极大值原理MaximumPrincipleMaximumPrinciple
极大值原理

最优控制问题可表述为:寻求一个容许控制u(t),以使受控系统从某个给定的初始状态x(t0)=x0出发,在 末时刻tf达到目标集,并且使性能指标泛函J【u(·)】达到极小值或极大值。如果这个问题是有解的,那么就 称求得的容许控制为最优控制,记为u(t);而系统状态方程在u(t)作用下的解称为最优轨线,记为x(t);相 应的极小或极大性能指标值J【u(·)】,称为最优指标值。在数学上,最优控制问题的实质,是对受约束的泛 函J【u(·)】求极值的问题,其中的约束条件为系统的状态方程、目标集方程和容许控制域。
原理简介
极大值原理
maximum principle
最优控制理论中用以确定使受控系统或运动过程的给定性能指标取极大或极小值的最优控制的主要方法。在 工程领域中很大一类最优控制问题都可采用极大值原理所提供的方法和原则来定出最优控制的规律。在理论上, 极大值原理还是最优控制理论形成和发展的基础。极大值原理是对分析力学中古典变分法的推广,能用于处理由 于外力源的限制而使系统的输入(即控制)作用有约束的问题。极大值原理是20世纪50年代中期苏联学者Л.С. 庞特里亚金提出的,有关这一原理的主要结果及其严格的数学证明,都发表在后来出版的《最优过程的数学理论》 一书中。
式9式11式13LQ问题 线性二次型性能指标的最优控制问题。
次优控制
对于较为复杂的受控系统,即使系统为线性的情况,最优控制问题的求解也常有大量的计算。采用次优控制, 可在保证性能指标值足够接近最优性能值的同时,显著地减少问题求解的计算量。实现次优控制的主要的途径是 把复杂的受控系统通过适当的方法化为两个较为简单的子受控系统,并且针对子系统来计算最优控制,再综合地 作必要的修正。实现系统性能指标值 对最优性能值的接近程度来确定;要求接近的程度越高,修正计算量也就越大。特别是对于要求计算机实时控制 的受控系统,为了避免过大的计算量或避免增加控制系统在组成上的复杂性,常常更宜采用次优控制以代替最优 控制。
最大值原理和极值原理

最大值原理和极值原理最大值原理和极值原理是微分学和数学分析中的两个基本原理,其中最大值原理指出了有界区间上的连续函数在该区间内达到最大值,而极值原理则更为广泛地描述了函数在一些区域内的最大值和最小值的存在性和一些相应的性质。
最大值原理(Maximum Value Principle)是最基本的实分析原理之一,它陈述了连续函数在有界区间上一定存在最大值。
具体而言,若函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上连续,并且在该区间上不为常值函数,则f(x)在[a,b]上一定存在最大值。
最大值原理的直观解释是:在一个有限区间上有连续增减变化的函数,一定会有一个最大值,而这个最大值在这个区间上是唯一存在的。
最大值原理有着重要的应用,比如在最优化问题中,我们常常需要寻找函数在特定区域内的最大值。
最大值原理告诉我们,在一些有界区域内找最大值时,可以限定区域,从而避免不必要的计算,提高计算效率。
此外,最大值原理在物理学中也有广泛的应用,比如利用最大值原理可以证明最高点必定是压强最大的地方。
极值原理(Extreme Value Theorem)则是在更一般的情况下描述函数的极值。
极值原理指出,如果函数f(x)在闭区间[a,b]上连续,那么f(x)在该区间上至少存在一个最大值和一个最小值。
这个原理给出了一个非常重要的结论,即连续函数在有界、封闭区间上一定存在最大值和最小值。
需要注意的是,在开区间上的连续函数未必存在极值。
极值原理也有许多重要应用。
比如在微分学中,极值原理可以帮助我们确定函数的最大值和最小值,从而找到函数的拐点、驻点等重要信息。
在应用中常需要利用极值原理来证明一些性质,比如利用极值原理可以证明存在性定理。
此外,极值原理在微分方程的存在性和唯一性的证明中也有重要作用。
总的来说,最大值原理和极值原理是微分学和数学分析中的两个基本原理,它们描述了实函数的最大值和最小值在一些区间内的存在性,对于理解和证明函数的性质非常有帮助。
自动化专业英语常用词汇

自动化专业英语常用词汇acceleration transducer 加速度传感器accumulated error 累积误差AC-DC-AC frequency converter交-直-交变频器AC (alternating current) electric drive 交流电子传动active attitude stabilization 主动姿态稳定adjoint operator 伴随算子admissible error 容许误差amplifying element 放大环节analog-digital conversion 模数转换operational amplifiers运算放大器aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解approximate reasoning 近似推理a priori estimate 先验估计articulated robot 关节型机器人asymptotic stability 渐进稳定性attained pose drift 实际位姿漂移attitude acquisition 姿态捕获AOCS (attitude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度attitude disturbance 姿态扰动automatic manual station 自动-手动操作器automaton 自动机base coordinate system 基座坐标系bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表 gauge测量仪器black box testing approach 黑箱测试法bottom-up development 自下而上开发boundary value analysis 边界值分析brainstorming method 头脑风暴法CAE (computer aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程CAM (computer aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造capacitive displacement transducer 电容式位移传感器capacity电容 displacement 位移capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表rectangular coordinate system直角坐标系cascade compensation 串联补偿using series or parallel capacitors用串联或者并联的电容chaos 混沌calrity 清晰性classical information pattern 经典信息模式classifier 分类器clinical control system 临床控制系统closed loop pole 闭环极点 open loop 开环closed loop transfer function 闭环传递函数c ombined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵compatibility 相容性,兼容性compensating network 补偿网络Energy is conserved in all of its forms能量是守恒的compensation 补偿,矫正conditionally instability 条件不稳定性configuration 组态connectivity 连接性conservative system 守恒系统consistency 一致性constraint condition 约束条件control accuracy 控制精度Gyroscope陀螺仪control panel 控制屏,控制盘control system synthesis 控制系统综合corner frequency 转折频率coupling of orbit and attitude 轨道和姿态耦合critical damping 临界阻尼临界criticalDamper阻尼器critical stability 临界稳定性cross-over frequency 穿越频率,交越频率cut-off frequency 截止频率cybernetics 控制论cyclic remote control 循环遥控 cycle 循环 cycliccylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人damped oscillation 阻尼振荡oscillation 振荡;振动;摆动damper 阻尼器damping ratio 阻尼比 ratio 比data acquisition 数据采集data preprocessing 数据预处理data processor 数据处理器D controller 微分控制器微分控制:Differential control 积分控制:integral control 比例控制:proportional controldescribing function 描述函数desired value 希望值真值:truth values 参考值:reference value destination 目的站detector 检出器deviation 偏差deviation alarm 偏差报警器differential dynamical system 微differential pressure level meter 差压液位计 meter=gauge 仪表 differential 差别的微分的differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器differential transformer displacement transducer 差动变压器式位移传感器differentiation element 微分环节digital filer 数字滤波器 filter 滤波器digital signal processing 数字信号处理dimension transducer 尺度传感器discrete system simulation language 离散系统仿真语言 discrete离散的不连续的displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移振幅传感器幅度:amplitudedistrubance 扰动disturbance compensation 扰动补偿diversity 多样性divisibility 可分性domain knowledge 领域知识dominant pole 主导极点零点zero调制:modulation ;modulate 解调:demodulationcountermodulationduty ratio负载比dynamic characteristics 动态特性dynamic deviation 动态偏差dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数dynamic input-output model 动态投入产出模型Index指数eddy current thickness meter 电涡流厚度计 meter 翻译成计 gauge 翻译成表electric conductance level meter 电导液位计electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器electronic batching scale 电子配料秤 scale 秤electronic belt conveyor scale 电子皮带秤electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤elevation 仰角 depression 俯角equilibrium point 平衡点error 误差estimate 估计量estimation theory 估计理论expected characteristics 希望特性failure diagnosis 故障诊断feasibility study 可行性研究feasible 可行的feasible region 可行域feature detection 特征检测feature extraction 特征抽取feedback compensation 反馈补偿Feed forward path 前馈通路前馈:feed forward 反馈feedbackFMS (flexible manufacturing system) 柔性制造系统柔性:flexible 刚性:rigidity bending deflection 弯曲挠度 deflect 偏向偏离flow sensor/transducer 流量传感器flow transmitter 流量变送器forward path 正向通路frequency converter 变频器frequency domain model reduction me thod 频域模型降阶法频域frequency response 频域响应functional decomposition 功能分解FES (functional electrical stimulation) 功能电刺激stimulate 刺激functional simularity 功能相似fuzzy logic模糊逻辑generalized least squares estimation 广义最小二乘估计geometric similarity 几何相似global optimum 全局最优goal coordination method 目标协调法graphic search 图搜索guidance system 制导系统gyro drift rate 陀螺漂移率gyrostat 陀螺体Hall displacement transducer 霍尔式位移传感器horizontal decomposition横向分解hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达I controller 积分控制器 integral 积分identifiability 可辨识性image recognition 图像识别impulse 冲量impulse function 冲击函数,脉冲函数index of merit 品质因数 index 指数inductive force transducer 电感式位移传感器感应的inductive 电感:inductance industrial automation 工业自动化inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏感器inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系information acquisition 信息采集infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器 infrared 红外线红外线的ultraviolet ray紫外线的 visible light可见光inherent nonlinearity 固有非线性inherent regulation 固有调节initial deviation 初始偏差input-output model 投入产出模型instability 不稳定性integrity 整体性intelligent terminal 智能终端internal disturbance 内扰invariant embedding principle 不变嵌入原理inverse Nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图investment decision 投资决策joint 关节knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge assimilation 知识同化knowledge representation 知识表达lag-lead compensation 滞后超前补偿Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换large scale system 大系统least squares criterion 最小二乘准则 criterion 准则linearization technique 线性化方法linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动linear motion valve 直行程阀linear programming 线性规划load cell 称重传感器local optimum 局部最优local 局部log magnitude-phase diagram 对数幅相图magnitude大小的程度amplitude振幅long term memory 长期记忆Lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁致弹性称重传感器magnitude-frequency characteristic 幅频特性magnitude margin 幅值裕度 margin 边缘magnitude scale factor 幅值比例尺manipulator 机械手man-machine coordination 人机协调MAP (manufacturing automation protocol) 制造自动化协议 protocol 协议marginal effectiveness 边际效益Mason‘‘s gain formula 梅森增益公式matching criterion 匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则minimal realization 最小实现minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统model