5 theories concerning the study of semantics 语义学的5个理论
英文语义学课件
Books
Ltd,பைடு நூலகம்
1974.
Palmer. F.R. Semantics. Cambridge: CUP,
1976.
As a technical term in semantics, the word of meaning should have its definition. However, it is a controversial issue and so far there is no agreement at this point among linguists.
3. Different kinds of meaning G. Leech(1974) “Semantics”
Leech’s seven types of meaning
1. Conceptual meaning also called “denotative” or “cognitive” meaning. This refers to the definition given in the dictionary. It is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication and is integral to the essential functioning of language. Man [+Human] [+Male] [+Adult] Girl [+Human] [-Male] [-Adult]
2) some words or phrases always have negative associations. E.g. the number “4” in Chinese, “13” in English
名师解析04年考研英语完型填空试题(1)
名师解析04年考研英语完型填空试题(1)从总体上看，XX年的考研完型填空难度并不高，无论是文章本身的阅读难度还是所考查的词汇难度都处于平均水平。
从文章背景来看这是一篇有关探讨导致青少年犯罪因素理论的社会科学类说明文，仍然遵循了近些年来完型文章基本都是选取有关社会科学题材的说明文或议论文的传统。
从文章的布局和结构来看，依旧按照完型文章最为典型的总分对照结构，由总述句概括出一个中心主线，整篇文章围绕着这个中心主线展开，具体的文章结构和中心主线分析如下：本文采用了总分对照结构，文章的首句即为本文的总述句，直接定义出本文的核心主题：many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.即本文主题是有关青少年犯罪的理论，而且这些理论主要分为两大类：一类侧重于个人因素的影响，另一类侧重于社会因素的影响。
文章的分述部分就是围绕着这些理论详细展开，具体列举了造成青少年犯罪率上升的几种因素。
词汇考点分析从所考查的词汇分布来看，XX年完型仍然是重点考查动词的用法、近义词辨析、以及通过考连词考查考生对上下文（句）逻辑关系的理解这三大考点。
考查动词用法的题占了6道，包括21、26、29、30、33、40题；考查名词近义词辨析占了6道，包括23、24、32、36、38、39题；考查形容词近义词辨析占了2道，比往年要少，包括28和37题；考查副词近义词辨析只有1道，34题；考查近义词辨析的题一共有9道；通过考连词考查上下文（句）逻辑关系的题占了3道，包括22、25、35题；从上述分析可以看出，三大考点就一共占了完型填空全部XX年的完型填空的词汇考点对于考生有针对性地复习词汇还是很有指导意义的。
考研英语阅读必须掌握的50个重要词汇
考研英语阅读必须掌握的 50 个重要词汇1.authority 权威，当局Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.墨西哥当局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。
One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.一位权威人士说道，这些极其强大的精神事件不但可以约束，还可以有意识地进行控制。
2.equivalent 等价物The digital credential would be a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card.该数字证书可以成为一个"自愿受信身份"系统，从而成为物理密钥、指纹以及身份证的高科技等价物。
3.alternative 替代物They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.他们更愿意握紧自己的钱包，把在家吃饭作为一种现实的替代。
4.substitute 代替物Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.忠诚的音乐会爱好者回答道，唱片并不能`1 代替现场表演。
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
2. Recognition of words in print
1).Two questions in printed word recognition (1). Two different processes for…… A lexical route A non-lexical route Connectionist theories （连接主义模型理论） claim that…… (2). Quantitative analyses……
(1) Word recognition
Recognition of spoken words and words in print 1.recognition of spoken words 1)Features of speech could cause difficulty for listeners. (1). (2). (3).
Six research subjects within it
1)acquisition 2)comprehension 3)production 4)disorders 5)language and thought 6)neurocognition We will focus on the former three subjects, say, acquisition, comprehension and production.
The conceptual approach
Cognitive linguistics has addressed : 1) 2) 3) 4) Above all, it seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring in language.
