日语翻译(1.15.1)--翻译理论与技巧
农业日语翻译理论问题及技巧研究——以“2023日本国际农业展览会”为例
农业日语翻译理论问题及技巧研究——以“2023日本国际农业展览会”为例日本的农业产业在二战以后迎来了较大发展，农业生产结构也随之改变，其中以水田为中心的农业活动全部实现了机械作业，花卉则全部实行了工厂化育苗与大棚无土栽培种植，生态化绿色农业技术得到了进一步应用。
在此背景下，我国应借鉴日本先进的农业技术，增加多元文化交流，而打破文化壁垒的重要手段就是日语翻译，通过探究农业日语翻译理论及技巧，能够准确传递日语文化内涵，从农业背景、农业技术、农业精神等多方面加强中日文化渗透，促进我国农业科技的发展。
“2023年日本国际农业展览会”于5月24日至5月26日在日本千叶幕张国际会展中心顺利召开，同期举办的还有日本国际花卉、园艺及户外用品、五金及工具等展会，在为期3天的展览活动中，吸引了来自全球26个国家的1233位参展商及45000位专业人士参加。
展会内容包括：农产品、各类农机具、农作物运输设备、种苗与花卉、温室工程与设施、植物保护产品等各类农用物资及技术。
本次展览会充分展示了日本的农业基础设施与农业生物技术发展水平，对于我国的农业发展起到了积极作用，同时也促进了中日双方的文化交流，其中展会促成的大型国际农业商业贸易对于研究农业日语的翻译理论及技巧等问题有着实践性意义。
对此，笔者将以农业日语翻译理论入手，分析其翻译技巧与现存问题，并提出相应完善策略，拓宽农业日语的翻译思路，积极吸收国外技术优势，推动我国农业的发展。
一、农业日语翻译理论在本次会议交流活动中，对农业生产、农业科技等内容进行农业日语翻译时，体现出了不同翻译理论的重要作用。
首先，关联翻译理论主要强调日语语言表达中的情景缺失，在不需言明具体细节的同时依靠语言结构与特征进行关联翻译，形成这种翻译理论的根本原因在于日本国家资源共享文化背景下导致的语言表达主观性较强，其主要表现为省略关联翻译，即在翻译所思所想时通常将主语进行了省略，如例句：我认为小张想要参加农业展会/張さんは農業展覧会に参加したいです，将主语“我认为”进行了省略；语言行为理论主要强调翻译者应根据不同语境对语言表达主体在交际中表达的不同含义进行翻译，这需要翻译者掌握一定日本文化背景，基于农业角度，翻译者需要了解日语中的一词多义现象，如例句“生物農薬の使用頻度增加の一途をたどっている”。
日汉翻译技巧与实例解析
日汉翻译技巧与实例解析-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII书信常用词汇●开头语与结束语的搭配以及使用方法开头语与结束语有许多组合搭配的方式，看起来似乎很繁杂，但是实际上经常使用的组合是非常有限的。
我们可以先最低限度地记住一些基本组合，在日常生活中将之灵活运用。
当有特别郑重的场合可以事先记住一些其它的表达方法。
拝」：再次叩拜行礼其他结尾词都为“敬上”的意思。
·「走筆ご容赦」：潦草书写，敬请原谅其他的同类开头语都是“匆匆奉闻”之意。
「不一」：意兴未尽「草々」：匆忙之中未能尽表心中之意·「冠省」与「前略」相同，都表示“请原谅我省略前言”的意思。
「不乙」「不尽」与「不一」同义，「怱怱」与「草々」同义·「拝誦」：拜读「拝披」：恭敬地打开来信「貴酬」「謹酬」：谨此回信·「かしこ」：谨上「あらあらかしこ」与「草々」同义常用季节寒暄语正式的书信以及业务往来的信函往往使用惯用的季节寒暄用语。
在日常的书信中则可以根据自己对季节的感受，尝试自创一些时令的寒暄语。
（●郑重场合使用的惯用语；■一般的例句）问安以及其他常用寒暄用语序文中，在时令寒暄语之后是互问安康的寒暄用语以及日常的道谢、道歉等寒暄用语。
这些寒暄用语大部分作为惯用表达已经模式化了，可以以此为参考，根据常用的结尾寒暄用语结尾的寒暄用语，并不需要将以下的所有内容悉数照搬，可自行根据正文进行组合搭配。
如与收信人是较为亲密的朋友，则也可以在以下例句的基础进行一些适当的改动。
审校：田村光博（日）主编：韩小龙郑艳副主编：周凌叶郁伟忠目录第一章、脱离文化背景造成的误译 (4)第一节、社会背景不同造成的误译 (4)第二节、表达习惯不同造成的误译 (5)第三节、文化背景试译练习 (5)第二章、偏离语境的误译 (16)第一节、语言性语境的误译 (16)第二节、非语言性语境的误译 (18)第三章、漏译造成的理解错误 (28)第一节、漏译误译简析 (28)第二节、漏词、漏句造成的误译 (29)第三节、漏“义”造成的误译 (44)第四章、增译的利与弊 (51)第一节、增译误译简析 (51)第二节、因增译而生益 (52)第三节、因增译而生弊 (58)第五章、日译汉中语法的误译（1） (61)第一节、日译汉语法误译简析 (61)第二节、主语、对象语的误译 (63)第三节、被动句的对象误译 (74)第四节、敬语的误译 (77)第六章、日译汉中语法的误译（2） (80)第一节、助词、助动词等的误译 (80)第二节、句子关联结构的误译 (91)第三节、其他个别语法错误的误译 (100)第七章、日语词义的灵活意译与创新 (99)第一节、日译汉灵活意译简析 (99)第二节、名词、形容词、形容动词等词类意译 (99)第三节、日译汉短语意译 (99)第八章、短语与惯用句的误译 (116)第一节、短语与惯用句误译简析 (116)第二节、短语的误译 (130)第三节、惯用语的误译 (130)第九章、体言、用言的误译 (130)第一节、体言、用言误译简析 (130)第二节、名词的误译 (130)第三节、动词的误译 (153)第四节、形容词的误译 (153)第五节、形容动词的误译 (153)第十章、其他词类的误译 (165)第一节、其他词类误译简析 (165)第二节、副词的误译 (178)第三节、语气词的误译 (178)第四节、拟声拟态词的误译 (178)第十一章、多义词的辨析 (187)第一节、多义词误译简析 (187)第二节、「いたい」翻译实例 (187)第十二章、文章、片段等中日对比翻译 (195)第一节、《家族写真》原文及其译文 (195)第二节、《伪装》原文及其译文 (195)第三节、《法庭的需要证人》原文及其译文 (195)第一章、文化背景不同造成的误译文化与生活密不可分，文化是生活的内涵，生活是文化的载体。
浅谈翻译理论与翻译技巧的作用_张志
浅谈翻译理论与翻译技巧的作用张志（龙岩市人事局引智办 福建 龙岩 364000）摘要:长期以来,翻译理论之争不断,而传统的翻译教材过分侧重技巧的教学, 忽视理论的介绍。
翻译理论与翻译技巧在翻译过程、翻译教学、翻译作品的评价三个方面各自发挥着不同层次的作用，在实践中应注意把握两者之间的关系。
