英语概要写作导练1
高考英语概要写作专项训练
概要写作1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Losing your ability to think and remember is pretty scary. We know the risk of dementia (痴呆) increases with age. But if you have memory slips, you probably needn’t worry.There are pretty clear differences between signs of dementia and age-related memory loss.After 50, it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly.The brain ages just like the rest of the body. Certain parts shrink, especially areas in the brain that are important to learning, memory and planning. Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow.Forgetting the name of an actor in a favorite movie, for example, is nothing to worry about. But if you forget the plot of the movie or don’t remember even seeing it, that’s far more concerning.When you forget entire experiences, it’s a red flag that something more serious may be involved. Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven, or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you’ve visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong.But even then, people shouldn’t panic. There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants. Defense against memory loss is to try to prevent it by building up your brain’s cognitive (认知的) reserve.Read books, go to movies, take up new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways. In other words, keep your brain busy and working. And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Nowadays, leaders the world over are busy mapping out blueprints for a new age with environmental protection high on their agenda. Sustainable development hits headlines almost every day. It is of utmost importance to restore the harmonious balance between man and nature, given the damage we’ve already done to it.First of all, we must realize that man and nature are interactive. To begin with, we derive everything from nature. Among other things, I’m sure you’ve all tasted natural produce that is otherwise known as green food. And you must have noticed that nearly all beautifying products boast of being natural creams, natural lotions or natural gels. For man, nature has an irresistible appeal.But on the other hand we must also realize that nature can be unruly. Nature is indeed like a riddle, some areas of which are beyond the reach of science and technology, at least in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the advancement of science and technology will still characterize the next millennium. The coming new age will provide many opportunities, but it will be likewise run of challenges. For instance, United Nations’ demographers predict that global population could soar from its current 5.9 billion to as many as 11.2 billion by 2050. This will worsen the current scarcity of natural resources caused by environmental degradation. More conflicts over this scarcity may occur with the ghost of nuclear wars always hiding in the background. To prevent this nightmare from coming true, governments need to work closely with each other and back up their verbal commitment by actions. However, it is not enough only to ask what governments can do to achieve the harmony between man and nature. We must ask ourselves what we as individuals can do.Can we all be economical with food, water, electricity or other resources? Can we, or rather, some greedy ones among us, stop making rare plants and animals into delicious dishes? Can we stop using the unrecyclable style of lunch boxes? If not, one day they may bury us in an ocean ofwhite rubbish. After all, the earth is not a dustbin; it’s our common home._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Stressful situations are sometimes unavoidable. Each of us perceives challenges in our own way and reaction to them also varies. How stressful our life is depends not only on us. Other people influence it as well. And this is something we cannot change.What if we do not try to change others, but rather try and change our attitude to stress and tension that we often experience at work?Stretching releases muscle tension that accumulates in your back, shoulders, and neck during the day. Even when your day is extremely busy, do your best and set aside at least 5-10 minutes to do some exercise. There are plenty of exercises you can practise that do not require any special equipment: yoga, or simple squats — you can pick any kind of workout to your liking. Physical activity will boost your energy level and help you calm down. Working out is beneficial for both your body and mind.Herbs work miracles. Some of them, such as chamomile and peppermint, are a powerful tool helping to fight stress and anxiety. NASA scientists have recently carried out research into the effect of herbs and found out that peppermint scent decreases tiredness by 20% and reduces frustration by 25%, Make a smarter choice and, while at work, drink herbal tea instead of coffee.Once you find yourself in a different surroundings you will feel much better. If your office is situated in a busy city center, then you can spend your lunch break m a sidewalk cafe. Order your favorite drink and distract yourself by watching people go by. If your office is located in an environmentally clean place, for example, near a city park. You can then refresh yourself and relax a bit before you dive back into your working routine.Call someone who you know can understand and support you when you feel stressed. Astudy shows that communication with close people, such as your friends or parents, produces oxytocin in your body — the hormone that is needed to successfully fight tension and stress._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________4．Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.Fishy WeatherHave you ever heard someone say, “It’s raining cats and dogs”? It’s a figure of speech—no one has ever seen it truly rain cats and dogs. However, weird weather does happen. Fish, frogs, and even spiders have fallen from the sky during storms!Some places get a lot of weird weather. Yoro, a city in Honduras, is one such place. There, animals fall from the sky so often that kids learn about it in school. However, most people don’t believe it until they see it. When Miguel Espinoza moved to Yoro, he thought the stories were just legends. Then one afternoon, he saw a dark cloud in the sky. “I felt something hit my hat, and I saw a shiny flutter,” he said. “It was a fish!” Hundreds of silver fish fell like wriggling raindrops.Scientists can explain the raining fish. Storms with strong winds, such as waterspouts and tornadoes, can suck up water as they pass over rivers, lakes, or oceans. The winds will also suck up whatever is swimming in that water! These storms can then carry the animals for many miles. When the winds start to die down, they drop the water and animals.Fish are the most common animals carried by storms, but they aren’t the only ones. In 2005, thousands of tiny frogs rained down on a city in Serbia. Amazingly, frogs were still alive after they fell to the ground. And in 2007, a man named Christian Gaona was visiting northern Argentina when he experienced a very creepy rain. Dozens of spiders fell from the sky! Christian snapped some pictures of the raining spiders. Otherwise, his friends might never have believed his unusual story.Overall, animal rainstorms aren’t very common. In most years, fewer than ten animal storms are reported around the world. So don’t worry about fish bouncing off your umbrella. If they do,you’ll have your own story about very weird weather._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Major trends that may affect education systemsThe Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which promotes policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, has been looking at the future of global education. Its head of education, Andreas Schleicher, has been talking about some major international trends affecting education systems around the world.One trend is the widening gap between rich and poor. In OECD countries, the richest 10% have incomes 10 times greater than the poorest 10%. This inequality is a challenge for schools who want to offer equal and fair access to education for everyone.Another trend is the rising wealth in Asia. It’s suggested that a large rise in themiddle-classes in countries like India will increase demand for university places. Andreas Schleicher asks the question “What values will these newly wealthy consumers want from their schools?”Increasing migration will also have an impact on education systems. Mobility results in more culturally diverse students eager to learn and develop good life for themselves. But that can be challenge, too, as Andreas Schleicher asks: “How should schools support pupils arriving from around the world? Will schools have a bigger role in teaching about shared values?”Funding pressure is another issue: as our demand and expectation for education rises and more people go to university, who’s going to pay for it all? The rise in dependency on technology is another concern. What should students learn when many of their talents can be reproduced by machines? And how reliant should we be on learning from the internet?These are just some of the issues the OECD is highlighting. But they remain irrelevant forhundreds of millions of the world’s poorest children who don’t even have access to school places or receive such low-quality education that they leave without the most basic literacy or numeracy._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________6．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The World Should Welcome the Rise of the RobotsThe word “robot” was coined in 1020 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek, who imagined artificial, fully functional servants. For most of their history, however, robots have been dumb, inelegant mechanical devices sitting out of sight in factories.Things are starting to change, however. Robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones, which brought cheap cameras and sensors, fast wireless communications and powerful, smaller computer chips. More recent advances in machine learning have added software to make robots better informed about their surroundings and equipped them to make wiser decisions. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life. In a pandemic-ravaged world, short of workers but with lots of elderly folk to look after, having more robots to boost productivity would be a good thing.And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. A paper in 2013 by economists at Oxford University was widely misinterpreted as meaning that 47% of American jobs were at risk of being automated. In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be disruptive but ultimately beneficial for labour markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot penetration but very strong work-forces. A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1,000 workers boosted a company’s employment by 2.2%. Research from the Bank of Korea found that robotization moved jobs away from manufacturing into other sectors, butthat there was no decrease in overall vacancies.Inevitably, some people will be on the losing end of change even as the robots make society as a whole better off. It may trigger a political backlash, because the losers feel left behind. That is one more reason why firms and governments would do well to recognize the value of retraining and lifelong learning. As jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills.The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. There is no reason to think the robots will revolt against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 7．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.What do We Know About “Mathephobia”Mathematician Mary de Lellis Gough, who often observed her struggling students fail to work out mathematical problems, coined the term ‘mathephobia’ in 1953. She described it as “a disease that proves fatal before its presence is detected”. Other experts have defined it as “the panic, helplessness and mental disorganization that arises among some people when they are required to solve a mathematical problem” and “a general fear of contact with mathematics”.Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist and her colleagues of Barnard College in New York have shown that math anxiety can start as soon as we enter formal schooling. “Math is one of the first places in school in western cultures where we really learn about whether we got something right or wrong, and are exposed to being evaluated in timed tests.”Girls may be more prone to it than boys. Primary school teachers often have high levels of math anxiety, says Beilock, and in the US and elsewhere, they are mostly female. Since young children tend to identify with adults of the same gender, this means girls are more likely to pick up math anxiety from their female teachers. Having a female teacher with math anxiety makes girls more likely to believe gendered stereotypes about math, leading to poorer achievement.