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Evaluating Mid-infrared Spectroscopy as a New Technique for Predicting Sensory Texture

J.Dairy Sci.90:1122–1132©American Dairy Science Association,2007.Evaluating Mid-infrared Spectroscopy as a New Technique for Predicting Sensory Texture Attributes of Processed CheeseC.C.Fagan,*1C.Everard,*C.P.O’Donnell,*G.Downey,†E.M.Sheehan,‡C.M.Delahunty,§andD.J.O’Callaghan ʈ*Biosystems Engineering,UCD School of Agriculture,Food Science and Veterinary Medicine,University College Dublin,Earlsfort Terrace,Dublin 2,Ireland†Teagasc,Ashtown Food Research Centre,Dublin 15,Ireland‡Department of Nutritional Sciences,University College Cork,Cork,Ireland§Department of Food Science,University of Otago,PO Box 56,Dunedin 9015,New Zealand ʈTeagasc,Moorepark Food Research Centre,Fermoy,Co.Cork,IrelandABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the po-tential application of mid-infrared spectroscopy for de-termination of selected sensory attributes in a range of experimentally manufactured processed cheese samples.This study also evaluates mid-infrared spectroscopy against other recently proposed techniques for pre-dicting sensory texture attributes.Processed cheeses (n =32)of varying compositions were manufactured on a pilot scale.After 2and 4wk of storage at 4°C,mid-infrared spectra (640to 4,000cm −1)were recorded and samples were scored on a scale of 0to 100for 9attributes using descriptive sensory analysis.Models were devel-oped by partial least squares regression using raw and pretreated spectra.The mouth-coating and mass-form-ing models were improved by using a reduced spectral range (930to 1,767cm −1).The remaining attributes were most successfully modeled using a combined range (930to 1,767cm −1and 2,839to 4,000cm −1).The root mean square errors of cross-validation for the models were 7.4(ﬁrmness;range 65.3),4.6(rubbery;range 41.7),7.1(creamy;range 60.9),5.1(chewy;range 43.3),5.2(mouth-coating;range 37.4),5.3(fragmentable;range 51.0),7.4(melting;range 69.3),and 3.1(mass-forming;range 23.6).These models had a good practical utility.Model accuracy ranged from approximate quantitative predic-tions to excellent predictions (range error ratio =9.6).In general,the models compared favorably with previously reported instrumental texture models and near-infrared models,although the creamy,chewy,and melting models were slightly weaker than the previously reported near-infrared models.We concluded that mid-infrared spec-troscopy could be successfully used for the nondestruc-tive and objective assessment of processed cheese sen-sory quality.Received April 12,2006.Accepted October 30,2006.1Corresponding author:colette.fagan@ucd.ie1122Key words:descriptive sensory analysis,processed cheese,mid-infrared spectroscopy,chemometricsINTRODUCTIONOver 18million tonnes of cheese were produced world-wide in 2004,and processed cheese is an important seg-ment of this market (Wohlfarth and Richarts,2005).The United States,the largest producer of processed cheese (where 20%of all cheese consumed is processed cheese),produced 1,092,000tonnes in 2003(Wohlfarth and Ric-harts,2005).In the same year,the 25countries of the European Union produced 655,000tonnes of processed cheese (Wohlfarth and Richarts,2005).Consumer preference for a food product is principally determined by its sensory characteristics.Accurate mon-itoring and control of sensory properties will facilitate the production of high-quality products.A number of factors determine the ﬁnal quality and sensory proper-ties of processed cheese (Caric´and Kala ´b,1993).These include the processing conditions used during manufac-ture,the composition of the ingredients,and the propor-tions of those ingredients added to the blend.Sensory proﬁling allows various quality attributes to be identiﬁed and their intensity determined (Brown et al.,2003).Sensory attributes are traditionally assessed by descriptive sensory evaluation using trained panel-ists.However,this is a time-consuming and expensive process that may lack objectivity (Blazquez et al.,2006).Although instrumental techniques such as texture pro-ﬁle analysis (TPA )and the 3-point bend test are avail-able for determining the texture attributes of food prod-ucts,these laboratory-based techniques are time-con-suming and require the use of skilled personnel in their execution (Blazquez et al.,2006).Therefore,considerable interest exists in the development of instrumental tech-niques to enable more objective,faster,and less expen-sive assessments of cheese quality to be made,including sensory aspects (Downey et al.,2005).Such a technique would assist producers to maximize yields,increasePREDICTION OF CHEESE SENSORY TEXTURE ATTRIBUTES1123throughput and efﬁciency,reduce labor costs,and opti-mize product quality,consistency,and customer satisfac-tion.Critical points in the manufacturing process could be monitored to ensure that the ﬁnal product would meet required speciﬁcations.Recently,Kealy (2006)examined cream cheese using TPA,one of the main instrumental techniques for tex-ture measurement,and compared the results with those of a trained taste panel.Although a reasonably strong correlation was found between the taste panel results and TPA-derived hardness and adhesiveness parame-ters,the correlation for cohesiveness was not straightfor-ward.Everard (2005)also investigated the prediction of sensory attributes of processed cheese from instrumen-tal texture attributes derived from TPA,a compression test,and a 3-point bend test.He could predict the texture attributes of ﬁrmness,rubbery,creamy,chewy,frag-mentable,and mass-forming with a good level of accu-racy (Everard,2005).Spectroscopic analysis in combination with predictive mathematical models,developed using multivariate data analysis techniques such as partial least squares (PLS )regression,have potential use in controlling and monitoring the quality of raw materials through to the ﬁnal product in food processing.In particular,infrared spectroscopy has been applied as an objective and nonde-structive technique to provide a rapid and real-time anal-ysis of both composition and quality (Downey,1998;Leﬁer et al.,2000;Ozen and Mauer,2002;Blazquez et al.,2004).Blazquez et al.(2006)modeled the sensory attributes of processed cheese using near-infrared re-ﬂectance spectroscopy and PLS regression.They found that it was possible to model a number of attributes including ﬁrmness,melting,rubbery,and creamy.Two other studies have investigated the prediction of sensory attributes in natural cheese.Downey et al.(2005)and Sørensen and Jepsen (1998)successfully demonstrated that near-infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with PLS regression can be used to predict several sensory attri-butes of Cheddar and Danbo cheeses,respectively.Mid-infrared spectroscopy has been most widely used for de-termination of the fat and protein contents of cheese (Chen and Irudayaraj,1998).Irudayaraj et al.(1999)also investigated the use of mid-infrared spectroscopy to follow texture development in Cheddar cheese during ripening.They demonstrated that springiness could be successfully correlated with a number of bands in the mid-infrared spectra.Research has shown that mid-in-frared spectroscopy is a useful technique for characteriz-ing the changes in proteins during cheese ripening (Ma-zerolles et al.,2001).Pillonel et al.(2003)also found that mid-infrared spectroscopy may be successfully applied to the discrimination of Emmental cheese based on geo-graphic origin.Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.3,2007Table 1.Quantity of ingredients (g/kg)used in the production of experimental processed cheese samples Sample Emulsifyingnumber(s)Cheddar Butter Water salt1,10838.70.0161.39.72838.70.0151.619.43,11838.70.0141.929.04,12838.751.6112.99.75,13838.751.6100.019.46,14838.751.690.329.07,15838.7100.061.39.78838.7100.051.619.49,16838.7100.041.929.017,25848.451.6103.29.718,26838.751.6100.019.419,27829.051.6100.029.020,28751.645.2203.29.721,29745.245.2203.219.422,30738.745.2200.025.823,31651.638.7303.216.124,32645.238.7303.222.6No data are currently available on the application of mid-infrared spectroscopy to determine the sensory attributes in processed cheese,or regarding evaluation of mid-infrared spectroscopy in comparison with other technologies in such an application.Therefore,the objec-tives of this study were to investigate the use of mid-infrared spectroscopy in predicting sensory texture attri-butes using a range of experimentally manufactured pro-cessed cheese samples and to compare the models devel-oped with those recently modeled using near-infrared spectra and instrumental texture attributes.These newly presented data allow for the critical evaluation of mid-infrared spectroscopy as a rapid,nondestructive technique for predicting the sensory texture attributes of processed cheese.MATERIALS AND METHODSProcessed Cheese SamplesThirty-two processed cheese batches were manufac-tured in a pilot plant at Moorepark Food Research Cen-tre,Cork,Ireland.The ingredients and formulations are listed in Table 1.The formulations,which were selected to provide samples with compositional ranges that ex-tended beyond those used commercially by processed cheese manufacturers,provided samples with a wide range of sensory characteristics.The ingredients were mixed for 1min in a jacketed cooker (Stephan UMM/SK5Universal cooker;Stephan u So ¨hne GmbH &Co.,Hameln,Germany).The blend was cooked at 80°C for 2min by indirect steam heating.During cooking,the blend was stirred constantly using a knife at 300rpm and a bafﬂe mixer at 80rpm.The cooked blend was stored in food-grade plastic containers (225g capacity),FAGAN ET AL.1124Table2.Vocabulary of sensory attributes,their deﬁnitions,and mastication phases used to carry out the sensory analysis of processed cheese samplesSensoryattribute Deﬁnition Mastication phaseFirmness The extent of the initial resistance offered by the cheese,Phase1:Judged on theﬁrst chew using the front teeth ranging from“soft”to“ﬁrm”Rubbery The extent to which the cheese returns/springs to its Phase2:Assessed during theﬁrst2to3chews initial form after biting,ranging from“a little”to“a lot”Creamy The texture associated with cream that has been whipped,ranging from“a little”to“a lot”Chewy The effort needed to break down the structure of the cheese,Phase3:Judged in the middle phase of mastication ranging from“a little”to“a lot”Mouth-coating The extent to which the cheese clings to the insideof the mouth(roof,teeth,tongue,gums),ranging from“a little”to“a lot”Fragmentable Breaks down to smaller versions of itself,ranging from Phase4:Probably judged toward the end of the chewing “a little”to“a lot”Melting The extent to which the cheese melts in the mouth;smooth,velvet fullness in the mouth,ranging from“a little”to“a lot”Mass-forming The extent to which the cheese form a bolus or massin the mouth after chewing,ranging from“a little”to“a lot”Greasy/oily The extent to which a greasy/oily residue is deposited Phase5:Judged at the end of the chewing sequence in the mouth after the cheese is broken down,rangingfrom“a little”to“a lot”which were lidded,allowed to cool,and placed in storage at4°C for4wk.The independent compositional variables for samples1to16were fat and emulsifying salt,and the variables for samples17to32were moisture and emulsifying salt.Descriptive sensory analysis and mid-infrared spectroscopy were carried out at2and4wk postmanufacture.Sensory AnalysisA panel of10assessors(9females and1male),aged 35to55yr old,were selected and recruited in1998and 2000according to international standards(International Organization for Standardization,1993).The panel de-veloped a vocabulary of9texture terms:ﬁrmness,rub-bery,creamy,chewy,mouth-coating,fragmentable, melting,mass-forming,and greasy/oily(Table2),which they used to assess each sample.Samples were prepared for analysis in duplicate by removing them from storage and preparing two5-g cubes.These samples were left to equilibrate to room temperature(21°C).Each equili-brated sample was presented to assessors in a glass tumbler covered with a clock glass and labeled with a randomly selected3-digit code.Assessors were provided with deionized water and unsalted crackers to cleanse their palate between tastings.The assessors scored the samples for each attribute by marking on unstructured 100-mm line scales labeled at both ends with extremes of each attribute.The intensity of each of the descriptive terms was recorded using the Compusense v.4.0sensory data acquisition software(Guelph,Ontario,Canada).At each time point,the descriptive sensory analysis took Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.3,2007place over2d.The order of tasting was balanced to account for the order of presentation and carryover ef-fects(MacFie et al.,1989).All assessments were con-ducted in individual booths at the sensory laboratory at University College,Cork,which complies with interna-tional standards for the design of test rooms(Interna-tional Organization for Standardization,1988).Mid-Infrared SpectroscopyMid-infrared spectra were collected over the range of 4,000to640cm−1,with a resolution of8cm−1,using an ATI Mattson Inﬁnity Series Fourier transform spectro-photometer(ATI Mattson,Madison,WI)controlled by WinFirst software(ATI Mattson).The sample accessory used for sample presentation was an attenuated total reﬂectance ZnSe crystal(Graseby Specac Ltd.,Kent, UK),with an incidence angle of45°and6internal reﬂec-tions.Sixty-four interferograms were coadded before Fourier transformation.Prior to mid-infrared analysis, samples were removed from storage and left to equili-brate to room temperature.This was conﬁrmed prior to analysis using a digital thermocouple(Sensor-Tech Ltd., Co.Louth,Ireland).Processed cheese samples were wiped across the attenuated total reﬂectance crystal to ensure even and immediate contact.Triplicate spectra were captured for each sample and replicate spectra were averaged prior to data analysis.Multivariate Data AnalysisMultivariate data analysis was carried out using The Unscrambler software(v.8.0;Camo A/S,Oslo,Norway).PREDICTION OF CHEESE SENSORY TEXTURE ATTRIBUTES1125Figure 1.Typical mid-infrared spectrum of processed cheese.Principal component analysis of the spectra was used to examine the spectral data set for any possible outliers.Models for the prediction of sensory attributes were de-veloped using PLS regression and conﬁrmed by cross-validation.Prior to PLS regression,spectra were pre-treated using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC ),ﬁrst derivative (Savitzky-Golay,2data points each side),second derivative (Savitzky-Golay,4data points each side),and each derivative plus MSC (Geladi et al.,1985).The potential of the models to predict the sensory attri-butes was evaluated using the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV ),correlation coefﬁcient (r )and the number of PLS loadings (#L ).The range error ratio (RER )was used to determine the practical utility of the models (Williams,1987).It was calculated by di-viding the range in the reference data of a given attribute by the prediction error for that attribute.The ratio of prediction error to deviation (RPD )was calculated by dividing the standard deviation of the reference data by RMSECV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONMid-Infrared SpectraA number of studies have assigned the main cheese constituents (fat,protein,moisture)to speciﬁc bands in the mid-infrared spectra (Chen and Irudayaraj,1998;Chen et al.,1998;Irudayaraj and Yang,2000;Mazerolles et al.,2001).The positions of these bands are indicated in a typical mid-infrared spectrum of processed cheese from this study (Figure 1).The results of principal component analysis of the spectra were investigated to determine whether any in-ﬂuential outliers were present in the data set.An inﬂu-ential outlier is a sample that has both a high residual and high leverage.A high residual means that the model,Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.3,2007Table 3.Statistical summary of sensory attributes (n =64)Sensory attribute Mean Range SD Firmness 37.6 5.6–70.921.9Rubbery 23.3 2.9–44.614.4Creamy 35.710.7–70.722.6Chewy24.8 2.8–46.114.6Mouth-coating 33.117.4–54.810.0Fragmentable 25.6 1.4–52.420.0Melting40.113.2–82.523.6Mass-forming 10.5 1.8–25.4 5.5Greasy/oily36.628.5–43.83.9which nevertheless ﬁts the other samples quite well,poorly describes the sample.Leverage measures the dis-tance from the projected sample to the center or mean point.If a sample has a high leverage,it is exerting a stronger inﬂuence on the model than the remaining samples.According to these criteria,no outlier was found.Previous research has recommended that prior to analysis,a portion of the mid-infrared spectra (1,800to 2,700cm −1)might be omitted because of its low signal-to-noise ratio (Pillonel et al.,2003).This approach was used in this study,with the region 1,775to 2,830cm −1having a low signal-to-noise ratio,and was therefore omitted from analysis.In a preliminary investigation of the spectra,the region 640to 923cm −1was found to be of limited use in predicting sensory attributes and was also omitted.Therefore,only spectral data in the ranges of 930to 1,767cm −1and 2,839to 4,000cm −1were used for the multivariate data analysis.Predication of Sensory Texture Attributes by Mid-infrared SpectroscopyA summary of the values scored by the taste panel for each of the 9sensory attributes is shown in Table 3.The table highlights the high degree of variability in the data,which should support the development of robust models.Models were developed using 1)the combined spectral ranges of 930to 1,767cm −1and 2,839to 4,000cm −1,and 2)930to 1,767cm −1.The spectra were used in a number of forms:raw,MSC,ﬁrst derivative,second derivative,and MSC plus each derivative step,giving 12models for each sensory attribute.A second derivative step offered no improvement in model accuracy for any attribute;hence,those prediction results are not shown.The RMSECV,r,and #L values obtained from the models developed are given in Table 4for the combined spectral range or the 930to 1,767cm −1range.These parameters allow for assessment of model strength.The preferred predictive model for an attribute (highlighted in bold in Table 4)was that which produced the lowest RMSECVFAGAN ET AL.1126Table4.Summary of partial least squares prediction results for sensory attributes using mid-infrared spectra1Scatter correctedRaw data Scatter corrected First derivative+ﬁrst derivative Sensoryattribute Spectral range,cm−1r RMSECV#L r RMSECV#L r RMSECV#L r RMSECV#L Firmness930–1,767and2,839–4,0000.8810.570.947.4110.928.8100.9010.07 Rubbery930–1,767and2,839–4,0000.92 5.540.95 4.590.95 4.650.95 4.65 Creamy930–1,767and2,839–4,0000.947.840.947.860.957.150.947.55 Chewy930–1,767and2,839–4,0000.92 5.770.93 5.460.89 6.550.94 5.17 Mouth-coating930–1,7670.84 5.4100.85 5.3110.84 5.4100.85 5.211 Fragmentable930–1,767and2,839–4,0000.95 6.190.96 5.390.94 6.540.96 5.87 Melting930–1,767and2,839–4,0000.947.940.957.560.957.750.957.47 Mass-forming930–1,7670.83 3.1100.83 3.1100.83 3.190.63 4.34 Greasy/oily930–1,767and2,839–4,0000.56 3.230.54 3.320.59 3.240.56 3.23 1Preferred model in bold.RMSECV=root mean square error of cross-validation;#L=number of partial least squares loadings.and highest r values.It was also desirable for the pre-ferred model to incorporate the lowest#L possible. The results showed that only2of the models(mouth-coating and mass-forming)were improved when the re-duced spectral range(930to1,767cm−1)was used.None of the preferred models was developed using raw spectral data(i.e.,accuracy was improved by the application of a pretreatment).Theﬁrmness and fragmentable attri-butes were most successfully modeled using MSC spec-tra.The application of aﬁrst derivative step resulted in the preferred models of rubbery,creamy,mass-forming, and greasy/oily.The most accurate models for the chewy, melting,and mouth-coating attributes were achieved when the spectra were subjected to scatter correction and aﬁrst derivative.In conjunction with the RMSECV,r,and#L,the prac-tical utility of the models can also be assessed using the RER.Models with RER of less than3have little practical utility;RER values of between3and10indicate limited to good practical utility;and values above10show that the model has a high utility value(Williams,1987).The preferred models for predicting theﬁrmness,rubbery, creamy,chewy,mouth-coating,fragmentable,melting, and mass-forming attributes(shown in bold in Table4) had RMSECV values of between3.1and7.4and resulted in corresponding RER values of between7.2and9.6, indicating that the models had good practical utility. Therefore,these attributes had the potential to be pre-dicted by mid-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.The greasy/oily attribute was not success-fully modeled(RER=4.8),possibly because of the small range displayed by the samples analyzed,and will there-fore not be discussed further.A graphical display of the preferred regression model for each attribute(high-lighted in bold in Table4)is shown in Figure2A to2H. Figure2shows that there is minimal scatter in the plots, as indicated by the high r values(0.83to0.96),and that the regression lines also have slopes close to1(0.77to 0.96)and low intercepts(1.0to5.9),demonstrating a Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.3,2007goodﬁt(Figure2).The accuracy of each model can be evaluated using the coefﬁcients of determination(R2) between the predicted and measured values,as stated by Williams(2003).The models for mass-forming and mouth-coating both provided approximate quantitative predictions because their R2lay in the range of0.66to 0.81.Good predictions were achieved for the attributes ﬁrmness,rubbery,creamy,and chewy,with R2values of between0.82and0.90.The fragmentable model was considered to be excellent,having an R2greater than 0.91.The#L must also be taken into account.This ranged from5to11for the selected models.The models forﬁrmness,fragmentable,mouth-coating,and mass-forming incorporated a relatively high number of load-ings(9to11),which may have implications for their robustness,because the lower#L,the more robust the model.Theﬁrst3loadings of the models,which accounted for greater than90%of the variation in the spectral data,are plotted in Figure3A to3H.Although a number of preferred models were developed using spectra pre-treated with aﬁrst derivative step,interpretation of the loadings associated with these models was difﬁcult.This was because the observed peaks and valleys did not follow the raw spectral pattern.However,second deriva-tive steps were very helpful in spectral interpretation because in this form,band intensity and peak location were maintained with those in the raw spectral pattern. Therefore,although the second derivative step did not improve any of the prediction models,the loadings pre-sented for rubbery,creamy,and mass-forming were ob-tained using second derivative spectra and those for chewy,mouth-coating,and melting were obtained using MSC second derivative spectra.The loading plots pre-sented forﬁrmness and fragmentable were obtained us-ing MSC spectra.Figure3A to3H shows the relation-ships among the loadings used in the prediction model and the different wavenumbers.If a wavenumber had a large positive or negative loading,this meant that thePREDICTION OF CHEESE SENSORY TEXTURE ATTRIBUTES1127Figure2.Linear regression plots of actual vs.predicted sensory attributes of(A)ﬁrmness,(B)rubbery,(C)creamy,(D)chewy,(E)mouth-coating,(F)fragmentable,(G)melting,and(H)mass-forming.RER=range error ratio.Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.3,20071128FAGAN ET AL.Figure3.Loading plots for partial least squares models of the sensory attributes of(A)ﬁrmness,(B)rubbery,(C)creamy,(D)chewy, (E)mouth-coating,(F)fragmentable(G)melting,and(H)mass-forming.Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.3,2007PREDICTION OF CHEESE SENSORY TEXTURE ATTRIBUTES1129wavenumber was important for the attribute concerned.Therefore,they assisted in summarizing the relationship between the spectra and the predicted attribute and provided an aid to interpreting the molecular basis for predicting an attribute.The important loadings were distributed across the full spectral range used in predicting each attribute (Fig-ure 3).There was considerable structure present in all of the loading plots.In comparing the plots produced using similar spectral treatments,that is,MSC (Figure 3A and 3F),second derivative (Figure 3B and 3C),and MSC plus second derivative (Figure 3D and 3G),it was apparent that differences existed in the relative impor-tance of various regions of the spectra in predicting the different sensory attributes.For example,the region around 3,200to 3,900cm −1was shown to be of greater importance in predicting the attributes of ﬁrmness (Fig-ure 3A),chewy (Figure 3D),and melting (Figure 3G)than for the other attributes.This region of the spectra corresponded with a broad moisture absorption peak.The loadings incorporated into the ﬁrmness model ex-plained the variation across almost the full spectral range used (Figure 3A).Peaks and valleys occurred at around 1,095,1,160,and 1,269to 1,396cm −1,associated with the vibration of C–H,C–O bonds of carbohydrates;1,739,2,846,and 2,931cm −1,associated with lipids;and around 1,554,1,604,and 1,646cm −1,which are known to correspond with amides I and II.The amide I and amide II regions of the spectra were also important in predicting chewy,with peaks observed in the loading plot in the region of 1,504,1,547,1,639,and 1,655cm −1(Figure 3D).The loadings for the chewy model were also found to explain variation in the moisture absorp-tion region (3,359to 3,907cm −1),the peaks associated with lipids (1,739and 2,927cm −1),and the region around 1,080cm −1.The most important regions of the spectra for predicting mouth-coating were the regions associated with the vibration of C–H,C–O bonds of carbohydrates (987,1,072to 1,095,1,176,and 1,334to 1,427cm −1)and lipids (1,732,1,739,and 1,751cm −1;Figure 3E).Peaks were also observed in the amide I and II region (1,542,1,562,and 1,655cm −1).A number of major peaks were clearly identiﬁed in the fragmentable loading plot (Fig-ure 3F).These were 1,110,1,169,1,242,and 1,462cm −1,and 1,743,2,854,and 2,924cm −1,which corres-ponded with the vibration of the C–H,C–O bonds of carbohydrates and lipids,respectively.Emulsifying salts chelate calcium,which plays an important role in the 2-dimensional structure of processed cheese.They also aid in the dispersion of proteins,which contributes to the emulsiﬁcation of fat.In this study,the emulsifying salt used was disodium phosphate.The effect of increasing the phosphate concentration was 2-fold,namely,an in-creasing ability to chelate calcium and an incremental Journal of Dairy Science Vol.90No.3,2007increase in the pH of cheese.The interaction between these 2effects (emulsifying salt and pH)will result in increased ﬁrmness of the cheese.However,this result is also dependent on the moisture content because mois-ture acts as a plasticizer in processed cheese and de-creases the concentration of the dispersed phase,hence decreasing the ﬁrmness of the processed cheese.Greater ﬁrmness is also attributed to a higher concentration of protein,and increases in the fat and water contents weaken the protein structure,thereby decreasing the ﬁrmness of the processed cheese.This explains the im-portance of the ﬁngerprint (991to 1,400cm −1),lipid,amide,and moisture-absorption regions in predicting the ﬁrmness,chewy,fragmentable,and mass-forming attributes.The regions of the spectra that were most important in predicting the attributes of rubbery (Figure 3B)and creamy (Figure 3C)were all associated with lipids (1,739,1,743,2,846,2,858,2,916,2,919cm −1).Minor peaks were also observed in the 1,079to 1,173,1,542,and 3,556to 3,907cm −1spectral regions,which are associated with the vibration of the C–H,C–O bonds;amide II;and moisture absorption,respectively.These peaks were of particular importance in predicting the rubbery and creamy attributes,because fat in cheese has the effect of preventing the protein network of the cheese matrix from forming a tough,dense structure (Lawlor et al.,2001).The loadings for the melting model (Figure 3G)ex-plained variation in a number of different regions,in-cluding the amide I and II regions (1,547,1,654cm −1),lipid regions (1,751,2,927cm −1),and moisture-absorp-tion region (3367to 3907cm −1).All factors that inﬂuence either the content or distribution of fat,or the strength of the protein network are known to inﬂuence cheese meltability (Lefevere et al.,2000).This accounts for the signiﬁcance of the moisture,amide,and lipid regions of the spectra in predicting melting.The regions of the spectra that were the most im-portant in predicting mass-forming were found to be 1,092and 1,130cm −1(C–H,C–O bond vibrations);1,535,1,547,1,646,and 1,647cm −1(amides I and II);and 1,736,1,743,and 1,751cm −1(lipids;Figure 3H).This indicates the role that the fat content and protein structure has in determining the mass-forming potential of pro-cessed cheese.These results highlight the importance of different regions across the entire spectral range used in pre-dicting the sensory textural attributes of processed cheese.The importance of different spectral regions in predicting sensory attributes is related to the effects of the formulation and composition on processed cheese texture.Changes in the formulation and composition of。

