外国名人励志演讲稿

合集下载

外国名人经典励志演讲稿

外国名人经典励志演讲稿

尊敬的各位领导,亲爱的同学们:大家好!今天,我站在这里,非常荣幸能够与大家分享一些关于梦想和奋斗的故事。

在这个充满希望和挑战的时代,我们每个人都是追梦人,都在为自己的梦想而努力拼搏。

今天,我想通过这次演讲,与大家探讨如何追逐梦想,勇攀高峰。

一、梦想的种子每个人都有自己的梦想,它是我们内心最深的渴望,是我们前进的动力。

梦想可以是成为一名科学家,可以是成为一名艺术家,可以是成为一名企业家,也可以是成为一名教师。

无论梦想的大小,它都是我们人生旅程的起点。

正如美国前总统林肯所说:“人生最重要的不是所处的位置,而是所朝的方向。

”梦想就像一盏明灯,照亮我们前行的道路。

有了梦想,我们才能有目标,有方向,有动力。

二、奋斗的力量梦想虽美,但如果没有付出努力,它只会成为空中楼阁。

奋斗是梦想与现实之间的桥梁,是通往成功的必经之路。

我国著名科学家钱学森曾说过:“只有把个人理想融入到国家的伟大事业中,个人的梦想才能真正实现。

”这句话告诉我们,个人的奋斗要与国家的命运紧密相连。

只有站在时代的高度,我们的梦想才能有更广阔的舞台。

三、克服困难,勇往直前在追逐梦想的道路上,我们总会遇到各种各样的困难和挑战。

这些困难可能来自外界,也可能来自我们自身。

但正是这些困难,锻炼了我们的意志,提升了我们的能力。

美国黑人运动领袖马丁·路德·金曾说:“如果你不能飞,那就跑;如果不能跑,那就走;如果不能走,那就爬。

无论如何,你都要坚持前进。

”这句话鼓励我们,无论遇到多大的困难,都要坚持不懈,勇往直前。

四、成功的秘诀那么,如何才能实现梦想,成功攀登高峰呢?首先,我们要树立正确的价值观。

价值观是人生的指南针,它决定了我们的方向和选择。

只有树立了正确的价值观,我们才能在追求梦想的过程中,做出正确的决策。

其次,我们要不断学习,提升自己的能力。

在这个知识爆炸的时代,只有不断学习,才能跟上时代的步伐。

我们要学会独立思考,勇于创新,不断挑战自我。

世界十大经典励志演讲稿

世界十大经典励志演讲稿

世界十大经典励志演讲稿在人生的道路上,我们都会遇到各种挑战和困难,而励志演讲正是那些鼓舞人心、激励人们前行的力量之一。

下面,让我们一起来回顾一些世界十大经典励志演讲稿,感受那些激荡心灵的力量。

1. 马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦想》。

马丁·路德·金在这篇演讲中,表达了他对种族平等和公正的渴望,呼吁人们摒弃种族歧视,追求和平与团结。

这篇演讲激励了无数人,成为了美国民权运动的标志性演讲之一。

2. 史蒂夫·乔布斯的斯坦福大学毕业演讲。

乔布斯在这个演讲中分享了自己对生命和死亡的思考,鼓励毕业生要勇敢追随内心的声音,不要被他人的观念束缚,要有勇气追寻自己的梦想。

3. 温斯顿·丘吉尔的《我们应该从不气馁》。

丘吉尔在二战期间发表了这篇演讲,鼓舞了整个英国民众的士气,鼓励人们坚定信念,不气馁,坚持抗战到底。

4. 毛姆的《成功的秘诀》。

毛姆在这篇演讲中分享了他对成功的看法,强调了毅力、决心和不屈不挠的精神对于取得成功的重要性,激励人们不要轻易放弃。

5. 尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的月球漫步演讲。

阿姆斯特朗在这个历史性的时刻发表了这篇演讲,他表达了对人类探索精神的赞美,鼓励人们勇往直前,勇敢探索未知。

6. 约翰·肯尼迪的《问不是问我们能做什么,而是问我们能做什么》。

肯尼迪在这篇演讲中呼吁人们要为社会做出贡献,不要只是关心自己能得到什么,而是要思考自己能为社会做些什么。

7. 纳尔逊·曼德拉的《自由的长路演讲》。

曼德拉在这篇演讲中表达了对自由的渴望,鼓舞了整个南非民众的斗志,激励人们为自由和正义而奋斗。

8. 海伦·凯勒的《克服困难》。

凯勒在这篇演讲中分享了自己作为聋哑盲人所经历的困难和挑战,鼓励人们要坚持不懈,克服困难,追求自己的梦想。

9. 马拉拉·优素福扎伊的联合国演讲。

马拉拉在这个演讲中呼吁人们要关注教育问题,尤其是女性教育问题,她的坚定和勇敢激励着全世界的人们。

英文名人励志演讲稿

英文名人励志演讲稿

Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed guests, and fellow dreamers,Today, I stand before you to share with you the power of determination. We all have heard the saying, "Where there is a will, there is a way." But what does it truly mean? It means that with unwavering determination, we can overcome any obstacle, achieve our dreams, and make a differencein the world.In this speech, I will highlight the inspiring stories of some of the most famous individuals who have showcased the power of determination throughout their lives. Let us learn from their experiences and be motivated to pursue our own dreams with unwavering passion and perseverance.1. Nelson Mandela: The Champion of FreedomNelson Mandela, the first Black President of South Africa, spent 27years in prison for his fight against apartheid. Despite the harsh conditions and the constant temptation to give up, Mandela remained determined to fight for the freedom of his people. His unwavering determination and resilience not only brought an end to apartheid but also inspired millions around the world to fight for justice and equality.Mandela once said, "It always seems impossible until it's done." This quote perfectly encapsulates his spirit of determination. He never let his circumstances define him; instead, he used them as a catalyst to bring about positive change. Let us take a leaf out of Mandela's