“Once you have it, it can be self-lasting. Worrying about it can make it worse.” says Beilock,whose study of children between the ages of five and eight suggests math anxiety might weaken performance by burdening working memory. “As our ability to focus limited, our attention gets divided when we do more than one task at a time.” she says. “If you’re worried about having to do math, you may have an internal monologue saying you can’t do this and at the same time you’re trying to calculate numbers.”When people have math anxiety, they tend to avoid the subject, as researchers from 2019 show. But since math builds on itself, avoiding it makes it harder to catch up. “Math is foundational. If you miss a certain idea, it’s harder to learn the next one.” says Darcy Hallett. “And then you can fall behind, which might make math more of a targeted anxiety compared to other topics.”_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Global CooperationIn the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries of human invention and innovation—global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (专业知识) from different scientific fields.There are now over 8, 000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Therefore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasn’t done it on his own. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve. Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010,he quit his dream job there and tried to develop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to ‘open-source’ the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharing ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems.It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyone’s expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Today’s world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________9．Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To adjust you baby to the external world, educating him is your main assignment. How will you educate him? What role will he play in the world?According to Darwin’s theory of the evolution of the species, we are a competitive species and one survives by adapting itself biologically to various environments through various ways. Competition was useful for the progress of society and for the survival of human beings.Today, however, the challenges are different. There are environmental imbalance, deaths of thousands of children every day by starvation and countless diseases. Therefore, it is urgent that the philosophy of preparing our children for competition and power be replaced by one of preparing them for love and cooperation.The earth is a unique home to us all. We must educate our children so that they want to preserve nature and it can in return make them more powerful and capable in society. Ourchildren have to learn that we don’t need to practice actions that benefit only our homeland while all other countries are destroyed. The destruction of other countries and lives leads to the impossibility of the future existence of our home. We must teach our children that the main necessity of men and children is love. Love is good to ourselves, others and nature.But it is getting harder to love. We are not capable of demonstrating hate to a flower, grabbing it and throwing it at the floor and stepping on it. It sounds insane! But we are insensitive to the extent of seeing a homeless person on the ground and pretending it’s not our problem! Our strong idea of competition has led us to total insensibility!_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 10．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The Changing Spring FestivalThe Spring Festival, as it is celebrated today, has undergone many changes, the country’s economic development and globalization.No Spring Festival is complete without food. People could not get good food with desired in earlier times, something that does not apply to society today. The best time celebrate was when food was available in plenty, and that was possible in spring, or the beginning of the Lunar New Year. That was the main reason why the Spring Festival acquired such great importance among Chinese people. But three decades of economic growth has ensured that people in China can enjoy a good meal whenever they want. People seem not to long for delicious food like before during the Spring Festival due to the change in people’s fortune.In the past, celebrations were limited to events like song-and-dance duets(二人转)in North China, dragon and lion dances in South China and fireworks. And economic development and urbanization seems to have ensured various forms of entertainment and communication. People can watch the Spring Festival Gala on TV or even on the cellphone.Many customs associated with the Spring Festival have changed, too. In the past, peopleused to visit relatives and friends with gifts and lots of good wishes. Today, many people, especially the youth, use their cell phones or the Internet to send their good wishes and even “gifts” to their relatives and friends. Some may say this is a sign that people have become less caring about their near and dear ones, but we can see this development as a time-andenergy-saving exercise granted by the information age._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________参考答案1．A possible version:People aged 50 and over tend to develop memory problems, because changes in brain cells have affected brain’s communication within, and that the narrowing of vessels reduces the blood flow. However, signs of memory loss do not necessarily lead to the condition itself. Anyway, tryingto think creatively and getting physically active help to keep your brain healthy effectively.【导语】本文是一篇说明文。
(完整word版)概要写作导练句式替换
纲要写作导练一、 Rewrite the sentences according to the skills.(1)Use words of similar meanings同义替代法I didn’ t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didn’ t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer.Keeping silent may not ________ and _____________ your anger.(2) Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence 正话反说法You will fail.You will ____________.(3)Change the part of speech 词性变换法Patience is very important.Patience is _____________________.The pollution makes people very anxious about their living environment.People show________________________________ their living environment.She went to New Zealand because she intended to immigrate there.She went to New Zealand with______________________________ there.(4)Change the structure of a sentence 句式变化法语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.Children should__________more praise.简单句变复合句：Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more,________ will help them learn faster.Children are given more praise. They will achieve more success.______________ more praise,children will achieve more success.连词连接法We should encourage children. We should not scold them.We should encourage children____________ scold them.We should encourage children__________________________ them.Cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds.Why are they more frequent in the winter?...No one has yet found the answer.However, no one has yet found_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________词序改变法The secret of success was patience.______________________________________细节俭略法Don’talways scold and give lots of praise instead.____________________________________________________句意理解法Shopping on the Internet is becoming increasingly popular._____________________________________________________________。