verification 模型验证modularization 模块化MTBF (mean time between failures) 平均故障间隔时间 mean 平均MTTF (mean time to failures) 平均无故障时间multiloop control 多回路控制multi-objective decision 多目标决策Nash optimality 纳什最优性nearest-neighbor 最近邻necessity measure 必然性侧度negative feedback 负反馈neural assembly 神经集合neural network computer 神经网络计算机Nichols chart 尼科尔斯图Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据objective function 目标函数on-line assistance 在线帮助on-off control 通断控制optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表optimal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术order parameter 序参数orientation control 定向控制oscillating period 振荡周期周期:period cycleoutput prediction method 输出预估法oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计Over damping 过阻尼underdamping 欠阻尼PR (pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器phase lead 相位超前 phase lag相位滞后Photoelectri c光电 tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器PLC (programmable logic controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动pole assignment 极点配置pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论pose overshoot 位姿过调量position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positive feedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化pressure transmitter 压力变送器primary frequency zone 主频区priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真proportional control 比例控制proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulation control system 脉冲调频控制系统:frequency modulation 频率调制调频pulse width modulation control system 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器QC (quality control) 质量管理quantized noise 量化噪声ramp function 斜坡函数random disturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人redundant information 冗余信息regional planning model 区域规划模型regulating device 调节装载regulation 调节relational algebra 关系代数remote regulating 遥调reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻电阻温度计传感器response curve 响应曲线return difference matrix 回差矩阵return ratio matrix 回比矩阵revolute robot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器rewriting rule 重写规则rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 dynamics 动力学robotics 机器人学robot programming language 机器人编程语言robust control 鲁棒控制robustness 鲁棒性root locus 根轨迹roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计rotameter 浮子流量计,转子流量计sampled-data control system 采样控制系统sampling control system 采样控制系统saturation characteristics 饱和特性scalar Lyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数s-domain s域self-operated controller 自力式控制器self-organizing system 自组织系统self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制sensing element 敏感元件sensitivity analysis 灵敏度分析sensory control 感觉控制sequential decomposition 顺序分解sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计servo control 伺服控制,随动控制servomotor 伺服马达settling time 过渡时间sextant 六分仪short term planning 短期计划short time horizon coordination 短时程协调signal detection and estimation 信号检测和估计signal reconstruction 信号重构similarity 相似性simulated interrupt 仿真中断simulation block diagram 仿真框图simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度simulator 仿真器single axle table 单轴转台single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度陀螺翻译顺序呵呵spin axis 自旋轴spinner 自旋体stability criterion 稳定性判据stability limit 稳定极限stabilization 镇定,稳定state equation model 状态方程模型state space description 状态空间描述static characteristics curve 静态特性曲线station accuracy 定点精度stationary random process 平稳随机过程statistical analysis 统计分析statistic pattern recognition 统计模式识别steady state deviation 稳态偏差顺序翻译即可steady state error coefficient 稳态误差系数step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器subjective probability 主观频率supervisory computer control system 计算机监控系统sustained oscillation 自持振荡swirlmeter 旋进流量计switching point 切换点systematology 系统学system homomorphism 系统同态system isomorphism 系统同构system engineering 系统工程tachometer 转速表target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器task cycle 作业周期temperature transducer 温度传感器tensiometer 张力计texture 纹理theorem proving 定理证明therapy model 治疗模型thermocouple 热电偶thermometer 温度计thickness meter 厚度计three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定three state controller 三位控制器thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统thruster 推力器time constant 时间常数time-invariant system 定常系统,非时变系统 invariant不变的time schedule controller 时序控制器time-sharing control 分时控制time-varying parameter 时变参数top-down testing 自上而下测试TQC (total quality control) 全面质量管理tracking error 跟踪误差trade-off analysis 权衡分析transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法transient deviation 瞬态偏差短暂的瞬间的transient process 过渡过程transition diagram 转移图transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表transmitter 变送器trend analysis 趋势分析triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计Turing machine 图灵机two-time scale system 双时标系统ultrasonic levelmeter 超声物位计unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动unbiased estimation 无偏估计underdamping 欠阻尼uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性uninterrupted duty 不间断工作制,长期工作制unit circle 单位圆unit testing 单元测试unsupervised learing 非监督学习upper level problem 上级问题urban planning 城市规划value engineering 价值工程variable gain 可变增益,可变放大系数variable structure control system 变结构控制vector Lyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数function 函数velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器vibrometer 振动计 vibrationVibrate振动viscous damping 粘性阻尼voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortex precession flowmeter 旋进流量计vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计WB (way base) 方法库weighing cell 称重传感器weighting factor 权因子weighting method 加权法Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem 惠特克-香农采样定理Wiener filtering 维纳滤波w-plane w平面zero-based budget 零基预算zero-input response 零输入响应zero-state response 零状态响应z-transform z变换《信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表第 1 章绪论信号(signal)系统(system)电压(voltage)电流(current)信息(information)电路(circuit)确定性信号(determinate signal)随机信号(random signal)一维信号(one–dimensional signal)多维信号(multi–dimensional signal)连续时间信号(continuous time signal)离散时间信号(discrete time signal)取样信号(sampling signal)数字信号(digital signal)周期信号(periodic signal)非周期信号(nonperiodic(aperiodic) signal)能量(energy)功率(power)能量信号(energy signal)功率信号(power signal)平均功率(average power)平均能量(average energy)指数信号(exponential signal)时间常数(time constant)正弦信号(sine signal)余弦信号(cosine signal)振幅(amplitude)角频率(angular frequency)初相位(initial phase)频率(frequency)欧拉公式(Euler’s formula)复指数信号(complex exponential signal)复频率(complex frequency)实部(real part)虚部(imaginary part)抽样函数 Sa(t)(sampling(Sa) function)偶函数(even function)奇异函数(singularity function)奇异信号(singularity signal)单位斜变信号(unit ramp signal)斜率(slope)单位阶跃信号(unit step signal)符号函数(signum function)单位冲激信号(unit impulse signal)广义函数(generalized function)取样特性(sampling property)冲激偶信号(impulse doublet signal)奇函数(odd function)偶分量(even component)偶数 even 奇数 odd 奇分量(odd component)正交函数(orthogonal function)正交函数集(set of orthogonal function)数学模型(mathematics model)电压源(voltage source)基尔霍夫电压定律(Kirchhoff’s voltage law(KVL))电流源(current source)连续时间系统(continuous time system)离散时间系统(discrete time system)微分方程(differential function)差分方程(difference function)线性系统(linear system)非线性系统(nonlinear system)时变系统(time–varying system)时不变系统(time–invariant system)集总参数系统(lumped–parameter system)分布参数系统(distributed–parameter system)偏微分方程(partial differential function)因果系统(causal system)非因果系统(noncausal system)因果信号(causal signal)叠加性(superposition property)均匀性(homogeneity)积分(integral)输入–输出描述法(input–output analysis)状态变量描述法(state variable analysis)单输入单输出系统(single–input and single–output system)状态方程(state equation)输出方程(output equation)多输入多输出系统(multi–input and multi–output system)时域分析法(time domain method)变换域分析法(transform domain method)卷积(convolution)傅里叶变换(Fourier transform)拉普拉斯变换(Laplace transform)第 2 章连续时间系统的时域分析齐次解(homogeneous solution)特解(particular solution)特征方程(characteristic function)特征根(characteristic root)固有(自由)解(natural solution)强迫解(forced solution)起始条件(original condition)初始条件(initial condition)自由响应(natural response)强迫响应(forced response)零输入响应(zero-input response)零状态响应(zero-state response)冲激响应(impulse response)阶跃响应(step response)卷积积分(convolution