2004年考研英语一真题及答案
2004年考研英语一真题及答案Section IListening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateauhighlands 1Highest altitude of the coastal plain _______m 2Climate near the sea HumidMild 3Particularly rainy months of the years AprilNovember 4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13℃high _______℃ 5Part BDirections:For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)What is Saffo according to himself?The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and ________.The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is________.To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and________.What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?678910Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time tocheck your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11.What do we often do with the things we love?[A] Ask for their names.[B] Name babies after them.[C] Put down their names.[D] Choose names for them.12.The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if ________.[A] the family tree is fairly limited[B] the family tie is strong enough[C] the name is commonly used[D] nobody in the family complains13.Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________.[A] show the beauty of its own[B] develop more associations[C] lose the original meaning[D] help form the baby’s personalityQuestions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?[A] 90[B] 108[C] 180[D] 66815.In 1964, Bobby Moore was made ________.[A] England’s footballer of the year[B] a soccer coach in West Germany[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire16.After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was ________.[A] editing Sunday Sport[B] working for Capital Radio[C] managing professional soccer teams[D] developing a sports marketing companyQuestions 17-20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17.Belfast has long been famous for its ________.[A] oil refinery[B] linen textiles[C] food products[D] deepwater port18.Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?[A] Soap[B] Grain[C] Steel[D] Tobacco19.When was Belfast founded?[A] In 1177[B] In 1315[C] In the 16th century[D] In the 17th century20.What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?[A] French refugees arrived.[B] The harbor was destroyed.[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.[D] The city was taken by the English.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section II: Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commitcrimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject29.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect30.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount31.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length32.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence33.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced34.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously35.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as36.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage37.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible38.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability39.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity40.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent.〞 It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,〞 says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.〞 says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept -- what you thinkyou want to do -- then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,〞 says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.〞 Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,〞 says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them -- and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,〞says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,〞 he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41.How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.42.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling.[B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency.[D] Fewer successful matches.43.The expression “tip service〞 (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] advisory[B] compensation[C] interaction[D] reminder44.Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.45.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father)had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.47.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48.The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight49.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ〞 (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.50.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,〞 she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.〞 So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.〞 she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From cardealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,〞 says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,〞 says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51.By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet〞 (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means ________.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.53.When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range〞 (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.[A] gold market[B] real estate[C] stock exchange[D] venture investment54.Why can many people see “silver linings〞 to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,〞says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.〞 Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed SchoolReforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.〞“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,〞 writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.〞 Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.〞56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical[B] similar[C] complementary[D] opposite59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60.What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic〞 language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.61.________62.________63.________64.________65.________Section IV Writing66.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its meaning, and3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. highlands2. 203. mild4. November5. 22Part B (5 points)6. A (technology) forecaster;7. government agencies;8. (A) meaningful (exercise);9. open to change;10. Trust and cooperation.Part C (10 points)11. [D] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [A]16. [C] 17. [B] 18. [A] 19. [A] 20. [C]Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [C] 22. [D] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [B] 27. [C] 28. [D] 29. [A] 30. [B]31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [B] 37. [B] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [D] 44. [B] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [B] 50. [D]51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [B] 54. [A] 55. [C]56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C]Part B (10 points)61. 希腊人认为, 语言构造与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。
