英语-整理-全部

划线：重点加粗：知识点不加粗：对应的笔记Unit 1 概述General Introduction to Professsional Paper Writing1.1 Classification学术论文分类1) Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject2)Research PaperA research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and originalin its conclusions.3) Course Papera course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term.4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation)A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA/ Master of Engineering or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.A professinal paper is a formal printed document in which professsionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic.Generally ,there are mainly four kinds of professional paper :Report paper ,Research paper ,Course paper and Thesis paper (Dissertation )1.2 General Characteristics英语学术论文写作风格特点（简答）·Formal and complex·Impersonal and objective·Explicit and accurate·Cautious or tentative·Responsible and need to reference other writers' workWritten languange is relatively more complex than spoken languange.Academic writing is relatively formal.Written languange is in general objective rather personal .Academic writing is expelict about the relationship in the text .Academic writing is factural and simply to convey facts and information .You must also be responsible for ,and must be able to provide evidence and justification for ,any claims you make .The stylistic features is divided into two main groups.Informal style is subjective, and is used to express subjective emotions.For example,personal pronouns are used widely for this situations.However,being impersonal and free from emotion factors is one of the important features ofprofessional writing. The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects objectivefacts and is free from bias and prejudice. The focus of professional writing is uponthe analysisof the data.For example, I carried out an experiments to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.A experiment was carried out to ...Unit 2 Title ,Author /Affilication and Keywords2.1 标题的作用General Functions of Title (语料评论题目)·Generalizing the text·Attracting the reader·Facilitating the retrievalThe title should summarize the central ideal of the paper concisely and correctly. And if the title is accurate,concise and distinct ,it will attract readers a lot and stimulate readers to read the whole text .What's more , in order to facilitate the retrieval , we need to choose the appropriate keywords contained in title when they organize index and secondary documents .2.1.2 语言特点Linguistic Features （简答）·Using more nouns ,noun phrases and gerundsThe words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text.·Using incomplete sentencesGenerally ,the words or phrases used in a title are very ofen nouns ,noun phrases or gerunds and nominalization,( which usually are keywords for the paper ,having the ability to sum up the whole text . ) What's more ,the title can be a incomplete sentence even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence .when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence. A complete declarative sentence usually makes a title containing determining implication. Meanwhile, it appears lacking brevity and clarity.（根据本专业举例2个）Unit 3 Abstract 可能不考Unit 4 Introduction4.1引言功能General Functions of Introduction·Introducing the subject·Limiting the research·Stating the general purpose·Showing the writing arrangementEvery professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraph with or without a particular subtitle .When retrieving information ,a reader always first skim the title ,the abstract and the introductin of a paper to detimine whether or not the document is worth reading .Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope can readers retrieve the information efficiently provited that the subject is introduced correctly .The function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader why to ,where to start or where to guide .The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reaser to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary .4.2 引言的结构特征Structure Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions （简答）（语料分析）·Starting with the research background·Transiting to the existing problem·Focusing on the present researchTo orient the reader ,the pertinent literature should be reviewed in writing a professional paper . The research background is usually given in the section of introduction accompanied by the recent development in this field. For example ,it may or may not be necessary to include historical background ,definition of certain terms ,data ,etc .(主要讲what have been done ?)Authors usually transit to the main problems to be discussed or weak point remaining in the previous word to be further studied and /or improved . The existing problems or weak points of such nature may be something that has not yet been found before ,the methods that have not been adopted so far ,materials that have not yet been discovered in the past ,and /or the factors that were previously ignored ,and so on .(主要讲what have not been done ?)On the basis of reviewing the previous research ,especially unfolding or displaying the weak point of the previous work to be overcome or exsiting problems to be solved ,the author may gradually and naturally turn the readers' attention to the present research ,by stating his primary research objectives ,novel ideas ,advanced methods ,new materials ,fresh factors ,etc .(主要讲what I am going to do ?)语料分析示例：请问以下一段引言分别有那几部分组成，请详细说明？答题要点：research background、existing problem、present researchUnit 5 Literature Rewiew5.2 文献阅读的结构元素Structural Elements In Writing A Literature Rewiew （简答）待收集Each paragraph should begin with a clear and explicit topic sentence that informs the readers what will comprise that particular paragraph. Finally ,a summary and concluding section should bring the review together at the end .(我的一段笔记，不知道是不是.)Unit 6 Textural Development(1)6.1 写作风格Type of Writing : Objective Writing and Subjective Writing （语料分析）（6.2.1-6.2.2会给两段短文，问文风有什么区别？这边比较乱。