integral)交换律(exchange law)分配律(distribute law)结合律(combine law)第3 章傅里叶变换频谱(frequency spectrum)频域(frequency domain)三角形式的傅里叶级数(trigonomitric Fourier series)指数形式的傅里叶级数(exponential Fourier series)傅里叶系数(Fourier coefficient)直流分量(direct component)基波分量(fundamental component) component 分量n 次谐波分量(n th harmonic component)复振幅(complex amplitude)频谱图(spectrum plot(diagram))幅度谱(amplitude spectrum)相位谱(phase spectrum)包络(envelop)离散性(discrete property)谐波性(harmonic property)收敛性(convergence property)奇谐函数(odd harmonic function)吉伯斯现象(Gibbs phenomenon)周期矩形脉冲信号(periodic rectangular pulse signal)直角的周期锯齿脉冲信号(periodic sawtooth pulse signal)周期三角脉冲信号(periodic triangular pulse signal)三角的周期半波余弦信号(periodic half–cosine signal)周期全波余弦信号(periodic full–cosine signal)傅里叶逆变换(inverse Fourier transform)inverse 相反的频谱密度函数(spectrum density function)单边指数信号(single–sided exponential signal)双边指数信号(two–sided exponential signal)对称矩形脉冲信号(symmetry rectangular pulse signal)线性(linearity)对称性(symmetry)对偶性(duality)位移特性(shifting)时移特性(time–shifting)频移特性(frequency–shifting)调制定理(modulation theorem)调制(modulation)解调(demodulation)变频(frequency conversion)尺度变换特性(scaling)微分与积分特性(differentiation and integration)时域微分特性(differentiation in the time domain)时域积分特性(integration in the time domain)频域微分特性(differentiation in the frequency domain)频域积分特性(integration in the frequency domain)卷积定理(convolution theorem)时域卷积定理(convolution theorem in the time domain)频域卷积定理(convolution theorem in the frequency domain)取样信号(sampling signal)矩形脉冲取样(rectangular pulse sampling)自然取样(nature sampling)冲激取样(impulse sampling)理想取样(ideal sampling)取样定理(sampling theorem)调制信号(modulation signal)载波信号(carrier signal)已调制信号(modulated signal)模拟调制(analog modulation)数字调制(digital modulation)连续波调制(continuous wave modulation)脉冲调制(pulse modulation)幅度调制(amplitude modulation)频率调制(frequency modulation)相位调制(phase modulation)角度调制(angle modulation)频分多路复用(frequency–division multiplex(FDM))时分多路复用(time–division multiplex(TDM))相干(同步)解调(synchronous detection)本地载波(local carrier)载波系统函数(system function)网络函数(network function)频响特性(frequency response)幅频特性(amplitude frequency response)幅频响应相频特性(phase frequency response)无失真传输(distortionless transmission)理想低通滤波器(ideal low–pass filter)截止频率(cutoff frequency)正弦积分(sine integral)上升时间(rise time)窗函数(window function)理想带通滤波器(ideal band–pass filter)太直译了第 4 章拉普拉斯变换代数方程(algebraic equation)双边拉普拉斯变换(two-sided Laplace transform)双边拉普拉斯逆变换(inverse two-sided Laplace transform)单边拉普拉斯变换(single-sided Laplace transform)拉普拉斯逆变换(inverse Laplace transform)收敛域(region of convergence(ROC))延时特性(time delay)s 域平移特性(shifting in the s-domain)s 域微分特性(differentiation in the s-domain)s 域积分特性(integration in the s-domain)初值定理(initial-value theorem)终值定理(expiration-value)复频域卷积定理(convolution theorem in the complex frequency domain)部分分式展开法(partial fraction expansion)留数法(residue method)第 5 章策动点函数(driving function)转移函数(transfer function)极点(pole)零点(zero)零极点图(zero-pole plot)暂态响应(transient response)稳态响应(stable response)稳定系统(stable system)一阶系统(first order system)高通滤波网络(high-pass filter)低通滤波网络(low-pass filter)二阶系统(second order system)最小相位系统(minimum-phase system)高通(high-pass)带通(band-pass)带阻(band-stop)有源(active)无源(passive)模拟(analog)数字(digital)通带(pass-band)阻带(stop-band)佩利-维纳准则(Paley-Winner criterion)最佳逼近(optimum approximation)过渡带(transition-band)通带公差带(tolerance band)巴特沃兹滤波器(Butterworth filter)切比雪夫滤波器(Chebyshew filter)方框图(block diagram)信号流图(signal flow graph)节点(node)支路(branch)输入节点(source node)输出节点(sink node)混合节点(mix node)通路(path)开通路(open path)闭通路(close path)环路(loop)自环路(self-loop)环路增益(loop gain)不接触环路(disconnect loop)前向通路(forward path)前向通路增益(forward path gain)梅森公式(Mason formula)劳斯准则(Routh criterion)第 6 章数字系统(digital system)数字信号处理(digital signal processing)差分方程(difference equation)单位样值响应(unit sample response)卷积和(convolution sum)Z 变换(Z transform)序列(sequence)样值(sample)单位样值信号(unit sample signal)单位阶跃序列(unit step sequence)矩形序列 (rectangular sequence)单边实指数序列(single sided real exponential sequence)单边正弦序列(single sided exponential sequence)斜边序列(ramp sequence)复指数序列(complex exponential sequence)线性时不变离散系统(linear time-invariant discrete-time system)常系数线性差分方程(linear constant-coefficient difference equation)后向差分方程(backward difference equation)前向差分方程(forward difference equation)海诺塔(Tower of Hanoi)菲波纳西(Fibonacci)冲激函数串(impulse train)第 7 章数字滤波器(digital filter)单边 Z 变换(single-sided Z transform)双边 Z 变换(two-sided (bilateral) Z transform)幂级数(power series)收敛(convergence)有界序列(limitary-amplitude sequence)正项级数(positive series)有限长序列(limitary-duration sequence)右边序列(right-sided sequence)左边序列(left-sided sequence)双边序列(two-sided sequence)Z 逆变换(inverse Z transform)围线积分法(contour integral method)幂级数展开法(power series expansion)z 域微分(differentiation in the z-domain)序列指数加权(multiplication by an exponential sequence)z 域卷积定理(z-domain convolution theorem)帕斯瓦尔定理(Parseval theorem)传输函数(transfer function)序列的傅里叶变换(discrete-time Fourier transform:DTFT)序列的傅里叶逆变换(inverse discrete-time Fourier transform:IDTFT)幅度响应(magnitude response)相位响应(phase response)量化(quantization)编码(coding)模数变换(A/D 变换:analog-to-digital conversion)数模变换(D/A 变换:digital-to- analog conversion)第 8 章端口分析法(port analysis)状态变量(state variable)无记忆系统(memoryless system)有记忆系统(memory system)矢量矩阵(vector-matrix )常量矩阵(constant matrix )输入矢量(input vector)输出矢量(output vector)直接法(direct method)间接法(indirect method)状态转移矩阵(state transition matrix)系统函数矩阵(system function matrix)冲激响应矩阵(impulse response matrix)光学专业词汇大全Accelaration 加速度Myopia-near-sighted近视Sensitivity to Light感光灵敏度boost推进lag behind落后于Hyperopic-far-sighted远视visual sensation视觉ar Pattern条状图形approximate近似adjacent邻近的normal法线Color Difference色差V Signal Processing电视信号处理back and forth前后vibrant震动quantum leap量子越迁derive from起源自inhibit抑制,约束stride大幅前进obstruction障碍物substance物质实质主旨residue杂质criteria标准parameter参数parallax视差凸面镜 convex mirror凹面镜 concave mirror分光镜spectroscope入射角 angle of incidence出射角emergent angle平面镜 plane mirror放大率角度放大率angular magnification 放大率:magnification 折射 refraction反射 reflect干涉 interfere衍射 diffraction干涉条纹interference fringe衍射图像 diffraction fringe衍射条纹偏振polarize polarization透射transmission透射光 transmission light光强度] light intensity电磁波 electromagnetic wave振动杨氏干涉夫琅和费衍射焦距brewster Angle布鲁斯特角quarter Waveplates四分之一波片ripple波纹capacitor电容器vertical垂直的horizontal 水平的airy disk艾里斑exit pupil出[射光]瞳Entrance pupil 入瞳optical path difference光称差radius of curvature曲率半径spherical mirror球面镜reflected beam反射束YI= or your information供参考phase difference相差interferometer干涉仪ye lens物镜/目镜spherical球的field information场信息standard Lens标准透镜refracting Surface折射面principal plane主平面vertex顶点,最高点fuzzy失真,模糊light source 光源wavelength波长angle角度spectrum光谱diffraction grating衍射光栅sphere半球的DE= ens data editor Surface radius of curvature表面曲率半径surface thickness表面厚度semi-diameter半径focal length焦距field of view视场stop 光阑refractive折射reflective反射金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool tool 机床金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics 力学拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting compress剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity几何形状 geometricalUltrasonic超声波精度 precision交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra磨削 grinding螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power装配 assembling流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining稳定性 stability介质 medium强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress可靠性 reliability精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor摄像头 CCD cameraLead rail 导轨合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer数学模型 mathematical model标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture 破裂塑性变形 plastic distortionelastic deformation 弹性变形脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion齿轮 gearGrain 磨粒转折频率 corner frequency =break frequencyConvolution 卷积Convolution integral 卷积积分Convolution property 卷积性质Convolution sum 卷积和Correlation function 相关函数Critically damped systems 临界阻尼系统Crosss-correlation functions 互相关函数Cutoff frequencies 截至频率transistor n 晶体管diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器,放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压,伏特数Condenser=capacitor n 电容器dielectric n 