计算机EI收录的外文期刊

/bbs/read.php?tid=3163计算机方面EI收录的外文期刊( 有“*”是同时被《EI》收录的期刊)1、738B0006 ISSN 0018-8646 IF：2、560 “*”IBM Journal of Research and Development. 《国际商用机器公司研究与开发杂志》，1957. 4/yr. IBM Corp.Old Orchard Rd, Armonk, NY, 10504.http://elib.cs.sfu.ca/Collections/CMPT/cs-journals/P-IBM/J-IBM-JRD.html 2、738B0008-1 ISSN 0004-5411 IF：1、078 “*”Journal of the Association for Computiong Machinery. 《美国计算机学会志》，4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery, 1515Broadway, 17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701, USATel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm3、738B0008-2 ISSN 0001-0782 IF：2、238 “*”Communications of the ACM. 《美国计算机学会通讯》，1958. 12/yr.Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway, 17th FL.,New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Tel: 212 869 7440/jacm4、738B0012 ISSN 0022-0000 IF：0、661 “*”Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 《计算机与系统科学杂志》，1967. 6/yr. Academic Press Inc., Journal Subseription Fulfillment Dept., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive.Tel: 407 345 4040Fax: 407 363 9661E-mail: *************http://www.apnet.Con5、738B0018 ISSN 0360-0333 IF：0、641 “*”ACM Computing Surveys. 《美国计算机学会计算概观》，1969. 4/yr.Association for Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway. 17th FL.,New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm6、738B0029-2 ISSN 1077-3142 IF：1、298Computer Vision and Image Undwestanding. 《计算机视觉与图像理解》1969. Academic Press Inc., Journal Subscription Fulfillment Dept., 6227 Sca Harbor Drive, Orlando,FL 32887-4900, USA.Tel: 407 345 4040Fax: 407 363 9661E-mail: *************7、738B0031 ISSN 0362-5915 IF：1、20 “*”ACM Transactions on Database System. 《美国计算机学会数据库系统汇刊》，1976. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway,17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701. USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm8、738B0033 ISSN 0164-0925 IF：0、950 “*”ACM Transactions on Programming Languages & Systems. 《美国计算机学会程序设计语言与系统汇刊》，1979. 6/yr.Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway, 17th FL.,New York NY 10036-5701. USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm9、738B0040 ISSN 0730-0301 IF：1、88 “*”ACM Transactions on Graphics. 《美国计算机学会图形学汇刊》，1982. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery.1515 Broadway, 17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm10、738B0045 ISSN 1046-8188 IF：2、036 “*”ACM Transactions on Information Systems. 《美国计算机学会信息系统汇刊》，1983. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway.17th FL. New York. NY 10036-5701 USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm11、738B0046 ISSN 0734-2071 IF：1、238 “*”ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. 《美国计算机学会计算机系统汇刊》，1983. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway.17th FL. New York. NY 10036-5701 USA.Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm12、738B0224 ISSN 0098-3500 IF：0、649 “*”ACM Transations on Mathematical Software. 《美国计算机学会数学软件汇刊》，1975. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery. 1515 Broadway.17th FL. New York. NY 10036- 5701 USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm13、738B0488 ISSN 0743-7315 IF：0、353Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 《并行与分布式计算杂志》，1984. 12/yr. Academic Press Inc., Journal SubscriptionFulfillment Dept., 6277Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL32887-4900, USATel: 407 345 4040Fax; 407 363 9661E-mail: *************14、738B0494 ISSN 0743-1066 IF：0、819 “*”Journal of Logic Programming. 《逻辑程序设计杂志》，1984. 12/yr.Elsevier Science Inc., Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 945, New York, NY 10159-0945, USA.Fax: 212 633 3680E-mail: *******************http://www.elsevier.nl/15、738B0514 ISSN 0738-4602 IF：1、286 “*”AI Magazine. ( Artificial Intelligence ). 《人工智能杂志》，1979. 4/yr.American Association For Artificial Intelligence, 445 Burgess Dr.,Menlo Park, CA94025, USA.Fax: 415 321 445716、738B0547 ISSN 0884-8173 IF：0、398 “*”International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 《国际智能系统杂志》，1986. 12/yr. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Subscription Department,605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA.Fax: 212 850 6021E-mail: ******************17、738B0548 ISSN 0178-4617 IF：0、477 “*”Algorithmica: A International Journal in Computer Science. 《算法》，1986. 12/yr. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.,175 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010, USA.Fax: 212 473 6272E-mail: **********************/journals/45318、723B0578 ISSN 1094-3420 IF：0、833International Journal of High Performance Computing Application. 《高性能计算应用国际杂志》，1987. 4/yr. Sage Publications Inc.,2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.Tel: 805 499 0721Fax: 805 499 0871E-mail: *********************19、738B0663 ISSN 0899-7667 IF：2、727Neural Computation. 《神经计算》，1989. 8/yr. MIT Press Journal Department, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1399, USA.Tel: 617 253 2889Fax: 617 577 1545E-mail: ***********************20、738B0703 ISSN 0896-8438 IF：0、886 “*”Journal of Object-Oriented Programming. 《面向对象程序设计杂志》，1988. 9/yr. Sigs Publications Inc., 71 W. 23rd St.,New York, NY 10010-4102, USA.Tel: 212 242 7447Fax: 212 242 7574E-mail: **********************21、738B0705 ISSN 1044-7318 IF：0、359International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 《国际人与计算机相互作用杂志》，1989. 4/yr. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Journal Customer Service Dept., 10Industrial Ave., Mahwah, NJ 07430-2262 USA.Tel: 201 236 9500Fax: 201 236 0072E-mail: ******************22、738B0780 ISSN 0028-3045 IF：0、368Networks. 《网络》，1971. 8/yr. John Wiley & Sons Inc,605 Third Ave, New York, NY, 10158-0012.ask.ca/ejournals23、738B0788 ISSN 1054-7460 IF：1、544Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 《存在：远程操作设备与虚拟环境》，1992. 6/yr. MIT Press, Journals Department,5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1399, USA.Tel: 617 253 2889Fax: 617 577 1545E-mail: ***********************24、738B0798 ISSN 1049-331X IF：0、889 “*”ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. 《美国计算机学会软件工程与方法论汇刊》，1992. 4/yr. Association for Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway, 17th FL., New York, NY 10036-5701, USA.Tel: 212 869 7440Fax: 212 944 1318/jacm25、738B0899 ISSN 1063-293X IF：0、353 “*”Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications. 《并行工程研究与应用》，4/yr. Managing Editor: Biren Prasad, Ph. D.,International Institute of Concurent Engineering, CETEAM JournalDepartment, Po Box, 3882, Tustin, CA 92782, USA.Tel: (714) 389 2662Fax: (714) 389 2662E-mail: ****************/26、738C0017 ISSN 0305-0548 IF：0、031Computers & Operations Research. 《计算机与运筹学研究》，14/yr.Editor: G. Laporte, HEC, Montreal, Canada.E-mail: *********************.ca/wps/find/science/journal/27、738C0019 ISSN 0097-8485 IF：1、632 “*”Computer & Chemistry. 《计算机与化学》，1974. 6/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: nlinfo-f@elsevierhttp://www.elsevier.nl28、738C0022 ISSN 0098-3004 IF：0、424 “*”Computers & Geosciences. 《计算机与地学》，1957. 10/yr. CustomerSupport Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax:(31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl29、738C0028 ISSN 1367-4803 IF：3、421Bioinformatics. 《生物信息学》，1984. 12/yr.Oxford University Press. Journal SubscriptionsDepartment, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK.Fax: (01865) 267 485E-mail: *****************.uk/journalsBarbara Cox, Embl-Ebi, Hinxlon, Cambridge Cb10 1sd, UK./30、738C0030 ISSN 0747-7171 IF：0、525Journal of Symbolic Computation. 《符号与计算杂志》，1985. 12/yr. Harcourt Brace & CO. Ltd.,Foots Cray High Street, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP, UKFax: (0181) 309 0807E-mail: ****************.uk31、738C0065 ISSN 0031-3203 IF：1、353 “*”Pattern Recognition. 《图形识别》，1969. 12/yr. Elsevier Science,Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757E-mail: *******************http://www.elsevier.nl32、738C0067 ISSN 0010-4485 IF：1、048Computer-Aided Design. 《计算机辅助设计》，1968. 14/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 375733、738C0070 ISSN 0045-7949 IF：0、418 “*”Computers & Structures. 《计算机与结构》，1971. 24/yr.K. J. Bathe, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.Tel: 1 617 923 3407Fax: 1 617 923 3408C. H. V. Topping, Department of Mechanics and Chemical Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.Fax: 44 (0) 131 451 3593http://www.elsevier.nl34、738C0073 ISSN 0045-7906 IF：0、105 “*”Computers & Electrical Engineering. 《计算机与电工》，1973. 6/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl35、738C0074 ISSN 0045-7930 IF：0、679 “*”Computers & Fluids. 《计算机与流体》，1973. 8/yr.Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl36、738C0081 ISSN 0898-1221 IF：0、383 “*”Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 《计算机与数学及其应用》1974. 24/yr. Elsevier Science, Regional Sales Office,Customer Support Department, Po Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: (31) 20 485 3757Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl37、738C0093 ISSN 0306-4379 IF：3、018 “*”Information System. 《信息系统》，1975. 8/yr. Elsevier Science,Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, Po Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Fax: (31) 20 485 3432E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl38、738C0153 ISSN 0950-7051 IF：0、275 “*”Knowledge-Based Systems. 《知识库系统》，1987. 4/yr.Elsevier Science Bv, Po Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1000 Ae.http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/2/5/4/4/8/39、738C0164 ISSN 0269-8889 IF：0、707 “*”Knowledge Engineering Review. 《知识工程评价》，1986. 4/yr.118. 00/GBP Cambridge University Press,The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK.Fax: (0223) 315 052E-mail: journals *********************40、738C0177 ISSN 0954-0091 IF：0、964Connection Science. 《连接科学》，1989. 4/yr Carfax Publishing Ltd.,Po Box 25, Abingdon, Oxford Shire, OX14 3UE, UK.Fax: (01235) 401 550E-mail: ***************.uk41、738C0181 ISSN 0954-898X IF：1、333Network: Computation in Neural Systems. 《网络：神经系统计算》，1990. 4/yr. Iop Publishing Ltd, Dirac House,Temple Back, Bristol, England, Bs1 6be./EJ/journal/0954-898X42、738C0192 ISSN 1045-926X IF：0、431Journal of Visual Languages and Computing. 《视觉语言与计算杂志》，1990. 6/yr. Harcourt Brace & Co. Ltd.,Foots Cray High Street, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP, UK.Fax: (0181) 309 0807E-mail: ****************.uk43、738C0199 ISSN 1049-8907 IF：0、487Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation. 《显像与计算机动画片制作杂志》，1990. 4/yr. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Journal Administration,1 Oldlands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex PO22 9SA, UK.E-mail: ********************.uk44、738E0032 ISSN 0943-4962 《多媒体系统》，IF：1、290Multimedia Systems. (Text in English). 1993. 6/yr.Spring-Verlag, Heidelberger Platz 3, D-14197 Berlin, Germany.Fax: (030) 827 87 448E-mail: *************************http://www.springer.de45、738GL069 ISSN 0217-5959 IF：0、031ASIA-PACIFIC Journal of Operational Research. 《亚太操作研究杂志》2/yr. Editors: Assoc. Prof. G. Y. Zhao Department of Mathematics,National University of Singapore, Singapore..sg/ORSS/apjor.html46、738KA001 ISSN 0332-7353 IF：0、500Modeling Identification and Control. 《建模、识别与控制》，1980. 4/yr.Mic, Div Eng Cybernetics, Trondheim, Norway, 7034.47、738LB002 ISSN 0010-4655 IF：1、082Computer Physics Communications. 《计算机物理学通讯》，1969. 15/yr.Elsevier Science Bv, Po Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1000 Ae /inca/publications/store/5/0/5/7/1/0/48、738LB003 ISSN 0004-3702 IF：1、683Artificial Intelligence. 《人工智能》，1970. 18/yr.Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Fax: 31 20 6854171E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl49、738LB004 ISSN 0304-3975 IF：0、468 “*”Theoretical Computer Science. 《理论计算机科学》，1975. 40/yr.Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210Fax: 31 20 6854171E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl50、738LB017 ISSN 0924-9907 IF：0、780 “*”Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision. 《数学成像与显示杂志》1991. 6/yr. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department,Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6392392Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************51、738LB061 ISSN 0166-5316 IF：0、629 “*”Performance Evaluation. 《性能评价》，1981. 16/yr. Elsevier ScienceB. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210Fax: 31 20 6854171E-mail: ********************;www.elsevier.nl52、738LB073 ISSN 0167-9236 IF：0、781 “*”Decision Support Systems. 《决策支持系统》，11/yr.Editor-in-Chief: A. Whinston, MSIS Department,CBA 5-202, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1175, USA./wps/find53、738LB076 ISSN 0167-8396 IF：0、929 “*”Computer-Aided Geometric Design. 《计算机辅助几何设计》，1984.9/yr. Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210E-mail: ********************http://www.elsevier.nl54、738LB087 ISSN 0885-6125 IF：1、476 “*”Machine Learning. 《机器学习》，1986. 12/yr.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dorderecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6392392E-mail: *****************55、738LB088 ISSN 0920-5691 IF：1、600 “*”International Journal of Computer Vision. 《国际计算机视觉杂志》，1987. 15/yr. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department,Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************56、738LB092 ISSN 0921-8542 IF：0、130 “*”Journal of Supercomputing. 《高超速计算机杂志》，1987. 