2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试
2018全国硕士研究生招生考试
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试佛山科学技术学院自命题考试科目考试大纲（科目名称：化学农(自)科目代码：710）一、考查目标《化学农（自）》要求考生掌握有机化学的基础知识和基本理论，具有独立分析解决有关化学问题的能力。
考试内容主要包括：有机化合物的命名、结构、物理性质、化学性质、合成方法及其应用；有机化合物各种类型的异构现象；有机化合物分子结构与理化性质之间的关系，典型有机化学反应机理。
二、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为150分，考试时间180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
（三）试卷内容结构各部分内容所占分值大致为：1.有机化学概论：5%2.饱和烃：5%3.不饱和烃：5%4.芳香烃：10%5.旋光异构：5%6.卤代烃：10%7.光谱法的应用：5%8.醇、酚、醚：10%9.醛、酮、醌：10%10.羧酸、羧酸衍生物、取代酸：10%11.胺：10%12.杂环化合物：5%13.碳水化合物：5%14.氨基酸、肽：5%（四）试卷题型结构1.命名或写结构式：10小题，每题2分，共20分2.单项选择题：30小题，每小题2分，共60分3.完成反应式：10小题，每小题2分，共20分4.鉴别题：4小题，每小题3分，共12分5.合成题：4小题，每小题5-10分，共26分6.推导结构题：2小题，每小题6分，共12分（说明：以上题型及分值分配仅作参考，根据需要可作调整）三、考查范围1.有机化学概论考试内容：有机化合物与有机化学、化学键与分子结构、有机化合物结构特点与反应特性。
考试要求：掌握有机化合物中的共价键，碳原子的杂化轨道，σ键与π键，碳原子的特性及有机化合物分子的立体形象。
掌握有机化合物结构与物理性质的关系，分子间力对物理性质的影响。
了解有机化学反应特征及基本类型。
2.饱和烃考试内容：烷烃和环烷烃的结构、命名和理化性质。
考试要求：掌握碳原子的sp3杂化，伯、仲、叔、季碳原子的概念。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试湖北师范大学自命题考试科目考试大纲（科目名称：普通心理学科目代码：905 ）一、考查目标要求考生理解和掌握普通心理学的基本理论、基本概念、基本原理和基本方法，具备分析问题和解决问题的基本能力。
二、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为150，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
（三）试卷内容结构（四）试卷题型结构选择题、名词解释、判断改错题、简答题、论述题。
三、考查范围(一)心理学的研究对象、研究方法和发展历史1．心理学的研究对象心理现象心理学的研究领域心理学与其它学科的关系心理学的研究方法心理学研究原则具体的研究方法心理学的发展历史心理学产生的历史背景西方主要的心理学派别心理学的研究取向和发展方向(二) 心理的神经生理机制神经元神经元和神经胶质细胞神经冲动的传递2.神经系统周围神经系统中枢神经系统3.大脑的结构与机能(三)感觉1. 感觉的一般概念什么是感觉近刺激和远刺激感觉的编码2.刺激强度与感觉大小的关系-感受性与感觉阈限3.视觉基本现象(四)知觉1.知觉的一般概念什么是知觉知觉中的自下而上和自上而下的加工知觉的生理机制知觉的种类2. 知觉的特性知觉的对象与背景知觉中整体与部分的关系理解在知觉中的作用知觉的恒常性3.空间知觉形状知觉大小知觉深度知觉和距离知觉4. 时间知觉与运动知觉时间知觉运动知觉(五)注意1. 注意的一般概述注意的基本概念不随意注意随意注意随意后注意选择性注意持续性注意分配性注意2. 注意的生理机制及认知理论注意的生理机制注意的认知理论(六)记忆1.记忆的一般概念什么是记忆记忆的作用记忆的分类记忆的结构及其加工过程2.感觉记忆感觉记忆的编码感觉记忆的保持感觉记忆向短时记忆的转化3.短时记忆短时记忆的编码短时记忆信息的存储和遗忘短时记忆的信息提取4.长时记忆什么是长时记忆长时记忆的编码长时记忆的信息存储长时记忆的信息提取长时记忆中信息的遗忘5.内隐记忆内隐记忆的一般概念内隐记忆与外显记忆的关系(七)思维1.思维的一般概念思维的概念及特征思维的过程思维的种类2.表象与想象表象及特征想象及分类3.问题解决问题解决的概念问题解决的策略知识在问题解决中的作用－专家与新手的区别影响问题解决的心理因素(八) 动机1. 动机的概念什么是动机动机与需要动机与行为效率动机2.动机的理论本能论驱力理论唤醒理论诱因理论认知理论2.动机的种类动机的一般分类生理性动机社会性动机(九)情绪和情感1.情绪情感概述情绪情感的性质与功能情绪的维度和两极性情绪情感的分类2.表情面部表情姿态表情语调表情3. 情绪的理论早期的理论认知理论动机—分化理论4. 情绪调节与心理健康情绪调节的个体差异情绪调节与身心健康(十)能力1. 能力的概念什么是能力能力与知识、技能的关系2. 能力的种类和结构能力的种类能力的结构3. 能力的测量一般能力测量特殊能力和创造力测量4.能力发展与个体差异能力发展的一般趋势能力发展的个体差异能力形成的原因和条件 (十一)人格1.人格的概念一、什么是人格二、人格的结构2.人格理论特质理论类型理论结构理论3.认知风格场独立性—场依存性冲动—沉思同时性—继时性4.人格测验自陈量表投射测验情境测验自我概念测验5.人格形成的影响因素生物遗传因素社会文化因素家庭环境因素早期经验四、参考书目【使用教材】《普通心理学》由彭聃龄主编，北京师范大学出版社2001年版. 【参考书目】1.叶浩生主编（1998）：西方心理学的历史与体系。
2018年硕士研究生招生专业及考试科目
F1(非全日制)船舶与海洋结构物性能
F2(非全日制)船舶与海洋结构物设计制造
F4(非全日制)船舶与海洋工程管理
①101思想政治理论
②204英语二
③302数学二
④805船舶原理与结构
902船舶力学
专业代码、名称
及研究方向
初试科目代码及名称
复试科目
备注
002能源与动力工程学院
专业代码、名称
004电子信息学院
080804电力电子与电力传动
01(全日制)舰船电力系统
02(全日制)电力系统综合自动化
03(全日制)电力电子装置与系统
①101思想政治理论
②201英语一
③301数学一
④813电力电子技术或814自动控制原理
912电机与拖动基础或939电气与PLC技术
不接收同等学力考生
备注
085223船舶与海洋工程（专业学位）
01(全日制)船舶轮机设备及系统的性能分析与优化、自动检测与控制
02(全日制)船舶轮机设备及系统的先进设计与制造
03(全日制)船舶轮机设备及系统的振动与噪声控制
F1(非全日制)船舶轮机设备及系统的性能分析与优化、自动检测与控制
F2(非全日制)船舶轮机设备及系统的先进设计与制造
082402轮机工程
01(全日制)船舶动力装置性能与系统优化设计
02(全日制)船舶系统与设备振动噪声控制与故障诊断
03(全日制)船舶节能减排与人工环境
①101思想政治理论
②201英语一
③301数学一
④806工程热力学或801理论力学
946工程传热学或947船舶柴油机或948机械原理
江苏省优势学科
【精品】2018年硕士研究生招生考试大纲.doc