绝缘体;电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n偏斜;偏转;偏差linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极,正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障;崩溃terminal n 终点站;终端,接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集,集聚,集中insulator n 绝缘体,绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜;示波器gain n 增益,放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN结MOS(metal-oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的,数位的horizontal adj, 水平的,地平线的vertical adj 垂直的,顶点的amplitude n 振幅,广阔,丰富multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率,周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器,扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈,回应phase n 相,阶段,状态filter n 滤波器,过滤器rectifier n整流器;纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的,小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的binary adj 二进制的;二元的octal adj 八进制的domain n 域;领域code n代码,密码,编码v编码the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器;微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令chip n 芯片,碎片modular adj 模块化的;模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt堵,塞,插上n塞子,插头,插销coaxial adj 同轴的,共轴的fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器Artificial Intelligence 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑intelligent agent 智能代理electromagnetic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的,共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电,使充电insulator n 绝缘体,绝缘物nonconductive adj非导体的,绝缘的simulation n 仿真;模拟prototype n 原型array n 排队,编队vector n 向量,矢量inverse adj倒转的,反转的n反面;相反v倒转high-performance 高精确性,高性能two-dimensional 二维的;缺乏深度的three-dimensional 三维的;立体的;真实的object-oriented programming面向对象的程序设计spectral adj 光谱的distortion n 失真,扭曲,变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的ivision Multiplexing单工传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission全双工传输full-duplex transmission电路交换 circuit switching数字传输技术Digital transmission technology灰度图像Grey scale images灰度级Grey scale level幅度谱Magnitude spectrum相位谱Phase spectrum频谱frequency spectrum相干解调coherent demodulation coherent相干的数字图像压缩digital image compression图像编码image encoding量化quantization人机交互man machine interface交互式会话Conversational interaction路由算法Routing Algorithm目标识别Object recognition话音变换Voice transform中继线trunk line传输时延transmission delay远程监控remote monitoring光链路optical linkhalf-duplex transmission 半双工传输accompaniment 伴随物,附属物reservation 保留,预定quotation 报价单,行情报告,引语memorandum 备忘录redundancy 备用be viewed as 被看作…be regards as 被认为是as such 本身;照此;以这种资格textual 本文的,正文的variation 变化,变量conversion 变化,转化。
强极值原理 霍普夫

强极值原理霍普夫全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:霍普夫(Hopf)是一位20世纪伟大的数学家,他在数学领域做出了许多贡献,其中著名的强极值原理就是他的杰作之一。
强极值原理是指在微分几何中的一个基本定理,它揭示了曲面上的极值点的性质,为研究曲面的拓扑性质提供了重要的工具。
在数学分析中,极值原理是对函数的最大值和最小值的性质进行研究的一种方法。
在微分几何中,强极值原理是研究曲面上的极值点的性质与拓扑性质的关系。
强极值原理告诉我们,在曲面上局部极值点的附近,曲面的几何和拓扑性质是严格相关的。
具体来说,强极值原理告诉我们,如果一个曲面上的点是极小值点,那么在该点附近的任意曲线上,该点仍然是极小值点。
这意味着在极小值点处,曲率必须是非负的。
同样地,如果一个曲面上的点是极大值点,那么在该点附近的任意曲线上,该点仍然是极大值点。
这意味着在极大值点处,曲率必须是非正的。
霍普夫的强极值原理为微分几何领域的研究提供了重要的工具。
它不仅揭示了极值点的性质,而且还帮助我们理解曲面的整体拓扑性质。
强极值原理的应用范围非常广泛,它在地震学、气象学、生物学等领域都得到了广泛的应用。
第二篇示例:强极值原理,也称为霍普夫定理,是一个数学定理,它关于在随机独立同分布的情况下,极大值和极小值出现的概率。
霍普夫定理是概率论和数理统计中非常重要的定理,它可以帮助我们理解随机事件的规律性和规律性。
强极值原理最早由霍普夫(Emil Julius Gumbel)于1958年提出,在统计学和气象学领域得到了广泛的应用。
霍普夫定理有时也被称为极值定理或Gnedenko-Holshunov定理,是概率论中关于极大值和极小值分布的一个非常重要的结论。
霍普夫定理指出,在独立同分布的情况下,最大值和最小值的极限分布函数具有一定的特殊形式。
具体来说,若一个随机变量序列满足一定的条件,那么这个序列的最大值或最小值在适当归一化下会收敛到极值分布。
在实际应用中,强极值原理可以帮助我们预测自然界中一些罕见而重要的极端事件,比如自然灾害和金融市场的崩溃等。
Pontryagin Maximum Principle

5Pontryagin Maximum PrincipleThe Calculus of Variations(COV)techniques for OCPs we discussed earlier allowed the extremal controls to be unbounded and continuously differentiable.These controls can be extended to the case where they belong to the set of all(unbounded)piecewise continuous functions from[t0,t f]to I R.This case gives rise to the so-called broken extremals for the states and costates.This more general class of controls are allowedto have discontinuities atfinitely many points withfinite right-and left-hand limits at the points of discontinuity.On the other hand,most processes involve a cost criteria to minimize,such astf|u(t)|dt,(5.23)t0where f0is not differentiable in u.Constraints are very important in real-life applications,for example recources one can allocate for control at any given time are restricted,namely one typically has|u(t)|<M,M a positive constant,(5.24) which cannot be handled readily with the COV methods.New theory that can tackle the situations(5.23)and(5.24)is provided by the Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP).Before we proceed with PMP,let us pose the following assumptions.•GivenΩ⊂I R m,we consider the set U of all bounded piecewise continuous func-tions u on[t0,t f],such thatu(t)∈Ωfor all t∈[t0,t f]withfinite right-and left-hand limits at the points of discontinuity.•f0(x,u,t),∂f0/∂x(x,u,t),∂f0/∂t(x,u,t),and f(x,u,t),∂f/∂x(x,u,t),∂f/∂t(x,u,t) are continuous in x,u,t on I R n,Ω,(t0,t f).Note that f0,f do not necessarily have continuous partial derivatives with respectto the control u.•The terminal cost functionϕis contiuously differentiable in its arguments.Pontryagin Maximum PrincipleIn order that u∈U be optimal,it is necessary that there exists a nontrivial functionψsuch that for almost every t∈[t0,t f],•˙x T=Hψ=f T(x,u,t),•˙ψT=−H x,•H(x(t),ψ(t),u(t),t)=minv(t)∈ΩH(x(t),ψ(t),v(t),t)(or,equivalently,H(x(t),ψ(t),u(t),t)≥H(x(t),ψ(t),v(t),t)for every v(t)∈Ω.)•H(x(t f),ψ(t f),u(t f),t f)=0.Transversality conditions are written as in the case we used COV for the unbounded OCP.Recall that when f0and f do not depend on t explicitly,i.e.when H does not depend on t explicitly,H(x(t),ψ(t),u(t))is constant along extremal trajectories.In this case thefinal condition of the PMP above becomesH(x(t),ψ(t),u(t))≡0.In the case when u is unconstrained,the setΩabove can be thought of as being arbitrarily large so that optimal control is contained in the interior ofΩ.Then for u to minimize H,it is necessary(but not sufficient)thatH u(x,ψ,u,t)=0.(5.25) If(5.25)holds and the matrixH uu(x,ψ,u,t)is positive definite,this is sufficient for H to be a local minimum.If H is quadratic in u,then positive definiteness of Huu is a sufficient condition for H to be a global ly considerH(x,ψ,u,t)=g(x,ψ,t)+h T(x,ψ,t)u+12u T Ru.For this H,Huu=R.If R is positive definite,thenu=−R−1h(x,ψ,t) minimizes the Hamiltonian.Example12˙x1=x2˙x2=−x2+u,x(t0)=x0.The aim is to minimize12 tft0x21+u2dtwhere t f is specified and x(t f)is free. First,form the Hamiltonian:H(x,ψ,u)=12x21+u2+ψ1x2+ψ2(−x2+u).Then the costate equations are written as˙ψ1=−H x1=−x1˙ψ2=−H x2=−ψ1+ψ2The transversality condition is simplyψ(t f)=∂ϕ/∂x(t f)=0.Case1:Unconstrained controlIt is necessary thatH u=u+ψ2=0=⇒u=−ψ2.Note that H uu=1>0.So u=−ψ2does minimize the Hamiltonian.The resulting TPBVP is˙x1=x2˙x2=−x2−ψ2,˙ψ1=−x1˙ψ2=−ψ1+ψ2 or,in matrix form,⎡⎢⎢⎣˙x1˙x2˙ψ1˙ψ2⎤⎥⎥⎦=⎡⎢⎢⎣01000−10−1−100000−11⎤⎥⎥⎦⎡⎢⎢⎣x1x2ψ1ψ2⎤⎥⎥⎦,x(t0)=x0,ψ(t f)=0.Case2:The control is constrained as−1≤u(t)≤1for all t∈[t0,t f]. Select u to minimize H(x,ψ,u):min u∈[−1,1]H(x,ψ,u)=minu∈[−1,1]12u2+ψ2u.When−1<u<1,H u=u+ψ2=0=⇒u=ψ2.In other words,u(t)=ψ2(t),whenever|ψ2(t)|<1.On the other hand,ifψ2(t)≥1, then u(t)=−1,and ifψ2(t)≤−1,then u(t)=1.In summary,u(t)=⎧⎨⎩−1,ifψ2(t)≥1,−ψ2(t),if|ψ2(t)|<1,1,ifψ2(t)≤−1.Also see the graphical descriptions in the Week9Board notes forfinding the control minimizing the Hamiltonian.。
实用英语词汇系列:电工翻译词汇_Part5