4/yr.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6392392Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************57、738LB100 ISSN 0924-669X IF：0、493 “*”Applied Intelligence. 《应用智能》，1991. 6/yr. 900. 00/NLG KluwerAcademic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre,Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 78 6546471E-mail: *****************58、738LB122 ISSN 0262-8856 IF：0、893Image and Vision Computing. 《图像与视觉计算》，1983. 14/yr.Elsevier Science B. V., Trade Relations Department,Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Tel: 31 20 5153210E-mail: ********************/inca/publications/store/5/2/5/4/4/3/index.htthttp://www.elsevier.nl59、738LB128 ISSN 1384-5810 IF：1、407Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 《数据挖掘与知识发现》，1997.4/yr. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals Department, Distribution Centre, Po Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Fax: 31 78 6546474E-mail: *****************60、738LE051 ISSN 0010-485X IF：0、667 “*”Computing. (Text in English). 《计算》，8/yr. Springer-VerlagWien, Sachsenplatz 4-6, Postfach 89, A-1201 Wien, Austria.Fax: (0043/1) 3 30 24 2661、738 ISSN 0004-5411 IF：1、078Journal of the ACM. 《美国计算机学会志》，4/yr.Assoc Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway, New York, NY, 10036./jacm/62、738 ISSN 0018-9162 IF：1、062Computer. 《IEEE计算机杂志》，12/yr.IEEE Computer Soc, 10662 Los Vaqueros Circle,Po Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA, 90720-1314.二、《EI》收录的外文期刊：1、738B0029-1 ISSN 1049-9652CVGIP：Graphical Models and Image Processing. 《计算机视觉、图示与图像处理：制图模型与图像处理》，1969. 6/yr. Academic Press, Inc.,Journal Subscription Fulfillment Dept., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive,Orlando, FL 32887-4900, USA.Fax: 407-363-96612、738B0029-2 ISSN 1077-3169Graphical Models and Image Processing. 《制图模型与图像处理》，1969.6/yr. Academic Press Inc., USA.Editors-in-Chief: Norman I. Badler and Rama Chellappa.E-mail: ***************/newjour/g/mag02304.html(as CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing. 1049-9652)3、738B0052 ISSN 0011-6963Datamation. 《数据处理》，1955. 24/yr.275 Washington St., Newton, MA 02158, USA.Fax: 303-398-7691.4、738B0067 ISSN 0010-4566Computer Design. 《计算机设计》，1962. 12/yr. Computer Design,Circulation Department, Box 3466, Tulsa, OK 74101, USA.5、738B0079 ISSN 0018-8670IBM Systems Journal. 《国际商用机器公司系统杂志》，1962. 4/yr.International Busimess Machines Corp., USA. Editor: Cene Hofinagle.E-mail: *******************.com/newjour/i/msg02405.html6、738B0100 ISSN 0037-5497Simulation. 《仿真》，1963. 12/yr. Society for Computer Simulation,Box 17900, San Diego, CA 92117, USA.Editor:Vice-President, SCS Publications, Robert Judd, PhD, Ohio University.E-mail: *****************//pubs/siminfo.html7、738B0223 ISSN 0882-1666Systems and Computers in Japan. 《日本系统与计算机》，1970. 14/yr. 1229. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., P. O. Box 836,Bound Brook, NJ 08805, USA.Fax: 03-3556-9763.E-mail: ****************.ne.jp/jpages/0882-16668、738B0288 ISSN 0360-5280Byte. 《字节》，1975. 12/yr. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., P. O. 1221Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA.9、738B0100 ISSN 0037-5497Simulation. 1963. 12/yr. Society for Computer Simulation, Box 17900, San Diego, CA 92117, USA. Editor: Vice-President, SCS Publications, Robert Judd, PhD, Ohio University.E-mail: *****************//pubs/siminfo.html10、738B0291 ISSN 0146-5422Online. 《联机》，6/yr. Online Inc.462 Danbury Road, Wilton, CT 06897-2126, USA.11、738B0292 ISSN 0363-6399Data Communications. 《数据通信》，1972. 12/yr.McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., P. O.1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA.12、738B0309 ISSN 0162-4105Database. 《数据库》，1978. 6/yr. 1970. Bonanza Drive,Suite 219, P. O. Box 70, Park City, UT 84060, USA.13、738B0318 ISSN 0164-1212Journal of Systems & Software. 《系统与软件杂志》，Elsevier ScienceInc.,655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010, USA.Fax: 212-633-376414、738B0325 ISSN 0702-0481International Journal of Mini and Microcomputers. 《国际小型与微计算机杂志》，1979. 3/yr. Editor-in- Chief: Dr. B. Furht,Dep. Of Computer Sci. & Eng. Florida AltanticUniversity, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.15、738B0337 ISSN 0820-0750Microcomputer Applications. 《微机应用》，1982. 3/yr.ISMM, P. O. Box 2481, Anaheim, CA 92814, USA.16、738B0346 ISSN 0277-0865Computer Security Journal. 《计算机安全杂志》，1981. 2/yr. Computer Security Institute, 600 Harrisan St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.E-mail: ***********/17、738B0360 ISSN 1044-789XDr. Dobb’s Journal. 《多布氏杂志》，1976. 12/yr. M & T Publishing,Inc., 501 Galveston Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.18、738B0405 ISSN 0737-8939PC World. 《个人计算机世界》，1982. 12/yr. PCW Communications, Inc., 501 Second St., 600, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.19、738B0407 ISSN 0271-4159Computer Graphics World. 《计算机图学界》，1978. 12/yr.PennWell Publishing Co., 1421 South Sheridan,P. O. Box 1260, Tulsa, OK 74101, USA./home/home.cfm20、738B0485 ISSN 0740-6797Transactions of the Society for Computer Simulation. 《计算机仿真学会汇刊》，1984. 4/yr. Society for Computer Simulation.Box 17900, San Diego, CA 92117, USA./pubs/transinfo.htm/21、738B0513 ISSN 0278-9647Computer Technology Review; The Systems Integration Sourcebook.《计算机技术评论》，1981. 16/yr. West World Pioductions, Inc.924 Westwood Blvd., 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.22、738B0536 ISSN 0742-3136UNIX Review. 《UNIX评论》，1983. 12/yr. 1 Miller FreemanPublication Co., 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.23、738B0556 ISSN 0883-9514Applied Artificial Intelligence. 《应用人工智能》，1986. 4/yr. Taylor &Francis / Hemisphere,1900 Frost Rd., Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007, USA.24、738B0557 ISSN 0885-7474Journal of Scientific Computing. 《科学计算杂志》，1986. 4/yr.Plenum Publishing Corp., 233 Spring St.,New York, NY 10013-1578, USA.Fax: 212-807-104725、738B0584 ISSN 1094-3420International Journal of High Performance Computing Application.《高性能计算应用国际杂志》，1987. 4/yr. 96pp. 12k.282.00/USD Sage Publications Inc., USA.26、738B0589 ISSN 0894-9077International Journal of Expert Systems. 《国际专家系统杂志》，1987.4/yr. JAI Press, Inc., 55 Old Post Rd.,No. 2, P. O. Box 1678, Greenwich, CT 06836, USA.Fax: 203-661-079227、738B0604 ISSN 0895-6340Computing Systems. 《计算系统》，1988. 4/yr. University of CaliforniaPress,Periodical Dept., 2120 Berkeley Way,Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.Fax: 415-643-7127.Edit: Usenix Association & EUUG.28、738B0658 ISSN 1045-389XJournal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. 《智能材料系统与结构杂志》，1990 4/yr. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,851 New Holland Ave., Box 3535, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA.Fax: 717-295-453829、738B0702 ISSN 1043-6464Journal of End User Computing. 《最后用户计算杂志》，1989. 4/yr.112. 00/USD Idea Group Publishing, Olde Liberty Square, Suite 230, 4811 Jonestown Rd., Harrisburg, PA 17109, USA.Edit: Information Resources Management Association.30、738B0736 ISSN 1050-1827International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering. 《国际微波与毫米波计算机辅助工程杂志》，1991. 4/yr.John Wiley & Sons, Inc., P. O. Box 836, Bound Brook, NJ 08805, USA.Fax: 212-850-608831、738B0741 ISSN 1049 3301ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation. 《美国计算机学会模型建立与计算机仿真汇刊》，1991. 4/yr. Association forComputing Machinery, P. O. Box 12105, Church StreetStation, New York, NY 10249, USA.Fax: 212-944-131832、738B0766 ISSN 0748-0016Personal Engineering and Instrumentation News. 《个人计算机工程与设备新闻》，1984. 12/yr. PEC Inc., Sales Office,Box 152, Pine Brook, NJ 07058, USA.Fax: 201-808-016733、738B0778 ISSN 0228-6203International Journal of Modeling & Simulation. 《国际模式与仿真杂志》，1981. 4/yr. IASTED,P. O. Box 2481, Anaheim, CA 92814-2481, USA.34、738B0779 ISSN 1058-9244Scientific Programming: Tools & Techniques. 《科学程序设计》，1991.4/yr.John Wiley & Sons, Inc., P. O. Box 836,Bound Brook, NJ 08805, USA.Fax: 212-850-608835、738B0782 ISSN 0824-7935Computational Intelligence. 《计算智能》，1985. 4/yr.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc., Three Cambridge Center,Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.36、738B0826Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings. 《冬季仿真会议录》，1/yr.125. 00/USD Society for Computer Simulation,Box 17900, San Diego, CA 92117, USA.37、738B0851 ISSN 1064-7570Journal of Network and Systems Management. 《网络与系统管理杂志》，1993. 4/yr. Plenum Publishing Corp.,233 Spring St., New York, NY10013-1578, USA.Fax: 212-807-104738、738B0918 ISSN 1042-0711Mainframe Computing. 《主机计算》，1988. 12/yr.E-mail: *****************39、738C0005 ISSN 0010-4531Computer Bulletin. 《计算机通报》，4/yr. The British Computer Society1 Sanfrod Street Swindon SN1 1HJ, UK40、738C0011 ISSN 1351-3249Natural Language Engineering. 《自然语言工程》，1995. 4/yr.Cambridge University Press,UK/newjour/n/msg02371.html41、738C0017 ISSN 0305-0548Computers & Operations Research. 《计算机与运筹学》，1974. 8/yr.Editor: Jesus R. Arralejo Faculatad de Matematics,Dept de Estadistica e I. O., Universidad Complutense de Madrid,Madrid 28040, Spain.Editor: Samuel J. Raff, 8312 Snug Hill Lane, Potomac, MD 20854, USA.E-mail: *******************.ukhttp://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/3/0/0/42、738C0018 ISSN 0038-0644Software: Practice & Experience. 《软件；实践与经验》，1974. 15/yr.575. 00/USD John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,1 Oklands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex P. O. 22, 9SA, UK.43、738C0020 ISSN 0098-1354Computers & Chemical Engineering. 《计算机与化工》，1977. 12/yr.Editor-in-Chief: G. V. Reklaitis, School of Chemical Engineering,CHME Building 1283, West Lafayette, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA.E-mail: *************************http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/3/4/9/44、738C0023 ISSN 0360-8352Computers & Industrial Engineering. 《计算机与工业工程》，1976. 8/yr.Editor: Mohamed I. Dessouky,Ph. D., P. E. Research Professor, Dept. Of Industrial & Systems Eng’g., University of Southem California, University Park-MC 0193, LosAngeles, CA, 90089-0193. USA.E-mail: ****************.eduhttp://www.umoncton.ca/cie/index.html45、738C0026 ISSN 0275-9136Engineering Simulation. 《工程模拟》，6/yr. STBS Ltd.,Order Department, P. O. Box 90, Rerkshire Rg1 8JL, UK.Fax: 0734-568211.46、738C0029 ISSN 0747- 5632Computers in Human Behavior. 《计算机在人类行为中的应用》，1985.4/yr. 18k, 180. 00/GBP Editorial Office: Robert D Tennyson Dept.Of Educational Psychology, 211A Burton Hall, 178 PillsburyDr., S. E., University of Minnesot Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.47、738C0031 ISSN 0267-6192Computer Systems Science and Engineering. 《计算机系统科学与工程》，1985. 6/yr. Editor: Wil van Der Aalst,Department of Mathematics and Computing Science, EindhovenUniversity of Technology, P. O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB, Eindhoven,The Netherlands.E-mail: **************.nlhttp://wwwis.win.tue.nl/~wsinwa/csse_special_issue.html48、738C0033 ISSN 0167-7055Computer Graphics Forum. 《计算机图形学论坛》，1982. 4/yr.Editor: David Duke, Department of Mathematical Sciences,University of Bath, UK.E-mail: **************/EG/Publications/CGF49、738C0034 ISSN 1077-2014Real-Time Imaging. 《实时成像》，1995. 6/yr.Harcourt Brace & Co. Ltd., UK. Editors: Phillip A.Laplant and Alrxander D. Stoyenko.E-mail: ***************/newjour/r/msg02194.html50、738C0089 ISSN 0096-0551Computer Languages. 《计算机语言》，1976. 8/yr.c/o National Biomedical Foundation, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Resservoir Road, N. W., Washington, DC20007, USA.51、738C0092 ISSN 0198-9715Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 《计算机、环境与城市系统》，1975. 6/yr. Editor: P. Longley,Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London,1-19 Torrington Place, London, WCIE 6BT.E-mail: *******************.ukhttp://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/3/0/4/52、738C0103 ISSN 0141-9331Microprocessors and Microsystems. 《微处理机与微型系统》，1978, 10/yr.Hardware Systems and North American Editor: A. K. Somani,Dept. Of Electrical & Computer Engineering, 223 Coover Hall,Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.E-mail: ****************Software Editor: J. E. Cooling, 35 Croftway, Markfield,Leicestershire, LE67 9UG, UK.E-mail: *********************.comSection Coordinating Editor Chip ARCHITECTURES: p. W. Thompson,Degree 2 Innovations Ltd. University Gate, Park Row, Bristol BS1 5UB. UK.E-mail: **************************http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/2/5/4/4/9/53、738C0106 ISSN 0140-3664Computer Communications. 《计算机通讯》，1978. 12/yr.Editor: J. B. Thompson, Troubador Publishing Ltd.,12 Manor Walk, Coventry Road, Market Harborough,Leicester LE16 9PB, UK.E-mail: ************************http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/comcom54、738C0109 ISSN 0965-9978Advances in Engineering Software. 《工程软件进展》，1978. 8/yr.Editors: R. A. Adey, Wessex Institute of Technology,Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton SO40 7AA,UK.Fax: 44-1703-292-853E-mail: *******************N. Kamiya, Department of Informatics & Natural Sciences, School ofInformatics and Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan.A. K. Noor, University of Virginia, Mail Stop 369, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA.Fax: 1-804-864-8089E-mail: ******************.govhttp://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/4/2/2/9/1/1/。