bookand face our challenges with the same unwavering determination.2. J.K. Rowling: The Queen of FantasyJ.K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter series, faced numerous rejections from publishers before finally finding success. Her determination to share her magical world with the world was unyielding, and it led to the creation of one of the most beloved book series of all time.Rowling once said, "Rock bottom became the solid foundation on which I rebuilt my life." This quote reflects her determination to overcome her struggles and turn them into something beautiful. She teaches us that determination is not just about achieving success; it's about using our experiences to grow and become stronger.3. Malala Yousafzai: The Brave Advocate for EducationMalala Yousafzai, the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate, stood up for the right to education for girls in her native Pakistan. Despite facing death threats and a near-fatal shooting, Malala remained determined to fight for the cause she believed in.Malala once said, "I want education for the sons and daughters of all the extremists." This quote showcases her courage and determination to bring about positive change in the world. She reminds us that determination is not just about achieving personal goals but also about using our voices to make a difference in the lives of others.4. Stephen Hawking: The Genius of PhysicsStephen Hawking, the renowned theoretical physicist, faced a diagnosis of motor neuron disease at the age of 21, which left him paralyzed. Despite his physical limitations, Hawking remained determined to pursue his passion for physics and make groundbreaking contributions to the field.Hawking once said, "However difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at." This quote serves as a powerful reminder that determination is about pushing beyond our limitations and finding ways to succeed, even in the face of adversity.5. Oprah Winfrey: The Queen of MediaOprah Winfrey, the influential media magnate and philanthropist, faced numerous challenges in her early life, including poverty and sexual abuse. Despite these setbacks, Oprah remained determined to pursue her dreams and become a successful media personality.Oprah once said, "The key to success is to focus on what you can do, not on what you can't do." This quote highlights the importance of focusing on our strengths and using them to overcome our weaknesses. Oprah's story teaches us that determination is about believing in ourselves and never giving up on our dreams.In conclusion, the power of determination is evident in the lives of these famous individuals. From Nelson Mandela to Malala Yousafzai, each of them faced their own unique challenges but remained unwavering in their pursuit of their dreams.As we listen to their inspiring stories, let us remember that determination is the key to unlocking our true potential. It is the driving force that allows us to overcome obstacles, achieve our goals, and make a difference in the world.So, let us embrace the power of determination in our own lives. Let us face our challenges with courage and resilience, and never give up on our dreams. Remember, where there is a will, there is a way.Thank you.。