logic control,逻辑控制logical address,逻辑地址logical control,逻辑控制logical model,逻辑模型logical ring,逻辑环long distance water level recorder,遥测水位计long period seismograph,长周期地震仪long-radius nozzle,长径喷嘴long term running test,长期运转试验longitudinal magnetization,纵向磁化longitudinal magnetizing ampere turn,纵向磁化安匝数longitudinal resolution,纵向分辨力 longitudinal wave,纵波longitudinal wave probe,纵波探头longitudinal wave technique,纵波法look-at-me(LAM),请求注意look-at-me line,请求注意线;L线look-at-me request,LAM要求]look-at-me signal,请求注意信号;L信号loop galanometer,回线式振动子loopback checking,回送检验loudenss contours,等响曲线ludness,响度loudness level,响度极low altitude sonde,低空探空仪low cost autonation,低成本自动化low e.m.f.potentiometer,低电位电位差时low electron energy diffractometer(LEED),低能电子衍射仪low frequency fatigue testing machine,低频疲劳试验机low limiting control,下限控制low noise valve,低噪声阀low-recovery valve,低压力恢复阀low speed balancing,低速平衡low-speed magneto synchronous motor,永磁式低速同步电动机low temperature humidity chamber,低温恒温恒湿箱low temperature strain gauge,低温应变计low temperature test,低温试验low-temperature test chamber,低温试验箱low temperature testing machine,低温试验机low temperature thermistor,低温热敏电阻器low-temperature treatment,低温处理low tension loop,低压回路low voltage terminal,低压端low water,低潮lower actual measuring range value,实际测量范围下限值lubricator,注油器luminance transducer[sensor],亮度传感器luminous flux,光通量luminous intensity,发光强度lysimeter,渗水测定器MMA-scope,MA型显示Mach number,马赫数machine code,机器代码machine intelligence,机器智能machine language,机器语言machine type rock ore densimeter,机械式岩矿密度仪macro analysis,常量分析macro instruction,宏指令macro-economic model,宏观经济模型macro-economic system,宏观经济系统macroassembly language,宏汇编语言magnet,磁铁magnet assembly,磁体magnet dynamic instrument,磁式动态仪器magnetic analyzer,磁分析器magnetic balance,磁秤magnetic card,磁卡magnetic core,磁心magnetic damper,磁性阻尼器magnetic deflection,磁偏转magnetic detector for lightning currents,闪电电流磁检示器magnetic disc,磁盘magnetic domain attachment,磁畴附件magnetic drum,磁鼓magnetic field,磁场magnetic field meter,磁场计magnetic field strength transducer[sensor],磁场强度传感器magnetic flaw detection ink,磁悬液magnetic flow transducer,磁性流量传感器magnetic flux transducer[sensor],磁通传感器magnetic grating displacement transducer,磁栅式位移传感器magnetic induced polariaxtion instrument,磁激电仪magnetic locator,磁定位器magnetic logger,磁测井仪magnetic oxygen transducer[sensor],磁式氧传感器magnetic particle,磁粉magnetic particle inspection,磁粉探伤机 magnetic potentiometer,磁位计magnetic prospecting instrument,磁法勘探仪器 magnetic(quantity)transducer[sensor],磁(学量)传感器magnetic resistivity instrument,磁电阻率仪magnetic resistor,磁敏电阻器magnetic rotaion comparison,磁旋比magnetic scale width meter[gauge],磁栅式宽度计magnetic screen[shield],磁屏蔽magnetic sensor,磁传感器magnetic separator,磁性分选仪magnetic storage,磁存储器magnetic susceptibility logger,磁化率测井仪magnetic tape,磁带magnetic tape unit,磁带机magnetic widn,磁风magnetization method,磁化方法magnetizer,充磁机magnetizing,磁化magnetizing assembly,磁化装置magnetizing coil,磁化线圈magnetizing current,磁化电流magnetizing time,磁化时间magneto electric balance,电磁天平magneto sensor,磁敏元件magnetoelastic effect,压磁效应magnetoelastic force transducer,磁弹性式力传感器magnetoelastic rolling force measuring instrument,磁弹性式轧制力测量仪 magnetoelastic tensiometer,磁弹性式张力计magnetoelastic torque measuring instrument,磁弹性式转矩测量仪magnetoelastic torque transducer,磁弹性式转矩传感器magnetoelastic weighing cell,磁弹性式称重传感器magnetoelectric phase difference torque measuring instrument, 磁电相位差式转矩测量仪magnetoelectric phase difference torque transducer,磁电相位差林转矩传感器 magnetoelectric tachometer,磁电式转速表magnetoelectric tachometric transducer,磁电式转速传感器magnetoelectric velocity measuring instrument,磁电工速度测量仪magnetoelectric velocity transducer,磁电式速度传感器magnetometer,磁强计;磁力仪magneto-optical effect magnetometer,磁阻磁强计magnetoresistive magentomenter,磁致伸缩磁力仪magnetostriction testing meter,磁致伸缩测试仪magnetostrictive transducer,磁致伸缩振动器magnetreater,磁处理机magentrol,磁放大器magnification,放大倍率magnitude-frequency characteristics,幅频特性magnitude margin,幅值裕度;幅值裕量magnitude-phase characteristics,幅相特性main axle of penetrator,压头主轴main storage,主存储器main valve,主阀maintainalbility,可维修性;可维护性;维修性;维修度maintenance,维修;维护maintenance test,维护试验major loop,主回路management decision,管理决策management information system(MIS),管理信息系统management level,管理级management science,管理科学manager,管理站Manchester encoding,曼彻斯特编码mandatory standard,强制性标准manipulated variable,操纵变量man-machice communication,人机通信man-machine coordination,人机控制man-machine coordination,人机协调man-machine interaction,人机交互man-machine interface,人机界面man-machine system,人机系统manned submersible,载人潜水器manometer,压力计manual control,手动控制manual data input programming,手动数据输入编程;人工数据输入编程manual operating device,手动装置manual operating mode,手动运转方式manual scanning,手动扫查manual station,手动操作器manufacturing automation protocol(MAP),制造自动化协议;生产自动化协议manufacturing message service(MMS),加工制造报文服务mapping,页面寻址;面分布图marine barometer,船用气压表marine digital seismic apparatus,海洋数字地震仪marine flux-gate magnetometer,海洋地球物理勘探marine gravimeter,海洋重力仪marine gravimeteric survey,海洋重力测量marine instrument,船用仪器仪表marine optical pumping magnetometer,海洋光泵磁力仪marine proton gradiometer,海洋质子梯度仪marine proton magnetometer,海洋质子磁力仪marine proton precession magnetometer,海洋质子磁力仪marine seismic prospectiong,海洋地震勘探marine seismic streamer,海洋地夺电缆;拖缆;漂浮电缆marine vibrating-string gravimeter,海洋振弦重力仪 mark,标志mark of conformity,合格标志marking,标志marking of an instrument for explosive atmosphere,防爆仪表标志mass,质量mass absorption coefficient,质量吸收系数mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometer(MIKES),质量分析离子动能谱仪mass analyzer,质量分析器mass centering,质量定心mass centering machine,质量定心机mass chromatography(MC),质量色谱法mass decade range,十倍质量程mass discrimination effect,质量歧视效应mass dispersion,质量色散mass flow computer,质量流量计算机mass flow-rate,质量流量mass flow rate senstive detector,质量流量敏感型检测器mass fragmentography(MF),质量碎片谱法mass indicator,质量指示器mass number,质量数mass peak,质量峰mass range,质量范围mass scanning,质量扫描mass spectrograph,质谱仪mass spectrometer,质谱计mass spectometric analysis,质谱法mass spectrometry(MS),质谱学;质谱法mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry(MS-MS),质谱-质谱法mass spectroscope,质谱仪器mass spectroscopy,质谱学mass spectrum,质谱mass-spring system,质量弹簧系统mass stability,质量稳定性mass storage,大容量存储器;海量存储器mass-to-charge ratio,质荷比master file,主文卷master/slave discrimination,主从鉴别;主副鉴别master station,主站master viscometer,标准粘度计material measure,实体量器material processibility,材料工艺性能material tesing machine,材料试验机mathematical model,数学模型mathematical similarity,数学相似mathematical simulation,数字仿真matrix correction,基本修正matrix effect,基体效应matrix printer,点阵印刷机;点阵打印机Mattauch-Herzog geometry(mass spectrograph),马-赫型双聚焦质谱法max allowable continuous working current,最大允许连续工作电流max deflection of linearity,最大线性偏转maximum acceleration,最大加速度maximum allowde deviation,最大允许扁差maximum ballistic scanning,最大冲击拂掠maximum capacity,最大称量maximum cyclic load,最大循环负荷maximum cyclic stress,最大循环应力maximum displacement,最大位移maximum excitation,最大激励maximum floating voltage,最大浮置电压maximum flow-rate,最大流量maximum load of the test,最大试验负荷maximum load of the testing machine,试验机最大负荷maximum operating pressure differential,最大工作压差maximum operationg water depth,最大工作(水)深度maximum output inductance,最大输出电感maximum output resistance,最大输出电阻maximum overshoot,最大超调量maximum peneration power,最大穿透力maximum power supply voltage,最高电源电压maximum principle,极大值原理;最大值原理maximum profit programming,最大利润规划maximum rated circumferential magnetizing current, 额定周向磁化电流;最大周向磁化电流maximum rated force under sinusoidal conditions,正弦态最大激振力maximum revolutions of output shaft,输出轴最大转数maximum scale value,标度终点值maximum sound pressure level of microphone,传声器最高声压级maximum strain,最大应变maximum temperature,最高温度maximum thermometer,最高温度计;最高温度表maximum transverse load,最大横向负荷maximum velocity,最大速度maximum wind speed,最大风速maximum working pressure(MWP),最大工作压力McLeod vacuum gauge,麦氏真空计mean availability,平均轴就流体速度mean dynamic pressure in a cross-section,横截面内的平均动压(mean) effective mavelength,(平均)有效波长mean flow-rate,平均流量mean life,平均寿命mean linear velocity of mobile phase,流动相平均线速mean load,平均负荷mean repair time(MRT),平均修理时间mean squared spectral density,均方谱密度mean strain,平均应变mean stress,平均应力mean time between failures(MTBF),平均失效间隔时间mean time to failure(MTTF),平均失效前时间mean time to restoration,平均体膨胀系数meantime auto-spectrometer,同时式自动光谱仪(measurable)quantity,(可测的)量measurand,被测量measured object,被测对象measured quantiry,被测量(measure)target,(被测)目标 measured value,被测值measured variable,被测变量measurement,测量measurement hardware,测量硬件measurement of directional response pattern,指向性响应图案测量measurement of exciting force,激振力的测量measurement of vibration quantity,振动量的测量measurement procedure,测量步骤measurement signal,测量信号measurement standand,测量标准(器)measurement time,测量时间measuring amplifier,测量放大器measuring bridge,测量电桥measuring current transformer,测量用电流互感器measuring distance,测量距离measuring element(of an electro-mechanical measuring instrument), (电-机械测量仪表的)测量机构measuring equipment,测量装置;测量设备measuring hole,测量孔measuring indication system,测量指示装置measuring instrument,测量(仪器)仪表;测量器具measuring instrument