关键词：翻译理论；翻译技巧；翻译过程Thorough Discussion on The Applicationof Translation Theory and Translation TechniqueZHANG ZHI(Bureau of Personnel of Longyan ,Longyan, Fujian, 364000, China) Abstract: There is long-term debate about translation theory, and traditional translation textbooks lay particular attention to the teaching of translation technique，neglecting the introduction of translation theory. Because translation theory and translation technique play different role in translating process, translation teaching, and translation product review, the relation between them shall be handled well in practice.Key words: translation theory; translation technique；translating process)读过不少关于指导如何翻译的书，读完之后仍然茫然，不知翻译要如何下手，书中提到的各种技巧，如衔接的增删、宾语的推移和转换、形合、意合等等，名称不同，但实际上都相差不大，不但一般翻译有技巧，遇到不同类型的翻译，还有不同的技巧，如合同、法律、商务英语等等，总之，市面上充斥着各种有关翻译技巧的书，让人觉得翻译是深不可测的事情。
日语翻译与技巧
日语翻译与技巧日语翻译与技巧对于日语翻译，不仅要具备一定的翻译理论，日语和汉语的语言修养和专业知识，而且还要注意日语的语言特点与翻译技巧。
下面是店铺为大家带来的日语翻译与技巧的知识，欢迎阅读。
日语翻译与技巧日语的句子一般有以下语法特点：a、主语在前，谓语在后b、修饰语在被修饰语之前c、宾语和补语在主谓语之间d、肯定句、疑问句和命令句的词序相同，其中疑问句多在句末用终助词ka设问e、如果不读到句子的末尾，难以区别是肯定句还是否定句但是，日语属黏着语，即依靠助词或助动词的黏着（即附加）来表示整个单词在句中的地位或语法功能，再加上各种语言环境，这使得日语的词序相当自由。
但是，不管日语词序千变万化，都要在保持原意、原语感、原语言风格的基础上，兼顾汉语的语序，灵活地采用直译、转译、加译、减译、反译、变译、段译和分译等翻译技巧。
1、直译直接地照原文翻译，为翻译中最基本的译法。
2、转译当词典中无适当的词义可翻译时，可根据全文的意思用其他的'词进行翻译。
3、加译为了使译文更加完整通顺，在翻译中增加某些词汇。
4、减译汉语以简洁著称，在不损害原意的基础上，尽量删去那些可有可无的字、词。
5、反译日语句子表现形式的一大特点是，经常用双重否定强调肯定的事物，因此，有时可反其道而译之，采取否定与否定的另一种表达方法肯定来翻译句子。
6、变译在不改变原文意义的基础上，为了使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，改变原句子成分相互关系的翻译方法叫变译。
7、移译日语和汉语的定语语序不同，一般来讲，日语表示描写和说明等限定性定语要放在前面，表示领属性定语要放在后面，而汉语则恰好相反，因此翻译时要把限定性定语移到前面来翻译。
8、分译把一个长句子分成几个短句子来译，其中之一是把各种包孕句与修饰的词分开，单独提出另译。
拓展：学习日语的小技巧“三皮”原则要想征服日语，首先，头皮要硬！无论碰到多大的困难，也不要放弃！其次，嘴皮要勤！时时刻刻操练；俗话说：拳不离手，曲不离口！只有嘴皮勤，才能把说惯了中文的嘴练成中文日文同样流畅！第三，脸皮一定要厚！不要怕别人笑话，别人越笑，越要充满激情地、起劲地、加油地练习一定要用一口流利的日语证明他们是错误的、愚蠢的、短视的！不要面子要里子！環境を変えることはできない、しかし、自己の考え方は変えることができる。
日汉互译日语句子的翻译技巧-变译
句子的翻译技巧第四章变译1、定义：所谓变译，在翻译中是指根据不同的情况，对原文作出不影响原文信息内容表达的、非原则性变通。
它的特点是，行文不拘一格，灵活多变，在思维方式上，在表达形式上，在句子结构上都可以打破原文的程式，以独特的形式来完成语际间的转换。
1）词语的变通（参见第1章第1、2节）2）句型句式的变通◎被动句＊汉语被动态汉语被动态的表现形式是由及物动词前加被动介词（如：被、叫、让、挨、遭、受、为…所等）构成，其表现形式大体可分三种：A 动作承受者、动作发出者、被动式（由被动介词和及物动词构成）三者俱全，为完全被动式例：弟弟被他们打了。
B 动作承受者、被动式（省略动作发出者，仍属完全被动式）例：小李家被盗了。
C 句中由及物动词作谓语，含有被动式意义，但形式上却无被动介词，称为简化被动式或不完全被动式例：王老师的文章发表了。
∕麦子收割了。
汉语被动式所表达的内容：多为受害、受损、或感到不快、不利。
但受外国文字的影响，现在汉语中被动句式的表达也已打破传统用法的限制。
如有时也用于中性场合。
例如：“他被选为代表”，另外无生物也可作动作的承受者，构成完全被动式，但仍以受害意义为限。
例如：可以说“信被人拆了。
”（受害），却一般不说“信被写好了。
”日语中使用被动句的场合比汉语多得多，很多情况下日语被动句需要译成汉语主动句，日译汉时一定要根据汉语表达习惯，结合上下文的关系和修辞要求进行翻译。
①日语中由自动词构成被动句很多时候需要翻译成主动句○君も現実離れしたそういう夢をみているから、女にも逃げられたりするんだ。
参考译文：你脱离现实在做梦，所以连老婆也跑掉了。
○猫の手も借りたいほど忙しい時に君に行かれたら、こっちはどうするんだ。
参考译文：忙得不可开交的时候，你一走叫我们怎么办啊！○夕べは一晩中子供に泣かれて一睡もできなかった。
参考译文：昨晚小孩子哭了一夜，吵得我一觉也没睡成。
▲注意：也有译成被动句的场合○雨に降られて、びしょぬれになった。
日译汉翻译
日译汉翻译日译汉翻译是一种将日语文本翻译成中文的语言转换过程。
随着中日之间交流合作的不断增加，日译汉翻译在国际交流、商务合作、文化文学交流等领域中起着重要的作用。
下面将介绍一些相关参考内容，帮助读者了解日译汉翻译的一些基本要点。
1. 翻译理论与方法在日译汉翻译中，翻译理论和方法是基础和指导。
翻译理论的研究包括功能对等翻译理论、《金刚经》翻译论、失当翻译理论等。
常用的翻译方法包括直译、意译、加译等。
翻译者需要根据原文的语境、目的和读者的需求，选择适当的翻译方法。
2. 翻译技巧与策略翻译技巧和策略对于完成高质量的日译汉翻译工作至关重要。
常用的翻译技巧包括掌握专业知识、灵活运用语言工具、词汇精确匹配等。
翻译策略包括上下文重构、语境转换、保留涵义等，帮助确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
3. 文化背景与语言环境在进行日译汉翻译时，理解原文的文化背景和语言环境是至关重要的，有助于确保翻译的准确性和符合读者的需求。
翻译者需要熟悉日本的历史、文化、社会背景以及语言特点，融入到翻译中，同时还需要考虑汉语的表达习惯和特点，使译文更符合中文读者的习惯和理解。
4. 技术和工具的应用技术和工具的应用对于提高日译汉翻译的效率和质量非常重要。
翻译工作者可以使用翻译软件、在线词典、术语数据库等工具，辅助翻译过程中的词汇查找、语言对比等操作。
同时，熟练掌握计算机和信息技术的应用，能够更好地适应现代日译汉翻译的需求。
