最新英语语言学练习题

合集下载

（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）

（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, withwhich subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities belanguage used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearing C:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of all/doc/6712907809.html,nguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contianA:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?/doc/6712907809.html,nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language expressA.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have aA.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong belowA.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategies/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activityassociated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community 3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin 第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)/doc/6712907809.html,nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone) 第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。

英语语言学试题(1)及答案

英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an OldEnglish word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。

答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。

答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。

答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。

答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。

答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。

答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。

英语语言学试题2及答案

英语语言学试题2及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is derived from which language?A. LatinB. GreekC. GermanD. French答案：B2. Which of the following is not a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. LexicologyC. AstronomyD. Syntax答案：C3. The study of language change over time is known as:A. Historical LinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Neurolinguistics答案：A4. What is the term for the smallest unit of sound in a language?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. Syllable答案：A5. The process of using one language to explain another is called:A. TranslationB. InterpretationC. ParaphrasingD. Transliteration答案：A6. Which of the following is an example of a sociolect?A. Medical languageB. Legal languageC. Teenage slangD. All of the above答案：D7. The study of language in relation to the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B8. What is the term for the use of language to achieve a particular purpose?A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology9. The study of the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A10. Which of the following is not a component of a language's phonological system?A. PhonemesB. MorphemesC. SyllablesD. Tones答案：B二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of language in its social context is known as________.答案：Sociolinguistics2. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of sentences is ________.答案：Syntax4. A dialect is a variety of a language that is characterizedby features of ________, grammar, and vocabulary.答案：Phonology5. The process of acquiring a first language is known as________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the relationship between language and thought is called ________.答案：Linguistic relativity7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the history of words and their meanings is ________.答案：Etymology8. A language family is a group of languages that are related through ________.答案：Common ancestry9. The process of analyzing the structure of words is known as ________.答案：Morphology10. The study of language in relation to culture is known as ________.答案：Anthropological linguistics三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language. 答案：A dialect is a variety of a language that is spoken by a particular group within a larger language community, whilea language is a system of communication that is used by a community of people. Dialects can be mutually intelligible, meaning speakers of different dialects can understand each other, whereas languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and how does it relate to language and thought?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity, suggests that the structure of a language affects its speakers' cognition and perception. It posits that different languages structure the world in different ways, leading to different thought processes and perceptions of reality.3. Describe the role of phonetics in linguistics.答案：Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, or phones. It is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds. Phonetics provides the foundation for understanding the sounds of a language and is crucial for the study of phonology, which is the study of the sound system of a language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It explores how social factors such as age, gender, social class, ethnicity, and geographical location affect the way language is used. Sociolinguistics helps us understand language variation andchange, and it provides insights into the social meanings and functions of language.。

高二英语语言学要点练习题40题

高二英语语言学要点单选题40题1.Which word has a different vowel sound from the others?A.catB.hatC.cakeD.map答案：C。

A、B、D 选项中的单词元音发音都是/æ/，而C 选项中cake 的元音发音是/eɪ/。

2.Which word has the same consonant sound at the end as “fish”?A.dishB.bushshD.rush答案：A。

fish 和dish 结尾的辅音发音都是/ʃ/。

B 选项bush 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但中间元音不同；C 选项lash 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但整体发音不同；D 选项rush 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但整体发音不同。

3.Which word has a different initial consonant sound from the others?A.penB.banC.canD.van答案：A。

B、C、D 选项中单词的起始辅音发音都是/v/，而 A选项中pen 的起始辅音发音是/p/。

4.Which word has the same vowel sound as “meet”?A.beatB.meatC.heatD.feet答案：D。

A、B、C 选项中的单词元音发音都是/iː/，与meet 的元音发音相同，D 选项中feet 的元音发音也是/iː/。

5.Which word has a different vowel sound in the middle from the others?A.sitB.bitC.fitD.pite答案：D。