with circuit control device,带有电路控制器件的测量仪表 measuring junction,测量端区measuring microphone,测试传声器measuring plane,测量平面measuring point for the humidity,湿度测定点measuring point for the temperature,温度测定点(measuring)potentiometer,(测量)电位差计measuring range,测量范围measuring range higher limit,测量范围上限值measuring range lower limit,测量范围下限值measuring section,测量段measuring spark gap,测量球隙measuring system,测量系统measuring terminal,测量端measuring time,测量时间(measuring)transducer,(测量)传感器measuring transducer(with electrical output),(电量输出)测量变换器measuring voltage transformer,测量用电压互感器mechanical bathythermograph(MBT),机械式深温计mechanical hygrometer,机械湿度计mechanical impedance,机械阻抗mechanical properties,机械性能mechanical quantity,机械量mechanical quantity transducer[sensor],力学量传感器mechanical regulator,机械稳速器mechanical resonance,机械共振mechanical resonance frequency of the moving element,运动部件机械共振频率mechanical resonance frequency of the moving element suspension, 运动部件悬挂机械共振频率mechanical runout,机械脱出mechanical sensor,力敏元件mechanical shock,机械冲击mechanical strain,机械应变mechanical structure type transducer[sensor],结构型传感器mechanical test,机械性能试验mechanical testing machine,机械式试验机mechanical top-loading balance,机械式上皿天平mechanical vibration,(机械)振动mechanical vibrator,机械振动器mechanical vibraometer,机械测振仪mechanical zero,机械零位mechanical zero adjuxter,机械零位调节器mechanism model,机理模型medium temperature strain gauge,中温应变计(片)mel,美(音调的单位)melted quartz cqpacitor,熔融石英电容器melting heat,熔解热melting point,熔解点melting point type disposable fever thermeometer,熔点型消耗式温度计memory,存储器memory protection,存储保护Mendeleev weighing,门捷列夫称量法meniscus,弯月面menu selection mode,选单选择式;菜单选择式meroury barometer,水银气压表mercury drop amplitude,汞滴振幅mercury motor meter,水银电机式仪表mercury pool electrode,示池电极mercury thermoneter,水银温度表message,报文message mode,报文方式message switching,报文交换messenger,使锤metal base indicated electrode,金属基指示电极metal-ceramic X-ray tube,金属陶瓷X射线管metal-insoluble salt indicated electrode,金属-难溶盐指示电极metal-oxide gas transducer[sensor],金属氧化物气体传感器metal-oxide humidity transducer[sensor],金属氧化物湿度传感器metal-spring gravimeter,金属弹簧重力仪metallic material testing machine,金属材料试验机metallurgical automation,冶金自动化metastable dceomposition,亚稳分解metastable defocussing,亚稳去聚焦metastable ion,亚稳离子metastable scanning,亚稳扫描meteorograph,气象计meteorological instrument,气象仪器meteorological observation,气象观测meteorological radar,气象雷达meteorological rocket,气象火箭meteorological satellite,气象卫星meteorological tower,气象塔meter,计;表meter electrodes,测量电极meter flow-rate,仪表流量meter for testing constant current fluxreset curve,恒流磁通回归曲线测试仪meter tube(of an electromagnetic flowmeter),(电磁流量计的)测量管meter wheel,绳索记数器meter with maximum demand indicator,最大需量电度表meters(for the measurement of the volume of fluids),(测量流体体积的)仪表meters for measuring amplitude by a reading microscope,读数显微镜测振幅法method for measuring amplitude by a wedge gauge,量楔测振幅法method of coreection,校正方法method of electron diffraction,电子衍射法method of field emission microscope(FEM),场发射显微镜法method of field parameter measurement,场参数测量法meteod of instability,不稳定法method of least squqres,最小二乘方法method of measurement,测量方法method of modal balancing,振型平衡法method of spot parameter measurement,点参数测量法method standard,方法标准metrological performance,计量性能mica capacitor,云母电容器imcro adsorption detector,微量吸附检测器micro analysis,微量分析micro balance,微量天平micro coulometric detector,微库仑检测器microbarograph,微(气)压计microbarometer,微压表microcomputer,微(型)计算机microcomputer alternating current resistivity instrument,微机化交流电阻率仪器micro-computer field measuring system,微电脑野外检测系统microcomputer induced polarization instrument,微机激电仪micro-densitometer,微密度计micro-economic model,微观经济模型micro-economic system,微观经济系统micro-heat of adsorption detector,微量吸附热检测器micro-packed column,微填充柱microhardness number,显微硬度值micrometer,测微器micrometer checker,千分表检查仪microphone,传声器microphone calibration apparatus,传声器械校准仪microphone protection grid,传声器保护罩microphone response frequency,传声器共振频率microphone stand,传声器架microphone temperature coefficient,传声器温度系数microphotometer,测微光度计micropluviometer,微雨量器microtome,超薄切片机microwave,微波microwave detecton apparatus,微波检测仪microwave distance method,微波探伤法microwave distance meter,微波测距仪microwave hygroscope,微波测湿仪microwave plasma detector,微波等离子体检测器microwave radar,微波雷达microwave radiometer,微波辐射计microwave remote sensing,微波遥感micro-wave scatterometer,微波散射计microwave thickness meter,微波厚度计mid infrared range(MIR) remote sensing,中红外遥感minimum achievable residual unbalance,最小可达剩余不平衡量minimum cyclic load,最小循环应力minimum detectable leak,最小可检漏量minimum detectable partial pressure,最小可检分压强minimum flow-rate,最小流量minmum load of the testing machine,试验机最小负荷minimum operationg pressure differential,最小工作压差minimum phase system,最小相位系统minimum positioning time,最小定位时间minimum power supply voltage,最低电源电压minimum rate of benefit,最低收益率minimum reserve,最低储备iminmum risk estimation,最小风险估计minimum scale value,标度始点值minimum strain,最小应变minimum temperature,最低温度minimum thermometer,最低温度计;最低温度表minimum variance estimation,最小方差估计mining compass,矿山罗盘仪mirror dial,镜大幅度盘mirror telescope,反射望远镜mixing length,混合长度mixing ratio,混合比mobile phase,流动相mobile weather station,流动气象站mobile X-ray detection apparatus,移动式X射探伤机modal aggregation,模态集结modal control,模态控制modal matrix,模态矩阵modal transformation,模态变换mode of vibration,振型;振动模态mode shape,振形model,模型;型号model accuracy,模型精确度model analysis,模型分析model base(MB),模型库model base management system(MBMS),模型库管理系统model checking,模型置信度model coordination method,模型协调法model decomposition,模型分解model design,模型设计model evaluation,模型评价model experiment,模型实验model fidelity,模型逼真度model following control system,模型跟踪控制系统model following controller,模型跟踪控制器model loading,模型装载model modification,模型修改model of strain gauge,应变计[片]型式model reduction,模型降价model reduction method,模型降价法model reference adaptive control system,模型参考适应控制系统model reference control system,模型参考控制系统model simplification,模型简化model transformation,模型变换model validation,模型确认model variable,模型变量model verification,模型验证modeling,建模modern control theory,现代控制理论modern polarography,近代极谱法modifiability,可修改性modular programming,模块化程序设计modularity,组合性modularization,模块化modulation,调制modulation analysis,调制分析modulation sideband,调制边带modulator,调制器modulator-demodulator;modem,调制解调器module,模块modulus of elasticity,弹性模量moire fringe,莫尔条纹moire frenge grating,莫尔条纹光栅moisture content,含湿量;水汽含量moisture sensor,湿敏元件molecular absorption spectrometry,分子吸收光谱法molecular beam mass spectrometer,调制分子束质谱计molecular spectrum,分子光谱molecule ion,分子离子moment,分矩moment of pendulum,摆锤力矩monitoring,监视monitoring hardware,监视硬件monitoring program,监督程序monochromatic radiation,单色辐射monochromator,单色仪monocolour radiation,单色辐射monopole mass spectrometer,单极质谱计most economic control(MEC),最经济控制most economic observing(MEO),最经济观测mould growth test,长霉试验mould test chamber,霉菌试验箱mouldproof packaging,防霉包装mountain barometer,高山气压表mouse,鼠标器movable cross-beam,移动横梁movement,传动机构moving band interface,传送带接口moving coil,动圈moving ciol galvanometer,动圈式[磁电系]检流计moving-coil microphone,动圈传声器moving-conductor microphone,电动传声器moving element,运动部件;可动部分moiving-iron instrument,动铁式[电磁系)仪表moving-megnet galvanometer,动磁系振动子moving-magnet instrument,动磁式仪表moving point device,移点器moving-scale instrument,动标度尺式仪表moving table,滑台MS-MS scanning,质谱—质谱法扫描mud flow meter,泥浆流量计mud hydrometer,泥浆比重计mud logger,泥浆电阻仪mud lubrification meter,泥浆润滑性测定仪mud resistance meter,泥浆电阻仪mud sand content meter,泥浆含砂量测定仪mud wavter loss meter,泥浆失水量测定仪multi-axial strain gauge,多轴应变计multi band seismograph,多频带地震仪multichannel analyzer,多道分析器multichannel cross correlation,多通道互相关multi-channel logging truck,多线式自动测井仪;测井站multi-channel photo-recorder,多线照相记录仪multi-channel pulse height analyzer,多道脉冲高度分析仪multi-channel X-ray spectrometer,多道X射线光谱仪multi collectors mass spectrometer,多接收器质谱计multi-colour radiation thermometer,多色辐射温度计multi-colour thermometry,多色测温法multi-core type current transformer,多铁心型电流互感器multi crystal thermistor,多昌热敏电阻器multi-frequeny channel ground detector,多频道地电仪multi-runction(measuring)instrument,多功能(测量)仪表multi-function transducer[sensor],多功能传感器multi-idler belt conveyor scale,多托辊电子皮带秤multi-input multi-output control system;MIMO control system,多输入多输出控制系统multi-path diagonal-beam ultrasonic flowmeter,多声道斜束式超声流量计multi-plane balancing,多面平衡multi-objective decision,多目标决策multi-plate