2018年硕士研究生招生考试大纲019 基础教学中心目录初试考试大纲 1637专业基础综合 1659专业史论基础 2936 和声分析与曲式作品分析错误!未指定书签。
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教育研究方法44初试考试大纲637专业基础综合一、考试性质体育综合包括运动生理学和运动训练学两部分内容。
是体育教育训练学专业硕士研究生入学考试的专业基础课程。
二、考察目标要求考生能系统理解运动生理学和运动训练学的基本概念和基本原理，能过运用基本理论合理地解释体育教学和运动训练中现象和问题。
三、考试形式本考试为闭卷考试，满分为300分，考试时间为180分钟。
四、考试内容（一）运动生理学（50%）考试内容：骨骼肌机能、血液、循环机能、呼吸机能、物质与能量代谢、肾脏机能、内分泌机能、感觉与神经机能、运动技能、身体素质、运动过程中人体机能状态变化的规律、运动训练原则的生理学分析、运动机能的生理学评定、儿少生长发育与体育运动。
（二）运动训练学（50%）考试内容：竞技体育与运动训练、运动成绩与竞技能力、运动训练原则、运动训练方法与手段、运动员体能及其训练、运动员技术能力及其训练、运动员的战术能力及其训练、运动员心理能力与运动智能及其训练、运动训练计划、运动队伍管理。
【精品】2018年硕士研究生招生考试大纲.doc(20200328132941)
2018年硕士研究生招生考试大纲002 信息科学与工程学院目录初试考试大纲 1610高等数学 1638 量子力学 1953 声学基础 3806 普通物理 5807数据结构7808地理信息系统8810数字电子技术10341农业知识综合三11910高级程序设计12911软件工程14912数据结构和软件工程16930程序设计基础19940 计算机网络与安全 21946 信号与系统23954计算机基础综合24复试考试大纲28现代物理基础28科技英语(光学、凝聚态物理) 30现代光学基础31电子技术基础33科技英语（光学工程专业（学术型080300和专业型085202）34 电子技术 A 35通信原理36计算机系统结构38面向对象的程序设计40数据库系统41程序设计实践43保密概论45安全程序设计实践47农业信息化概论50数字信号处理52C++语言编程54科技英语（地图学与地理信息系统、测绘工程）56 光学电磁学57信号与系统59数字电子技术61科技英语（海洋探测技术、摄影测量与遥感）62同等学力加试科目考试大纲63数据结构63软件工程65初试考试大纲610高等数学一、考试性质高等数学是理、工科专业硕士研究生入学考试的专业基础课程。
高等数学入学考试是为招收理、工科专业硕士研究生而实施的具有选拔功能的水平考试，它的指导思想是既要为国家选拔具有较强分析问题与解决问题能力的高层次人才，又要有利于促进高等学校高等数学课程教学质量的提高。
二、考察目标要求考生能系统理解高等数学的基本概念和基本原理，掌握高等数学的基本思想与方法，具有较好的逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力、计算能力以及运用所学知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。
三、考试形式本考试为闭卷考试，满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
试卷结构：高等数据75%，线性代数25%。
四、考试内容（一）高等数学（75%）考试内容：函数的极限与连续，一元函数微积分及其应用，向量代数与空间解析几何，多元函数微积分及其应用，场论，含参变量积分，无穷级数，常微分方程及其应用。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试法律硕士(非法学)专业学位联考考试大纲
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试法律硕士(非法学)专业学位联考考试大纲来源：文都教育Ⅰ考试性质专业基础课考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收法律硕士(非法学)专业学位研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国联考科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备继续攻读法律硕士专业学位所需要的基础知识和基本技能，评价的标准是高等学校非法学专业本科毕业生能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所择优选拔，确保硕士专业学位研究生的招生质量。
Ⅱ考查目标专业基础课考试包括刑法学和民法学两部分，在考查刑法学和民法学基本知识、基本理论的同时，注重考查考生运用刑法学原理和民法学原理分析、解决问题的能力和运用法律语言的能力。
考生应能：1.准确地再认或再现刑法学和民法学的基本知识。
2.正确理解和掌握刑法学和民法学的重要概念、特征、内容和其法律规定。
3.运用刑法学和民法学原理解释和论证某些观点，明辨法理。
4.结合社会生活背景或特定的法律现象，分析、评价有关案件、事件，找出运用法律知识解决实际问题的方法。
5.准确、恰当地使用法律学科的专业术语，要求论述有据，条理清晰，符合逻辑，文字表达通顺。
Ⅲ考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三，考试内容结构刑法学 75分民法学 75分四、试卷题型结构单项选择题 40小题，每小题1分，共40分多项选择题 10小题，每小题2分，共20分简答题 4小题，每小题10分，共40分法条分析题 2小题，每小题10分，共20分案例分析题 2小题，每小题15分，共30分Ⅳ考查内容第一部分刑法学第一章绪论第一节刑法概述一、刑法的概念刑法的定义、形式和特征。
二、刑法的任务和机能三、刑法的体系和解释第二节刑法的基本原则一、罪刑法定原则的基本内容与体现二、刑法适用平等原则的基本内容与体现三、罪责刑相适应原则的基本内容与体现第三节刑法的效力范围一、刑法的效力范围的概念和种类二、刑法的空间效力刑法的空间效力的概念；确立刑法空间效力范围的学理根据：属地原则、属人原则、保护原则、普遍管辖原则；我国刑法关于空间效力的规定。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the followin g text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Wh y do people read ne g ative Internet comments and do other thin g s that will obviousl y be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertaint y, accordin g to a recent stud y in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so stron g that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the Universit y of Chica g o and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students'willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twent