SPE参考文献：著录存在的问题与规范化表达

综合理论课程教育研究学法教法研究 277计部门要加强对被审计单位或部门的监督，也可考虑和高校联合起来，共同开展回头看，等等。

通过采取一系列务实、创新的举措，真正将整改工作落到实处。

2.提高质量。

无论是审计工作方式还是撰写审计报告，都要精益求精，经得住推敲。

如果不认真对待审计内容，工作拖拖拉拉、质量不高的话，那么审计出来的结果也是经不起推敲，不能加以运用的。

这样浪费了大量的人力、物力、财力资源，却没有收到实效。

所以，要全方面提高审计工作的质量。

一是端正审计工作的态度，要以高度负责的精神和态度来对待审计，不可马马虎虎地工作。

二是优化审计工作流程，创新审计工作方式。

工作要有逻辑性，按照要求按部就班、不折不扣地做好工作，做到流程清楚，逐项落实；要改变传统的工作方式，按照审计的要求创新工作思路和工作方法，力求将各项工作做得扎实、务实。

三是要撰写高质量的审计工作报告。

审计工作报告是对本次审计工作的总结，具有很强的针对性和指导性，审计工作报告质量的好坏，直接影响了本次审计是否取得成功，这对审计人员提出了更高的要求。

一方面审计人员要懂业务，会正确使用审计术语，了解并掌握审计工作的整个流程，另一方面要有较强的综合分析能力和文字综合能力，能够透过现象看本质，将审计内容进行高度概括和凝练，从而提升审计报告的质量。

3.加强运用。

要将审计后的结果加以应用，防止出现“只审不用”的现象。

被审计单位班子成员要正确认识审计出的问题，对这些问题高度重视，进行积极的整改。

另外，审计者也要加强对审计结果的运用，尤其在审计工作流程结束后，仍然要重视审计结果的运用，还要将运用情况上报给审计部门，这也是对本次审计工作的重视及肯定。

三、结语高校领导干部的经济责任审计对高校经济活动的正常开展具有非常重要的作用。

随着高校的发展，一些新情况新问题也会出现，对经济责任审计将会提出新的更高的要求。

高校领导干部的经济责任审计要紧密结合工作实际，工作者要牢固树立创新意识，不断对审计工作方式进行创新，优化工作流程，提升工作质量，切实取得经济责任审计工作的实效。

基于Node.js的家庭智能地暖远程监控系统

Computer Science and Application 计算机科学与应用, 2015, 5, 204-211Published Online June 2015 in Hans. /journal/csa/10.12677/csa.2015.56026Remote Monitoring System for SmartDomestic Floor Heating SystemBased on Node.jsZiran Wu1, Duo Li1, Zhenghui Yang1, Hua Ye1,21School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing Jiangsu2Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing JiangsuEmail: zhineng@Received: Jun. 5th, 2015; accepted: Jun. 22nd, 2015; published: Jun. 25th, 2015Copyright © 2015 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractA remote control system is a very common subsystem of a smart homer system. The architectureof the system is usually based on C/S mode or B/S mode, which sets limits on the functionality and performance and has to ignore some user demands. This article is going to design a remote control system based on C/S and B/S mixed mode using Node.js, which is based on a smart domestic floor heating program. The method of building a Node.js server will be described in details in this ar-ticle, and the tools and methods to design a web page and a client software will be introduced briefly.KeywordsNode.js, C/S + B/S Mixed Mode基于Node.js的家庭智能地暖远程监控系统吴子然1，李多1，杨争辉1，叶桦1,21东南大学自动化学院，江苏南京2东南大学复杂工程系统测量与控制教育部重点实验室，江苏南京Email: zhineng@基于Node.js的家庭智能地暖远程监控系统收稿日期：2015年6月5日；录用日期：2015年6月22日；发布日期：2015年6月25日摘要智能家居系统中往往会有远程控制部分，这些远程监控系统通常是基于单一C/S或B/S模式实现的，其功能和性能受到单一模式的限制，无法最大化满足用户需求。

