上帝和耶稣基督的宗教信仰体系，以及相关的精神价值和道德伦理观念。
在约两千年的发展中，这一文化形态已形成自己独特的神学理论建构，哲学思辨方法，语言表达形式和文学艺术风格。
基督教源于中东地区游牧民族以色列人的犹太教。
犹太教又是综合了两个相距较近、独立起源的不同文化--两河流域文化和尼罗河流域文化，从两河流域文化中吸收了单一神概念，主神用七天创造了世界万物，以及大洪水的传说；从尼罗河流域文化中吸收了世界末日和最后审判的传说，形成了一套完整的宗教理论。
公元一世纪，从犹太教发展出一个分支，信仰耶稣为拯救人类的弥赛亚，逐步发展成为独立于犹太教的宗教。
基督教将犹太教从一种民族性宗教扩展为一种跨民族的宗教。
基督教文化是属于扩张型的，其哲学观念认为时间是有始有终的，而空间是无限可重复的，所以欧洲人最早猜测出地球是圆的，他们强调对周围世界的扩张和征服，对自然的统治和利用。
基督教徒将说服或压服全体人类信奉他们的上帝作为自己的使命，他们要抓紧时间，在世界末日到来之前，使全体人类成为上帝的选民，不断地向其他民族派遣传教士或十字军，征服“异教徒”，掠夺自然资源。
传教士们每到一个新的文化范围内，都积极地学习当地语言，为没有文字的民族创造文字翻译《圣经》，目前《圣经》已经成为世界上翻译文字种类最多的一本书。
早期的基督教是作为群众运动产生的。
基督教不断在强调耶稣的恩典，并认为只要信奉基督耶稣就是旧约圣经里众先知所默示的救世主，并决意以上帝为生活准则，让耶稣基督为自己承担所犯的过错，就可以被认为是已改过，并被接纳成为教会的一份子。
这就是基督最基本的信仰“因信称义”也是后来马丁路德的宗教改革的依据。
基督教对文明的影响(施密特) 作者(美)阿尔文·施密特著译者汪晓丹
书名 基督教对文明的影响作者 （美）阿尔文·施密特 著译者 汪晓丹，赵魏 译出版社和出版年月 北京大学出版社2004页数 401字数 381,000印数 13．375作者简介 阿尔文·施密特(Alvin Schmidt)，哲学博士，伊利诺伊大学社会教授，已退休。
著有The Menace of Mulicrlturalism,The Great Divide, FraternalOrganixations 等。
译者简介不祥内容提要 阿尔文·施密特以社会学家的严谨从生命尊严、性道德、妇女地位、慈善、医疗保健、教育、经济、科学、政治、文学、艺术等各个方面，揭示了现代社会许多现行制度和价值观念的基督教渊，章明了基督教对人类文明的深刻影响。
施密特还指出，在世俗主义和相对主义盛行的后现代社会，基督教对文明的积极影响正在面临严峻的挑战。
目录 第一章 被耶稣基督改变的人第二章 生命的神圣第三章 基督教提高了性道德观第四章 妇女获得自由与尊严第五章 爱与怜悯：基督徒的连结第六章 植根于基督教的医院与保健第七章 基督教在教育育上留下的烙印第八章 劳动和经济自由的尊严第九章 科学与基督教的关系第十章 给人人以自由和公正第十一章 废除奴隶制度——基督教的一项成就第十二章 基督教在艺术和建筑上留下的印记第十三章 音乐之声：基督教的共鸣第十四章 纸传墨载的基督教影响第十五章 其他印记：节日、文字、符号和词汇表述TitleTitle Under the InfluenceAuthor Alvin Schmidt (US)Publisher, date Peking University Press 2004# of Pages 401# of Words 375.000# of Printings 13.375Author's Profile Alvin J. Schmidt PhD., (University of Nebraska) retired in 1999 as a professor ofsociology at Illinois College. He has contributed to many journals and is the authorof several best selling books including: Under the Influence – How ChristianityTransformed Civilization and The Menace of Multiculturalism – Trojan Horse inAmerica.Abstract Western civilization is becoming increasingly pluralistic, secularized, andbiblically illiterate. Many people today have little sense of how their lives havebenefited from Christianity’s influence, often viewing the church with hostility orresentment.Under the Influence is a topically arranged Christian history for Christians andnon-Christians. Grounded in solid research and written in a popular style, this bookis both a helpful apologetic tool in talking with unbelievers and a source ofevidence for why Christianity deserves credit for many of the humane, social,scientific, and cultural advances in the Western world in the last 2,000 years.Photographs and timelines enhance each chapter.Some unrecognized contributions of Christianity include: * Bringing sanctity tohuman life by opposing the Greco-Roman practices of abortion, infanticide, childabandonment, and suicide * Raising the level of sexual morality and giving dignityto family life * Giving freedom and dignity to women * First founding hospitals inthe 4th century * Originating universities and higher education * Bringing dignityand honor to labor * Spawning and developing modern science * First condemningslavery and inspiring its abolition * Producing major contributions to art,architecture, music, and literature。
中国文化英语教程Unit-8
Arts from All Corners of the World
• Music
➢ Sui Dynasty: nine-section musical symphony (九部乐)
➢ Tang Dynasty: ten-section musical symphony (十部乐)
• The nine-part and the ten-part musical works included not only Han music and Xinjiang regional music, but also elements from foreign cultures, including India, Myanmar (缅甸) and Cambodia (柬埔塞).
Lead-in
Additional Info
• The giant painting is drawn by famous contemporary painter Shi Qi (石齐).
• It reproduces the peace and prosperity, vast territory, and national harmony during the Tang period
• “Good governance makes one’s neighbors happy and attracts people from faraway places to come and learn from you” (悦近邻，来远人)
Introduction
• The prosperous Tang Dynasty best exemplified the open and inclusive spirit of Chinese culture as advocated by Confucius.
美国文化Culture of the United States
Culture of the United StatesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchThis article is about the high culture and popular culture of the United States. For customs and way of life, see Society of the United States.The development of the culture of the United States of America—music, cinema, dance, architecture, literature, poetry, cuisine and the visual arts— has been marked by a tension between two strong sources of inspiration: European sophistication and domestic originality.[citation needed]American music can be heard all over the world, such as through Channel V, VH1 and by singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Charlie Parker, Frank Sinatra, Miles Davis, BB King, The Doors and The Ramones; American films and television shows are also very popular[citation needed], including icons like Star Wars, The Godfather, Schindler's List, Titanic and The Matrix; American sports figures are widely known, such as Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, Venus Williams, Mike Tyson, Muhammad Ali and Michael Johnson; and American movie actors and actresses are widely recognized such as Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, Brad Pitt, Marilyn Monroe, Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Cruise.