跨文化交际 考试重点归纳
题型：
part I, True or False,30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A，错的画B）15x2 （除第八章）
part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1.(2,4,5细节)
Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% (与课后习题中的cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles 和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例）5X2.
Part IV. Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms 中选择与其对应的definitions，要考到的terms 都已经发给大家）15x1.
Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% (简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内）
5X3.
Part VI. Case Study 10% (课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 x1.
要补充的重点为p114, （E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English), p129, (B. What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)
另外让学生深入研究unit 5 和Unit 2，Unit 4(culturally-loaded words)，以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题）,C (Euphemism Understanding), 以及E (cultural puzzles)
Terms
Unit 1
1. Economic globalization:经济全球化the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2. Global village:地球村All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
3. Melting pot:大熔炉 a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
4. Cultural Diversity:文化多样性the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
5. Intercultural communication:跨文化交际communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
6. Culture:文化a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
7. Enculturation:文化适应all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.
8. Acculturation:文化传入the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越感the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4d15141305.html,munication:交际to share with or to make common, as in giving to another
a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.（以下为components of communication)
PS: what is the difference between encoding & decoding
Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.
11. Source发送信息的人The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
12.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
13.Message信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
14.Channel渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
15.Noise噪音The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
16.Receiver接的人The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
17.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
18.Receiver response反馈The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
19.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
20.Context语境The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
精讲案例Case 1 (p.1) case 2 (p.2)
思考题
1、what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? P8-9+
简要说明
convenient transportation systems
innovative communication systems
economic globalization
widespread migrations
2.What are the three ingredients of culture?
Artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)
Behavior(what they do)
Concept(what they think)
3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7
The aspects of culture that are explicit,visible,taught.
The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.
4.What are the characteristic of culture?
Shared ,learned,dynamic,ethnocentric(文化中心主义），
5.What are the characteristic of communication?
Dynamic,irreversible,symbolic,systematic,transactional,contextual
Unit 2-4
11. Pragmatics:语用学the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
12. Semantics:语意the study of the meaning of words.
13. Denotation:字面意思the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
14. Connotation:弦外之音the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
15. Taboo:禁忌语some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
16. Euphemism:委婉语the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
精讲案例Case 1, case 2(p.17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3 (p.45) Case 1 (p.67) case 3 (p.69)
思考题
6. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (p.33)
The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans,the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.
Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.
The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.
7. What are the social functions of compliments? (p.60) (答案p50 第一段)
Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment.
Unit 5
17. Chronemics:时间学The study of how people perceive and use time.
18. Monochronic time:一元时间概念paying attention to and doing only one thing
at a time.
19. Polychronic time:多元时间概念being involved with many things at once.
20. Proxemics:空间学the perception and use of space.
21. Kinetics:身势学the study of body language
22. Paralanguage:辅助语言involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.
精讲案例case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p.87) case 5, 6 (p.90) case 7 (p.91)
思考题
8. What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)
M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness. It features one event at a time. Time is perceived as a linear structure and something concrete tangible.
P-time means being involved with many things at once.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time. It is more flexible and human-centered.
9. what is the meaning of common gestures in English? P114 (答案P233-234)
Unit 6
精讲案例case 1 (p.115) case 2 (p.116) p.124-126中的小案例
思考题
9. How is gender different from sex? （p.129）(答案P.119/120)
10. What has influenced the gender socialization?
There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.
11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication? (p. 129) (答案127-128)
Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement.
12.what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?
P123
Unit 7
精讲案例case 1 (p.137) case 3 (p.139)
13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153) (结合最后一个单元中ppt的讲解，了解high-context culture 和low-context culture两个概念)
A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication. (沉默是金；一切尽在不言中；心
有灵犀一点通)
A low context communication is the just the opposite; i.e. the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.
High-context culture low-context culture
Japanese Chinese Korean American ………….. German German-Swiss
Unit 9
23. A planetary culture:行星文化a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.
24. Intercultural person:跨文化的人represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.
思考题
13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?（ppt中的补充内容）
As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.