y-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told onl y that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would .8Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fin g ernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgustin g insects.The drive to 10 is deepl y rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, sa y s Christopher Hsee of the Universit y of Chica g o. Curiosity is often considered a g ood instinct -it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance -but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insi g ht that curiosity can drive y ou to do 14 thin g s is a profound one.U呻ealth y curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encoura g ed to 16 how the y would feel after viewin g an unpleasant picture were less likel y to 17 to see such an ima g e. These results su gg est that ima g inin g the 18 of followin g throu g h on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. "Thinkin g about lon g-term 20 is ke y to reducin g the possible ne g ative effects of curiosit y," Hsee sa y s. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. protect2. A. refuse3. A. hurt4. A. alert5. A. message6. A. remove7. A. When8. A. continue9. A. rather than10. A. discover11. A. pay12. A. lead to13. A. withdrawal14. A. self-reliant15. A. define16. A. overlook17. A. remember18. A. relief19. A. why20. A. consequences Part A Directions: B. resolve C. discuss D. ignoreB. waitC. regretD. seekB. lastC. misleadD. riseB. tieC. treatD. exposeB. reviewC. trialD. concept B. weaken C. interrupt D. deliverB. IfC. ThoughD. UnlessB. happenC. disappearD. changeB. regardless ofC. such asD. owing to B. forgive C. forget D. disagree B. marriage C. schooling D. foodB. rest onC. learn fromD. begin with B. persistence C. inquiry D. diligence B. self-destructive C. self-evident D. self-deceptive B. resist C. replace D. traceB. predictC. designD. concealB. promiseC. chooseD. pretendB. planC. dutyD. outcome B. whether C. where D.howB. investmentsC. strategiesD. limitations Section II Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as thou g h he has to justify his efforts to g ive his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of somethin g pioneerin g. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire hi g h school where learnin g is not somethin g of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterl y overwhelmed b y a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learnin g in just about everythin g. Nothin g is necessaril y g ained b y forcin g students to learn g eometry at a graffitied desk stuck with g enerations of discarded chewin g gum. The y can also learn g eometry b y assemblin g a bic y cle.But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Workin g with y our hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiorit y. Schools in the famil y of vocational education "have that stereotype…that it's for kids who can't make it academicall y," he sa y s.On one hand, that viewpoint is a lo g ical product of America's evolution. Manufacturin g is not the economic en g ine that it once was. The job securit y that the US econom y once offered to hi g h school graduates has lar g el y evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and ri g htfull y so.But the headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all—and the subtle devaluin g of anythin g less—misses an important point: That's not the onl y thin g the American econom y needs. Yes, a bachelor's degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and hi g h-skill manufacturin g. But onl y 44 percent of workers are adequatel y trained.In other words, at a time when the workin g class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishin g, one obvious solution is starin g us in the face. There is a g ap in workin g-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology Hi g h School is tryin g to fill that g ap.Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlookin g a nation's diversity of g ifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students'lack ofA. practical abilityB. academic trainin gC. pioneerin g spiritD . mechamcal memonzat10n22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who .A. have a stereotyped mindB. h a ve no career mot1vat10nC. are not academicall y successfulD. are financiall y disadvanta g ed23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that hi g h school graduates .A. used to have bi g financial concernsB. used to have more job opportunitiesC. are reluctant to work in manufacturin gD. are entitled to more educational privile g es24. The headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all .A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. ma y narrow the g ap in workin g-class jobsC. is expected to y ield a better-trained workforceD. indicates the overvaluin g of hi g her education25. The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described asA. supportiveB. tolerantC. disappointedD. cautiousText 2While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s ene rgy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.- 5 -26. The word "p lummeting" (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. nsmg27. According to Paragra p h 3, the use of renewable energy in America .A. is p rogressing notabl yB. is as extensive as in Euro p eC. faces man y challengesD. has p roved to be im p ractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .A. wind is a widel y used energy sourceB. wind energy has re p laced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy su pp l y29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragra p hs 5&6?A. Its a pp lication has boosted battery storage.B. It is con皿onl y used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous su pp l y is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable ex p loitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last p aragra p h that renewable energy .A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not reall y encouraged b y the US governmentD. is not com p etitive enough with regard to its costText3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital econom y is astonishingAmazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocer y chain Whole Foods for $ 13.Sbn, but two y ears ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have an y ph y sical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finel y detailed web of its