英语--概要写作技能训练(含答案)
第一节归纳主旨大意将350词以内的文本浓缩成60词左右的概要, 需要一个过程。
它大致是从文本整体的理解到各部分的概括再到整体的合成。
首先, 我们需要整体阅读文本, 归纳主旨大意。
【有缘初识】, 回答导学问题。
1. 该短文的主题是________.A. shoppingB. advertisingC. undercoverD. marketing2.在A同学的概要中, 与该主题不吻合的句子是_________________.You are in a department store and you see a couple of attractive young women looking at the sweater. You listen to the conversation.“I can't b elieve it--a Lorenzo Bertolla! They are almost impossible to find. Isn’t it beautiful? And it’s a lot cheaper than the one Sara bought in Rome.”They leave and you go over to see this incredible sweater. It's nice and the price is right. You’ve never heard of Lorenzo Bertolla, but those girls looked really stylish. They must know. So you buy it. You never realize that those young women are employees of an advertising agency. They are actually paid to go from store to store talking loudly about Lorenzo Bertolla clothes.Every day we notice what people are wearing, driving and eating. If the person looks cool, the product seems cool, too. This is the secret of undercover(暗中影响的) marketing.Undercover marketing is important because it reaches people that don’t pay attention to traditional advertising. This is particularly true of the MTV generation--consumers between the age of 18 and 34. It is a golden group. They have a lot of money to spend, but they don’t trust ads.So advertising agencies hire young actors "perform" in bars and other places where young adults go. Some people might call this Practice deceptive, but marketing executive Jonathan Ressler calls it creative. "Look at the traditional advertising. Its effectiveness is decreasing.” However, one mig ht ask what "real " is exactly about if young women pretend to be enthusiastic about a sweater? Advertising executives would say it's no less real than an ad. The difference is that you know an ad is trying to persuade you to buy something. While you don't know when a conversation you overhear is just a performance.某同学写的概要:① Some attractive women say a Lorenzo Bertolla is beautiful but cheap, and you buy it. ②Actually these stylish people are employed by advertising agencies to do undercover marketing, w hich aims at people who don’t trust ads. ③Although, in some advertising executives’ opinion, it is creative and effective, undercover marketing is blamed for the performance which you are unaware of.1. 议论和说明性文体通常围绕某个主题( topic/ subject)展开。
高一英语概要写作专项训练
概要写作1．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori.With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.”What are Lindsey and Tori talking about? I can tell you what they are saying is not nice and not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip. I have noticed the effects of gossip.An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic - breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out -that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie, people often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”.Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________2．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
高考英语二轮复习强化练二十一概要写作专练含解析
高考英语二轮复习:强化练(二十一) 概要写作专练(一)For the past decade，there have been heated debates about whether our planet is heating up and whose fault it is.Many scientists，politicians，journalists，and famous entertainers are all saying that our planet is in trouble and that human beings are the cause.They say we must act now to reduce our use of fossil fuels，such as coal and oil，before it is too late.In 1997，a group of scientists' ideas were used to write the Kyoto Protocol(《京都议定书》)，an agreement that explained our role in the Earth's changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions from 2008 to 2012.Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020.At the same time，a few governments and some scientists argue there is no evidence that humans are causing recent changes in climate and weather.These scientists don't think we really need to change our lifestyle；that is，we should continue to drive，fly and live normally.They present evidence that proves that the Earth is going through a normal heating and cooling cycle，as it did throughout its history.So，is there a link between humans and the climate change or not？To reach an educated opinion，it is important to think about the people who make scientific claims and what their purpose may be.For example，some say the scientists who warn about global warming are trying to scare people in order to get attention and money for their research.And some of them get some money from companies that produce these fossil fuels.For example，ExxonMobil，one of the world's biggest oil companies，has spent millions of dollars to support the groups that discredit the idea of global warming.Clearly，scientific information can be affected by the interests of individual scientists.When we hear reports on climate change，we must use good judgment and ask ourselves where the facts are coming from.We must interpret the research，make informed decisions，and most importantly，participate in the debate.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[参考范文]With intense controversy over the origin of global warming，many people attribute it to human activities and appeal for immediate action.(要点1)On the contrary，in view of the lack of concrete proof，objectors deny the link between them and doubt the necessity of changing lifestyle.(要点2)With personal interests disturbing scientific objectivity，scientists' motivation strongly influences their academic preference.(要点3)Therefore，to have an objective judgment，it takes both our critical analysis of the research and active participation in the debate.(要点4)(二)Eightyfive percent of the jobs that today's students will do in 2030 don't exist yet，the Institute for the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But think about the nonmainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago: social media manager，app developer and cloud computing engineer，etc.What role should colleges and universities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing？Educational institutions are trying to answer that question.“We hope they will not only be prepared for whatever the job market looks like in 10，20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it，”said Jenn Stringer，professor at the University of California，Berkeley.Here are some ofthe approaches they're taking.Some experts argue that the fouryear learning model needs to be rethought in a big way.They say education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.If students could take a year or two off school，get a job，and then return to school a few years later，the education system would offer true lifelong learning and better adapt to changing technology.Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago，largely as part of an effort to cut costs.To fill the job skills gap，some courses are offered as an addon to a student's main degree.For example，the courses may include data analysis，web design and digital marketing.The goal is to offer students，a degree aside，some advantages when they seek jobs or promotions in the future.Other institutions are trying to mimic(模仿)the workplace within the traditional classroom.Several colleges have partnered with private companies，such as the software company Adobe，to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with the company are encouraged to use the product for assignments.The idea is that students learn how to create a project that can be used in the real world and the “soft skills” such as teamwork and creativity.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[参考范文]To help students better suit and reshape the evershifting work landscape，colleges are taking various measures.(要点1)Firstly，lifelong and adaptive learning model is expected to replace the present 4year one.(要点2) Besides，additional training programs beneficial to acquiring practical job skills are provided for college students.(要点3) Moreover，some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students' allaround capabilities.(要点4)(三)Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts，feelings and behaviors.But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(实证的)basis.They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity，keep people focused and lead to relaxation.Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity.In 2007，Joan MeyersLevy at the University of Minnesota，reported that the height of a room's ceiling affects how people think.Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely，which may lead them to make more abstract connections.Low ceilings，on the other hand，may inspire a more detailed outlook.In addition to ceiling height，the view afforded by a building may influence a person's ability to concentrate.Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.According to another study at the University of Georgia，using nature to improve focus of attention seems to pay off academically.It found that students in classrooms with unblocked view of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary，language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.A recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim(暗淡的)light helps people to loosen up.If that is true generally，keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation.Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings.“We have a very limited number of studies，so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw，” architect David Allison s ays.“How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad，generalized use of them？That's what we're all struggling with.”________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[参考范文]Scientists are studying how to design the living places to benefit us.(要点1)Researches show that the physical environment，like the height of ceilings，can affect people's creativity.(要点2)More greenness or broader vision can improve one's attention span，and then academic performance.(要点3)Dim light and roundedged furniture bring people relaxation.(要点4)But so far，similar studies have been limited to a small scale.(要点5)(四)US psychotherapist(精神治疗师)Virginia Satir(1916－1988)once said，“We need four hugs a day for survival.We need eight hugs a day for maintenance.We need 12 hugs a day for gr owth.” She believed that hugging was necessary and important.Researchers have found scientific evidence that backs up her beliefs.According to a recent study published in the journal Psychological Science，receiving a hug can reduce stress and help protect us from illness.In the study，researchers from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)in the US invited 404 healthy adults to participate in interviews about how often they experienced conflicts in their daily lives，as well as how many hugs they received within a period of two weeks.These participants were intentionally exposed to cold viruses during the interview.According to the research，people who received hugs on the same days when they experienced conflicts tended to report fewer negative feelings during the following days.They have also found that people who received hugs were less stressed out.The physical contact that we get through hugging，especially from loved ones，is a “marker of intimacy(亲密)and helps generate the feeling that others are there to help in the face of adversity(困境)”，according to Scientific American.People feel more comfortable and relaxed after hugging.The researchers have also found that the more hugs people get，the less likely they are to catch colds，Science Daily noted.When people receive hugs，they release more oxytocin(后叶催产素)，which is also known as the “love hormone”．According to the researchers，this hormone can decrease one's heart rate and lower blood pressure.This can put people into a state of emotional wellbeing.When people are in this state，their immune systems become stronger.Of course，hugging is not the only way to comfort others.But physical contact like hugging can comfort people without “making any judgments(about right or wrong)”，Michael Murphy from CMU told Time.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[参考范文]The necessity and significance of hugging is confirmed by a recent study.(要点1)In the study，participants were asked about their conflict experience and the hugs they received with exposure to cold viruses at the same time.(要点2)The study shows hugs help avoid negative feelings and relieve stress.(要点3)The study also finds hugging can strengthen people's immune systems，reducing the possibility to develop illnesses.(要点4)Surely hugging is an ideal way to give us comfort.(要点5)。
高考英语概要写作专项训练