A、B、C 选项中的单词元音发音都是/ɪ/，而D 选项中pite 的元音发音是/aɪ/。

6.Which word has the same final consonant sound as “bag”?gB.magC.sagD.tag答案：D。

(完整版)英语语言学习题与答案

Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rulesof his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn't be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the designfeature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.anyof details the means which language, acquire to ability the with born all were We 15.language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare's time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure's langue and Chomsky's __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)）1999（青岛海洋大学，How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? 37.Key:[In the reference keys, I won't give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. –icywarmtea]I.1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker's knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, ina way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system whichwill be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis –collect data –checkagainst the observable facts –come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merelya different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.15.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give37.an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation,and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change theword-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and__________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCOoverwhelmedd. inflectional morpheme (4)(5) prefix e. calculationKey:I.1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combiningthe meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type ofbase to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.D. subordinatorC. preposition B. particle A. coordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.”is a__________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an__________ clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in oneway or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and amongnatural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.Key:I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBAII.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTTIII.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded28. Adjacency27. open29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It's suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure.E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, oppositeto the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples ofthis type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w's exercises. –icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features。

《英语语言学》练习题一

《英语语⾔学》练习题⼀《英语语⾔学》练习题⼀⼀、I Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:1. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.2. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.3. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.4. Chinese is an agglutinating language.5. Not all vowels are voiced.6. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.7. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.8. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.9. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.11. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.12. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.13. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.14. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.15. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.II Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.Example: vowel front high [i:]1.bilabial nasal2.voiced labiovelar glide3.literal liquid4.voiced bilabial stop5.front high laxIII Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence.Pat found a book on Wall Street.IV How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?Column I Column IIa. a bluebird a blue birdb. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperV.Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute).VI.Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.a)My uncle is male.b)The spinster is married.c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.VII.Answer the following questions:a)How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?b) What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?c) What are the components of metaphor?⼆、I、Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given:2.Modern linguistics is d__________ rather than prescriptive.3.Consonants can be described in terms of p________ of articulation, manners of articulation, andv_______.4.A_________ are variants of the same phoneme in different phonetic contexts.5.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called m________.6.According to Saussure, a linguistic sign is composed of s________ and s_______.7.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system composed of three aspects: sound, s________ and meaning.8.Monophthongs and d_________ are two major types of vowels.9.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called a_________ gap, e.g. /blik/, /bilk/, /klib/, and /kilb/.10.M_________ and s________ make up two subsystems of language.11.The language used to talk about language is called m___________.12.According to M.A.K. Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: the ideational function, the i________ function and the t__________ function.II、For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) then share:Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless1、[g] [z] [d]2、[v] [h] [s]3、[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]4、[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]5、[i:] [i] [u] [u:]III、Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.a.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.b.Those who went there quickly made a fortune.IV. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?Column I Column IIa. The White House a white houseb. a redcoat a red coatV. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences:1、A clever magician fooled the audience.2、The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VI. Answer the following questions:1、What is reference and what is sense ? How are they related ?2、What are the features of metaphors?3、How do you distinguish homonymy from polysemy?《英语语⾔学》练习题⼆⼀、I、Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: ( ) 1. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent. ( ) 2. Chinese is an agglutinating language. ( ) 3. Not all vowels are voiced.( ) 4. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.( ) 5. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.( ) 6. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.( ) 7. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.( ) 8. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.( ) 9. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.( ) 10. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.( ) 11. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.( ) 12. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.( ) 13. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.( ) 14. Pragmatics is concerned with speaker meaning.( ) 15. The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed cataphoric reference.II、Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it.Example: heat [i:] vowel front higha)photob)writec)card)actore)cityIII、Consider the following words and answer the questions below:a)fingerb)disgracefulc)stepsisterd)psycholinguisticse)antidisestablishmentarianismi. Tell the number of morphemes in each word.ii. Underline the free morphemes in each word where possible to do so.IV、Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity in the following sentence:They can fish.V、Data Analysis:1）What is the illocution of A’s utterance in the following brief encounter?A: You are in a non-smoking zone, sir.B: Thanks (extinguishing the cigarette).2）What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance? (Hint: A and B are two secretaries working in the same office.)A: Are you going to be here long?B: You can go if you like.A: I’ll just be outside. Call me if you need me.B: OK.VI Answer the following questions1．What are the components of metaphor?2．What is the difference between linguistic competence and communicative competence?3．What is the difference between referential meaning and associative meanings of words?⼆、I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given:1．Chinese is a typical t________ language. M(mother), m(hemp) m(horse) m(scold), for example, are four distinguished words.2．The total number of words stored in the brain is called l_______, which can be understood as a mental dictionary. 3．Words like went, which is not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with the root, are called s_____.4．S_________ is defined as the study of meaning.5．S_________ are words which have different forms but similar meanings.6．M_________ and s________ make up two subsystems of language.7．The language used to talk about language is called m___________.8．According to M.A.K. Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: the ideational function, the i________ function and the t__________ function.9．Modern linguistics is d__________ rather than prescriptive.10．Consonants can be described in terms of p________ of articulation, manners of articulation, and v_______.11．A_________ are variants of the same phoneme in different phonetic contexts.12．The smallest meaningful unit of language is called m________.II. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) they share:Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voicelessa)[g] [z] [d]b)[v] [h] [s]c)[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]d)[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]e)[i:] [i] [u] [u:]III. Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.IV. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration:a) Allophoneb)VarietyV. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences: (10%)1. A clever magician fooled the audience.2. The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VI. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:1. The room is messy.2. It would be good if she had a green skirt on.VII. Answer the following questions:1.What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?2.What are the three metafunctions that language plays accordingto M. A. K Halliday?。