名人励志英文演讲稿

名人励志英文演讲稿

Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is a great honor to stand before you today and share some thoughts on the lives of extraordinary individuals who have inspired millions with their resilience, determination, and unwavering spirit. In this speech, I will highlight some of the challenges faced by these remarkable people and draw inspiration from their journeys to success. Let us embark on this journey together, as we explore the power of perseverance and the beauty of overcoming adversity.Firstly, let us consider the life of Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa. Mandela spent 27 years in prison for hisanti-apartheid activism, yet he emerged from his牢狱之火, not as a bitter man, but as a beacon of hope and reconciliation. His unwavering commitment to peace and justice serves as a testament to the humanspirit's ability to triumph over oppression.Mandela once said, "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world." He believed that education could empower individuals to fight against injustice and inequality. In the face of a deeply divided society, Mandela chose to forgive his enemies and work towards a better future for all South Africans. His life teaches us that no matter how great the adversity, we must never lose sight of our values and the power of love to heal wounds.Next, let us turn to the life of Malala Yousafzai, the youngest ever Nobel Prize laureate. At just 15 years old, Malala was shot by the Taliban for advocating for girls' education in Pakistan. Despite the pain and suffering she endured, Malala refused to be silenced. She has since become a global advocate for girls' rights and education,inspiring millions to fight for the cause.Malala once said, "One child, one teacher, one book, one pen can change the world." Her words remind us that even in the darkest times, we have the power to make a difference. Malala's courage and determination to stand up for what is right have taught us that we should never be afraid to speak out against injustice, no matter how small or insignificant we may feel.Another inspiring figure is Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple Inc. Jobs faced numerous challenges throughout his life, including beingfired from his own company. Despite these setbacks, he never gave up on his passion for technology and design. Jobs once said, "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." His relentless pursuit of excellence and innovation has left an indelible mark on the world.Jobs' life teaches us that success is not measured by the absence of failure, but by the resilience to overcome it. He reminds us that we should never be afraid to take risks and pursue our dreams, even when others may doubt us.Now, let us consider the life of Mother Teresa, the Albanian nun who dedicated her life to serving the poorest of the poor in India. Mother Teresa faced countless hardships and struggles, yet she remained committed to her mission of love and compassion. Her selflessness and dedication have touched the hearts of millions around the world.Mother Teresa once said, "Not all of us can do great things. But we can do small things with great love." Her words encourage us to find meaning in our lives by helping others and spreading kindness. Mother Teresa's life teaches us that true greatness lies not in the magnitude of our achievements, but in the impact we have on the lives of others.In conclusion, the lives of these extraordinary individuals have taught us valuable lessons about resilience, determination, and the power of love. They have shown us that we can overcome any adversity if we remain true to our values and believe in our own potential.As we navigate the challenges of our own lives, let us draw inspiration from these remarkable individuals. Let us remember that failure is not a destination, but a stepping stone to success. Let us embrace our challenges with courage and determination, and never lose sight of our dreams.In closing, I would like to leave you with a quote from Winston Churchill: "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." Let us all strive to be courageous inthe face of adversity and continue to make a positive impact on the world.Thank you.。

外国名人励志演讲

外国名人励志演讲

外国名人励志演讲【外国名人励志演讲(一)】乔布斯You've got to find what you love,' Jobs saysJobs说,你必须要找到你所爱的东西。

This is the te某t of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pi某ar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2019.这是苹果公司和Pi某ar动画工作室的CEO Steve Jobs于2019年6月12号在斯坦福大学的毕业典礼上面的演讲稿。

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.我今天很荣幸能和你们一起参加毕业典礼,斯坦福大学是世界上最好的大学之一。

我从来没有从大学中毕业。

说实话,今天也许是在我的生命中离大学毕业最近的一天了。

今天我想向你们讲述我生活中的三个故事。

不是什么大不了的事情,只是三个故事而已。

The first story is about connecting the dots.第一个故事是关于如何把生命中的点点滴滴串连起来。

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?我在Reed大学读了六个月之后就退学了,但是在十八个月以后——我真正的作出退学决定之前,我还经常去学校。

名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版(精选3篇)

名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版(精选3篇)