英语语言学期末试题练习答案
英语语言学期末试题练习答案SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.displacementngue3.suprasegmentalfeature4.deep structure5.predicationanalysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes9.interlanguage 10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broadtranscription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponentialanalysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learningstrategies22.selectionalrestrictions23.phrase structurerules24.culturediffusionColumn BA.Learners’ independent system of the second language, whichis of neither the native language nor the second language,but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive,having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a secondlanguage. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntacticcategories. 23D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enterculture B and become part of culture B. 24E.A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combineselements regarding regional, social, gender, and agevariations. 6F.A special language variety that mixes or blends languages andit is used by people who speak different languages forrestricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down ofpredications into their constituents---- arguments andpredicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go withwhat others. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with thehead’s subcategorization properties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of thedistinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, andlanguage that characterizes the life of the human community.20P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer.18Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R.A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, anoun phrase or a verb. 15S.A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 12U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V.A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only.13W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Thisquotation is a good illustration of the a____ nature oflanguage. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time inhistory is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of therules of his language, and performance the actualrealization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from thelungs meets with no o____. This marks the essentialdifference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme indifferent phonetic environments are called the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the samephonetic environment. They are said to be in c____distribution. Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentencerather than the word in isolation, they are collectivelyknown as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the mostpart purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain three elements: head, specifier, and c____.Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holdsthat there is no direct link between a linguistic form andwhat it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind.concept12.The sense relation between “animal” and “dog” is calledh____. hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have aset of different meanings. Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics iswhether in the study of meaning the c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of aparticular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World HealthOrganization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday, language varies as its functionvaries; it differs in different situations. The type oflanguage which is selected as appropriate to the type ofsituation is a r____. Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture Aenter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second orforeign language is more commonly learned consciously.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning asecond language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speechsounds called “v”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Voice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegment are called s____ features. Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure ofwords and rules for word f____. Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____.Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” i s calleds____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, . , different words areidentical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy27.In daily communication, people do not always observe thefour maxims of the co-operative principle. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker thatcombines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to theparticular way of pronouncing standard English. ReceivedⅢ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of languagewhich links together the sound pattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics andsemanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology andsemantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, .,how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC.articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voicelessfricative ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open andunrounded vowel ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. []8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to theinflectional morphemes except ____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD.undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized asstylistic synonyms____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle,our language might become ____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech act s, whichof the following is an instance of directives ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. crashC. typewriterD.bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means ofclipping_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisitionbelieves that language learning is simply a matter ofimitation and habit formation ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example ofovergeneralization ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr.Krashen ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. InputHypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operativePrinciplesA.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator oftransformational generative grammarA.F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M.A. K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as itsprimary language and children learn it as their firstlanguage, it becomes .B.A. creole... pidgin B.pidgin... creoleC.C. regional dialect... sociolectD.sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, .,how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate speechsounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatoryphonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP orAdv. Thus, the process of putting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close andunrounded vowel ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to thederivational morphemes except ____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized ascollocational synonyms____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classificat ion of speech acts, whichof the following is Not an instance of directives ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with usD. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the_____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix"ed" in the word "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisitionholds that human beings are biologically programmed forlanguage and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred toas .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by EricLenneberg ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case arecalled ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalizationA. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns areimposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to mannersof articulationA. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according toplaces of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to thecharacteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords arevibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD.Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, mostprobably his “mummy” means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male +Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eightdays a week." obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-associationA. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56. describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD.Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59. refers to the process whereby a word is shortenedwithout a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.60.A. Blending B. Back-formation C. Clipping D. Conversion61.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the studyof general linguisticsA. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not anyparticular language, . English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as thenatural or primary medium of human language. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds withletter-symbols only while in broad transcription wetranscribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols togetherwith the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes anddevelopment of language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one,and until recently the most highly developed, is acousticphonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the sealcould not be found” cannot be determined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that humanbeings are biologically programmed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversationalparticipants have to strictly observe the four maxims, sothat the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in peopleunder different cultural background. T11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by theage of three or four can learn the new language without thetrace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what isgrammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds, language is absolutely arbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and backaccording to the manner of articulation. F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguisticprinciples and theories to language teaching and learning. F17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that thestress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of theprimary meaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, onlywhen the language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, d o they process and internalize the language items. F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires alanguage-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways. T22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used toperform an action, it also has truth value. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever theystart and whatever kinds of language samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. Itrefers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have differentreferences in different situations while linguistic formswith the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in thestudy of word meaning. What are they and how are they related to each other P662.According to Halliday, what is register What are the socialvariables that determine the register P117-1183.What are the main features of human language that essentiallymake it different from other animal communication systems P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle”suggested by Ogden andⅥ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person ispossibly performing while making an utterance Give anexample to illustrate this P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP Illustrate with exampleshow flouting these maxims gives rise to conversationalimplicature P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are notwell formed. What rules does each of the following sentences violate And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of themeanings of all its components. And it includes bothgrammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, which is governed by the grammatical rulesof the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence 3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is no red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.。
英语教学法作业
作业1．第1题According to Ur (1996), a good presentation should include both oralａnd written, ａnd both ___.ａnd writingａnd readingａnd grammarａnd meaning您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：2．第2题According to Ur, in grammar practice, factors which contribute tosuccess practice include pre-learning, volume ａnd repetition,success-orientation, heterogeneity, ___.assistance ａnd interestmethod ａnd deductive methodpractice ａnd meaningful practice, ａnd writing您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：3．第3题Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.the wordsword net-workcategoriesthe Internet resources for more ideas您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：4．第4题The goal of Intelligibility means that the pronunciation should be ___.ａnd natural您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：5．第5题There is ___ between mechanical practice ａnd meaningful practice. anexam ple given by Wang Qiang is the “chain of events” activity.distinctionclear-cut distinctionclear-cut distinctionD.(None of the above)您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：6．第6题One language form may express a number of communicative functions ａnd one ___ can also be expressed by a variety of ___.… dialects… languagesform … communicative functionsfunction … language forms您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：7．第7题In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension ｏr exchange of ___.您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：8．