[citation needed]This is in very stark contrast to the early days of the American republic, when the country was generally seen as an agricultural backwater with little to offer the culturally advanced world centers of Europe and Asia.[citationneeded] At the beginning of her third century, nearly every major American city offers classical and popular music; historical, scientific and art research centers and museums; dance performances, musicals and plays; outdoor art projects and internationally significant architecture.[citation needed] This development is a result of both contributions by private philanthropists and government funding.[citation needed][edit] LiteratureMain article: Literature of the United StatesIn the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the nineteenth century.[citation needed]Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, would be recognized as America's other essential poet.[citation needed] Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Toni Morrison in 1993. Ernest Hemingway, the 1954 Nobel laureate, is often named as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century.[1] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1885), and F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby(1925)—may be dubbed the "Great American Novel". Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction were developed in the United States.[edit] Comic booksMain article: American comic bookSince the invention of the comic book format in the 1930s, the United States has been the leading producer with only the British comic books (during the inter-war period and up until the 1970s) and the Japanese manga as close competitors in terms of quantity.[citation needed]Comic book sales began to decline after World War II, when the medium was competing with the spread of television and mass market paperback books. In the 1960s, comic books' audience expanded to include college students who favored the naturalistic, "superheroes in the real world" trend initiated by Stan Lee at Marvel Comics. The 1960s also saw the advent of the underground comics. Later, the recognition of the comic medium amongacademics, literary critics and art museums helped solidify comics as a serious artform with established traditions, stylistic conventions, and artistic evolution.[citation needed][edit] TelevisionMain article: Television in the United StatesTelevision is one of the major mass media of the United States. Ninety-nine percent of American households have at least one television and the majority of households have more than one.[citation needed][edit] DanceMain article: Dance in the United StatesThere is great variety in dance in the United States, it is the home of the Lindy Hop and its derivative Rock and Roll, and modern square dance (associated with the United States of America due to its historic development in that country--nineteen U.S. states have designated it as their official state dance) and one of the major centers for modern dance. There is a variety of social dance and concert or performance dance forms with also a range of traditions of Native American dances.[edit] Visual artsMain article: Visual arts of the United StatesIn the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American artists primarily painted landscapes and portraits in a realistic style. A parallel development taking shape in rural America was the American craft movement, which began as a reaction to the industrial revolution. Developments in modern art in Europe came to America from exhibitions in New York City such as the Armory Show in 1913. After World War II, New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world.[citation needed]Painting in the United States today covers a vast range of styles.[edit] ArchitectureMain article: Architecture of the United StatesThe United States has a history of architecture that includes a wide variety of styles.The United States of America is a relatively young country, and the Native Americans did not leave any buildings comparable to the grandeur of those in Mexico or Peru. For this reason, the overriding theme of American Architecture is modernity: the skyscrapers of the 20th century are the ultimate symbol of this modernity.[citation needed]Architecture in the US is regionally diverse and has been shaped by many external forces, not only English. US Architecture can therefore be said to be eclectic, something unsurprising in such a multicultural society.[citation needed][edit] SculptureMain article: Sculpture of the United StatesThe history of sculpture in the United States reflects the country's 18th century foundation in Roman republican civic values as well as Protestant Christianity.[citation needed][edit] TheaterMain article: Theater in the United StatesTheater of the United States is based in the Western tradition, mostly borrowed from the performance styles prevalent in Europe, especially England.