名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版(精选3篇)名人3分钟英文版篇1Catch the star that holds your destiny, the one that forever twinkles w ithin your heart.Take advantage of precious opportunities while they still s sparkle before you. Always believe that your ultimate goal is attainable as long as you commit yourself to it. Though barriers may sometimes stand in the way of your dreams, rem ember that your destiny is hiding behind them.Accept the fact that not ev eryone is going to approve of the choices you've made. Have faith in your judgment. Catch the star that twinkles in your heart and it will lead you t o your destiny's path.Follow that pathway and uncover the sweet sunrises that await you. Take pride in your accomplishments, as they are stepping stones to yo ur dreams. Understand that you may make mistakes, but don't let them di scourage you.Value your capabilities and talents for they are what make you truly unique. The greatest gifts in life are not purchased, but acquired through hard work and determination.Find the star that twinkles in your heart?for you alone are capable of making your brightest dreams come true. Give your hopes everything you've got and you will catch the star that holds your destiny.名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版篇2Good afternoon ,ladies and gentlemen!I’m very honored to stand here and give you a short speech! To begin with ,I want to ask a question .Does everybody dream a good dream last night? Actually ,today I want to talk about dreamwith you. Of course, What I want to talk is not a dream you have last night,but a dream—— about life.Everyone has dreams about life, different dreams at different life stage,and we need dreams to support us. Dreams are like the stars we never reach in the sky,but like most mariners(水手),we can chart our course by them. With the dream,we have a direction,with a direction, we were no longer confused.With the dream, there is hope,With hope, we have the strength to fight.But I know,life is tough,and there are always ups and downs, maybe we fail in the way to our aims,and we may feel depressed ,whenever at this time, the dream in our heart can always comfort us, encourage us ,and support us to move ahead .Young!Fortunately, I am young now. Just due to it, I know that nothing is impossible.I firmly believe that nothing can stand in my way. IfI can't realize my dream,it result from that I haven't work harder enough and I won't find other excuses. If no people believe you, you can make it to prove that you are right. If you think the god haven't blessed you and there is no truth here, you can become the god and create the truth."My breath swallows the sky and make the yellow river overflow, my sword is famous in Kyushu and it can collapse the five sacred mountains." At some time in the past I also had am bitious words and I had some achievements. Each achievement results from my hard work. I always believe that "If you want to have more achievements than others, you must work harder."In some extent, the dream is the hope. If you can insist on doing something, the victory will come.Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams, for when dreams go, lifeis a barren field frozen with snow. So my dear friends, think of your old and maybe dead dreams. Whatever it is, pick it up and make it alive from today. Let's--- move ----out!Thank you for your listening!名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版篇3Someone said “we are reading the firs t verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”. I don’t know who wrote these words, but I’ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. We are all in the position of the farmers. If we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all.We are young. “How to spend the youth?” It is a meaningful question. To answer it, first I have to ask “what do you understand by the word youth?” Youth is not a time of l ife, it’s a state of mind. It’s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees. It’s the matter of the will. It’s the freshness of the deep spring of life.A poet said “To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. Several days ago, I had a chance to listen to a lecture. I learnt a lot there. I’d like to share it with all of you. Let’s show our right palms. We can see threelines that show how our love.career and life is. I have a short line of life. What about yours? I wondered whether we could see our future in this way. Well, let’s make a fist. Where is our future? Where is our love, career, and life? Tell me.Yeah, it is in our hands. It is held in ourselves.We all want the future to be better than the past. But the future can go better itself. Don’t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. From the past, we’ve learnt that the life istough, but we are tougher. We’ve learnt that we can’t choose how we fee l, but we can choose what about it. Failure doesn’t mean you don’t have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way. Failure doesn’t mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder.As what I said at the beginning, “we are reading the fi rst verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”. The past has gone. Nothing we do will change it. But the future is in front of us. Believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us. And from today on, let’s be the owner s of ourselves, and speak out “We are the world, we are the future.”。