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文）引言部分（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等结果部分（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等讨论部分（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe 等（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。

摘要引言部分案例词汇review•Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC•Title:THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRA VING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION•Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评论》荷兰SCI被引用1774We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇summarizeAuthor(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用1571Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physicsSource: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D辑》美国引言部分回顾研究背景常用词汇summarizeAbstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measuredproperties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.SCI摘要引言部分案例attentionSCI摘要方法部分案例considerSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇outline•Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI引用728次•Title:MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline•Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994•《统计学纪事》美国•Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm.In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例回顾研究背景presentAuthor(s): L YNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I被引用661Title: ANAL YSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest.The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇describe•Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR•Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普通精神病学纪要》美国•引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用926•Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts.Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.摘要引言部分案例•（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aimSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例attempt说明写作目的•Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM•Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage•Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》被引用429次•Abstract: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines, and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter, would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale.Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth backgroundSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例To investigate说明写作目的•Author(s): OLTV AI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ•Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH•Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993 被引用3233•Abstract: Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例purposes说明写作目的•Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA•Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992 《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国SCI被引用512•Abstract: For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is not included. For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are similar to previous work, large differences are reported.For example, factors of 2-3 opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例aim说明写作目的•Author(s):EDV ARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL;NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J•Title:THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSISAND RESULTS•Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993 《天文学与天体物理学》被引用934•Abstract:With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs.The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data, enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the stars‘ birthplaces. 结构式摘要•Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff) as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines.•Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS, JD•Title:ITERA TIVE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ABINITIO TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS - MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AND CONJUGA TE GRADIENTS•Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992 《现代物理学评论》美国American Physical Society SCI被引用2654 •Abstract: This article describes recent technical developments that have made the total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例includes介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s):MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG;SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L•Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERA TOR FOR SIMULATING HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONS SCI被引用955次•Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰Elsevier•Abstract: HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is given and annotated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例presents介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB•Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCH•Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰Elsevier 被引用225•Abstract:This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource limitations and environmental stresses are most severe.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizing •Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K•Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS•Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国•SCI被引用296次•Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics.Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs, Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing oflow-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focuses •Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ•Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY•Source: AUTOMA TICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰Elsevier•SCI被引用427次•Abstract:This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. The basic ideas and techniques of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focus•Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW;•Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP•Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国SCI被引用2131次•Abstract: The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14 results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasis •Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR•Title: MODELING SURVIV AL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES •Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992•《生态学论丛》美国•Abstract: The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time.Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based oncapture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. 结构式摘要•T his paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection.SCI摘要方法部分案例•方法部分•（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test，study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等•（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等•（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例discusses介绍研究或试验过程•Author(s): LIANG, KY; ZEGER, SL; QAQISH, B•Title: MULTIV ARIATE REGRESSION-ANAL YSES FOR CATEGORICAL-DATA •Source:JOURNAL OF THE ROY AL STA TISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL, 54 (1): 3-40 1992《皇家统计学会志，B辑：统计方法论》•SCI被引用298•Abstract: It is common to observe a vector of discrete and/or continuous responses in scientific problems where the objective is to characterize the dependence of each response on explanatory variables and to account for the association between the outcomes. The response vector can comprise repeated observations on one variable, as in longitudinal studies or genetic studies of families, or can include observations for different variables.This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and for pairwise associations. The marginal models are contrasted with log-linear models.Two generalized estimating equation approaches are compared for parameter estimation.The first focuses on the regression parameters; the second simultaneously estimates the regression and association parameters. The robustness and efficiency of each is discussed.The methods are illustrated with analyses of two data sets from public health research SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程examines•Author(s): Huo, QS; Margolese, DI; Stucky, GD•Title: Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials •Source: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 8 (5): 1147-1160 MAY 1996•SCI被引用643次《材料的化学性质》美国•Abstract: The low-temperature formation of liquid-crystal-like arrays made up of molecular complexes formed between molecular inorganic species and amphiphilic organic molecules is a convenient approach for the synthesis of mesostructure materials.This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations, MCM-41 (2d hexagonal, p6m), MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), MCM-50 (lamellar), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), SBA-2 (3d hexagonal P6(3)/mmc), and SBA-3(hexagonal p6m from acidic synthesis media). The structural function of surfactants in mesophase formation can to a first approximation be related to that of classical surfactants in water or other solvents with parallel roles for organic additives. The effective surfactant ion pair packing parameter, g = V/alpha(0)l, remains a useful molecular structure-directing index to characterize the geometry of the mesophase products, and phase transitions may be viewed as a variation of g in the liquid-crystal-Like solid phase. Solvent and cosolvent structure direction can be effectively used by varying polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and functionalizing the surfactant molecule, for example with hydroxy group or variable charge. Surfactants and synthesis conditions can be chosen and controlled to obtain predicted silica-based mesophase products. A room-temperature synthesis of the bicontinuous cubic phase, MCM-48, is presented. A low-temperature (100 degrees C) and low-pH (7-10) treatment approach that can be used to give MCM-41 with high-quality, large pores (up to 60 Angstrom), and pore volumes as large as 1.6 cm(3)/g is described.Estimates 介绍研究或试验过程SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例•Author(s): KESSLER, RC; MCGONAGLE, KA; ZHAO, SY; NELSON, CB; HUGHES, M; ESHLEMAN, S; WITTCHEN, HU; KENDLER, KS•Title:LIFETIME AND 12-MONTH PREV ALENCE OF DSM-III-R PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS IN THE UNITED-STA TES - RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 51 (1): 8-19 JAN 1994•《普通精神病学纪要》美国SCI被引用4350次•Abstract: Background: This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States.Methods: The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders.Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment,and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%.These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seekingSCI高被引摘要方法部分案例说明研究或试验方法measure•Author(s): Schlegel, DJ; Finkbeiner, DP; Davis, M•Title:Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 (2): 525-553 Part 1 JUN 20 1998 SCI 被引用2972 次《天体物理学杂志》美国•The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mu m emission. We find consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B-V versus Mg, index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general use.SCI高被引摘要结果部分案例application介绍应用、用途•Author(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, S•Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGES•Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992•SCI被引用508次《IEEE模式分析与机器智能汇刊》美国•Abstract: A multiscale Canny edge detection is equivalent to finding the local maxima ofa wavelet transform. We study the properties of multiscale edges through the wavelet。

Fusion design tradeoffs in coherent cache hierarchies for accelerators

Sequential Program
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Chip designers have shown increasing interest in inte grating specialized fixed-function coprocessors into multi core designs to improve energy efficiency. Recent work in academia [11, 37] and industry [16] has sought to enable loops. The sequential program now needs to migrate across the chip utilizing the appropriate accelerator for each program region. As the execution migrates, it has become increasingly challenging to retain the temporal and spatial locality of the original program as well as manage the data sharing. We show that with the increasing energy cost of wires and caches relative to compute operations, it is imperative to op timize data movement to retain the energy benefits of accel erators. We develop FUSION, a lightweight coherent cache hierarchy for accelerators and study the tradeoffs compared to a scratchpad based architecture. We find that coherency, both between the accelerators and with the CPU, can help minimize data movement and save energy. FUSION leverages temporal coherence (32] to optimize data movement within the accelera tor tile. The accelerator tile includes small per-accelerator LO caches to minimize hit energy and a per-tile shared cache to improve localized-sharing between accelerators and minimize SION improves peiformance by 4.3 x compared to an oracle data exchanges with the host LLC. We find that overall FU