第8题According to Archambault (1964), a constructivist scholar, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of ___.the learners forward in their imitationthe common rules of languagethe learners memorize the structures of languagethe learners’ interests ａnd curiosity for learning您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：9．第9题As far as language learning is concerned, the ___ concerns how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing ａnd generalization.theoriestheoriestheoriestheories您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：10．第10题One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in a contextattention is paid to meaningpractice is often meaningfulenough examples are provided您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：11．第11题As far as vocabulary teaching is concerned, which of the following is NOT the uncertainty that still remainsvocabulary items should be taught ａnd learned.vocabulary can be taught ａnd learned most effectively.vocabulary should be taught ｏr not.constitute a vocabulary item.您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：12．第12题When teaching pronunciation, the goal of Consistency means that the pronunciation should be ___.ａnd natural您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：13．第13题When teaching pronunciation, we should ___.an individual sound for more than a few minutes a timeB.ｃreate a pleasant, relaxed, ａnd dynamic classroomthe students to imitate for a long timeauthoritative in our teaching您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：14．第14题As far as language learning is concerned, the ___emphasize the nature of the human ａnd physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, ａnd the atmosphere.theoriestheoriestheoriestheories您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：15．第15题Theories concerning language learning include the ____ theories, the ____ theories, the ____ theories, and the ____ theories.; Goal-oriented; Behaviourist; Cognitive; Interactional; Constructivist; Socio-constructivist; Behavioural; Cognitive; Constructivist; Cognitive; Constructivist; Socio-constructivist您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：16．第16题According to the Cognitive theory, a language learner acquires language ____ which enables him to produce language.您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：17．第17题It is believed that the inductive method is more effective than the deductive method because students ___ while engaged in language use.told by the teacher the grammar rulesthe grammar rules without any difficultylearn the grammar rulesthe grammar rules themselves您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：18．第18题Grammar presentation is concerned with how to make the students understand ｏr discover grammar rules. it is ___ that helps studentsdevelop grammatical capability.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：19．第19题According to Ur, the six factors contribute to successful practice include pre-learning, volume ａnd repetition, success-orientation, heterogeneity, teacher assistance, ａnd ___.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：20．第20题Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence. these components inlude linguistic competence, pragmatic competence,discourse competence, strategic competence, ａnd ___.您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：21．第21题According to Nation (2001) receptive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms(2) knowing that there are some related words(3) being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occurs(4) being able to recognize the typical collocationsA.(1)B.(2)C.(3)D.(4)您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：22．第22题When trying to achieve consistency in pronunciation, students do not have to ａnd should not sacrifice ___.您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：23．第23题The guided discovery method is different ｆrom the inductive method because the process of the discovery ___ ａnd the rules are then elicited ａnd taught explicitly.carefully guided ａnd assisted by the teachermade by the students themselvesplace automaticallytakes place您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：24．第24题Views on language ａnd ____ both influence theories on how languageshould be taught.on language learningon culture learningof lifeof life您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：25．第25题Vocabulary building strategies include reviewing regularly, ___, organizing vocabulary effectively, ａnd using a dictionary.the spellingmeaning ｆrom the contextthe meaningthe translation您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：26．第26题Ways of presenting new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2005) include the following EXCEPT ___.all the new words in a text in an isolated way before reading the text. for possible misunderstanding ｏr confusion that students may have.C.ｕｓｅ synonyms ｏr antonyms to explain meanings.different contexts for introducing new words.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：27．第27题“Try to provide a visual ｏr physical demonstration whenever possible, using ___ to show meaning” is one of the ways of presenting new wｏrds suggested in Wang Wiang’s book (2005).verbal contextsets ｏr hyponyms, photos, video clips, mime ｏr gesturesformation rules ａnd common affixes您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：28．第28题Apart ｆrom the learner factors, the ____ is another factor that determines if the students can acquire native-like english pronunciation.of exposure to Englishof production of English’s knowledge of English grammar’s vocabulary size您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：29．第29题As far as pronunciation is concerned, consistency ａnd intelligibility ___ in real communication.be enoughnot be enoughnot exitgo together您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：30．第30题Accuracy in pronunciation is often done at the expense of ___. Speech produced in this way is not only unnatural but also uncomfortable to hear.efficiency您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：31．第31题Examples of pronunciation perception practice include ___.pictures ａnd tongue twistersminimal pairs, ａnd “odd one out”ａnd discussionof the above您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：32．第32题Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.objects in a picturethe differences in two picturesa game of “What did you see just now”the words in chorus您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：33．第33题Knowing a word means knowing the following EXCEPT ___.meaning ａnd how ａnd when to ｕｓｅ it to express the intended meaningorigin ａnd historypronunciation ａnd stressspelling ａnd grammatical properties您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：34．第34题Jane Willis holds that the conditions for language learning are exposure to a rich but comprehensible language put, ___ of the language to do things, motivation to process ａnd ｕｓｅ the exposure, ａnd instruction in language.B.ｕｓｅ您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：35．第35题According to Wang Qiang, some people regard teaching as ____, while others regard it as ____.craft; an applied scienceprofession; an interesttheory; a practicelearning; language training您的答案：B题目分数：此题得分：36．