名人励志演讲稿英文版

名人励志演讲稿英文版

Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is a great honor to stand before you today and share some thoughts on the power of perseverance. As we all know, life is a journey filled with ups and downs, challenges, and triumphs. It is in the face of adversity that we discover our true strength and character. Today, I want to talk about the stories of some remarkable individuals who have inspired millions with their unwavering determination and resilience. Let us embark on this journey ofinspiration and learn from their experiences.First and foremost, let us remember the words of Thomas Edison, a man who revolutionized the world with his inventions. Edison once said, "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." Thisquote encapsulates the essence of perseverance. Throughout his life, Edison faced countless failures and setbacks, but he never gave up. He was relentless in his pursuit of knowledge and innovation. Today, we enjoy the benefits of his inventions, from the light bulb to the phonograph. Edison's story teaches us that success is not measured bythe number of failures we encounter, but by the courage to keep trying.Another inspiring figure is Helen Keller, a woman who overcame the adversity of being deaf and blind to become an influential author, lecturer, and activist. Helen's journey began at the age of 19 months when she contracted an illness that left her without the ability to see or hear. Despite her disabilities, she never allowed them to define her. With the help of her teacher, Anne Sullivan, Helen learned to communicate through sign language and later learned to speak. Her determination to overcome her limitations and make a difference in the world is an example for us all. Helen Keller once said, "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all." This quote reminds us that we must embrace our challenges and turn them into opportunities for growth.Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the American civil rights movement, is another remarkable individual who demonstrated the power of perseverance. In his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, King envisioned a world where people would be judged by their character rather than the color of their skin. However, achieving this dream was not an easy task.King faced discrimination, violence, and imprisonment, but he never wavered in his commitment to justice and equality. His unwavering perseverance led to significant advancements in the civil rights movement. King's legacy teaches us that the fight for a just and equitable society is a long-term endeavor that requires persistence and courage.Let us also look at the story of J.K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter series. Rowling's life took an unexpected turn when her marriage ended, leaving her a single mother struggling to make ends meet. During this difficult period, she began writing the first book in the Harry Potter series. Despite the many rejections she faced from publishers, Rowling refused to give up. She continued to write and revise her manuscript, eventually finding a publisher who believed in her vision. The Harry Potter series became a global phenomenon, inspiring millionsof readers and bringing joy to countless lives. Rowling's story reminds us that success is often born from perseverance and the belief in one's dreams.In the world of sports, we can find countless examples of perseverance and determination. One such example is Serena Williams, a tennis legend who has broken barriers and shattered records throughout her career. Williams has faced numerous injuries and adversities, but she has always pushed herself to overcome these challenges. Her resilience and dedication have earned her numerous Grand Slam titles and a place in the hearts of fans around the world. Serena Williams once said, "You cannot win if you are afraid of losing." This quote emphasizes the importanceof embracing risks and facing our fears head-on.As we reflect on the lives of these remarkable individuals, we must ask ourselves: What drives us to persevere in the face of adversity? What keeps us going when everything seems to be working against us? The answer lies within us. It is our inner strength, our belief in ourselves, and our unwavering determination to achieve our goals.Ladies and Gentlemen,Perseverance is not just about pushing through pain or enduring suffering. It is about finding the courage to face our fears, the strength to overcome obstacles, and the resilience to bounce back from failure. It is about believing in ourselves and our dreams, and never giving up on the pursuit of our passions.As you go about your lives, remember the stories of these inspiring individuals. Let their experiences fuel your own determination and inspire you to pursue your dreams with unwavering passion. Whether you are facing a personal challenge, pursuing a career, or striving to make a difference in the world, remember that perseverance is the key to success.In conclusion, I urge you to embrace the power of perseverance. Do not be afraid to fail, for failure is a stepping stone to success. Do not be afraid to challenge yourself, for it is through challenges that we grow and learn. Do not be afraid to dream, for dreams are the seeds of our future.Thank you for listening, and may the spirit of perseverance guide you on your journey to greatness.God bless you all.。

名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版(通用3篇)

名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版(通用3篇)

名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版(通用3篇)名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版篇1Someone said "we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite'. I dont know who wrote these words, but Ive always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. We are all in the position of the farmers. If we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all.We are young. "How to spend the youth?' It is a meaningful question. To answer it, first I have to ask "what do you understand by the word youth?' Youth is not a time of life, its a state of mind. Its not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees. Its the matter of the will. Its the freshness of the deep spring of life.A poet said "To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. Several days ago, I had a chance to listen to a lecture. I learnt a lot there. Id like to share it with all of you. Lets show our right palms. We can see threelines that show how our love.career and life is. I have a short line of life. What about yours? I wondered whether we could see our future in this way. Well, lets make a fist. Where is our future? Where is our love, career, and life? Tell me.Yeah, it is in our hands. It is held in ourselves.We all want the future to be better than the past. But the future can go better itself. Dont cry because it is over, smile because it happened. From the past, weve learnt that the life is tough, but we are tougher. Weve learnt that we cant choose how we feel, but we canchoose what about it. Failure doesnt mean you dont have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way. Failure doesnt mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder.As what I said at the beginning, "we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite'. The past has gone. Nothing we do will change it. But the future is in front of us. Believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us. And from today on, lets be the owners of ourselves, and speak out "We are the world, we are the future.'名人励志3分钟演讲稿英文版篇2我是被绑架来的,由于这并不在这次我南昌方案中,前天晚上易建东教授恳请我替同学加这一站,不仅仅我们是非常好的伴侣,财大这个位置蛮特别的,我6点05的飞机要飞,他强调这离机场非常接近。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