新编英语语言教程Unit One语言点

Unit 1Text II. Writing Skills1.Narration (primary purpose):experience of an interview2.Sequence: time. (It is written in the order which the events occurred)Application ----Fear ----Interview3.Description (not lengthy, does not carry much weight)The description contributes to the main purpose of narration, convincing the reader of the unpleasantness of his first job interview. It helps to make the narrative more vivid.①Journey: awkward/ a long way from home/ inconvenient transportation / hot②Surroundings:Outside the school building: dreary house/ dust/ fumes from a busy main roadInside the school building: smell of the cabbage / dingy/ ink marks/ crumbs on the carpet③Impression of the headmaster: unpleasant appearanceII. Language Points1.advertise①advertise (v.)vt.e.g. Do salesmen ~ their goods?Where do people ~ their products?They ~ their products in newspapers or on TV.vi.~ fore.g. The family will ~ for a servant.People usually ~ for their lost properties in a newspaper or on a billboard②advertiser (n.)③advertisement (n.) = ade.g. The store has an ~ in the newspaper for a special sale.Have you ever received ~s in your mailbox?cf. commercial (n.)---an advertisement on television or radio (电视、广播之) 广告2. in a suburb: a part of the suburbsin the suburbs: all or one of the outlying district of a citye.g. Is our university in the city or in the suburbs?Is Shipai a suburb of Guangzhou?He planned to build a house in the suburb of Shanghai.cf. outskirts (n.) (通常指郊外适合于散步的地方)---(esp. of a town) the outer areas (常用于in the outskirts 片语) 尤指城镇郊区；郊外---the outer limits (常用于on the outskirts 片语中) 边界e.g. We live in the suburbs.The children have been out for the day to some green spot on the outskirts.3. be short of: have not enough; lack ;be in need ofbe short on: be poorer at, be not so good at 在…稍差，在…较欠缺e.g. The book has good information, but rather short on illustration.She is a nice person, but short on looks.4.apply①apply (v.)a) request~ to sb. for sth.e.g. If you want to go abroad, you may ~ to the Consul for a visa.He has applied to the banker for a loan.I will ~ to the boss for the position in person, not by letter.b)put into use or into position to serve its purpose 应用~ sth. to sth.e.g. He applies a sticking plaster to the cut.Do you ~ your knowledge to the practice?The teacher will ~ the rule to every student.~ oneself / one’s energy/ one’s mind to sth./ doing sth.---concentrate one’s thoughts on a taske.g. We must ~ ourselves to our study.Paraphrase:He concentrates himself on learning French .If you try your best to do the job, you will soon finish it.②applicant (n.)③application (n.)make an ~ to sb. for sth.e.g. We made an ~ to the court for inquiry.The manager has received 20 ~s for the position.5.degree①rank or grade given by a university to one who has passed an exame.g. Bachelor of Arts / Science (BA/ BS)Master of Arts /Science (MA/ MS)Doctor of Philosophy (PH.D) 哲学博士Doctor of Science / Medicine / Law②to/ in …degree 等级，程度e.g.. To what degree can he be trusted?He cannot be trusted in the slightest degree.6. land①go, come, put on land; bring to lande.g. The plane ~ed safely.The pilot ~ed the airliner.②bring to reach a positione.g. He ~ed himself in great difficulties.③get (informal)e.g. If I manage to ~ the job, I will stand you all a free drink.He ~ed a valuable prize.7. chances of: (often plural with singular meaning) possibility; likelihood thatsth. will happene.g. You would have more chances of catching the train if you got a bus to the station instead ofwalking.Note: chances of doing sth. = hopes of doing sth.a chance of doing sth. / to do sth. = the opportunity to do sth.8. slim (adj.)e.g. ~ hopes / chances of successa ~ excusea ~ girl: a slender girl9. summon: demand the presence of; call~ sb to sth. / ~ sb. to do sth.e.g. The manager ~ed the shareholders to a general meeting.She ~ed a servant.The teacher ~ed me to the office.They ~ed three women to appear as witness 传唤证人cf.summons (n.) 传票10. prove (proved, proved/ proven)----to show (oneself or itself) afterwards, in the course of time or experience, etc. to be of the quality; turn out to bee.g. He proved (himself) to be a coward.As it happened, my advice proved to be wrong.On the long journey, he proved himself to be an amusing companion.The article has proved (to be) most useful.= The article is proved (to be) most useful. / People proved the article most useful.He proved a real friend.It proved a waste.proof①proof (n.)I believe what you say; I don’t want any proof.②proof (adj.)be ~ againste.g. The tent material is ~ against water.a waterproof coat / a bulletproof car / a soundproof room / a shockproof watch11. as a result : in the ende.g. As a result , he was given a good jog.He broke his leg, as a result, he had to stop his studies.as a result of : because ofe.g. As a result of the war, other events occurred.He is unable to go to work as a result of the fall from his horse.He was late as a result of the snow.12. depress----to lessen the strength of; to sadden; discourage 使不振作；使不景气e.g. Rainy weather always ~es me.Her sad news ~ed me all day.depressed 作表语e.g. Since her baby died, she has been so depressed that she cries at the least thing.He recalled his last evening with his fiancée whenever he felt depressed.depressing 作定语e.g. a depressing weathera depressing incident on my way to work13. survive①survive (v.)a) vi. ---to continue to live, esp. after coming close to deathe.g. Of those wounded in the battle, only 3 ~d.He is the only man who ~d after the explosion.b) vt. ---to continue to live after 经过…活下来，幸存e.g. Only a few soldiers ~d the battle.Only ten of the crew ~d the shipwreck.Did anyone ~ the earthquake?vt. ---live longer thane.g. The man ~d his sister by 3 years.Insurance statistics show that most wives ~ their husbands.②survival (n.)a) [u] ---survivinge.g. The ~ of even a few made people grateful to God.His ~ is still uncertain; he has been very badly hurt and may die.b) [c] ---a person or sth. that remains or survivese.g. The old man is a ~ from my great-grand mother’s days.③survivor (n.) (of accidents)e.g. There were 2 ~s of the air crash.This man was one of the ~s from the earthquake.14. moustache : on the upper lipcf. beard : hair of lower part of the face (excluding moustache)15. a freckled forehead = a forehead with freckles onfreckle (v./n.)e.g. Some people freckle more easily than others.16. look at sb. with an air of …/ do sth. with an air of…air: appearance; mannere.g. He speaks with an air of importance / success / surprise / sadness / excitement.17. to do one’s shoelaces = fasten one’s shoelaces18. smell (smelled / smelt)①vt. e.g. She smelled the meat to see if it was fresh.②vi. e.g. We smell with our nose.③link v. e.g. The dish smells good④vi. ~ of…有…的味道e.g. Your breath smells of brand.The air smelled of paint.19. go: to become (by a natural change, or by changing on purpose)(自然的或故意的)变成，使变成e.g. She is going grey. / Her hair is going grey.The milk went sour.He has gone mad/ blind.He went white with anger.20. proceed①proceed (vi.): go forward to 前进~ to sth.e.g. Please ~ to the next light, and then turn left.Let’s ~ to business. 着手工作Don’t stop! Proceed please.~ to do sth. = begin and continue to do sth.e.g. He ~ed to tell me the matter.After drinking a cup of tea, mother ~ed to cook the dinner.As soon as he came in, he ~ed to tell us all his troubles.~ with = go on withe.g. Let’s ~ with our workThe politician waited for the applause to die down and ~ed with his speech.~ from = result frome.g. The whole trouble ~ed from a misunderstanding.~ against = charge against 控告②proceeding (n.) 活动，进行情况e.g. He wrote an account of the ~s of the meeting.21. GSC = GCE (General Certificate of Education)CSE = Certificate of Secondary Education.Both are public examinations standardized to give national comparability. GCE is usually intended for pupil of an academic basis, usually those who want to enter a university.22. vital (adj.)①connected with livingHe was wounded in a vital part.②supreme, very important23. attach①attach (v.)a) fasten or join one thing to another~ sth. toe.g. I will ~ a label to my luggage.He ~ed a document to the letter.There is a house with a garage ~ed.There is a middle school ~ed to our university.b) consider to have; connect with~ importance / significance toe.g. Do you ~ much importance to what he said?The old man did not ~ much importance to the question.They ~ed significance to his speech.be /become attached to 变得喜欢, 依恋, 对…有感情e.g. She is ~ed to her home.Are you ~ed to this university?②attachment (n.)a) connectione.g. The ~ of a machine is easy.b) part attached 附件e.g. A machine has many~s.c) attached feelingse.g. She has a great ~ to her sister.Do you have a great ~ to your mother?24. singular①singular (adj.)a) uncommon, strangee.g. Don’t make yourself so ~ in your dress. 不要穿奇装异服b) outstanding 非凡的e.g. He is a man of ~ courage.c) (gram.) of the form used in speaking or writing of one person or thing.②singularly adv.)a) particularly 极b) strangely; in an unusual way奇异地③singularity (n.)a) strangeness [u]b) sth. unusual or sth. strange [c]25 .consist of: be made up of (no passive)paraphrase: Our class is made up of 28 students.This book has 18 units.26. range from …to : vary between limitse.g. Prices for books range from 10 cents to 100 dollars.The age of the students ranges from 22 to 25.range in … from…to…e.g. The books range in prices from 10 cents to 100 dollars.The students range in age from 22 to 25.27. appal①appal (U.S. also appall )----fill with fear or terror, shock deeply 惊吓，使惊吓~ sb.e.g. The news appalled me.be appalled at / by…: be shocked bye.g. I was appalled at the news.②appalling (adj.)---terrible; cripple, bad 蹩脚，糟糕e.g. The news was ~.Mary is an ~ cook.③appallingly (adv.): terribly; verye.g. The figures of employment are ~ high.We got ~ hungry working so late.28. split (split, split, splitting)①(vt.) divide into partse.g. They ~ the money between themselves.Let’s ~ the cost of the dinner party.The robbers ~ the loot evenly.The family agreed to ~ the estate.He ~ (up) the book into 5 chapters.I will ~ up the class into groups.②(vt./vi.) break or cause to break, be brokene.g. When he bent over, he ~ his pants.The water pressure ~ the pipe.The lightening ~ the tree.Don’t ~ our organization.Some kinds of wood ~ easily.The board ~ as I sawed it.~ on: give away the secret to one’s disadvantage 告密~ on sth. / sb. to sb. 向…告…的密e.g. The boy ~ on me to the teacher.Don’t ~ on him to his father.~ one’s sides (with laughter): laugh with movements of the sidese.g. They ~ their sides at the joke.I ~ my sides at the story.a ~ second: a brief instant of timee.g. It happened in a ~ second.a splitting headache: so severe that it feels that one’ head may crack29. incompetent: adj. not qualified or able 不合格的,不胜任的be competent/ incompetent at sth./ doing sth.e.g. He is incompetent at his job.He is incompetent at working with his hands.be competent / incompetent to do sth.e.g. He is quite incompetent to be the leader.be competent/ incompetent at sth.e.g. He is competent at all the subjects.be competent/ incompetent for sth. 称职/不称职e.g. He is competent for his job.be competent/ incompetent as sth.e.g. He is competent as a teacher.incompetence (n.)e.g. He was dismissed for incompetence.30. constitute①constitute (v.)a) form/ make up/ be 构成e.g. The best of 3 games ~s a win. 三盘两胜How many departments ~ our university?b) establish建立（制度/机构）e.g. We must ~ good traffic regulations.②constitution (n.)a) the way in which sth. is made upe.g. The ~ of a society is not simple.b) the body of laws and principles according to which a country is governed 宪法e.g. According to American Constitution, presidential elections are held every 4 years.c) the general condition of a person’s body or mind 身心状况（体质）e.g. The old man still has a strong ~.John has a very healthy ~.31. ultimate (adj.)①(not formal) greatest, after which no other can be considerede.g. Ultimate authority is exercised by the King.He has done stupid things before, but to look for the escaping gas with a match was the ~ silliness.②last or farthest distance, being at the end or happening at the ende.g. Becoming president is his ~ goal.Their ~ victory is not in question.32. indignity (antonym: dignity)e.g. The indignity of having to say sorry to a woman is unbearable.the indignities of an illness: such as being washed and dressed by someone else33. diffidentthe antonym of diffident: confidentdiffidence (n.)34. the last straw/ the straw tha t breaks the camel’s back---something in addition to a set of troubles which makes them at lasttoo much to bear 经过一系列打击或不愉快的事又无法忍受的事e.g. The hotel was expensive, the food was poor and the bad weather was the last straw.He couldn’t get the job, being laughed at was the last straw.35. prospect (n.)①[u] reasonable hope of something happening; expectation. 希望，展望，可能性e.g. There is not much ~ of my being able to see you before next month.There is no ~ of my success.②something that is expected 前景，展望之物e.g. Our ~s about the play are good.There is a ~ of a change in the weather.36. leisure①leisure (n.)可作定语“空闲的”e.g. ~ time/ occupationsat leisurea)作表语，“有空”= be freee.g. I only meant that when you are at leisure, you might think the matter over.I am quite at leisure if you want me to do anything for you.b)作状语，“从容地，慢慢地”=without haste; leisurely(adv.)e.g. I put off writing to you till today that I might write at leisure.The doctor directed me to live more leisurely.We talked as we walked leisurely along.②leisurely (adj.)e.g. We had a leisurely meal.He did everything in a leisurely manner.Grammar: 评论性的分词短语(comment participial phrase)A comment participial phrase is used in a sentence as a comment about the statement. In such a structure, the doer of the verb in the phrase is not identical with the subject of the sentence. This is how a comment participial phrase is different from one which acts as an adverbial in the sentence.e.g. Considering the amount she paid, the cat was dear in more ways than one.(If we consider the amount she paid, the cat was dear in more ways than one.)Judging from what you say, he has done his best.(If we judge from what you say, we can find that he has done his best.)There are only 10 apples here, not counting the bad ones.(If we don’t count the bad apples, there are only 10 apples here.)III. Questions on Text I1.What advertisement did the writer see in the newspaper?2.Why did he apply for the job?3.Was he confident that he would get the job?4.When did he receive a reply?5.What was the letter about?6.How was the journey to the school?7.Did the writer like the environment of the school?8.Did the writer like the headmaster?9.Was the headmaster’s appearance pleasant? What did he look like?10.Did the headmaster show his hospitality to the writer? What was the headmaster’s attitudetowards the writer when he saw him?11.Where did the headmaster interview the writer?12.Was the room pleasant?13.What questions did the headmaster ask the writer?14.Did the writer think games were very important in children’s education? How about theheadmaster?15.Did the writer think he had much in common with the headmaster?16.Did the writer get the job? How do you know?17.Was there a playground in the school? Where do the children play?18.Did the writer like the teaching set-up? Why?19.How much was the salary that the headmaster offered to the writer?20.What was the worst thing of the job? Why?IV. Translation1．要一个人专心致力于一份枯燥无味的工作是很艰难的。

两个空间变量空间相关性的分析

所以新相关系数分子的估计值为
1 y1 − y y2 − y2 1 n 1 1 T i )( yi − y i ) X WX Y WY x x , x x , x x − − = − − − = ( xi − x ( ) ( ) (1 1 2 2 n n) n∑ n n i =1 n yn − y
பைடு நூலகம்
可以证明 ρ 满足不等式 −1 ≤ ρ ≤ 1 ，应用 Cauchy-Schwarz 不等式，可以重写空间变量 X,Y 满足：
{E ( X − WX )(Y − WY ) }
2
2 2 ≤ E ( X − WX ) E (Y − WY )
等号成立当且仅当一个空间变量是另一个空间变量的倍数，这就是 p a ( X − WX ) =b (Y − WY ) =1 ， ∀a, b ∈ R ， a, b 至少有一个不为 0。可以重写不等式(2.6)为
398
常琼玉，窦剑军
i 表示 yi 的空间滞后，其推导过程如下： i 表示 xi 的空间滞后， y 这里 x
x1 w11 w12 x w w22 X − WX = 2 − 21 x n wn1 wn 2 w1n x1 w2 n x2 = x wnn n 1 x1 x 2 x2 − x = x x n n
Statistics and Application 统计学与应用, 2016, 5(4), 397-403 Published Online December 2016 in Hans. /journal/sa /10.12677/sa.2016.54043