语言学练习总汇及答案

1. Phonetics & Language Introduction:1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is ______one of the design features of language.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is ______ . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. _____ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one‟s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement4. _____ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you. ”“Hi”to your friends is the _______of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.”If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the _____ function of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _____.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. natural C. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in _______.A. speech sounds onlyB. all soundsC. vowels only C. consonants only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [t]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate?A. [y]B. [t∫]C. [z]D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel?A. [ ə ]B. [ i ]C. [ou]D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ?A. [ s ]B. [∫]C. [ l ]D. [θ]15. In the following sounds , ______ is a voiceless affricative ?A. [dЗ]B. [ v ]C. [t∫]D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words”listed below, _____ is not an English word ?A. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. _____ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released.A. Back vowelsB. StopsC. Fricatives C. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in ______.A. 1965B. 1957C. 1888D. 178820. ____ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. SoundII. Tell which statements are true or false.1. [ f ] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methodsfor their description, classification and transcription.3. Phoneme is a phonological unit.4. Phone is a phonetic unit.5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]”, they are similarphones which belong to phonetics.6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /.7. The three / p / are allophones.8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’isunaspirated phonetically[ p=].9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /.10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /,which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme.BACDD CCACA DDABC DDBCBII. 1.F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8. T 9. F 10. TI. Choose the best choice(语音)1. Which is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]2. Which is a voiceless affricate?A. [w]B. [f]C. [t∫]D. [n]3. Which is monophothong?A. [i]B. [au]C. [ai]D. [ei]4. Which is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]5. Which is a voiced affricate?A. [j]B. [z]C. [t∫]D. [dЗ]6. Which is a central vowel ?A. [i]B. [ə:]C. [ou]D. [a:]7. In English if a word begins with [l] or [r] , then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. V owel8. Which is a palatal fricative?A. [s]B. [k]C. [∫]D. [l]9. Which is not a English word?A. [r ٨b]B. [læb]C. [sta:∫]D. [ lmæp]10. Which is a unaspirate?A. skyB. killC. likeD. kite2. Semantics 练习1._______ is not included in Leech‟s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning D2. Among Leech‟s seven ty pes of meaning is concerned with the relationship betweena word and the thing it refers to _______.A. conceptualB. affectiveC. reflectedD. thematic A3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ______.A. meaningB. referenceC. conceptD. sense C4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse B5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable opposites B, converse oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms B6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semant ic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as ___.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultA. +animate, -male, +human, -adult D. + animate, -male, +human, +adult B8. _____ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word.A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic componentD. Synonym B9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is____A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol B10. A linguistic is interested in _____.A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics. BC. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend” and“borrow” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms B12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words A13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy C14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are _____.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles B15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called____.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites A16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young AII. Answer the questions with “Yes”or “No” .1.Is reference tied to a particular time and place? Y2.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ?N3.Can different expressions have the same referent? Y4.Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? NIII.State the following sentences “True” or “False”.1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense ” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing.T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the samesense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and theobjective world. T6. Extension can only be applied to the things at present. F7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that betweendenotation and sense. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate,e.g. …bus‟. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F Complementary16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. F17. The meaning of each expression can be defined in terms of its semanticcomponents so as to contrast with the meaning of all the expressions in the same language. T18. The proposition of a sentence may be more simply stated as a verb and aselection of case ---categories. T19. According to case grammar, the part of proposition in a sentence is a tensed setof relationships between a verb and a noun phrase ( or noun phrases).IV. What role does each of the underlined phrases play?1.John hit Fred on the head with a brick.A Ex Loc Ins2.James heard the news from Peter. Ex. O Source3.Mr. Smith made a vase out of this clay. A Resu Source4.These books were given to my sister by John. O Bene A5.Smoke filled the room. Ins LocV. Do the following pairs of sentences synonymous? What is the difference between them.1.He refused her invitation. GeneralHe declined her incitation. polite Y2.The young man had no gust to face the reality. ColloquialThe young man had no courage to face the reality. Y general3. A torrent of rain inundated the basement. literaryA torrent of rain flooded the basement. common4. His proposal was turned down by the committee. colloquialHis proposal was rejected by the committee intense5.Susan has recently rented a flat in this area. BESusan has recently rented an apartment in this area. AE6.Eric bought a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary. genEric purchased a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary.formal7.They came to pay their respect to the deceased. professionalThey came to pay their respect to the dead. General8.This stuff has a bad smell. slangThis material has a bad smell. CommonVI. Write down the logic formulae for the following simple propositions:1.John loves his family. L(j,f)2.Matha is the aunt of Peter. Aunt (m,p)3.Jack is lying in bed. Lie (j, b)4.Ellen is proud of her son. Proud (e, s)5.Jim returned the book to the professor. Return (j,b, p)VII. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky‟s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).Most language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9) ----the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky‟s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammar6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.D A B B B D A D C B D B A3. Exercises to Pragmatics1.According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____is studies the relationshipbetween symbols and their interpreters.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I hereby declare Mr. Williams elected.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it?B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the _____.A. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim7. The maxim of _____ requires that a participant‟s contribution be relevantto the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation8. For the following conversation:A: Did you see my book in the classroom this morning?B: I was in the library._____ is the conversation implicature.A.B saw A‟s bookB. B was not in the classroom that morningC. B did not see A‟s bookD. B stole A‟s book.1-10 CBAAC CDCDB9.Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that is studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context10. _____ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.A. Sentence-meaningB. Utterance-meaningC. The referenceD. The meaning11. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act12. What cooperative maxim is violated in the following dialogue?A: Can you answer the telephone?B: I‟m in the bath.A. relationB. qualityC. quantityD. manner13. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is ?B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. qualityB. quantityC. mannerD. relation14. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren‟t they?Speaker B violates the maxim ofA. qualityB. quantityC. mannerD. relation15.. A: This bag is a little bit heavy.B: Let me help you.What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A: This bag is heavy.B: I don‟t want to carry it away.C.Could you help me with this bag?D.I‟m very happy about it.16. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn‟t it ?B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. MannerD. Relation17. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50‟s of the 20thcentury.A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Paul GriceD. Chomsky18. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionaryacts.A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Paul GriceD. Halliday19. Cooperative principle was found by _____.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. John AustinD. Levinson20. According to Austin‟s theory of speech act, act is using a _____ sentenceto convey one‟s intention.A. PerlocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. indirect speech.BABBC DABAC21. A(n )”_____” means that some sen tences, in the utterance and theseeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance22. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theoryC. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence23. According to Searle, speech acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. fiveC. sixD. seven24. There are ____ maxims under the cooperative principle.A. FiveB. fourC. twoD. three25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. pragmatismC. phonologyD. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Linguistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ______ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above30. Of the three acts, linguists are most interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above31. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly32. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above33. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use11-33BABDC DABACBABBA BDABB ACDII. True or false questions1.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives,commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T 表述句，受约句，表情句，指令句，陈述句3.“We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory.T4.“I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5.At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives.T6.“Locution” means the speaker‟s intention. F7.“Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the audience. T8.“Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9.In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation ofutterances. F not words but contextual features F10.“Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11.“In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T X表达什么意义x12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T X想表达什么13.The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as wellas speaking. F14.Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances.T15.“What‟s that?” that is a location deixis. F person dPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication B17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more D18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself C19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. Pragmatics D4. Exercises to Chapter 4 SyntaxI. General view of syntax1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences.2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate.3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teacher‟s , kiss him宾格，主格，与格，芬兰语有15种格4．Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other.5. Government : A word determines the form of others.支配关系6. langue and paroleLangue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. StabilityParole: actual speech7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image)1. 所指 2 能指之间的关系是任意的8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSyntagmatic: what precedes or follows9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics10. “Rheme” “Theme”负载交际能力最小的是主位。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