[citation needed]Today, it is heavily interlaced with American literature, film, television, and music, and it is not uncommon for a single story to appear in all forms. Regions with significant music scenes often have strong theater and comedy traditions as well. Musical theater may be the most popular form: it is certainly the most colorful, and choreographed motions pioneered on stage have found their way onto movie and television screens. Broadway in New York City is generally considered the pinnacle of commercial U.S. theater, though this art form appears all across the country. Off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway diversify the theatre experience in New York. Another city of particular note is Chicago, which boasts the most diverse and dynamic theater scene in the country. Regional or resident theatres in the United States are professional theatre companies outside of New York City that produce their own seasons. There is also community theatre and showcase theatre (performing arts group).Even tiny rural communities sometimes awe audiences with extravagant productions.[edit] CuisineMain article: Cuisine of the United StatesMainstream American culinary arts are similar to those in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional American cuisine uses ingredients such as turkey, white-tailed deer venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup, indigenous foods employed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Slow-cooked pork and beef barbecue, crab cakes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies are distinctively American styles. Soul food, developed by African slaves, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana creole, Cajun, and Tex-Mex are regionally important. Iconic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. So-called French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.[2]Americans generally prefer coffee to tea, with more than half the adult population drinking at least one cup a day.[3] Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk(now often fat-reduced) ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[4] During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%;[2]frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what health officials call the American "obesity epidemic." Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular; sugared beverages account for 9% of the average American's daily caloric intake.[5][edit] FashionMain article: Fashion in the United StatesApart from professional business attire, fashion in the United States is eclectic and predominantly informal.[citation needed]Blue jeans were popularized as work clothes in the 1850s by merchant Levi Strauss, a German immigrant in San Francisco, and adopted by many American teenagers a century later. They are now widely worn on every continent by people of all ages and social classes.[citation needed]Along with mass-marketed informal wear in general, blue jeans are arguably U.S. culture's primary contribution to global fashion.[6] The country is also home to the headquarters of many leading designer labels such as Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein. Labels such asAbercrombie & Fitch, American Eagle, Hollister, and Eckōcater to various niche markets.[edit] Popular cultureAmerican popular culture has expressed itself through nearly every medium, including movies, music, and sports. Mickey Mouse, Barbie, Elvis Presley, Madonna, Aerosmith, Babe Ruth, Baseball, American football, Basketball, screwball comedy, G.I. Joe, jazz, the blues, Rap & Hip Hop, The Simpsons, Michael Jackson, Superman, Gone with the Wind, Marilyn Monroe, Michael Jordan, Indiana Jones, Sesame Street, Catch-22—these names, genres, and phrases have joined more tangible American products in spreading across the globe.It is worth noting that while the U.S. tends to be a net exporter of culture, it absorbs many other cultural traditions with relative ease, for example: origami, soccer, anime, and yoga.[citation needed][edit] Exportation of popular cultureThe United States is an enormous exporter of entertainment, especially television, movies and music. This readily consumable form of culture is widely and cheaply dispersed for entertainment consumers worldwide. It's even considered to be an "entertainment superpower" along with Europe, and Japan. Part of this is because America owns so much foreign property[citation needed] and has so many military personnel serving overseas (Japan for instance).[citation needed]Many nations now have two cultures: an indigenous one andglobalized/popular culture[citation needed]. That said, what one society considers entertainment is not necessarily reflective of the "true culture" of its people. More popular syndicated programs cost more, so overseas entertainment purchasers often choose older programs that reflect various, and dated, stages of United States cultural development.[citation needed]Pop culture also tends to neglect the more mundane and/or complex elements of human life.[citation needed][edit] References1.^ Meyers, Jeffrey (1999). Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Da Capo, p. 139.ISBN 0-306-80890-0.2.^ a b Klapthor, James N. (2003-08-23). "What, When, and Where Americans Eat in2003". Institute of Food Technologists. /cms/?pid=1000496.Retrieved on 2007-06-19.3.