外国名人励志演讲稿——作家奥尔罕·帕慕克在中国社会科学院的讲演精神是小说家们一生都在努力揭示的本质。

在很大程度上,我们的幸福和不幸并不是来自我们的生活本身,而是来自我们所赋予它的意义。

我一生都在试图探索那种意义。

换言之,在我的生命中,我一直都穿梭在混乱、麻烦、快速运转、嘈杂喧闹的世界中,我被生活的旋涡时而扔到这里,时而甩向那里,试图寻找开端、中途和结尾。

在我看来,只有在小说中才能找到这些东西。

法国诗人马拉美说得好:“世上一切存在都是为了被写进书中。

”毫无疑问,小说最能吸收世界上的一切。

想象就是把意义揭示给他人的能力,它是人性最大的力量。

许多世纪以来,人性最本真的表达,就是在小说之中。

一、在卡尔斯和法兰克福,我为了写小说而实地调查我的小说《雪》的主人公卡在法兰克福度过了人生最后15年时光。

卡是土耳其人,与卡夫卡并无关系,他们之间的联系只是文学上的。

卡的真名是KerimAlakusoglu,但他不喜欢这个名字,而是喜欢这个名字的缩写。

20世纪80年代,作为一个政治避难者,他第一次去了法兰克福。

他并不特别对政治感兴趣——他甚至根本不喜欢政治;他是生活在法兰克福的一个诗人,其一生是诗歌的一生。

他看待土耳其政治的方式就仿佛别人看待一件意外的事故——不在意料之中,却已经被卷了进去。

由于不想在描写卡在法兰克福的生活时犯下太多错误,2000年我造访了法兰克福。

当地土耳其人非常热情慷慨,带我参观了我的主人公度过他生命最后时光期间所生活过的地方。

为了更好地想象卡每日清晨如何从他的家走到他度过大量时光的市立图书馆,我们穿过车站前的广场,顺着大街,路过性用品商店、土耳其杂货店及土耳其烤肉店。

我们还去了卡购买大衣的百货商场,那件大衣他穿了那么多年,给了他许多安慰。

有两天时间,我们徘徊在法兰克福的土耳其人贫民窟,参观清真寺、饭店、社区协会还有咖啡馆。

《雪》是我的第七部小说,我仍然记得当初所做的那些不必要的冗长笔记,仿佛自己是一个初学者,我为每一处细节而痛苦,并且问自己:80年代电车真的会穿过这个角落吗?事实上,每写一部小说前,我都会进行这样的研究,我会造访那些地方,阅读大量书籍。

尽管实际上最后90%的研究结果并不会进入我的小说,我仍然会进行这样的研究。

我在卡尔斯也做了同样的事。

卡尔斯是土耳其东北部的一座小城,我许多小说里的故事都发生在那里。

由于对卡尔斯知之甚少,在把它作为小说背景前,我多次去了那里。

当我一条街道又一条街道、一个商店又一个商店地探查这个城市时,我碰到了许多人,交了很多朋友。

在这个土耳其最边远、最被遗忘的城市,我与那些失了业的人们聊天,他们终日在咖啡馆度过,甚至没有再找工作的希望;我跟大学预科生、穿便衣和制服的警察聊天,我走到哪里,他们就跟我到哪里;我还跟报纸出版人聊天,他们报纸的发行量从未超过250份。

二、想象赋予我们以解放的力量我今天在这里并不是要讲述我是如何创作《雪》的,借用这个故事,我想谈谈我所认为的小说艺术中最为核心的问题,我对这个问题的理解正日益清晰,那就是回响在我们每个人头脑中间的“他人”、“陌生人”或“敌人”的问题,我们如何改造这个存在的问题。