trim,多层叠板工节流组件multi-range(measuring)instrument,多范围(测量)仪表multi-rate meter,复费率电度表mulit-scale(measuring)instrument,多标度尺(测量)仪表mulit-stage accelerating electron gun,多极加速电子枪multistage flash distillation method for desalination,多级闪急蒸馏淡化法multi-step action,多位作用multi-step controller,多位控制器multi-turn electric actuator,多转电动执行机构multi-user simulation,多用户仿真multidimensional gas chromatograph,多维气相色谱仪multidimensional gas chromatography,多维气相色谱法multilayer control,多层控制multilayer system,多层系统multilevel computer control system,多级计算机控制系统multilevel control,多级控制multievel coordination,多级协调multilevel decision,多级决策multievel process,多级过程multilevel system,多级系统multilink,多链路multiloop control,多回路控制multiloop control system,多回路控制系统multiloop controller,多回路控制器multimeter,万用电表multiple channel recorder,多通道记录仪multiple echo method,多次反射法multiple-jet water meter,多注束水表multiple scattering event,多重散射过程multiple-sensor cross correlation,多传感器互相关multiple-speed floationg action,多速无定位作用multiple-speed floation controller,多速无定位控制器multiple step plug,多级阀芯multiple tide staff,群验潮杆;水尺组multiplex link,复用链路multiplexer,多路转换器;多路转接器multiplexing,多路复用multipoint connection,多点连接multipoint network,多点网络multipoint recorder,多点记录仪multiprocessing,多道处理;多处理机multiprogramming,多道程序设计multiprojecting plotter,多位投影测图仪multisegment model,多段模型multispectral camera,多光谱照相机multispectral scanner(MSS),多光谱扫描仪multistage decision process,多段决策过程multistate logic,多态逻辑multistratum control,多段控制multistratum system,多段系统multivariable control system,多变量控制系统电工词汇(N-R)Nn-exponent,n-指数N.T.C.thermistor,负温度系数热敏电阻器Nansen bottle,南森采水器Nansen opening-and-closing net,南森开团式网narrow-band filter,窄带滤波器narrow-band random vibration,窄带随机振动narrow band spectrum,窄波段national satellite,国土卫星national standard,国家标准natural convection,自然对流natural electric-field method instrument,自然电场法仪器natural environment,自然环境natural field electro-detector,天然场电测仪natural frequency,固有频率natural frequency measurement,固有频率的测量natural frequency of rotor/bearing system,转子支承系统固有频率natural gamma spectromenter of logger,自然伽玛能谱测井仪natural inherent frequency,自然固有频率natural mode of vibration,固有振型near field,近场near infrared range(NIR)remote sensing,近红外遥感near-optimality,近优性nearest-neighbor,最近邻nebulizer,雾化器negative feedback,负反馈negative knives linear,负刀联线negative pressure,负压;真空negative shock response spectrum,负冲击响应谱negative strain,负应变negative tempperature coefficient thermistor,负温度系数热敏电阻nephelometer,浑浊度表nephoscope,测云器Nernst equation,能斯特方程nest,嵌套net pyrgeometer,净地球辐射表net pyrradiometer,辐射平衡表net radiation,净辐射;辐射平衡;辐射差额net retention time,净保留时间net retention volume,净保留体积net sounder,网位仪net terrestrial radiation,净地球辐射network frame,网络帧network management,网络管理network model,网络模型network protocol,网络协议network technique,网络技术neutral absorption,中性吸收neutral filter,中性滤光片neutral zone,中间区neutrally buoyant float,中性浮标Newton's fluid,牛顿流体neutron dosimeter,牛顿流动定律neutron dosimeter,中子剂量计neutron logging instrument,中子测井仪neutron fraiograghy,中子射线照相术neutron spectromenter,中子能谱仪neutron-gamma radiometer,中子伽玛辐射仪Nickel-Chromium/CopperNickel thermocouple,镍铬-铜镍热电偶Nickel-Chromium/NickelAluminium[Silicom] thermocouple,镍铬-镍铝[硅]热电偶Nickel-Chromium-Silicom/Nickel-Silicom thermocouple,镍铬硅镍硅热电偶Nier-Johnson geometry mass spectrometer,尼尔-约翰逊型双聚焦质谱计NIM bin NIM,机箱Niskin sterile water sampler,尼斯金无菌采水器nitrile rubber(Buna N),丁晴橡胶nitrogen dioxide trnsfer furnace,二氧化氮转化炉nitrogen-oxide analyzer,氮氧化物分析仪NMR absorption band,核磁共振吸收带NMR absorption line,核磁共振吸收线NMR equipment,核磁共振仪NMR line width,核磁共振线宽no-load,空负荷no-load test,空载试验node,节点noetic science,思维科学noise,噪声noise dose,噪声剂量noise dose meter,噪声剂量计noise factor,噪声系数noise generator,噪声发生器noise level,噪声电平noise level analyzer,噪声级分析仪noise prediction,噪声预估noise room,噪声室noise suppressing varistor,消噪电压敏电阻器noise thermometer,噪声温度计noise transducer [sensor],噪声传感器nominal cartridge diameter of microphone,传声器极头公称直径nominal characteristic,名义特性nominal flow-rate,公称流量nominal heat value,标定热值nominal humidity,标称湿度nominal operating condition,正常工作条件nominal pressure rating,公称压力nominal range,标称使用范围;标称量限nominal range of use,标称使用范围nominal size,公称通径nominal temperature,标称温度nominal travel,标称行程nominal value,标称值nominal voltage ratio,标称电压比non-conformity,不合格non-contact thermometry,非接触测温法non-crystalline electrode,非晶体电极non-delimiter byte,非定界字节non-destructive inspection,无损探伤non-destructive inspection machine,无损探伤机non-dimensional [relative] velocity,无量纲[相对]速度non-dispersive infra-red gas analyzer;NDIR gas analyzer,非色散红外线气体分析器;NDIR气体分析器non-engineering system simulation,非工程系统仿真non-enveloped thermistor,非密封型热敏电阻器non-function type optic-fibre temperature transducer,非功能型光纤温度传感器non-interacting control,无相关控制non-interchangeable accessory,不可互换附件non-isolated analogue input,非隔离的模拟输入non-line conversion,非线性转换non-linear damping,非线性阻尼non-magnetic strain gauge,抗磁性应变计non-Newtonian fluid,非牛顿流体non-radioactive electron capture detector,无放射源电子捕获检测器non-reference line imaginary real amplitude receiver,无参考线虚分量仪non-relevant failure,非关联失效non return magnetometer,无定向磁力仪non rotational imaging,无旋转成象non-selective radiator,非选择辐射体non split stream injector,无分流进样器non-uniformity of chart [paper] speed,纸速不均匀性non-uniqueness,非唯一性noncapacitive a.c.arc,非电容性交流电弧nondeterminisitic control system,非确定性控制系统nondeterministic model,非确定性模型nondiffraction X-ray spectrometer,非衍射X射线光谱仪nonequilibrium state,非平衡态nonequilibrium system,非均衡系统nonlinear characteristics,非线性特性nonlinear control system,非线性控制系统nonlinear control system theory,非线性控制系统理论nonlinear estimation,非线性估计nonlinear model,非线性模型nonlinear prediction,非线性预报nonlinear programming,非线性规划nonlinear scale,非线性标度nonlinear system simulation,非线性系统仿真nonlinear vibration,非线性振动nonlinear viscous damping,非线性粘性阻尼nonlinearity,非线性nonmetallic material testing machine,非金属材料试验机nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ),不归零制normal barometer,标准气压表normal beam technique,垂直法normal beam testing,垂直法normal calomel electrode,当量甘汞电极normal distribution,正态分布normal flow rate,正常流量normal modes,正态振型normal operating conditions,正常工作条件normal-phase liquid chromatography,正相液相色谱法normal probe,直探头normal station,普通站normal stress,正应力normal temperature strain gauge,常温应变计normal thermometer,标准温度表normalization method,归一法normalization regulator,归一化调节器normalized impedance,归一化阻抗normalized mass spectrum,归一化质谱normalized reactance,归一化电抗normalized resistance,归一化电阻normally closed solenoid valve,常关式电磁阀normally open solenoid valve,常开式电磁阀notch filter,节点滤波器nozzle,喷嘴n-th nodal unbalance,第n阶振型不平衡谐量N-type oxide gas sensor,N型氧化物气敏元件nuclear electric quadrupole moment resonance spectroscopy,核四极共振波谱法Nuclear Instrument Module (NIM),核仪器模块nuclear magnetic double resonance,核磁双共振(法)nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer,核磁共振磁强计nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy;NMR spectroscopy,核磁共振波谱法nuclear radiation thickness meter,核辐射厚度计(nuclear)radiation transducer [sensor],(核)辐射式传感器nuclei counter,计核器nude source,裸式离子源null measurement,指零测量null method,零位法null method of measurement,零位测量法;指零测量法;零差测量法null reading method,零读法number of degrees of freedom,自由度数number of effective plate,有效板数number of theoretical plate,理论板数numeric key,数字键numerical aperture (NA),数值孔径numerical control,数值控制numerical value (of a quantity),(量的)数值nutating disc flowmeter,(章动)圆盘流量计nutating flowmeter,章动流量计nutrients,营养盐nutrients analyzer for seawater,海水营养盐分析器Nyquist plot,奈奎斯特图Oobject language,目标语言object plane,物面object program,目标程序object wave,物体声束objective evidence,客观证据objective lens of the scanning electron microscope,扫描电子显微镜物镜objective lens of the transmission electron microscope,透射电子显微镜物镜oblique visibility,斜能见度observability,可观测性;能观测性observation and recording device,观察和记录装置ocean bottom seismograph,海底地震仪ocean date station,浮标站oceanographic geological instrument,海洋地质仪器oceanographic instrumentation,海洋仪器oceanographic measuring system,海洋测量系统oceanographic observation,海洋观测。
控制理论和应用发展史

(9) 美国W. Evans提出根轨迹法(Root Locus Method) (1948),以单 输入线性系统为对象的经典控制研究工作完成。 (10) 多本有关经典控制的经典名著相继出版,包括Ed. S. Smith的 Automatic Control Engineering (1942),H. Bode的Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier(1945),L.A. MacColl的Fundamental Theory of Servomechanisms (1945),以及钱学森的《工程控制论》 (Engineering Cybernetics) (1954) The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
(9) J.C.