^"Coffee Today". Coffee Country. PBS. May 2003./frontlineworld/stories/guatemala.mexico/facts.html#02. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.4.^ Smith, Andrew F. (2004). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America.New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1. Levenstein,Harvey (2003). Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet.Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, pp. 154–55.ISBN 0-520-23439-1. Pirovano, Tom (2007). "Health & Wellness Trends—TheSpeculation Is Over". AC Nielsen./pubs/2006_q1_ci_health.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-06-12.5.^"Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity".Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. American Heart Association.2005. /cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329. Retrievedon 2007-06-09. "Let's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience, and Nutrition"(PDF). U.S. Dept. of Agriculture./publications/eib19/eib19_reportsummary.pdf. Retrieved on2007-06-09.6.^ Davis, Fred (1992). Fashion, Culture, and Identity. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, p. 69. ISBN 0-226-13809-7.Why American Culture is Unique--英语本文来自: 疯狂英语([url][/url]) 详细出处参考：/zhuantiyingyu/duanyujiangjie/20081014/24201.htmlAmerican culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically(特性)American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity(多民族) and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture.1. Rough EnvironmentThe early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a betterlife. So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage(遗产) of American.2. Ethnic DiversityThe population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions. People refer to the United States as "melting pot "and the dominant people are British. American is made up of WASP+MM, that is, White, Anglo Saxon, Protestants plus Middle Class and Male. In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times. They brought their own culture to American and later on different cultures were mixed together. Thus the unique American culture is formed, a common cultural life with commonly shared values.3. Plural religionThe fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism; almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Christianity(基督教) is the dominant religion in American and Protestant (新教)is predominate(主导). Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea. Under the protestant, many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sect of religion. Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars. The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion. So there are more religion本文来自: 疯狂英语([url][/url]) 详细出处参考：/zhuantiyingyu/duanyujiangjie/20081014/24201.html American culture：美国主流文化的形成/06/0406/11/2E17J0QM00291ON7.htmlThe main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals' value, the pursue of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deploitation(开拓, 经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality. Its core is individualism: self first, personal need first, pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment, emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design. This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity.egocentric: .自我中心的, 利己主义的American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts to praise success and heroes. Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind. Americans have very strong senses of success. Success is the pursuit of most Americans, it is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward. They believe that one's personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career. Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs, scientists, artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes. The process and result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children.incentive: Serving to induce or motivate:American society has great movements within itself. These movements are shown in two aspects: movements amongst locations and movements inside the society. The United States are relatively more open and have more freedom. Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities, from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land, from one city to another. Unlike European countries, the social classes in America is not so stable. Further more, with the advocation of public education, movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible. Many people living in the states, no matter whether they are Native American or immigrants from overseas, have the same dream of changing their social class and make their lifetime dream come true through their own efforts. This is what they often called "American dream".advocation：(=advocacy)拥护；支持美国文化的主要内容是强调个人价值，追求民主自由，崇尚开拓和竞争，讲求理性和实用，其核心是个人中心主义：个人至上、私欲至上、追求个人利益和个人享受，强调通过个人奋斗、个人自我设计，追求个人价值的最终实现。
6-Religion-in-the-United-States
Jewish Faiths
Religion in the United States
The relationship with God
Judaism is the faith of a Community.