当然,我的问题并非所有小说家的问题。

通过想象人物处在我们通过经验所熟知、在乎并能认出的环境中,小说当然能够提高人类的理解力。

当我们在小说中遇到那些能使我们想到自己的人物,我们对那个人物的第一个愿望,便是希望他能向我们解释“我们是谁”。

所以,我们讲述那些仿佛是我们自己的母亲、父亲、房子以及街道的故事,将这些故事放在我们亲眼见过的城市,放在我们最熟悉的国家。

小说艺术的奇妙规则,能使每个人在作者创作出来的家族、家庭和城市中,感受他们自己的家族、家庭和城市。

人们常说《安娜·卡列尼娜》是一部自传性非常强的小说。

但当我十七岁第一次拿起那本书,我并没有把他读作托尔斯泰对自己家族和婚姻的描写,当时我对他还了解甚少;相反,我把它读作我自己很容易认同的、具有普遍性的家庭问题。

小说的神奇机制使我们能把自己的故事当作所有人的故事展现出来。

是的,小说可以被定义为这样一种形式,它使技巧高明的写作者把自己的故事转化为别人的故事,这一伟大而迷人的艺术,近四百年来带给那么多读者以狂喜,给了那么多作者以灵感;但这只是小说艺术的一个方面。

它的另一面则吸引我来到法兰克福和卡尔斯的街道,这就是:把别人的故事当作自己的故事来书写。

正是通过这样的研究,小说家开始试验那条把自己与“他人”区别开来的界限,同时也改变着自己身份认同的边界。

他人变成了“我们”,我们则变成了“他人”。

一部小说能够同时实现这两个业绩。

它把我们自己的生命当作别人的生命来描写,同时也就为我们提供了把其他人的生命当作我们自己的生命来书写的机会。

希望进入别人生命的小说家,并不见得都要像我为写作《雪》所做的那样,亲临他们的街道、他们的城市。

希望将自己置于他人的环境,并认同他们的痛苦和麻烦的小说家,首先,也是最重要的,是要依赖他们自己的想象。

请让我用一个例子来说明:倘若一天清晨醒来,我发现自己变成了一只巨大的蟑螂,会怎么样呢?在每一部伟大的小说后面都有这样一个作家,他最大的喜悦来自进入别人的样式并赋予它生命——他最强烈也是最具有创造力的冲动,就是试验他的身份认同的限度。

如果一天清晨醒来,我发现自己变形为一只蟑螂,我需要做的就不仅仅是研究昆虫;如果我要猜想房间的每个人都感到恶心,猜想他们甚至恐惧地望着我飞檐走壁,想象甚至连我自己的父母亲都向我砸苹果,我就仍然需要寻找成为卡夫卡的方式。

在我试图把自己想象为别人之前,我或许需要做些调查。

我所需要思考的问题是:那个我们强迫自己想象的“他人”究竟是谁?这个与我们毫不相像的生物,使我们想起自己最原始的憎恶、恐惧和焦虑。

我们非常清楚,正是这些情感点燃了我们的想象,赋予我们写作的力量。

因此,关注自己艺术规律的小说家将会看到,试图认同“他人”只会给他带来益处。

他也会明白,思考每个人都能在其中看到自己对立面的“他者”,将能够把自己从自我的限制中解放出来。

小说的历史就是人类解放的历史。

让自己穿上别人的鞋子,通过想象放下我们自己的身份,我们便能将自己释放。

所以,笛福在他的伟大小说中不仅创造了鲁滨逊·克鲁索,还创造了他的奴隶星期五。

同样,《堂吉诃德》不仅有生活在书本世界的骑士,还有他的仆人桑丘·潘萨。

我非常喜欢《安娜·卡列尼娜》,这是托尔斯泰最出色的小说,我把他看作一个已婚的幸福男人对一个破坏了自己不幸婚姻的人以及他的女人的想象。

在所有寓言小说中,《莫比·迪克》是最伟大的一部,麦尔维尔在其中探索了他那个时代美国的恐惧——特别是对异质文化的恐惧,他所使用的中介是白鲸。

对于通过书本了解世界的人来说,当我们想到美国南方时,便无法不想到福克纳小说中所描写的黑人。

如果那些黑人的形象不可靠的话,他的作品就不会流传至今。

一个希望为所有德国人写作的德国小说家,如果他未能想象这个国家的土耳其人以及他们所带来的不安,他的作品就是有欠缺的。

同样,一个土耳其小说家,如果他不能想象库尔德人以及其他少数民族的生活,如果他忽视了他的国家里那些未被言说的历史中的黑点,在我看来,他的创作也是浅薄的。

三、东方西方问题是关于财富、贫穷与和平的问题与许多人的看法不同,我认为,小说家的政治观点与他所从属的社会、政党以及团体并无关系——与他对任何政治事业的奉献也不相关。