d 2x dx d 3x + a + a + a3 x = 0 1 2 dt 3 dt 2 dt
s 3 + a1s 2 + a2 s + a3 = 0
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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(10) 俄国A.M. Lyapunov博士论文“论运动稳定性的 一般问题” (1892年) (11) 英国J. M. Gray设计出第一艘全自动蒸汽轮船 “东方”号(Great Eastern)(1866年)
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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(7) 美国E. Sperry以及C. Mason研制出火炮控制器(1925),气压反 馈控制器(1929)
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
庞德里亚金极大值原理 matlab

庞德里亚金极大值原理 matlab庞德里亚金极大值原理(Pontryagin maximum principle)是控制理论中的一个重要定理,它给出了一种求解最优控制问题的方法。
在此过程中,Matlab是一种非常方便的工具,能够大大简化计算和求解的过程。
首先,让我们来了解一下庞德里亚金极大值原理:它与求解一阶常微分方程有着密切的关系。
庞德里亚金极大值原理最初是由俄罗斯数学家列昂尼德·庞特里亚金(Lev Pontryagin)在20世纪50年代提出,应用于最优控制问题的求解中。
该定理指出,在最优路径问题中,控制系统的最优解可以被描述为一组变量的最大值。
具体而言,庞德里亚金最大值原理会根据已知的初始和终止条件,以及被最优控制系统所约束的状态变量和公式,推导出一个求解最优控制问题的方程组。
在此过程中,控制函数和状态量可以取最大值或最小值,通过最大化或最小化的方式获得最优控制结果。
Matlab是一个充满灵活性的工具,可用于对庞德里亚金极大值原理进行数值求解。
如前所述,庞德里亚金极大值原理的解法是通过求解一组微分方程来实现的。
Matlab可自动求解一阶或高阶微分方程。
因此,可以将庞德里亚金最大值原理编写成方程,然后使用Matlab进行求解。
需要注意的是,Matlab在求解庞德里亚金最大值原理时,需要进行数值计算,因此误差的出现是难免的。
为了最小化误差,需要仔细选择数值方法和计算参数。
此外,在使用Matlab进行庞德里亚金最大值原理的求解时,需要先将已知的控制方程和约束条件输入到工具中。
然后设置初始和终止条件,选择相应的求解算法和算法参数,对解逐步细化优化。
最后,通过分析最终结果,可以得到一个最优控制方案。
综上所述,庞德里亚金极大值原理和Matlab工具在最优控制问题的求解中都扮演着重要的角色。
无论是在学术界还是在工业界,这些技术都已被广泛应用,并且一直在不断发展和改进。
通过这些工具的不断完善,我们可以更加高效地解决不同的实际问题,从而实现更加精确、可靠、实用的最优控制结果。
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维尔斯特拉斯E函数 (Weierstrass Erdmann Function)
设有泛函 有 tf ( t ), t ] dt J ( x ) L[ x ( t ), x
t0
若用p(x,t)表示其极值曲线场中极值曲线斜率,则可以证 表示其极值曲线场中极值曲线斜率 则可以证 明泛函增量可表示为
3.1 泛函极值的充分条件
几个有关定义 个有关定义 正常场 定义3 3-1 1:若( x,t )平面某 )平面某一区域 区域D上每 上每一点都有曲线族中一条 点都有曲线族中 条 且仅有一条通过,则称曲线族在区域D上形成一个正常场。曲线族 上点(x,t)处的切线的角系数称为场在点(x,t)的斜率。 中心场 定义3-2:若区域D上曲线族的全部曲线都通过一点(x0,t0),即 它们形成曲线束,且束心也属于 它们形成曲线束,且束 也属于D,同时除束 ,同时除束心外,曲线在 外,曲线在D内不 再相交,曲线布满区域D,则该场为中心场。 极值曲线场 定义3-3 3 3:若正常场或中心场是由某一变分问题的极值曲线族所形 若正常场或中心场是由某 变分问题的极值曲线族所形 成,则称之为极值曲线场。 以上定义可以从平面场拓展到n维空间场。
对于强极值,
① 曲线c应是满足极值条件的极值曲线; ② 极值曲线c能够被包含在极值曲线场中; 能够被包含在极值曲线场中 , p, t ) 值,函数 E ( x , x ③ 对于c近旁所有点(x, t)以及任意的 x 不变号 极小值时E≥0,极大值时 不变号,极小值时 极大值时E≤0。
3.2 连续系统极大值原理
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J a ( u) [ x ( t f ), t f ] T [ x ( t f ), t f ]
f 2 ]}dt (3-2-8) , t ) T[ f ( x , w , t) x ] T [ g( x , w , t) Z { L( x , w
( t ), p( x , t ), t ] dt J ( x ) E[ x( t ), x
t0 tf
其中 E[ x , x , p, t ] L[ x , x , t ] L[ x , p, t ] [ x p] L[ x , p, t ] p 称为维尔斯特拉斯E函数。
第三章 极大值原理 (Maximum Principle)
前面介绍的变分法属于经典变分学的内容。 前面介绍的变分法属 经典变分学的内容 经典变分学只能解决容许控制属于开集的一类最优控制问题,而且 对轨线x( t )、函数L、f 均有连续可微要求。实际工程应用问题中, 这些要求一般无法得到满足。 为解决容许控制属于闭集的一类最优控制问题,前苏联数学家庞特 里亚金(俄文 金 ЛОНТЛЯТИН,英文Pontryagin)受力学中 力 中Hamilton 原理启发,于1958年提出极大值原理并加以证明。 极大值原理将经典变分学推进到现代变分学,成为现代控制理论的 重要基石。 极大值原理(Maximum Principle),或称最大值原理,也有称为极 小值原理或最小值原理(Minimum Principle)。 极大值原理的证明在数学上非常严格,本课程只从工程应用需要的 理解程度出发对其进行简单推导。 理解程度出发对其进行简单推导
R r,r≤n 。 其中,
u(t)属于有界闭集Ω,受不等式 g[ x(t ), u(t ), t ]≥0 约束,g为p维连续可微函数,p≤m。 求最优控制 u * ( t ) ,满足上列条件,并使性能指标 满足上列条件 并使性能指标 tf J ( u) [ x ( t f ), t f ] L[ x ( t ), u( t ), t )]dt t0 达到极小值。 (3-2-4)
泛函J在曲线上达到极值的充分条件
设泛函J在曲线c上达到极值,可分为弱极值和强极值两种 情况,其充分条件分别为: 对于弱极值 对于弱极值,
① 曲线c应是满足极值条件的极值曲线; ② 极值曲线c能够被包含在极值曲线场中; , p, t ) 值,函数 E ( x , x ③ 对于c近旁所有点(x, t)以及近于p(x, t)的 x 不变号,极小值时E≥0,极大值时E≤0。
考虑系统状态方程 ( t ) f [ x ( t ), u ( t ), t ] x
x (t ) R n , u(t ) R m 其中, 其中 ,m≤n
(3-2-1) (3-2-2) (3-2-3 3 2 3)
初始状态 终态满足
x(t0 ) x0
[ x ( t f ), ) tf ] 0
(3-2-5)
u(t)有界并受不等式约束,与前面讨论的问题不同。 u(t)有界一般可以考虑为是分段连续函数,对不等式约束则要设法转化 为等式约束处理。 引进新变量Z(t)和w(t),取 取 ( t )] 2 g [ x ( t ), u ( t ), t ], [Z
( t ) u ( t ), w w (t0 ) 0
Z (t0 ) 0
(3-2-6) (3-2-7)
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2 g 可以保证g非负;而由 u(t) 的分段连续性,有 w (t ) 的分 取 Z 段连续性,则进一步有 段连续性,则进 步有w(t)分段光滑连续。因此,可以采用 Lagrange乘子法进行求解。
p 分别取Lagrange g g 乘子 R n, R ,构造广义性能指标 Rr ,
t
t0
, t ) L( x , w , t ) T f ( x , w , t) 定义 H ( x ,
, , , t ) H ( x, , w 2] , w , Z , t ) T x T [ g( x , w , t) Z F ( x, x