第36题Which of the following is NOT among Ellis’ (1990) six criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities arepurposedesirematerial controlintervention您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：37．第37题One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in an isolated wayattention is paid to meaningpractice is often meaningfuldo not benefit ｆrom the method at all您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：38．第38题The ___ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ａnd what he ｏr she already knows.您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：39．第39题In the example below, different intonations for ‘sorry’ indicate ___.A: Would you please turn down the radio a little bitB: Sorry. ↑ (with a rising tone)Or B: Sorry. ↓ (with a sharp falling tone)same moodsame meaningmoodsmeanings您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：40．第40题Which of the following is NOT a feature of traditional language teaching pedagogyoften it focuses on forms rather than functions.tends to focus on only one ｏr two language skills.tends to isolate language ｆrom its context.uses authentic language.您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：41．第41题Communicative language teaching (clt) has expanded the areas covered by the previous approaches ｏr methodologies, that is, clt covers language content (to incｏrpｏrate functions), ___ (cognitive styleａnd infｏrmation processing), ａnd product (language skills).processmethods您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：42．第42题Two theories concerning language learning are the ____.theories ａnd the notional theoriestheories ａnd the behavioural theoriestheories ａnd the interactional theoriestheories ａnd the condition-oriented theories您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：43．第43题When practising sounds, the activities “using minimal pairs”, “wh ich ｏrder”, “same ｏr different” ａnd “odd one out” belong to the categｏry of ___.practicepracticeａnd production practicesｏr production practice您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：44．第44题One of the reasons why the deductive method is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in a contextattention is paid to meaningpractice is often mechanicalenough explanation is provided您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：45．第45题Pronunciation covers more than just phonetic symbols ａnd rules. it also includes ___, ａnd all these are not isolated ｆrom each other., phonetic transcripts, ａnd sounds, letters, ａnd words, words, ａnd grammar, intonation, ａnd rhythm您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：46．第46题One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.is taught in a contextattention is paid to meaningpractice is often mechanicalenough explanation is provided您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：47．第47题Look at the following activity in the classroom, ａnd decide what kind of practice it is.chain of eventsteacher: now lets play a game. the first student starts a sentence with a second conditional clause. the nextstudent takes the result of the sentence, reforms it intoanother condition ａnd suggests a further result.f or example, the first student says, “if i had a milliondollars, i would buy a yacht”. the second student says, “ifi bought a yacht, i would go for a sail”. …the students may come up with sentences like these:s3: if i went for a sail, there might be a storm.s4: if there were a storm, my yacht would sink.s5: if my yacht sank, i would die.s6: if i died, my parents would cry.s7: …This is an example of ___.practicepracticemechanical practice ａnd meaningful practice togetherof the above您的答案：C题目分数：此题得分：48．第48题We often learn words that co-occur with high frequency ａnd have been accepted as ways for the ｕｓｅ of words. for instance, in english, the word “see”, “watch”, ａnd “look” are similar in meaning but are often ｕｓｅd with differen t collocations as we say “see a movie”, “watch a play” ａnd “look at a picture.” similarly, we say “heavy traffic”, “heavy smoker”, “heavy rain/snow/fog” but never “heavy accident” ｏr “heavy wind.” these are examples of ___.meaningmeaning, antonyms, ａnd hyponyms您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：49．第49题When teaching grammar, some forms of using prompts for meaningful practice include using pictures, mimes ｏr gestures, information sheets, key phrase ｏr key wｏrds, ａnd ___ fｏr stｏry telling.phrasesobjects您的答案：A题目分数：此题得分：50．第50题According to Nation (2001) productive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) being able to produce the word to express the meaning(2) being able to write it with correct spelling(3) being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms(4) being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occursA.(1)B.(2)C.(3)D.(4)您的答案：D题目分数：此题得分：作业总得分：作业总批注：。
语言学论述题答案
1、How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar in that they both think that language can be divided into two levels, one level is abstract (e.g. langue; competence) and the other concrete (e.g. parole; performance). And they also think that what linguists should deal with is the abstract level which can reveal the real nature of language. At the same time, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of language is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2、What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones.A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /p/ in English can be realized as [p] and [ph], which are allophones of the phoneme /p/.3、What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.”This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.4、What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations”has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.5、How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincingbecause language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well. Bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation, two varieties of a language exit side by side through out the community, with each having a definite role to play.The two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossic each has different role to play as situation changes.6、Based on your own learning experiences, please illustrate how important it is to learn its culture when learning a foreign language?Based on my own learning experiences, I find it is very important to learn its culture when learning a foreign language, A typical example of these is that when greeting acquaintances, we tend to say "Have you eaten?", which will cause misunderstanding to a foreigner.7、Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Representative
路德维希·维特根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein,1889—1951）认为，仅仅从词本身不 能了解词的意义，只有在使用中，在词的语境当中， 才能了解词的意义，即“意义即用法”。他在《哲 学研究》中多次提到：
the meaning of a word is its use in the language.
Representative
伯特兰· 罗素（Bertrand Russell，1872—1970）是指 称论的集大成者，明确坚持词 义的指称论观点。他认为，词 通过指称外界事物而具有意义， 词的意义就是它指称对象。
The limitation
只是孤立地、静止地分析词义，没有考察词语和对象之间的诸多 中间环节，具有明显的缺陷： 1）指称论不能全面解释一切词语的意义。并非所有词语都有指称 对象，连接词“并且”“然后”“如果”，语气词“哎呀”“哦” 等等，都无指称对象。另外，有些词在现实世界里无指称对象， 但却并不是没有意义，如“麒麟”“龙”等等。 2）不同的词语可以指称同一对象，但意义不同，如“美国总统” 和“布什”。因而，指称论会造成意义混乱。
1. The referential theory
It was first proposed by Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.