概要写作1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Want to join the online fitness program?Online training is one of the fastest growing section of the fitness industry. A 2015 study found that more than half of all smartphone users had downloaded a fitness or health app. If you’re considering joining the online fitness community, consider these benefits and drawbacks.There are many reasons that online training may work for you. As long as you have access to pre-downloaded videos or a WiFi connection for streaming videos, you can work out wherever you are.Besides, compared with similar offline programs, most online fitness programs range in cost between $10 and $20 per month. This is due in part to the wider audience and the greater opportunity to sell programs to more people.All this growth is incredibly positive — it provides health and fitness resources to the general consumer wherever they happen to be, without requiring access to a gym or fitness studio. But it’s not without problems.The first thing to think about when considering an online fitness program is “know yourself.” If you struggle with self-motivation, you don’t like exercising at home, and you prefer a social workout environment, online fitness may not be for you. Not to mention the fact that very few online fitness programs enable the instructor to see you, check your form, and offer modifications or corrections based on your performance. This means you might perform exercises incorrectly, or even unsafely, without knowing it, which is particularly concerning for beginners and those recovering from injuries, as they’re more likely to perform exercises incorrectly.Therefore, like any training format, there are pros and cons to consider when deciding if it is right for you. Take time and make the most suitable decision to reap more benefits._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.The Paper ArchitectFor a long time, Zaha Hadid was known as “the paper architect,” someone whose grand designs never left the page to become real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.Pinning down her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work. Her most famous building, MAXXI—a museum for the 21st century— in Rome, is a great example. It is a complex and spectacular structure of interlocking concrete shapes. Inside spaces interconnect Tike winding streets, so that the visitor is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rosenthal Center in Cincinnati produces a similar effect. Like an extension of the street it sits on, it draws you in, with walkways directing you this way and that, and windows inviting you to sample the view. “It’s about promenading” says Hadid, “being able to pause, to look out, look above, look sideways.”So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings? She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries. She also cites the natural landscape and organic geological patterns as an influence. But it is not a question that she seems too concerned with and nor perhaps should we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Men may eat more in summerWinter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Levy and her colleagues noticed the effect in experiments in mice, in which male animals exposed to UV light (紫外线) ate more food.To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey. Between March and September, the men consumed about 17 per cent more calories per day than they did during the rest of the year, while the women’s food intake stayed about the same.Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating. It was thought to be mainly produced by the stomach when empty. “It tells the brain to eat more,” says Caroline Gorvin at the University of Birmingham, UK.Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. This was blocked by the female sex hormone, which may explain why the effect wasn’t seen in the female mice or the women. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Should Hand Feeding Dolphins Be Encouraged?Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day. Because hand-fed males aggressively attack each other over the food, putting themselves and nearby humans in danger, tourist centers focus their hand feeding only on female dolphins, says Valerie Senigaglia at Murdoch University in Perth, AustraliaBut recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general. To better understand why, Senigaglia and her colleagues evaluated the social behavior of dolphins around the Bunbury coast in Western Australia. In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.They found that hand-fed dolphins swam in relatively large groups, but more readily broke away from them to join different ones. In general, they created weak ties with other group members. “You can feel lonely in a room full of people and it’s the same thing for dolphins,” says Senigaglia. Free-swimming dolphins that are fed by hand become less socially involved with their peers. As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Is Leather Good or Not?For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear. The skin of animals is a material that is strong, hard-wearing and flexible. These qualities make leather a popular material for many different products, but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy. Should we respect ancient traditions or is having real leather not as important as it used to be?The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 2.29 billion cows, pigs and goats are killed each year for their hides. This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.There’s also an environmental problem. Producing leather is a very polluting process, because it requires treating the skins with chemicals. During the procedure, called tanning, chemicals change the fibres (纤维) inside the leather, making it tougher. A tanning facility uses more than 60,000 litres of water for every tonne of leather produced. It uses huge amounts of poisonous chemicals, including substances containing heavy metals such as chromium, which when washed out ends up in nearby soil and drinking water that people use.However, the making of leather is not entirely negative. Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada. Every day, cows, pigs and goats are killed for their meat to be sold in supermarkets. It’s respectful not to waste anything, and without leather their skins would have to be buried or burned.Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的). Vegan leather can be made from plastics which take years to biodegrade, so it’s actually worse for the planet.