5. 翻译实践与经验在进行日译汉翻译之前，有一定的翻译实践和经验对于提高翻译质量非常有帮助。
翻译者可以参考其他经典翻译作品，了解不同领域的翻译要求，并尝试进行实际的翻译练习和训练，以提高自己的翻译水平和能力。
总之，日译汉翻译是一门复杂而有挑战的语言转换过程。
翻译者需要掌握翻译理论和方法，灵活运用翻译技巧和策略，理解文化背景和语言环境，并应用技术和工具。
通过不断的翻译实践和经验积累，翻译者可以提高自己的翻译水平，更好地满足中日交流合作的需求。
翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案
翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案(红色为自己所出题)一 Fill in the blanks.1.According to sociosemiotic theories, meaning consists of three aspects:_________, ___________ and ____________ .2.As far as communicative function is concerned, English sentences can beclassified into four types: ____________ , ___________ , _____________ and___________ .3.Professor Xu Yuanzhong ever proposed that literary translation shouldconform to the principle of “____________, __________ and ___________”.4.The basic procedures of translation are made up of three steps: __________,___________ and ___________ .5.Peter Newmark divided the function of language into six kinds, among whichthe most important four functions are ____________, ___________ ,__________ and ___________ .6.“Literal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle, while“liberal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle.7.Translators often abide by -oriented principle when they translateliterary works8.When we see th e sun, we often think of hope. It’s the meaning of thesun we in fact think of.9.Yan Fu’s standard for good translation is , and .10.According to Peter Newmark, the expression “How do you do” performs___________ function.11.We should analyze , and before we really put somethinginto the target language.12.According to the structure, English sentences can be classified intosentences, ___________ sentences, sentences and sentences.13.The three principles for translation advocated by Alexander Fraser Tytler are:①②③14.The sentence “The earth goes around the sun” performs the function oflanguage.15.When we hear somebody speaks ungrammatically, we know that he is notwell-educated. Here the language carries the meaning.16.According to the different signs that translation deals with, translation can beclassified into , , .17.Translation can be regarded as a , a or a .18.According to different topics, translation can be classified into translation,translation and translation.二 Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.2The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch.3Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.4The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.5 It’s not easy to become a member of that club—they want people who haveplenty of money to spend, not just every Tom , Dick, and Harry.6 The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was nearcollapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.7 But my mother had not passed this way for years. And the slimness and thestride were long past, too.8 I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as though it had been beaten with wires.9 As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we havebeen forced to cut our prices to the minimum.10 I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glass