14. Identify the featu res of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases (案例分析)
翻译研究的语篇分析模式及其意义(二)
英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语
跨文化交际试题 附答案
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案） Paper 1 Communication Analysis ? The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.? ? Question 1 Case 1: Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant. Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it! Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.? ? Question 2 Case 2: Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory. Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong! Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job. Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music. Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game. Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment! Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? ? Question 3 Case 3: This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.
跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
跨文化交际学考试名词解释整理
跨文化交际学题型 可能会考的名词解释整理： Intercultural communication:intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds . Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture –whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures . Perception :in its simplest sense ,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us “the process by which an individual selects ,evaluates ,and organizes stimuli from the external world .”in other words ,perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences . Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy . Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership . Power distance :it’s the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally . Context :it’s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event . High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,Japanese Low-context communication :it’s just the opposite of high-context communication . it’s the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American German High-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese Low-context culture:it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German Activity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing. Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters’personalities’, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures need for intercultural communication: New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values; worldview(religion); social organization(family and state). behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch (Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.) 4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication (1)Assumption of similarities (2)Language differences (3)Nonverbal misinterpretations (4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象 (5)Tendency to evaluate (6)High anxiety Unit 2 Culture and Communication 1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned; Culture is a set
跨文化交际期末
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
跨文化交际试卷A及答案
Part ⅠDecide whether the following 10 statements are True or False. Write the answers in the blanks. (2% for each, 20%) 1. People do not exchange greetings with people almost every day. 2. If you want to know where a person was born, you can ask “Where are you originally from?” 3. For women, in more informal business situations, should dress in a conservative suit or a well tailored dress. 4. Conversations about children and family usually do not have their place in “networking ” situations for business. 5. At conventions, it is absolutely necessary to participate or at least make an appearance at most organized functions. 6. If you are the hostess, don ’t insist that someone else drink and don ’t over serve. 7. There are enough people in the world who have problems mastering vehicles and phones individually. 8. It is advisable not to wear the earpiece when we are not on the phone. 9. Overdrinking alcohol can lower a person ’s inhibitions and alter his judgment. 10. Most meetings are unnecessary; they are just a way of making people feel important. Part Ⅱ Translate the following sentences into English. (3% for each, 15%) 1. 在地球村里，国家就像一个大家庭，各大洲就像是邻居。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
跨文化交际重点梳理.docx
重点 1 Definition of culture Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people. 重点 2 Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is shared Culture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society. It is not property of any individual. 2、culture is cumulative Human beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations. Every generations can discover the new things. The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations. 3、culture is learned Culture is not inherent with any people. Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from
跨文化交际试卷
第
C. determined, reflects D. shaped, influences United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants each year and has referred to as a melting-pot society. This trend can reflect the theory of . A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization Ⅱ. True or False (10 Points in all, 1 points for each) ( )11. Values refer to rules for appropriate behaviors, which provide the expectations people have of one anther and of others. ( )12. The similarity of the original culture to the new host culture is one of the most important factors in successful acculturation. ( )13. The symbols human beings use are objective. ( )14. Four values fundamental to western ethics are autonomy, responsibility, care, justice. ( )15. Different from the belief “subjugation to nature”, western people believ e they are the masters of the nature. ( )16. The United States can clearly be seen as collectivism. ( )17. Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments, they can also be positive. ( )18. In the Russian states, the “bear hug” may follow a strong, firm handshae between good male friends. ( ) 19. All words can find the counterparts in another language. ( )20. People in the United States like the body ’s natural smell so they seldom wear fragrance. Ⅲ. Please explain the denotational and connotational meanings of the following words from the Western and Eastern perspectives. (20 points in all, 10 points for each.) 22..intellectual Ⅳ.Please answer the following questions (30 points in all, 15 points for each)
跨文化交际笔记
第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程 跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。 有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。 有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。 主流文化亚文化地区文化小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化）第二章跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70年代，影响最大的书籍。《跨文化交际学选读》 5.跨文化交际学内容：