计算机科学与技术英文文献

Introduction to DevelopmentTo overcome the performance and scalability problems that CGI brings, Microsoft developed a new way for developers to build scalable applications. This high performance alternative is called the Internet Server Application Programming Interface(ISAPI). Instead of housing functionality in executable files, ISAPI uses DLLs. Using DLLs instead of executable programs has some definite performance and scalability advantages The ISAPI extension could also be called with arguments that will allow a single ISAPI extension to perform multiple tasks. Just as in the CGI example, the directory must have execute permissions enabled, or the DLL will be downloaded to the client rather than run on the server. ISAPI extensions are typically used to process client requests and output a response as HTML, which is very similar to the way CGI programs are used.ISAPI filters perform a function that can’t be directly duplicated with CGI applications. ISAPI filters are never explicitly called; instead, they are called by IIS in response to certain events in the life of a request. The developer can request that an ISAPI filter be called whenever any of the following events occur:1．When the server has preprocessed the client headers2．When the server authenticates the client3．When the server is mapping a logical URL to a physical URL4．Before raw data is sent from the client to the server5．After raw data is sent from the client to the server but before the server processes it 6．When the server logs information7．When the session is endingAs with any filter, ISAPI filters should request only the notifications it requires and process them as quickly as possible. One of the more common uses of ISAPI filters is to provide custom authentication. Another use is to modify the HTML that will be sent to the client. For example, an ISAPI filter could be used to change the background color of each page. Because ISAPI filters aren’t nearly as common as ISAPI extensions, I won’t cover them any further in this book. If you want to learn more about ISAPI extensions, you can check out my book Inside Server-Based Applications (Microsoft Press, 1999).ISAPI specifies several entry-point functions that must be exported from the DLL. Using these entry points, IIS can load the DLL; call the functions that it implements, passing in parameters as required; and receive the data to write back to the browser. ISAPI requires only two entry-point functions to be implemented these entry points, IIS can load the DLL;call the functions that it implements, passing in parameters as required; and receive the data to write back to the browser. ISAPI requires only two entry-point functions to be implementedA Better Solution: Active Server PagesIf you’re wondering why we’ve dwelt on th e alternatives to in a book about programming , the answer lies in the details of the implementation of and its predecessor, Active Server Pages (ASP). Understanding ISAPI is required for adept understanding of ASP and thus .During the beta of IIS 2.0, which became part of Windows NT 4.0, Microsoft introduced a new technology initially codenamed “Denali.” This was during Microsoft’s “Active” period and so the technology was eventually named Active Server Pages, or ASP. Several versions of have been released, most notably the versions included with Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack (ASP 2.0 and IIS 4.0) and Windows 2000 (ASP 3.0 and IIS 5.0). For the purposes of this discussion, I’ll consider ASP as a whole, without referring t o version differences became an instant hit, in large part because it made something that was difficult(create dynamic Web content) relatively easy. Creating CGI applications and ISAPI applications wasn’t terribly difficult, but using ASP was much simpler By default, ASP uses VBScript. Literally millions of developers are at least somewhat familiar with Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), or VBScript. For these developers, ASP was the way to enter the Internet age. Certainly the developers could have learned a new programming language, but they didn’t have to with ASP. Partly because of its use of VBScript, ASP became a viable way to build Web applications.Just as important was the relatively easy access to databases allowed through Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects (ADO). When you need to generate dynamic content, that dynamic content obviously needs to come from somewhere, and ADO made it easy to get at that data.Finally, and perhaps most important, the development model allowed developers to essentially write code and run it. There was no need to perform compilation or elaborate installation steps. the architects were careful to capture this same development model, even though what’s going on under the covers is quite a bit different.A New Solution: When version 3.0 of was released along with Windows 2000, it became clearer that the future of software development was closely tied to the future of the Web. As part of its .NET initiative, Microsoft has introduced , a new version of ASP that retains the model of development ASP developers have come to know and love: youcan create the code and place it in the correct directory with the proper permissions, and it will just work. also introduces innovations that allow easier separation of the development of the core of an application and its presentation. adds many features to and enhances many of the capabilities in classic isn’t merely an incremental improvement to ASP; it’s really a completely new product, albeit a new product designed to allow the same development experience that ASP developers have enjoyed. Here are some of the notable features of : .NET Framework: The .NET Framework is an architecture that makes it easier to design Web and traditional applications.Common language runtime: The common language runtime provides a set of services for all languages. If you’re an ASP developer who has had to combine ASP scripting with COM objects, you’ll apprecia te the beauty of a common set of types across many languages.Compiled languages: provides enhanced performance through the use of compiled languages. Compiled languages allow the developer to verify that code is at least syntactically correct. ASP doesn’t provide any such facility, so simple syntax errors might not be caught until the first time the code is executed.Cool new languages Visual Basic: .NET is a completely new version of Visual Basic that provides a new, cleaner syntax. C# is a new language designed to look and feel a lot like C++, but without some of the unsafe features that make C++ difficult to use to create reliable applications. These two languages are available out of the box, but other languages will be available from third parties as well. As of this writing, COBOL and Eiffel implementations should be available for Visual Studio .NET as well.Visual Studio .NET: Visual Studio .NET is a cool new development environment that brings rapid application development (RAD) to the server.Improved components: The .NET Framework supports the use of new types of components that can be conveniently replaced in a running application.Web Forms: Web Forms allow Visual Basic–like development, with event handlers for common HTML widgets.XML Web services: XML Web services enable developers to create services and then make them available using industry standard protocols.: ADO for the .NET Framework is a new version of the technology that allows applications to more conveniently get at data residing in relational databases and in other formats, such as Extensible Markup Language (XML.) ConclusionThis brief history of Web development should provide you with a foundation as youcontinue reading about . Learning a programming language or development environment is much like learning a human language. Although books that cover the syntax and vocabulary are helpful, it’s often just as useful to understand the history of the people who use the language.If you’re an develope r, much of this chapter might be a review for you, but I hope that you’ve added something to your understanding of the history of . If you’re new to ASP and , understanding the history of ASP and what came before it will be useful as you begin to explore the exciting new technologies that make up .About Active Server Aside from the burden is not only (ASP) version of the next; It also provides a unified Web development models, including the development of enterprise-class Web applications generated personnel for the various services. grammar largely compatible with ASP, it also provides a new programming model and structure, flexibility and stability can produce better applications, and to provide better security protection. Through the existing ASP applications, gradually add functions to enhance ASP applications functions.When building applications, developers can use Web or XML Web services, or in any manner they deemed appropriate portfolio. Each functional access to the same support structure, so that you can use as a certification program, buffer frequently used data, or configuration of applications for self definition, only listed a few possibilities here.You can use Web-based generation of powerful the Web page. These generated pages, can be used to build public complaints server UI elements, and programming for the implementation of their common task. You can use these complaints to the building or from reusable components generated Web definition, thus simplifying the code page. For more information, please see Web pages. XML Web services provide a means of remote access server functions. Use XML Web services, enterprises can open data or business logic programming interface, and client-server applications and can acquire and operate these programming interfaces. Through the use of information such as web and XML standards such as the transmission of data across mobile firewall, XML Web services to customers - in-server or server-server programmed for data exchange. XML Web services without relying on specific components or technology transfer targets agreed. Therefore, the use of any language, using any component model, operating system and in any operating procedures can visit XML Web services. and. Net Framework version 1.1 installed, as each part of the Windows Server 2003 series products. You can add it through the control panels for the newprocedures, or use "of your server guide" opening it. In addition, according to this theme later introduced "with Windows XP Professional or Windows 2000 Server computer installed " process downloading 1.0. Installed Visual Studio. Net will also install 1.0.Use "of your server guide," in the operation of the Windows Server 2003 server installed .In the mission column, hit "start" button and then hit the "management of your servers," in the "management of your servers" window, hit "Add or remove players."In the "configuration of your server guide", hit the "next step" in the "server roles", selected "application servers (IIS, )," and then hit "next". "applications server option", hit the "opening " of, hit the "next" and then hit "next". If necessary, inserted in CD-ROM drive Windows Server 2003 installation CD, and then hit the "next step." Installation completed, hit the "completion."The use of "add / delete process" in operating the Windows Server 2003 server installed . In the mission column, hit "start" button, pointing to "control panels" and then hit the "add or delete procedures." "Windows components guides," "components" box, hit the "application server" of, then hit the "next step." When the "Windows components guides" configuration End Windows Server 2003, hit the "completion."In Windows Server 2003 series products in China by opening Server ManagementColumn in the mission, hit "start" button and then hit the "operation." In the "operation open" box, the importation and then hit "determined." ."Server management machine", a "local computer" and then hit "Web service expansion." Panes right, hit "" and then hit "allowed." state then changed to "allow".In operation running Windows XP Professional or Windows 2000 computer, download and install . If necessary, install and start IIS. On the installation, please refer to the operating system files. At /downloads/default.asp, a "Software Development Kits" (software development kits), hit the "Microsoft. net Framework SDK, "and then read the page on the SDK download requests, notes and choice. Hit for download option, and read the end-user licensing agreements, and then hit the "yes" (is). "document downloaded", download options to preserve documents, the choice to install procedures and documents downloaded to personal tale of folder, and then hit the "preservation". Check up on the latest personal tale of any document. Download documents located in the folder, Net Framework installation procedures Setup.exe.If you have IIS installed and activated, the installation of and. Net Framework, deployed applications and requests a page, but received one of the followingerror message, indicating the Web site has not been for the establishment of an appropriate authority or directory :"C:\Inetpub\Wwwroot" catalogue visit was denied. Failure to start monitoring directory changes. Server applications to visit catalogue "C:\Inetpub\Wwwroot\ Virtual Directory Name \". The catalogue does not exist or could not be visited for security establishment.At root Web site or any virtual directory, needs account (Aspnet_wp.exe process account) the retrieval, delivery and set limits. These must be installed, can visit the contents of documents and surveillance document changes. Requests the Executive next steps corrected the problem.Web site or virtual directory in the root of adding account retrieval, delivery and competence listedIn Windows resources management devices, to browse Web sites containing roots(acquiescence to the establishment of : C:\Inetpub\Wwwroot) or the virtual directory folder. In the "safe" choice card, hit "Add". Import Computer Name \ASPNET (for example, in the computer named Web imported Web\ASPNET), and then hit "determined." Allow account the following date: retrieval and implementation, a folder content, retrieval. Attention if the "Everyone" (Everyone) group or "users" group to retrieve root Web site or virtual directory, there would be no need to implement these steps.In Windows 2003 domain controller server, applications to network service identity operation (nothing to do with IIS isolation mode). In some cases, the domain controller function request to take additional steps to make your normal installation. 1.1 operating in the domain controller on the issue of the potential problems more information, Please see Microsoft knowledge base article Q824308 "IWAM Account is Not Granted the Impersonate Privilege for 1.1 on Windows 2000 Domain Controller with SP4" (SP4 installed in the Windows 2000 domain controller, not to IWAM account for 1.1 simulation Privileges), Web site knowledge base for . In the domain controller function. Net Framework 1.0 more information, Please see Microsoft knowledge base article Q315158, " Does Not Work with the Default Account on a Domain Controller" (with the domain controller, not the acquiescence account work), Web site knowledge base for .Author: ouglas J. TomFrom: Microsoft Applications微软设计应用因特网服务器应用程式介面：CGI具有扩充性能和克服的问题的能力，是微软公司开发的一种新的方式开发建设规模的应用。

技术文章评论的情感分析混合方法(IJEME-V6-N6-1)