21
Limitation
语义三角理论的缺陷在于过分强调社 会语用因素而忽略了语言的个体发生。 人们并不清楚符号与概念或事物之间 到底有什么精确的联系。
2013-12-11
仅仅从心理角度很难解决意义这个复杂的问题，它并没有 对词义或句子意义作出实质性的明确阐释。 1）观念本身看不见摸不着，其含义模糊不清，因而对“意 义是什么”的回答也是不明确的。 2）观念是个人内在的、不可观察的，很难确定或证明一个 词或词组在每个人的脑中形成的观念是一致的，尤其是抽象 的词语。
3. The behaviorist theory
2
Theories
1: The referential theory 2: The ideational theory 3: The behaviorist theory
( 指称论)
( 观念论/意念论) (行为论)
(功用论)
(语义三角)
4: The meaning-is-use theory
5: The semantics triangle
20
(2) Concept与Symbol（表意符号）/Word（词） 之间也有直接联系。概念是个抽象的东西，它要 通过“表意符号”（即词）才能表达出来。换句 话说，词是用来表达概念的。因此二者之间也是 实线，表示A word symbolizes a concept（词 表示概念）。
(3)
Symbol/Word与Referent/Thing之间没有直接 的、必然的联系，也就是说二者之间带有“任意 性”（或者说二者之间的联系是“约定俗成” 的）。因此用虚线将它们连接起来，表示A Word Stands for a Referent（词代表所指物）。
Representative
约翰·洛克（John Locke）
Words in their primary or immediate signification, stand for nothing, but the ideas in the mind of him that uses them
Limitation
11
Limitation
行为论者重视语言行为和语言效果的联系，注意研究 “刺激-反应”在人们语言行为中的作用，有其独到之处， 部分地解决了观念论者所面临的困难。 但它夸大了“刺激-反应”这个公式在社会领域中的作用， 忽视了人的社会性。人的思想意识以及表达思想意识的 语言行为是受到多方面影响的。对于同一句话，人们可 能会作出不同的反映；而对于不同的话，人们可能会作 出相同的反映。有些词语甚至并不能引起人们的什么反 映。
17
Semantic triangle（语义三角论）
According to Ogen and Richards, the "symbol" refers to the linguistic elements (word, sentence, etc) , the "referent" refers to the object in the world of experience , and the "thought" or "referent" refers to concept or notion. Thus the connection (represented with a dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through "concept " , by virtue of which the symbol of a word signifies "things" .
这个三角形包含以下几点含义:
(1) Concept（概念）是和Referent（所指 物）/Thing（事物）相联系的，这种联系是 直接的联系。“概念”是在客观事物的基础 上概括而成的。换句话说，概念是客观事物 在头脑中的反映。因此，二者之间用实线连 接，表示A Concept refers to a Thing （概念反映客观事物）。
source: /docs/guides/canvas/
2. The ideational theory
The view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 意念论认为，语言形式及其所代表的对象之间（即语言与现 实世界之间）没有直接联系；确切地说，在理解语义时，是通 过大脑中存在意念这一中介物来联系的。
意义的行为论是建立在行为主义心理学之上的。 行为论者反对用意识中的观念来说明词的意义， 而力求用公共地可观察的行为来加以说明，强调 从语言对听话者产生的影响这一角度来研究语言 的意义。
10
Representative
布龙菲尔德（Leonard Bloomfield，18871949），attempted to define the meaning of a language form as “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” Bloomfield以行为主义心理学为基础提出了语 义的行为主义论。Bloomfield 认为语义存在 于情景中，存在于说话人所说的话在听话人身 上引起的反应的情景之中。
12
4.The meaning-is-use theory
功用论强调语境的作用，认为只有在语境中才能找到 词语的意义；词或词组的意义在于它们的使用或功用。 功用论重视语言的应用和语言的功能，重视交际语境 和语言的关系，将语言活动和生活实践联系起来。它的 出现，可以说是意义理论研究的重大进展，标志着从静 态研究转向动态研究。
一个词的意义就是它在语言中的使用”
14
Limitation
1）片面强调词语的意义在于其用法，而忽视了词语自身 的字面意义。维特根斯坦认为词只有运用方法、使用规 则而无固定的意义，而认识论告诉我们，词如果没有意 义没有内容，也就不可能有用法和功能。 2）词的意义和功能是两个不同的概念，将两者混同就会 造成词义理解的混乱。实践证明，用这种极端的意义理 论来分析词义这种复杂的现象，必然会带来种种矛盾。
5. triangle
一种关于意义的理论，代表了传统语义学的 典型观点。该理论是指符号、意义和客观事物之 间处于一种相互制约、相互作用的关系之中。它 强调语言符号是对事物的指代，指称过程就是符 号、意义和事物发生关系的过程。
16
Representatives
由英国学者奥格登（Ogden）和理查兹 （Richards）在1923年出版的语义学重要著作 《意义的意义》（The Meaning of Meaning) 中提出