users'friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormousl y revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Ma y's enemies are currentl y plotting? It ma y be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the onl y wa y to address these imbalances of power. But it is clums y. For one thing, it is ver y slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. B y the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it ma y have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced b y new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presentl y interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pa y for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who bu y advertising from them -and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product the y're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the hone y dew the y produce when the y feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives y ield. Ants keep predator y insects awa y from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. Accordin g to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .A. di g ital productsB. user informationC. ph y sical assetsD. quality service32. Linkin g phone numbers to Facebook identities ma y .A worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. Accordin g to the author, competition law .A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one le g al solutionD. cannot keep pace with the chan g in g market34. Competition law as presentl y interpreted can hardl y protect Facebook usersbecause .A. the y are not defined as customersB. the y are not financiall y reliableC. the services are g enerall y di g italD. the services are paid for b y advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .A. a win-win business model between di g ital g iantsB. a typical competition pattern amon g di g ital g iantsC. the benefits provided for di g ital g iants'customersD. the relationship between di g ital g iants and their usersText4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being bus y, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of "deep work" -the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work -be it length y retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a dail y ritual; or taking a "journalistic" approach to seizing moments of deep work when y ou can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the ke y is to determine y our length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends "deep scheduling" to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. "At an y given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughl y the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting", he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how y ou prioritise y our da y -in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Mess y: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a stud y in the earl y 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthl y goals and stud y activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, da y b y da y.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured dail y plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, the y were wrong: the detailed dail y plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the dail y to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, "be lazy"."Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the bod y…[idleness] is, paradoxicall y, necessary to getting an y work done," he argues.Srini Pilla y, an assistant professor of ps y chiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivit y ma y be due to the wa y our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, the y tend to be more efficient."What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks the y need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain," sa y s Pilla y.36. The ke y to mastering the art of deep work is to .A. keep to y our focus timeB. list y our immediate tasksC. make specific dail y plansD. seize every minute to work37. The stud y in the earl y 1980s cited b y Harford shows that .A. distractions ma y actuall y increase efficienc yB. dail y schedules are indispensable to stud y ingC. students are hardl y motivated b y monthl y goalsD. detailed plans ma y not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is .A. a desirable mental state for bus y peopleB. a major contributor to ph y sical healthC. an effective wa y to save time and energyD. an essential factor in accomplishing an y work39. Pilla y believes that our brains'shift between being focused and unfocused .A. can result in ps y chological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficienc yC. is aimed at better balance in workD. is driven b y task urgenc y40. This text is mainl y about .A. wa y s to relieve the tension of bus y lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the ke y to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the q uestions b y choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which y ou do not need to use. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A]Just sa y it[B]Be present[C]Pa y a uni q ue compliment[D]Name, places, things[E]Find the "me too''s[F]Skip the small talk[G]Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when y ou have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation y ou have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every da y: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the securit y guard at the door. Simpl y starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple wa y s that y ou can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.Suppose y ou are in a room with someone y ou don't know and something within ou sa y s "I want to talk with this person"—this is something that mostl y happens ywith all of us. You wanted to sa y something—the first word—but it just won't come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is m y advice: just get it out.Just think: what is the worst that could happen? The y won't talk with y ou? Well, the y are not talking with y ou now!I trul y believe that once y ou get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple: "Hi", "He y"or "Hello"—do the best y ou can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy y ou can, put on a big smile and sa y "Hi".42.It is a problem all of us face; y ou have limited time with the person that y ou want to talk with and y ou want to make this talk memorable.Honestl y, if we