小说家的政治观点来自他的想象,来自他将自己想象为他人的能力。

这种力量不仅使他能够去探索从未被言说的人类现实——这使他能够替那些不能为自己说话的人代言,那些人的愤怒从未被倾听,他们的话语曾被压抑。

小说家可以没有原因地对政治产生年轻气盛般的兴趣,如果是这样,他的动机就是无关紧要的。

今天,我们并没有对陀思妥耶夫斯基的《群魔》这部伟大的政治小说,按照作者的最初愿望——对俄国西化主义者和虚无主义者的论辩——来加以阅读,相反,我们把它看作是对当时俄国现实的反映,认为它揭示了紧锁在斯拉夫人灵魂深处的伟大秘密。

这样的秘密只有小说才能探索。

很明显,我们不能指望只通过阅读报纸、杂志,或者观看电视来掌握如此深刻的事情。

要理解其他国家和民族的独特历史,分享那些令我们不安的独特生命——我们为他们的深度而恐怖,被他们的简单所震动,我们只能通过对伟大的小说进行细致耐心的阅读,才能获取这样的真理。

当陀思妥耶夫斯基的《群魔》开始对读者低语,向他们讲述根植于历史之中的秘密——因骄傲和失败而生、带有羞耻和愤怒的秘密,这时,那些秘密也会同样照亮读者自身历史中的阴影。

那个低语者就是绝望的作者,他对西方有多么热爱,就有多么轻视,他不能将自己看成西方人,却又对西方的文明感到眩目,他感到自己被夹在这两个世界之间。

在此,我们面临着有关东方-西方的问题。

记者们都对这一问题非常感兴趣。

当我看到它在部分西方媒体中的含义时,我认为还是不谈这一问题为妙,因为许多时候,西方媒体都有一个假设,即东方贫穷国家应该顺从西方和美国所建议的一切。

当然,东方-西方这样的问题是存在的,但它不只是由西方发明并强加给人们的一个恶意公式。

东方-西方问题是关于财富、贫穷与和平的问题。

19世纪,奥斯曼帝国开始感到自己正被日益活跃的西方所笼罩,不断被欧洲军队所击败,看到自己的势力逐渐衰退,这时,出现了一群自称“青年土耳其党”的人。

这些人同后来追随他们的精英一道,面对西方的优势感到眩目,因此就发起了西化改革运动。

现代土耳其共和国和凯末尔·阿塔土尔克的西化改革,遵循了同样的逻辑。

这一逻辑的基础,就是认为土耳其的虚弱和贫穷源于它的传统,源于它古老的文化,以及它社会化组织宗教的方式。

我来自中产阶级、西化的伊斯坦布尔家庭,必须承认,对于像我这样的人来说,自己有时也会屈从这样的信念,但这种信念是狭隘的、甚至是头脑简单的。

西化主义者梦想通过模仿西方来改造和丰富自己的国家和文化,因为他们最终目的是想建立一个更加富有、幸福及强大的国家,他们往往是本土主义者和激进的民族主义者。

我们当然能够在“青年土耳其党”和年轻的土耳其共和国的西化主义者身上看到这样的倾向。

然而,作为向西方看齐运动的一部分,他们对自己的国家和文化持深刻批判的态度,他们认为自己的文化不完全,甚至毫无价值。

这就产生了另外一个非常深刻而又混乱的情感:耻辱。

我看到耻辱反映在对我的小说的接受中,以及对我与西方之间关系的认知上。

在土耳其,当我们讨论东方-西方问题,当我们谈论传统与现代之间的紧张关系,当我们谈论我们国家与欧洲之间含糊其辞的关系,耻辱总会悄悄潜入。

小说家游戏掌控社会的规则,挖掘表面以下隐藏的布局,像好奇的孩子那样探索秘密的世界,被无法理解的情感所推动,他就不可避免地会给家庭、朋友、同僚及同胞带来不安。

但这是一种幸福的不安。

相关文档
最新文档