doors to thebackyards, and there was Allen’s pool, still covered wi th black plastic that hadbeen stretched across it for winter.11 Time did not spoil the beauty of the walls, nor the palace itself, lying like ajewel in the hollow of a hand.12It is obvious that this was merely a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul. There was no real clearing up of the outstanding debt.13He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs allover again, without end.14There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expanse than to have her guest so interested in talking politics orbusiness with her husband that he fails to notice the flavour of the coffee,the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may beher chief interest and pride.15English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.16When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assumea Quaker-Oats look.17The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.18“It is true that the enemey won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory.”said the General.19 A dirty-yellow sky had threatened rain all day and a hollow stillness hungover the valley.20I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my kneestogether and let my hands rest loosely on them.21One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.22Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim?23Our Band-Aid approach to economic development must be changed.24It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come to the church.25It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion.26Father’s attitude toward anybody who wasn’t his kind used to puzzle me.27Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants.28We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.29She stopped listening. She felt as though she had been slapped to the extreme outer edge of life, into a cold darkness.30Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say.31Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.32The hungry boy was wolfing down his dinner.33I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of the skin but by the content of their character.34The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.35I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them.36There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 37 A country that wishes to become a member of WTO is to send in itsapplication before a working party is formed by WTO for examination of the specific conditions of the country.38When prices range from $34,500 to $50,000 per car, evidence that these machines are more than a cut above the rest is essential.39One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.40The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of six-to-one, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60000 men in one day.41I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner.42The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century.43Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress.44Military strategy may bear some similarity