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Why Don’t We Use the Math We Learn in School?How much of the math you’ve learned in school is used in everyday life? For the majority of people, the answer is surprisingly little. Clearly, some people learn math very well and apply it in everyday problem-solving settings. The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it.The first explanation blames the failure of education. One of the major barriers to using a skill in real life is automaticity. We tend to find the least-effort solution to our problem. If struggling through a math problem is hard for you, you’ll find a different way to solve it that doesn’t rely on math. The familiar model for teaching mathematics revolves around teachers telling students certain rules, applying those rules to examples and students then practicing problems similar to the examples seen in class. By teaching in this way, a lot of the work and deep thought that went into the creation of these mathematical rules is lost. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life.The second explanation is a little different. It argues that people may develop competence in math classes, but they struggle to translate real-life problems into a format where they can use their mathematics knowledge. This seems most apparent in the case of applying algebra (代数). Students struggle with algebra, but they particularly struggle with word problems. Yet, the equivalent real-life problems are typically much harder than word problems. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. By using real-life math applications,students can make connections between math and everyday life._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Oceans Silent?Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, send messages and give warnings, establish territories, warn off competitors, confuse their targets, deceive enemies, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are so noisy.Into this age-long confused noise, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the trembling sound of mighty engines as 46,220 large ships passed the world’s shipping courses. Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes whales to become disoriented, dolphins to suffer from ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, leave their breeding grounds or fail to form groups—enough to disorganize the basic biology of two thirds of the planet.“Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts”, says Sylvia Earie, chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping,earthquake-related surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.ChatbotsWhat if instead of clicking on link after link on a company’s website, you could type a question and get an immediate, customized answer? Some companies are working to make this a reality using chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.There are two types of chatbots: open and closed. A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time. This means that open chatbots can respond to a wider range of inquiries, compared with closed chatbots. Communicating with them feels more natural, but if they have not been correctly trained, users may have a bad experience with them.One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once. This means that users can get immediate answers to their questions rather than waiting for a human representative. Chatbots have the potential to overcome several technological problems people face. These include difficulty in searching websites and trouble finding basic information and answers to simple questions.However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system. Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot. Thus, chatbots are unlikely tocompletely replace human agents. Rather, they will help users resolve simple problems so that customer service representatives can focus on more difficult issues._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Graduates Turn to TeachingChina has witnessed a 66-fold increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade, and experts say the popularity has mainly been driven by more graduates chasing stable jobs. According to the latest figures from the Ministry of Education, the number of applicants for teaching exams each year has grown from 172,000 to 11.44 million in the past decade.Experts said the sharp increase corresponds with the increase in teachers’ salaries and status within society, and it is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching. However, another big reason for the enthusiasm for teaching posts is that the challenging and complicated employment situation is driving graduates toward stable jobs such as working as teachers and government officials.Chu Zhaohui, a senior researcher at the National Institute of Education Sciences, said the popularity of teaching posts is closely associated with people’s changing perception of the economic situation, job stability and security, which are major concerns for graduates.In view of the coronavirus epidemic in recent years, many college graduates just want a stable job, so teaching suddenly becomes a very popular profession, and many students fromwell-known universities have joined the competition. Of course, everyone has their own ideas. Take Wang Lin for example. Wang Lin, who graduated from a famous university, said she had wanted to be a history teacher since middle school, inspired by her own history teacher. She added she had a good impression of her teachers from an early age and was grateful to those who had taught her. In fact, there are many such cases.While passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China, landing a post at schools in big cities can be very competitive._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Out of Sight, Out of MindTechnology has made paying all sorts of bills incredibly easy. The real-time budget apps, which capture our spending and pay our bills automatically, should theoretically give us more control over our money. But why, in real life, do they do the opposite?It helps to think about how we used to pay. My parents describe a process that would involve three separate points of contact whenever they paid for something with a credit card: first, at the cash register, then when a bill came in the mail and finally when they wrote a check to cover it. While each of the checkpoints is technically still there, automation has given us a chance to skip the second and the third. For bills paid automatically through a banking app, even the first checkpoint can be gone. We know that it is happening in the background, but it’s so far out of view that it might as well not be there. How do we get that connection back, without giving up the convenience that technology has brought us?The good news is that though technology has taken away something, it can also give. Much of the battle is simply recognizing what we’ve lost. If we want to be smart about our money and have thorough control over it, we need to bridge that gap between what we spend on and how much we pay. We can start using personal-finance apps to do more than make our lives easier. These apps can send us notifications when each automatic payment is being made and categorize purchases, sending us instant spending reports. Admittedly, those tools require the user to sign up for these services and make conscious efforts to take full advantage of them. In this way, they are arguably better practice than balancing a checkbook on a Saturday morning._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________参考答案：1．