I.J. Education and Management Engineering, 2016, 6, 1-11Published Online November 2016 in MECS ()DOI: 10.5815/ijeme.2016.06.01Available online at /ijemeA Hybrid Approach to Sentiment Analysis of Technical ArticleReviewsBabaljeet Kaur a, Naveen Kumari ba Punjabi University Regional Centre, Mohali, Indiab P unjabi University Regional Centre, Mohali, IndiaAbstractSentiment analysis is similar to opinion mining, which is a popular research problem to search out in the field of NLP. Sentiment analysis determines the perspective of the author and identifies the positive, negative and neutral reviews. It provides the reviews or opinions of people‟s on text, article and product which can be positive, negative or neutral. Reviews on the different websites, social networking sites is an important source to collect the information regarding various brands of product and new features in technology (e.g. Windows, Mobiles). During the sentiment analysis various classification tools within the NLP are used to find out the positivity and negativity of reviews or comments. The paper presents a length aware hybrid approach to analyses the reviews either as positive or negative and present approach is tested on SuperFetch data set. The present approach is a combination of both supervised machine learning techniques that are Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbor in which SVM is working great for large size review and KNN is working best for small size review.Index Terms: Sentiment analysis, SVM, KNN, SuperFetch review.© 2016 Published by MECS Publisher. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Research Association of Modern Education and Computer Science.1. IntroductionWith the rapid growth of online websites and social networking sites, everybody express their views regarding article, product on these sites [12]. The internet or web becomes a necessity in every person‟s life. On each day everybody is using online websites to express their reviews or comments, providing feedback and asking a question and other business or companies can take decision according to feedback. Sentiment analysis depicts the mood or feeling of individual about various entities and their attributes [11]. Sentiment analysis is a task to express people‟s opinions about an entity, article and product etc.In natural language processing (NLP) different machine learning approaches are utilized to determine the * Corresponding author:E-mail address: babbaljeet001@, naveencse2k4@sentiments of a huge amount of products, services, and text etc. Sentiment analysis provides many facilities to implement new applications which have a major role in business, medical, data mining and evaluate the feedback of different latest and old products.The reviews or comments of individuals in sentiment analysis can be classified into various ways like positive and negative reviews. Positive reviews have high polarity than the negative reviews. According to the reviews by various experts, one can easily find out the quality of technique. The analysis of sentiment work up with few difficulties: Among different things, it must be resolved whether document or segment thereof is subjective or objective and whether or not the sentiment communicated is positive or negative.The main steps involved in the research are Pre-processing of text, analysis of data and classification and evaluation of result. On numerous websites, people share their views in the form of …comments‟. These reviews and comments are the main elements that confirm the sentiment of people as these reviews as original. The sentiment analysis on the website is done in three steps: (a) Determine the sentiment expression. (b) Determining the polarity of reviews (positive, negative and neutral). (c) A classification approach is utilized to classify the sentiments on the website [2]. It has increased much consideration as of late and studies individual‟s emotio ns towards certain substances [1]. Sentiment analysis deal with several challenges. The description of element considered in this area. It is not a cup of tea. For example sentiments about any product can be determined by positive and negative opinions of people on the product.In the present work find out the reviews of a specialized article (e.g. SuperFetch). Determine the positive and negative survey of individuals in this article. On the basis of the reviews of the expert define how much that article technically sound or not. The positive review concerning article gives high polarity. A combined approach of Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbor is used to classify the reviews. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the some related work done in this field. Section 3 explains the proposed approach in identifying the reviews. Section 4 provides the results obtained in the proposed work along with a brief discussion. Section 5 concludes work done in this research and work to be done in the future.1.1. Applications∙Aid in decision making- Decision making is an integral part of our life. It ranges from “which technology‟s feature to use”, “which product to buy”, “which bank insurance policies to go for”, “which restaurant to go”. Sentiment An alysis (SA) can be utilized to decide and select from the available options on the basis of general opinions expressed by other users.∙Business Strategies- Many of business strategies are being guided with regard to response from the public.The various companies‟ aims to satisfy the requirements and demands of the users, so strategic moves of the companies are driven through public views and opinions. With the world connected via technology events have a global impact; issue/failure on one part of the globe has an impact on opposite corners of the world. Therefore it becomes quite necessary to drive products/services per the general public view point.∙Application as sub-component technology- The sentiment analysis has a major role in enabling technology for different systems. In some websites whenever ads are displayed in the sidebars, it‟s helpful to show ads when relevant positive sentiments are detected and nix the ads once negative sentiments are detected. The question-answering is another area where sentiment analysis may be helpful as opinion oriented question might need completely different treatment [13].∙Application to review related websites- The most common application in within the reviews of costumer products, services, and articles. There are several websites that give reviews related to the article. For example is the website that provides numerous reviews related to mobile phones, Windows, DOS, and Memory management. Summarizing opinions or reviews of the public are an important task today, so before using the latest features comes in the technology, people can aware to make decision regarding the technology means good or not for future [10].2. Related WorkThis section presents a comprehensive literature survey of research related to various sentiment analysis classification approaches. Various sentiment analysis related research papers till date have been studied and their brief is presented in this section.Mudinas et al. The paper presented a combination of both lexicon and learning based approaches for sentiment analysis. The paper mainly focused on the anatomy of pSenti- a concept level sentiment analysis and combined approach are tested on two types of data set including CNET software reviews and IMDB movie reviews. In the concept level sentiment analysis, pSenti is originated by combining both lexicon and learning based techniques. The supervised machine learning part is not simply responsible for smaller tasks such as adjusting sentiment values or finding additional sentiment words, however is really responsible for evaluating all the ingredients of sentiment process as well as semantic rules utilized to get the final output. The main advantage of hybrid approach employing a lexicon/machine learning techniques is to achieve more effective of each word- stability also as readability from a correctly designed lexicon, and also the high accuracy of the popular supervised machine learning approach. The of performance of sentiment analysis mainly depends on the sentiment of comments or reviews; if there‟s a clear separation between positive and negative value distribution, the lexicon based technique would work best, otherwise machine learning would well raise the performance. The result shows that even without subjective detection, the combined approach pSenti can achieve 82.50% accuracy that is just slightly below the bag-of-words Support Vector Machine [8].Amira Shoukry et al. The paper presented a sentiment analysis of Egyptian dialect tweets and applied sentence level analysis utilizing a hybrid approach. This approach combines each machine learning (ML) approach using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and semantic orientation (SO) techniques. This approach includes building a classifier utilizing the unigrams, bigrams and trigrams as well as new thebigrams and trigrams), Unigrams produces the best results at threshold 0. It is good to combine the all unigrams, bigrams and trigrams as features to increase the performance of sentiment analysis. The accuracy achieved by Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is 82.9% in case of unigrams. When comparing the results of both obtained in ML experiment and semantic orientation, the accuracy (0.806) obtained in SVM learning algorithm greater than achieved using semantic orientation technique‟s accuracy (0.719). After combining both ML and SO accuracy (A) is 0.844 and precision (P) is 0.842, recall (R) is 0.844 and f-measure is 0.842 [3]. Changliang Li et al. The paper introduced a Chinese feeling Treebank over social data because there are not very many resources introduced in sentiment analysis for Chinese and progress is kept down because of expansive, marked corpus and capable models. It identified 13550 marked sentences from movie reviews. The paper introduced a Recursive Neural Deep model (RNDM) figuring out how to sentiment label based on recursive deep learning. The paper considers the sentiment about the sentence and identifying review is positive and negative. For sentence level based sentiment, this model used baselines such as Naïve Bayes, Maximum Entropy and Support Vector Machine. The total accuracy obtained by RNDM is maximum (90.8%) compared to Naïve Bayes (78.65%), Maximum Entropy (87.46%) and Support Vector Machine (84.9%) and RNDM gets the highest performance [7].Grandi et al. In this paper observed that the present sentiment analysis technique is satisfactory for a single entity, but can produce wrong results when with the arrangement of various items. Paper is importing techniques with the help of voting theory and according to the preference aggregation to collect a set of multiple items with high accuracy. The Paper proposed notion of Borda count, which joins public‟sentiment, according to similar comparative preference information and demonstrate this class of standards fulfills various properties which a characteristics understanding in sentiment area. The SP (sentiment preference structure) is used over a set of candidates. Borda always behaves better than random procedure in identifying the winner in complete profile [6].Tan et al. The paper developed sentiment categorization on the basis of Chinese language documents with the size of 1024 documents. The feature selection methods (IG, MI, CHI, and DF) and machine learning methods (K-Nearest Neighbor, Winnow classifier, Centroid classifier, SVM and Naïve Bayes) are conducted to find out the Chinese language sentiment. The results achieved suggest that IG performance best in sentiment phrases selection and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for sentiment classification and it contains the reviews from three different areas like movie, education and house, also found that sentiment classifier mainly dependent on the topics. The dataset contains 507 documents related to education, 248 to house and 266 documents related to the movie. The Precision, Recall and F-Measure parameters are used to evaluate the performance of all the classifiers [4].Guerrero et al.The paper analyzed people‟s emotions, reviews, feelings about the product, services and organizations. Different tools and techniques are implemented for sentiment analysis. Compared some free access web services, analyze their capabilities and score to different pieces of text according to their sentiments. Machine learning and lexicon based approaches are utilized. 15 web services computed for the purpose of sentiment analysis. Some of these services belong to personal companies, however, still they allow to restricted free access to their functionalities and others are completely free services. This fact is interesting to the users who want to incorporate sentiment analysis capability among their own platforms while not having to develop their own algorithms; thus, these tools are particularly interesting for researching purposes and fast prototyping. Besides, because of the actual fact that the chosen services can work as web services, inclusion of them into any platform is basically simple. From the results produced, the services like Alchemy and Semantria might be taken into consideration for any kind of text. Sentiment analysis could also be extremely interesting to the user if the analyzed text is quite high and you would like to classify them [5].3. MethodologyThis section provides the information about the present hybrid approach and various parameters that are used to evaluate the results and also the various steps that are taken into consideration to complete the proposed work.3.1. Data setThe data set is a collection of technical article reviews (e.g. SuperFetch), which is a memory management feature find out in various Windows. The reviews of the SuperFetch have collected from the websites such as , and also from the various professionals of Universities or Colleges. These websites provide detailed information related to positive and negative reviews of different articles given by various professionals. The collected reviews are stored in an excel file, then directly fetch to the MS SQL server for further processing. All the collected reviews are divided into three parts like 50, 100 and 120 to evaluate the result.3.2. PreprocessingThe data preprocessing or cleaning step is more important in sentiment analysis. It is the process of preparing the text before the classification. The preprocessing includes the removal of extra words which are not helpful for identification of sentiments. In case of word level, different words in sentence don‟t have any impact if treated as one dimensional in the classification process [9]. Including those words in the text make the classification more tough. So, there is a process to overcome the noise level in text should help increase the performance of the classifier is called preprocessing. The main step in this process is the removal of stop words is described below. The preprocessing step mainly includes the removal of stop words. In Information Retrieval, stop words removal is a common process to get rid of words that are extremely common which don‟t add substantial value to the classification process. These common words like is, he, it, a, an, and the y‟recollectively known as stop words. Because the inclusion of these words in a review does not give any useful information, they are removed.Fig.1. Flow Chart of Removal of Stop Words3.3. Proposed ApproachThe proposed hybrid approach is a combination of supervised machine learning approaches: SVM and KNN. The present hybrid approach is utilized to classify the reviews of SuperFetch in which Support Vector Machine classifier is working well to evaluate the large size reviews and KNN is working best to evaluate the small size review. Both approaches are combined in such a way that to increase the effectiveness of the present hybrid approach.∙Support Vector MachineSupport Vector Machine is well known for their good generalization performance and has been applied to many sentiment analysis problems. Training and testing data are involved in classification task, which consists of data instances. One class label and various features are contained in each instance in the training set. In basic form, a SVM learns to find a hyper plane that separates both positive and negative examples maximum margins. The Support Vector Machine classifier is most effective classifier to increase the performance using large size sentence during the classification.∙K-Nearest NeighborIt is the classifier that relies on the labels of category and finds a k-nearest neighbor during the classification. Assign the weight to the neighbor based on their distance from the query point. KNN is an effective classifier to classify the small size sentence. The Euclidean distance equation is a main alternative to the similarity measure.∑√ (1)3.4. Performance Evaluation MetricsFinally the result is evaluated using the Accuracy, F-Measure, Precision and Recall. These four parameters are used to evaluate the performance of the classifiers.4. Results and DiscussionThe SuperFetch Reviews is considered as data set to test the performance of the present hybrid approach. The reviews are collected from the websites as well as from the various professionals. The present hybrid approach is tested on a SuperFetch data set in which three cases are considered to evaluate the results. All cases were carried out in Visual Studio 2010 are discussed in this section.Reviews are classified as positive and negative by the hybrid method. The effectiveness of the hybrid method is determined by the following parameters.∙Accuracy = (2) Where;TP is true positiveTN is true negativeFP is false positiveFN is false negative∙Precision = (3) ∙Recall = (4) ∙F-Measure = (5)Fig.2. Accuracy, Positivity and Negativity in case of 50 ReviewsThe Figure 2 shows the graphs which represent the accuracy, positivity and negativity in case of using 50 reviews. The positivity comes in the 50 reviews is much greater than the negativity.Fig.3. Precision, Recall and F-Measure in Case of 50 ReviewsThe figure 3 indicates the Precision, Recall and F-Measure in case of 50 reviews. The value of Recall is greater than the Precision and F-Measure.Fig.4. Accuracy, Positivity and Negativity in Case of 100 ReviewsFig.5. Precision, Recall and F-Measure in Case of 100 ReviewsThe figure 5 and 6 show that the result evaluation using 100 reviews. The results achieved using 100 reviews greater than using 50 reviews in Precision, Accuracy, F-Measure and Positivity. So result evaluation using 100 reviews quite effective than the result evaluation using 50 reviews.Fig.6. Accuracy, Positivity and Negativity in Case of 120 ReviewsFig.7. Precision, Recall and F-Measure in Case of 120 ReviewsThe figures 7 and 8 represent result evaluations using 120 reviews. The Precision, Recall and F-Measure in 120 reviews are at almost same level. The accuracy achieved is better than the previous two cases. So, the hybrid approach is more effective in this case mainly in terms of Accuracy.Table 1. Result Table for All CasesParameters 50 Reviews 100 Reviews 120 ReviewsPrecision 0.84 0.89 0.94Recall 0.97 0.96 0.96Accuracy F-Measure Positive% Negative% 84.310.9062.008.0087.130.9270.005.0090.740.9568.335.005. Conclusion and Future WorkPresent work concluded that the combination of K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine produced better results on the basis of Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F-Measure. K-Nearest Neighbor improved the performance in the case of small reviews and Support Vector Machine improved the performance in case of large reviews are working as a single hybrid approach.There are two more parameters positivity and negativity are evaluated that shows most of the reviewers have positive thoughts regarding SuperFetch and the negativity percentage is very less, the remaining reviews are considered as neutral. So the results indicate that SuperFetch is a good feature in the memory management system. Future work includes the comparison of the present technique with existing techniques.AcknowledgementsI am grateful to my guide Assistant Professor Mrs. Naveen Kumari for all help and valuable suggestion provided by her during the study and special thanks to Associate Professor Mr. Michael Swift who help me in collection of reviews.References[1]X. Fang, and J. Zhan, “Sentiment analysis using product review data,” Journal of Big Data, pp.1-14,2015.[2]Y. Sharma, V. Mangat, and M. Kaur, “Sentiment analysis and Opinion mining,” In Proceedings of 21stIRF International conference, March-8, 2015, Pune, India, pp. 35-38.[3] A. Shoukry, and A. Rafea, “A Hybrid Approach for Sentiment Classification of Egyptian DialectTweets,” In Proceedings of First International Conference on Arabic Computational Linguistics, 2015, pp. 78-85.[4]S. Tan, and J. Zhang, “An empirical study of sentiment analysis for Chinese documents,” Expert systemswith applications 34 (2008), pp. 2622-2629.[5]J. S. Guerrero, J. A. Olivas, F. P. Romero, and E. H. Viedma, “Sentiment analysis: A review andcomparative analysis of web services,” Information Sciences, pp. 18-38, 2015.[6]U. Grandi, A. Loreggia, F. R ossi, and V. Saraswat, “A Borda count for collective sentiment analysis,”Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 22 October 2015, DOI: 10.1007/s10472-015-9488-0.[7] C. Li, B. Xu, G. Wu, S. He, G. Tian, and H. Hao, “Recursive Dee p Learning for Sentiment Analysisover Social Data,” In Proceedings of International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT), IEEE/WIC/ACM, 2014, pp. 180-185.[8] A. Mudinas, D.Zhang, and M. Levene, “Combining Lexico n and Learning based Approaches forConcept-Level Sentiment Analysis,” In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Issues of Sentiment Discovery and Opinion Mining, ACM, August-12, 2012, pp. 1-8.[9] E. Haddi, X. Liu, and Y. Shi, “The Role of text pre-processing in sentiment analysis,” InformationTechnology and Quantitative Managemen t, pp.26-32, 2013.[10]Y. Sh arma, V. Mangat, and M. Kaur, “A Practical Approach to Sentiment Analysis of Hindi Tweets,”In Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT-2015), Dehradun, India, 4-5 September 2015, IEEE,DOI: 10.1109/NGCT.2015.7375207, pp. 677-680.[11]J. S. Modha, G. S. Pandi, and S. J. Modha, “Automatic sentiment analysis for unstructured data,”International journal of advanced research in computer science and software engineering, vol.3, pp.91-97, December -2013.[12] A. Tripathi, A. Agrawal, and S. K. Rath, “Classification of Sentimental Reviews using Machine learningTechniques,” InProceedings of 3rd International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing, ICRTC, 2015, pp. 821-829.[13] B. Pang, and L. Lee, “Opinion mining and Sentiment analysis,” Foundation and Trends in InformationRetrieval, vol. 2, no. 1-2, pp. 1-135, 2008.A Hybrid Approach to Sentiment Analysis of Technical Article Reviews 11Authors’ ProfilesBabaljeet Kaur has completed her M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering fromPunjabi University Regional Centre for Information Technology and Management, Mohali,India. Her research interests include Natural Language Processing, Digital Image Processingand Big Data.How to cite this paper: Babaljeet Kaur, Naveen Kumari,"A Hybrid Approach to Sentiment Analysis of Technical Article Reviews", International Journal of Education and Management Engineering(IJEME), Vol.6, No.6, pp.1-11, 2016.DOI: 10.5815/ijeme.2016.06.01。

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AN APPLICATION OF GRAM++ FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Background:
Technology Resource Centers (TRC) at various blocks of Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgargh states are operating under an UNDP-DST subprogramme on TDC-TRC Network. Under the sub-programme a detailed house-tohouse surveys were conducted to understand the human development status in all the houses (2,28,850) of the all the ten blocks. Simultaneously each village (1,611) of all the blocks is mapped at cadastral level (1:4,000) to assess the natural resource potential.
Development of Indices
Three Types:
1. Human-Capital Index 2. Socio-Economic Index 3. Agro-ecological Index
The above indices are integrated to generate
The suggestions made based on the assessment done above to improve income generation for the local population.
Indigenous GRAM++ GIS tools were effectively used for the purpose.
Determined by the estimation of : 1. Type of House Hold Index 2. Electrified Household Index 3. Kerosene Lighted Household Index 4. Wood Fueled Household Index 5. Kerosene Fueled Household Index 6. Household Income Index 7. Live Stock Index 8. Road Index 9. Tractors Index
Resources Development Index Map
Human Capital Index
This is determined by estimation of :
1. Pressure on Working Class Index 2. Rural Female Literacy Rate Index 3. Sex Ratio Index
Associated Database
1991 Census Data (Village wise): Education, Drinking Water, Communication, Postal Facility, Medical Facility, Irrigated Area, Agricultural Implements, Area under different crops, Educational Facilities, Infrastructure, Health Institution, Industry, Loans, Livestock, Self-Employment.
9. Transportation Linkages 10. Technological Experience
11. Unemployment Details
Methodology (Contd..)
Creation of Spatial Database in GRAM ++ environment Elements of Database: Point Layers 30 Items : Ex. Wells, Schools, Post Office Segment Layers 17 Items: Ex. Road, Electricity, Drainage Polygon Layers 5 Items: Ex. Village Boundary, Land use, Water Bodies
Agro-ecological Index
This is determined by : 1. Percentage of Crop area Index 2. Well Index 3. Total Agriculture Income Index
Agro-ecological Index
Socio Economic Index
URL - .in
Spatial Data Layers Prepared For All Blocks
Block Boundary, Panchayat Boundary, Village Boundary, Land use, Physiography, Hydrogeomorphology, Soil, Land Capability, Land Irrigability, Salt Affected Areas, Crop Combination, Settlement Patterns, Drainage, Canal, Depth to Water (June, October), Roads Railway Lines, Imp Locations.
Based on the inputs from the needs assessment and identification of high stress regions through indexing, the programme is oriented in proper direction.
1. Demographic Details 2. Income Generation
3. House Hold Inventory 4. Expenditure Pattern
5. Marketing Ability
6. Medical Background
7. Social Linkages
8. Migration Attitude
Alkaline land and Crop Combination (NBSS & LUP) Groundwater data (CGWB, Dept. of Water Resources, Punjab) Census Handbook and Gazetteer Education Dept. – Data CD Socio Economic and Infrastructure Data –
GRAM++ Health GIS
Map of Maharashtra State
Screenshot of Databs
Environmental Study for Barvi Reservoir, Maharashtra.
Location:
Methodology:
Assigning typical ID for each village. Ex.: M010101
Converting house-hold survey schedules as database
records
Parameters for house hold survey:
Nanashi Village, Dindori Taluka, Nashik District
Development of Spatial Resources Profile for
Patiala District
Data Used
IRS LISS III 2 Seasons FCC (1:50000) and IRSLISS III and PAN Toposheets (SOI) Village Boundary, Soil, Hydrogeomorphology (PRSC) Land Capability, Land Irrigability, Physiography, Saline and
Crop Suitability Study for Koulagi Village, Bijapur District, Karnataka Regional Agriculture Research Station, Bijapur.
Wasteland Development Plan
Application Studies using GRAM++ GIS
GIS And Its Application In Health Sector
A Health GIS For Directorate Of Health Maharashtra
Service Availability Mapping of HIV/AIDS in Maharashtra State
Methodology (Contd..)
Integration of Elements:
Estimation of aggregates for each village from house hold data Linking of non-spatial data sets to spatial objects Cross validation of data sets from census data Creation of mosaic from village level maps to block level map Transfer of village level aggregate features to block level map