got stuck in the rut of "hi", "hello", "how are y ou?" and''what is going on?", y ou will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, y ou'll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if y ou just ask.43.When y ou meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which y ou and that person have in common so that y ou can build the conversation from that point. When y ou start conversation from there and then move outwards, ou'll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.y44.Imagine y ou are pouring y our heart out to someone and the y are just bus y on their phone, and if y ou ask for their attention y ou get the response "I can multitask".So when someone tries to communicate with y ou, just be in that communication wholeheartedl y. Make e y e contact. Trust me, e y e contact is where all the magic happens. When y ou make e y e contact, y ou can feel the conversation.45.You all came into a conversation where y ou first met the person, but after some time y ou ma y have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward! So, remember the little details of the people y ou met or y ou talked with; perhaps the places the y have been to, the places the y want to go, the things the y like, the things the y hate—whatever y ou talk about.When y ou remember such things y ou can automaticall y become investor in their wellbeing. So the y feel a responsibility to y ou to keep that relationship going.That's it. Five amazing wa y s that y ou can make conversation with almost an y one. Every person is a reall y good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation neatl y on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks "astronaut" but quickl y adds "scientist" to the list and selects it as well. The bo y is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as man y career paths as he likes. And so he reads -everything from enc y clopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionatel y that his parents have to institute a "no reading polic y" at the dinner table.That bo y was Bill Gates, and he hasn't stopped reading y et -not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowada y s, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recentl y, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a y ear. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because the y explain how the world works. "Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore", Gates sa y s.SectionN WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1)apologize and explain the situation, and2)suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)4.70% 26.80% 向宝店铺：节，乌果考研冷妞服务价格·环境·特色·其他2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试公告
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试公告根据《2018年全国硕士研究生招生工作管理规定》，现将2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试有关事项公告如下：一、初试时间2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试初试时间为：2017年12月23日至12月24日(每天上午8:30至11:30，下午14:00至17:00)。
超过3小时的考试科目在12月25日进行(起始时间8:30，截止时间由招生单位确定，不超过14:30)。
考试时间以北京时间为准。
不在规定日期举行的硕士研究生入学考试，国家一律不予承认。
二、初试科目初试方式均为笔试。
12月23日上午思想政治理论、管理类联考综合能力12月23日下午外国语12月24日上午业务课一12月24日下午业务课二12月25日考试时间超过3小时的考试科目每科考试时间一般为3小时;建筑设计等特殊科目考试时间最长不超过6小时。
详细考试时间、考试科目及有关要求等请见《准考证》及考点和招生单位公告。