to the chessboard but it is dangerous to carry the analogy too far.45Studies show that otherwise rational people act irrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds, even becoming violent.46Prolonged high unemployment will threaten the current leadership in other capitals as well, and it could ignite violent upheavals in some of the most hard-pressed land.47Many advocated strong action to bring the Prime Minister into line.48He cannot wholly detach himself from the technicalities and personal inconveniences which accompany the battle for intelligence.49I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders.50Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven.51I think lawyers mistakenly believe complex language enhances the mystique of the law.52Not long ago, a foreign visitor whose English is extremely good told me of his embarrassment in a tea shop.53Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research.54We have created a faculty of scholars frequently so narrow in their studies and specialized in their scholarship they are simply incapable of teaching introductory courses.55Then the players find out the lottery is not particularly good bet and they find other forms of gambling.56The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.57There has always been a close cultural link, or tie between Britain and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music.58We must just make the best of things as they come along.59But once I made the decision, I went at it with all flags flying.60 Autumn’s mellow ha nd was upon the woods, as they owned already, touchedwith gold and red and olive.三 Translate the following passage into Chinese.1Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of theirown sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman,you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part ofthe world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to allothers. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, weadjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matterwith some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life ofa small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know,other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.2 Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but becauseit makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with theauthor’s or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as youunderstand his.Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you “ought ” to read, you probably won’t have fun. But if you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.3 It is well that the commonest fruit should be also the best. Of the virtues ofthe orange I have not room fully to speak. It has properties of health giving, as that it cures influenza and establishes the complexion. It is clean, forwhoever handles it on its way to your table, but handles its outer covering, its top coat, which is left in the hall. It is round, and forms an excellentsubstitute with the young for a cricket ball. The pip can be flicked at yourenemies, and quite a small piece of peel makes a slide for an old gentleman.But all this would count nothing had not the orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave to its sweetness. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. However, the world must go on.With the orange we do live year in and year out. That speaks well for theorange. The fact is that there is an honeaty about the orange which appeals to all of us. If it is going to be bad—for the best of us are bad sometimes—it begins to be bad from the outside, not from the inside. How many a pearwhich presents a blooming face to the world is rotten at the core. Howmany an innocent-looking apple is harbouring a worm in the bud. But theorange has no secret faults. Its outside is a mirror of its inside, and if you are quick you can tell the shopman so before he slips it into the bag.4 It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperityand how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.Americans cleave to the things of this world as if assured that they will never die, and yet are in such a rush to snatch any that come within their reach, as if expecting to stop living before they have relished them. They clutch everything but hold nothing fast, and so lose grip as they hurry after some new delight.An American will build a house in which to pass his old age and sell it before the roof is on; he will plant a garden and rent it just as the trees are coming into bearing; he will clear a field and leave others to reap the harvest;he will take up a profession and leave it, settle in one place and soon go off elsewhere with his changing desires. If his private business allows him amoment’s relaxation, he will plunge at once into the whirlpool of politics.Then, if at the end of a year crammed with work he has a little spare leisure, his restless curiosity goes with him traveling up and down the vastterritories of the United States. Thus he will travel five hundred miles in afew days as a distraction from his happiness.Death steps is in the end and stops him before he has grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes him.5 Through all of our history we have pondered the stars and mused whetherhumanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently.There might be very exotic biologies and technologies and societies. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely, and we ponder the ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves. Along with the growing dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has merged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations?6 A real woman, by my definition, neither despises nor worships men, but isproud not to have been born a man, does everything she can to avoidthinking or acting like one, knows the full extent of her powers, and feels free to reject all arbitrary man-made obligations. She is her own oracle of rightand wrong, firmly believing in her five sound senses and intuitive sixth. Oncea real woman has been warned by her nose that those apples are tasteless orassured by her finger-tips that this material is shoddy, no salesman in theworld can persuade her to the contrary. Nor, once she has met some personage in private and summed him up with a single keen glance as weak, vain or crooked, will his mounting public reputation convince her otherwise. She takes pleasure in the company of simple, happy, undemanding women; but seldom or never finds a friend worthy of her full confidence.