Judaism is a family faith.
Judaism means living the faith.
2
Religion in the United States
Description English: Pie chart of the religious groups in the United States Date 28 October 2009
Source Own work using Excel Author HaireDunya
colony of Pennsylvania. July 08, 1741, Jonathan Edwards preached his classic sermon, 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,' a key step in the beginning of New England's Great Awakening.
国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国 教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自 由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤 的权利。
27
Two fundamental principles forRerliegiloinginiothenUsniitned SUta.tSes.
A. Religious freedom B. The separation of religion and government
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Christianity culture
Nowadays more and more people have their own religious belief. Religion also has a deep effect on culture.
as we all know there are three major religions in the world, Christianity、Buddhism and Islam. As one of the three major world religions,Christianity also promotes the development of the western culture.
1、基督教根源于犹太教，公元1世纪中叶耶稣创立。
Christianity is rooted in Judaism(the meaning of Judaism is 犹太教) and founded by Jesus in a mid-century
2、基督教主要分为天主教Catholicism、东正教Eastern orthodoxy和新教Protestantism三大派别
It mainly includes three factions, they are eastern orthodoxy ['ɔrθə,dɑksɪ]、Catholicism[kə'θɑlə,sɪzəm], and Protestantism. [ 'prɔtistəntizəm ]
3、基督教主要节日有圣诞节、受难节、复活节、升天节、诸圣日（万圣节）等。
Christians also has their own festivals. For example Christmas commemorates the birth of Jesus. Easter commemorates the resurrection（复活）of Jesus, Ming Festival, Ascension Day, Halloween, etc.
4、基督教的经典是《圣经》。
《圣经》中记述的都是上帝的启示，是基督教徒信仰的总纲和处世的规范，是永恒的真理。
I think all of you should know bible. It is Christian classic. People commonly believe that every word in the bible is true. Because "Bible" is accounts of God's revelation. is the Christian General principles of faith and life skills standards, is the eternal truth.
5、Christian believe Christianity is the only”true” religion. All the People are born evil and can only be saved from their own evil nature by belief Jesus and Christianity To be a Christian, you must accept that Jesus Christ was the son of god and follow his teachings
It is the responsibility of Christians to spread their religion and”save”the souls of others
6、基督教对西方文明产生了非常大的影响。
自由、平等、博爱为中心的人文主义传统，使得“生而平等”观点深入人心，成为《独立宣言》《人权宣言》中的核心，成为后来西方民主政治的一种长远的精神推动力。
And indeed, Christianity had a very big impact on Western civilization and western democratic [,demə'krætik,-kəl]politics. Humanist tradition, as the center of freedom, equality, and fraternity [frə'tə:niti], enjoyed "born equal" popular support, became heart of "Declaration [,deklə'reiʃən]of Independence," "Declaration of Human Rights"and a long-term spiritual driving force of the Western democratic.。