三、报名要求硕士研究生招生考试报名包括网上报名和现场确认两个阶段。
所有参加硕士研究生招生考试的考生均须进行网上报名，并到报考点现场确认网报信息和采集本人图像等相关电子信息，同时按规定缴纳报考费。
应届本科毕业生原则上应选择就读学校所在省(区、市)的报考点办理网上报名和现场确认手续;单独考试考生应选择招生单位所在地省级教育招生考试机构指定的报考点办理网上报名和现场确认手续;工商管理、公共管理、旅游管理和工程管理等专业学位考生和其他考生应选择工作或户口所在地省级教育招生考试机构指定的报考点办理网上报名和现场确认手续。
网上报名技术服务工作由全国高等学校学生信息咨询与就业指导中心负责。
现场确认由省级教育招生考试机构负责组织相关报考点进行。
四、网上报名(一)网上报名时间2017年10月10日至10月31日，每天9:00至22:00。
(二)网上预报名时间2017年9月24日至9月27日，每天9:00至22:00。
(三)报名流程考生在规定时间内登录“中国研究生招生信息网”(以下简称“研招网”)浏览报考须知，按教育部、省级教育招生考试机构、报考点以及报考招生单位的网上公告要求报名。
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2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试
临床医学综合能力（西医）
1.在维持机体稳态的调节中，负反馈控制的特点是
A.迅速
B.有波动
C.有预见性
D.有可能失误
【答案】B
【解析】P8。
负反馈具有滞后性和波动性的缺点，而前反馈则较快速，并具有预见性，因而适应性更大，但前馈控制有可能失误。
2. 神经细胞在静息时，电压门控钠通道对Na+通透的门控状态是
A.激活门和失活门都开放
B.激活门和失活门都关闭
C.激活门开放，失活门关闭
D.激活门关闭，失活门开放
【答案】D
【解析】P34。
静息电位状态下，电压门控钠通道存在三种功能状态，即静息态、激活态和失活态。
上述三种状态是通道分子内部两个闸门，即激活门和失活门活动的结果。
当膜电位保持-70mV，即静息时，激活门完全关闭，失活门则接近完全开放，此时钠通道关闭，处于“静息态”。
当膜迅速去极化至+20mV时，激活门迅速开放，失活门则逐渐关闭。
由于两个闸门的运动速度不等，故当激活门迅速开放面失活门尚未关闭时通道出现瞬间导通，呈“激活态”。
随后，尽管激活门仍开放，但随着失活门的完全关闭，通道不再导通而进入“失活态”。
随着膜的复极化，失活门从通道口逐渐退出，回到开放状态；而激活门则回到通道中央，保持关闭状态。
于是，通道又回到原先的“静息
态”，这一过程称为通道的复活。
3.在生理性止血过程中，与识别损伤部位有关的血小板生理特性是
A.血小板黏附
B.血小板聚集
C.血小板释放
D.血小板吸附【答案】A
【解析】P68。
（1）血管内皮细胞受损后内皮下胶原暴露，vWF首先与胶原纤维结合，引起vWF变构，然后血小板膜上的GPⅠb与变构的vWF结合，从而使血小板黏附于内皮下胶原纤维上。
（2）血小板释放是血小板受刺激后将储存在致密体、α-颗粒或溶酶体内的物质排出的现象。
血小板聚集是血小板与血小板之间的相互黏着，血小板释放的TXA2具有强烈的聚集血小板和缩血管作用。
血小板吸附是指血小板表面可吸附血浆中多种凝血因子。
4.引起窦房结P细胞动作电位0期去极化的主要离子流是
A.I Na
B.I K
C.I Ca-L
D.I Ca-T
【答案】C
【解析】P104。
（1）由于窦房结P细胞缺乏I Na通道，其动作电位0期的产生依赖I Ca-L。
（2）I K电流的进行性衰减是窦房结4期自动去极化的重要离子基础之一。
I Ca-T是一种阈电位较低的快速衰减的内向电流，在窦房结P细胞4期自动去极化起作用，使细胞去极化达到能使I Ca-L通道激活的阈电位水平，从而引发新的动作电位出现升支。
5.能使功能余气量增多的呼吸系统疾病是
A.肺炎
B.矽肺
C.肺水肿
D.支气管哮喘
【答案】D
【解析】P162。
（1）在支气管哮喘等阻塞性肺疾病患者，肺泡内气体因气道变窄而排出减少，因而导致功能余气量增加。
（2）肺炎时肺泡内大量渗出，同时可伴肺实变，肺总量及功能余气量均减少。
矽肺时肺泡大量破坏，肺总量及功能余气量均下降。
肺水肿时肺泡及肺间质液体增多，使肺泡内空间下降，功能余气量下降。
6.下列关于CO2刺激呼吸运动的描述，正确的是
A.中枢化学感受器的反应较快
B.外周化学感受器较易发生适应
C.刺激中枢和外周化学感受器的效应等同
D.一定水平的PaCO2对维持正常呼吸是必需的
【答案】D
【解析】P180。
（1）当动脉血Pa CO₂降到很低水平时，可出现呼吸暂停，因此一定水平的Pa CO₂对维持呼吸中枢的基本活动是必需的，过度通气可使呼吸运动受到抑制。
（2）CO₂通过刺激中枢化学感受器和外周化学感受器两条途径刺激呼吸运动，动脉血Pa CO₂只需升高
2mmHg就能刺激中枢化学感受器，而刺激外周化学感受器则需升高10mmHg。
可见，中枢化学感受器在CO₂引起的通气反应中起主导作用。
当中枢化学感受器对CO₂的敏感性降低或产生适应后，外周化学
感受器的作用就显得很重要。
血液中的CO₂能通过血-脑屏障，升高化学感受器周围细胞细胞外液的中的H⁺浓度，刺激中枢化学感受器，进而影响呼吸中枢的活动，但CO₂与水的水合反应需要碳酸酐酶的催化，由于脑脊液中碳酸酐酶含量很少，所以对CO₂的通气反应有一定的时间延迟。
7.促胃液素延缓胃排空的原因是
A.抑制迷走-迷走反射
B.抑制壁内神经丛反射
C.增强幽门括约肌收缩
D.增强肠-胃反射
【答案】C
【解析】P203。
食物对胃的扩张刺激可通过迷走-迷走反射和壁内神经丛局部反射引起胃运动的加强，促进胃排空；促胃液素既能促进胃的运动，也能通过增强幽门括约肌的收缩抑制胃排空，总的效应是抑制延缓胃排空。
食物对十二指肠的扩张刺激则可通过肠-胃反射抑制胃的运动，使胃排空减慢。
8.大肠内细菌利用简单物质合成的维生素是
A.维生素A和D
B.维生素B和K
C.维生素C和E
D.维生素PP和叶酸
【答案】B
【解析】P213。
（1）大肠内的细菌能利用肠内较为简单的物质来合成维生素B复合物和维生素K，这些维生素可被人体吸收利用。
（2）维
生素C、维生素PP、叶酸为水溶性维生素，体内不能合成，主要依赖食物提供。
维生素D主要通过靠人体自身合成，或通过食用一些富含维生素D的食物来获得。
9.测得某人在基础状态下的耗氧量为14L/h，体表面积为1.6m2，其BMR约是
A.150KJ/（m2·h）
B.167 KJ/（m2·h）
C.177 KJ/（m2·h）
D.186 KJ/（m2·h）
【答案】C
【解析】P224。
将实用混合膳食时的非蛋白呼吸商视为0.82，与之相对应的氧热价为20.20kJ/L，已知受试者在基础状态下一定时间内的耗氧量和体表面积，则计算基础代谢率（BMR）为：20.20kJ/L×14L/h ÷1.6m²=176.75kJ/（m²•h），最接近177kJ/（m²•h）。
10.实验中发现，较难通过肾小球滤过膜的物质是
A.带正电荷的右旋糖酐分子
B.带负电荷的右旋糖酐分子
C.电中性的右旋糖酐分子
D.带负电荷的无机离子
【答案】B
【解析】P241。
肾小球滤过膜由毛细血管内皮细胞、毛细血管下基膜和肾小囊脏层足细胞的足突构成，三层结构的孔径分别为70～90nm、2～8nm和4～11nm，小分子溶质和小分子量蛋白质可自由通过，但血细胞不能通过；滤过膜带负电荷，对带负电荷的蛋白质分子有阻碍
作用。
故肾小球滤过膜可阻碍带负电荷的右旋糖酐分子的通过，对带正电荷和电中性的右旋糖酐分子无电荷屏障作用。