翻译理论与技巧（A）答案一 1 designative meaning or referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning2 declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences3beauty of meaning, beauty of sound and beauty of form4comprehension, expression and testing5informative function, expressive function, vocative function and aesthetic function6source, target7Aesthetics8Associative9Faithfulness, Expressiveness, Elegance10phatic11Grammar, meaning and structure.12Simple, compound, complex, compound complex131) A translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work; 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.14informative15indexical meaning.16Intralingual translation, interlingual translation, intersemiotic translation17science, art, skill(craft)18professional translation, literary translation, general translation二 1他们的主人，又是割啊，又是倒啊，又是上菜啊，又是切面包啊，又是说啊，又是笑啊，又是敬酒啊，忙个不停。
翻译理论总结日语
翻译理论总结日语简介翻译是一种跨语言和跨文化的沟通方式，它是将源语言的意义转化为目标语言的过程。
翻译理论是探讨翻译现象，并提供相应指导和理论框架的学科。
本文将总结一些与翻译理论相关的概念和原则，并着重介绍其中的一些日语特点。
目录•什么是翻译理论？•翻译理论的主要分类•日语翻译的特点•日语翻译中的常见问题•结论什么是翻译理论？翻译理论是研究和探讨翻译过程和现象的学科，它为翻译工作者提供了指导和参考。
翻译理论可以帮助翻译者理解不同语言和文化之间的差异，并提供翻译决策的基础。
翻译理论的主要分类翻译理论可以按不同的分类方式进行划分。
其中一种常见的划分方式是按照翻译的目的和方法进行分类。
以下是几种常见的翻译理论分类：1.翻译目的论：着重研究翻译的目的和功能，以实现与原文相同的交际效果为目标。
2.翻译过程论：关注翻译的过程和方法，研究如何将源语言的信息转化为目标语言的信息。
3.语言对比论：比较和对比不同语言的特点，研究在翻译过程中产生的语言差异和问题。
4.文化翻译论：探讨翻译过程中涉及的文化因素，如价值观、习俗和风俗等，并提供指导如何进行文化适应的方法。
以上只是几种常见的分类方式，翻译理论的分类还有其他多种方法，每种方法都对翻译工作者提供了不同的引导和指导。
日语翻译的特点日语是一种受到汉语和欧洲语言影响的语言，它具有一些与其他语言不同的特点。
在进行日语翻译时需要注意以下几个方面的特点：1.语序：日语中的语序与中文和英语有所不同。
日语的基本语序为主语-谓语-宾语，这与中文的主谓宾语的顺序相同。
然而，日语中的修饰语通常位于所修饰词的前面，这与中文和英语的习惯相反。
2.敬语：日语使用丰富的敬语，用于表示对对方的尊重和礼貌。
在进行日语翻译时，需要根据上下文和对话对象的身份选择合适的敬语。
3.模糊性：日语中使用的词汇和表达方式相对较为模糊。
在进行翻译时，需要根据上下文和语境来理解并选择合适的译文。
4.文化差异：日本文化与其他文化存在一定的差异，因此在进行日语翻译时需要考虑到这些差异。
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日语翻译（日译汉）
翻译理论与翻译技巧总结
一. 翻译理论
（一）翻译的定义
翻译是一种深入阅读的过程，是一种学习的过程，也是一种再创作的过程。
（二）翻译的本质
实现跨文化沟通与交往。
（三）翻译的标准
信：忠实于原作内容。
达：译文明白通顺。
雅：保持原作的风格。
化：即“化境”，不生硬牵强，保存原味。
（四）翻译的原则
1.对比原则
2.神似原则
3.汉化（或日化）原则
（五）翻译的过程
1.充分准备
2.吃透表层
3.捕捉寓意
4.自由表达
5.修改校对
二. 翻译技巧
（一）词语层面
A. 抽象形式
1.增词
2.减词
3.引申
1）解释性引伸
例：けれども，根が純粹なトルストイは，こうした生活に心から满足しているわけではなかった。
内心，健康や純潔に憧れていた……。
译文：但是，本性单纯的托尔斯泰并不满足这种生活，内心向往着健康、纯洁的爱情。
2）抽象性引伸
例：今は林立した高层ビルが駅の周りを幾重にも取り囲み，切符売り場の前の広場の辺りに，地下道が張り巡らされて，冷たい変な臭いのする商店街になっている。
译文：现在，鳞次栉比的高楼大厦把车站围了好几层。
售票处前面的广场附近布满了地下通道，已经成了冷清且怪味四溢的商店街了。
3）具体性引伸
例：おい，きみ。
きみをまじめな青年と信用し，金錢を扱う重要な地位につけた。
それなのに，それを裹切り，気の遠くなるような額の使い込みをやった。
译文：喂!你!我相信你是一个正派的青年，把你安排到管钱的重要岗位上，你却辜负了这些，用掉了令人难以置信的巨额款项。
4.转换词语
5.正反表达
B. 具体形式
1. 拟声词、拟态词的翻译
2. 外来语的翻译
3. 人称代词的翻译
4. 指示词的翻译
5. 形式名词的翻译
6. 成语的翻译
7. 谚语的翻译
8. 习惯语的翻译
（二）句子层面
A. 抽象形式
1. 顺译
2. 倒译
3. 分译与合译
4. 意译
5. 加译
6. 简译
7. 变译
B. 具体形式
1. 使役句的翻译
2.被动句的翻译
3. 复杂长句的翻译
4. 敬语的翻译。