The advantages and disadvantages of online training should be both considered when people decide whether to take part in. Easy access and lower prices of online training programs contributes to its popularity. However, for those who lack self-motivation and need in-person instruction, these programs aren’t suitable and may even be unsafe. Hence, think twice before making the decision. (58 words)【导语】本文是一篇说明文。
2021届高考英语写作新题型之概要写作(一)-含答案
2021高考英语写作新题型之概要写作（一）Section A 概要写作篇章原文Who's whoIt has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not take him seriously. He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people. Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.The student did in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen. He threatened to remove them by force. The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill. The workmen struggled fiercely and oneof them lost his temper. He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.Section B 概要写作篇章译文真假难辨谁也弄不清为什么大学生好像比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧。
高一英语概要写作专项训练
概要写作1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Ever done something you didn’t want to do, just to fit in? Or just because your friends wanted you to? That’s peer pressure.And just about everyone feels it at one time or another.Peers are people at your age.such as your friends, who have experiences similar to yours.Your peers influence your decisions and behavior every day, and they can push you to make bad choices, even dangerous ones.But is peer pressure always bad?Actually, peer pressure can sometimes be a good thing.Friends can give you the courage to try something you normally wouldn’t, like a new sport or taking part in the school play.Nicole S., 16, used to be afraid of singing in front of people.One time, her friends persuaded her to sing karaoke with them.She ended up having fun! “Now 1 will sing anywhere, even with people present.Positive peer pressure helped me face my fear,” she says.The people around you can also be bad influences, however.Maybe a star teammate tells you never to pass the ball to a certain player, or a popular student cheats on tests or sends mean texts.Should you try to be like them to fit in?What should you do with peer pressure then? Peer pressure is powerful, but the ability to choose is yours.If a situation feels wrong, there’s a good chance that it is wrong.Standing up for yourself and saying no isn’t always easy.But you might give voice to a group of peers that feel the same way you do.It can take just one person to speak out and change a situation.The main thing is not to compromise (妥协) who you are.The kind of coolness and popularity you think you may get by joining the crowd and doing risky things won’t last long.Your character is with you for the rest of your life.Be who you are, not who others want you to be.People will respect you for standing up for yourself - even if it doesn’t seem like it right away._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________2．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
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Para4 : conclusion senetnce ? We will certainly benefit a lot from it .
Step2 : Paraphrase the sentences above in your own words
方法点拨：改写句子时，理清要点之间的关
系，不能简单地照搬原句，即用自己的话改 写做到“雁过不留痕”.不改变原意
friend whom she could tell everyting to, In one of her diaries, she described ----
After first writing Polish your writing
(content, coherent,logical, transitional words, different structures )
1.同意替换法. We can benefit from it = It does good to us. 2.正话反说或反话正说. 1)You will not succeed = You will fail. 2)You can’t be too careful when driving=You should be careful when driving. 3) I can’t agree more=I agree with you
3)To use the third person to retell
4)Tense(narration often uses the past tense)
5) About 60 words
Write a summary of Anne’s bestFriend
.
Who is the main character?
Para3 ： Conclusion/ Suggestion
. Language requirements : 1) To use your own words* 2) To be concise(leave out the details; Reduce the examples; Simplify the descriptions; Eliminate all repetitions. ) 3) To present the information fairly, do not give your own comments 4) Tenses (narration often in the past tense) 少用长难句
Steps to write an argumentation summary
Step 1: Find out key sentence(s) in each paragraph
Para1 : topic sentence ?
Getting up early is of great importance to us all. Para 2-3: supporting sentences ? We memorize things more quickly and accurately We can become much healthier. We have time to make a plan and get ready for the day.
Who? When? Where? What? Why? How?
To write a summary with about six sentences from the six factors
While writing 1)To use your own words*
2)To present the information fairly, do not give your own comments
When did the story happen?
Where did the story happen?
What happened to Anne and her family?
Why did Anne and her family hide away?
How did Anne spend her lonely and frightened life ?
Summary Writing
Tips on summary writing While reading 1.What's the style of the passage? A. Narration 记叙文 B. Exposition 说明文 C. Argumentation 议论文
To find out six factors in Narration (记叙文)
Para1 : Getting up early plays an important part in our daily life . The importance of getting up early in the morning can never be overemphasized.
3.词性转换法
The photo is of importance to us = The photo is important to us.
4. 句式变化法
Parents should give children more praise=?
Children should be given more praised
Who? --- Anne When? ---- During the World War II Where?--- In Amsterdam What?--- Hide away here and there Why?--- They were Jewish How?---- Made her diary her best
Hadwriting (neat and clear )
议论文概要写作 ：
Summary writing About Argumentation
Passage structure:
Para1: Topic sentences Para 2: Main supporting points/evidence