英语语言学练习题Chp 1I. Blank filling1. Langue refers to the _____ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; parole refers to the _____ of langue in actual use.2.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s_____ of the rules of his language,andperformance, the actual _____ of this knowledge in linguistic communication.3.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This quotation from Shakespeare illustratesthat language has the design feature of _____.4.The property of _____ of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about a widerange of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.nguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of_____, andthe otherof_____. This double articulation of language enables its users to talk aboutanything withintheir knowledge.II. T-F choice1.Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language.2. Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary.3. We can use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”, we can think about“thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function.III. Answer questions.1.What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that itisessentially different from any animal communication system?Chp 21. The difference between a consonant and a vowel lies in whether there is air_______in the production of them.2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called ______,which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants.3. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without_______.4. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of ______ features.5. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong to_____phoneme(s), when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones come from ______phoneme(s).II.1. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds of all human languages formpatterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguisticcommunication.2. In English, pill and bill form a minimal pair, and so do life and knife, pin and ping.3. The phoneme /t/ and /d/ can occur in the same position and they distinguishmeaning, therefore they are said to be in complementary distribution.4. The distinctive features in English can apply to the other languages, too. Forinstance, voicing distinguishes meaning in both English and Chinese.5. In a standardized English syllable all of the three parts of onset, nucleus and codaare compulsory.III. Why can a phoneme distinguish meaning?Chp 31. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.3. The word “modernizations” is made up of three morphemes.4. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they areattached.5. The morphological rules can be generalized in spite of some exceptions.6. It is hard to believe that there is an interface between phonology and morphology. II.1. Morphology can be subdivided into two branches:______ morphologyand______morphology.2. The phonological and orthographical realizations of a morpheme are termed______.3. [-t]、[-d]、[-id] are _______of the morpheme {-ed}.4. “Careless” is the _______of the word “carelessness”; “Gentle” is the ______ of the word“gentlemanliness”.5. A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings:_______ meaning and _______ meaning.6. Compared with a free phrase, a compound has different phonetic, _______,________,and syntactic features.III.1. Analyze and tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain.unselfishness / justifiable / descendent / overdeveloped /naturalistically / friendships / uninvitedly2. How do you understand that there is an interface between morphology and phonology?Chp 41. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or an infinite verb phrase is grammatically called a clause.2. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences which can be produced.3. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured according to the structuralist language view.4. Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed andsentences generated.5. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human-specific gift which exists in the mind of anormal human being.II．1. For any natural language, a set of s______ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences.2. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains af_______ verb or a verb phrase.3. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentenceis l_______.4. The subordinate sentence in a complex is called an e______ clause and the clauseinto which it is inserted is called a m______ clause.5. In conducting a tree diagram analysis, the principle we have to stick to is calledb______ division.III.1. Draw a tree diagram for each of the following two sentences to reveal the difference.a. The cat ran up the tree.b. The cat ate up the fish.2.Why does a sentence have both a linear and a hierarchical structure?Chp 51.In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent.2. Homographs are words which are pronounced alike.3. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.4. In a pair of complementary antonyms, there exist some intermediate forms between the two extremes.5. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed.6. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, itwill be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.II．1. S_____ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with others.2. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of g_____ antonyms.3. The various meanings of a p______ word are related to some extent.4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r______ in different situations.5. Hyponymy is the relation of entailment, a superordinate entails all h______.6. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r_______ opposites.7. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p_______.III.1. The classic semantic triangle reflects the ________.A. naming theoryB. conceptual viewC. contextualismD. behaviorist theory2. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are _______.A. homophonesB. HomographsC. polysemic wordD. complete homonyms3. The sentence “John gave Mary a present” contains _______arguments.A. noB. oneC. twoD. three4.The meaning relationship between the two words “couch” and “table” is______.A. synonymyB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. co-hyponym5. A (n)_______is a logical participant in a predication.A. argumentB. predicateC. subjectD. patientIV.1. Offer respective antonym for each of the following and tell to which category they belong.1.boy----- ( )2.wide------3.sell------4.thin------5.interviewer------6.teacher-----7.dead------8.lengthy------2. Name the category to which each of the following pairs of synonyms belong.1. lift/elevator2. kid/child/offspring3. rotten/addled/sour4. politician/statesman5. escape/flee6. amaze/astoud3. Identify sense relation between the following pairs of sentences.1) a. Carl was a bachelor all his life.b. Carl never married all his life.2） a. Ted bought two magazines.b. Ted bought two things.3) a. He has no sister.b. His younger sister is beautiful.Chp 61. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.2. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.3. The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized, therefore stable.4. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences.5. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.II.1.What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning thecontext of use is considered.2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.3. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontextualized.4. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.5. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.6.A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literalmeaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.7.An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performedin saying something.8. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.9. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim ofquality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III.1. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.4.A(n)_________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. performative act5. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. misunderstandingD. conversational implicaturesIV. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?Chp 1I. 1. abstract, realization 2. knowledge, realization 3. arbitrariness 4. displacement5. sounds, words (descriptive - prescriptive; synchronic - diachronic)II. 1-3: F T TChp 2I. 1. obstruction 2. voicing 3. diacritics 4. distinctive 5. two, oneII. 1-5： F T F F F# voicing 声带振动/清-浊音: [p] ≠ [b]: “peer” ≠“beer”# (un-)aspirated 送气: /p/ : sp h eak = speakChp 3I. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.T 6. FII. 1. inflectional, derivational 2. morphs 3. allomorphs 4. stem, root 5. lexical, grammatical 6. phonetic, orthographic, semantic, syntactic III. 1. number of morphemesunselfishness (3) / justifiable (3) / descendent (3)/ overdeveloped (3)/naturalistically (5) / friendships (3) / uninvitedly (4)Chp 4I. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. TII． 1. syntactic 2. finite 3. linear 4. embedded, matrix 5.binary Chp 5I. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.TII. 1. selection 2. gradable 3. polysemic 4. reference5. hyponyms6. relational7. predicationIII. 1.B 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.AIV1. 1. boy-girl / dead-alive (complementary antonym)2. wide-narrow / thin-fat / lengthy-short (gradable antonym)3. sell-buy / teacher-pupil / interviewer-interviewee (relational antonym) 2. 1. dialectal synonym2. stylistic synonym3. collocational synonym4. emotive synonym5-6. synonyms that differ in semantic shades3. 1) synonymy 2) entailment 3) contradictionChp 6I. 1-5： all FII. semantics, context, abstract, Constatives, Performativeslocutionary, illocutionary, commissive, quantityIII. 1-5: C B B C DKey to questions:Chp 1Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system communication. A framework was proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett. He specified twelve design features, five of which will be discussed here.a)Arbitrariness. This means that there is no logic connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. b) Productivity. Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. c) Duality. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. d) Displacement. Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. e) Cultural transmission. It refers to, on the one hand, human language has a genetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity to acquire human language; on the other hand, the details of any human language are passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by gene.Chp 2The reason why a phoneme can distinguish meaning is that a phoneme is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. The sound in any human language has a few features, some of which are distinctive, some of which are not. These features include voicing, nasality, labiality, coronality (teeth range), dorsality(soft palate), aspiration and the others. Among them voicing, for instance, is distinctive, whereas aspiration is not. Because voicing as in the minimal pair “peer” and “beer” can distinguish meaning; while aspiration can only lead to different pronunciations rather than a new word, say, [thip] and [t=ip]. As a result of distinctive features, a phoneme is also distinctive. In a word, the features from which a phoneme is abstracted determine the distinctive quality of the phoneme.Chp 32.It is true that there is an interface / interdependent and interactional relationship between morphology and phonology. The study on the interface is called morphophonology or morphophonemics, which is a branch of linguistics referring to the analysis and classification of the phonological factors that affect the appearance of morphemes, and the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. On the one hand, some allomorphs appear in a particular way which is determined by phonological factors, for instance, the allomorphs [-s] [-iz] of the morpheme {plural}. They are described as the derived forms from [-z] by the application of theassimilation rule and the epenthesis rule. On the other hand, occurrence of the following allomorphs --- [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese, sheep is decided mainly by morphological factors.Chp 4III. 1.1a. The cat ran up the tree.SNP VPDet. N V PPPrep. NPDet. NThe cat ran up the tree.1b. The cat ate up the fish.SNP VPDet. N V NPV Prt.Det. NThe cat ate up the fish.2. linear and hierarchical structures of sentence:Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are formed by following a set of syntactic rules. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. Meanwhile they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence. Therefore the structure of a sentence is firstly linear, for example, Susan is practising dancing in the hall. However, the superficial arrangement of words in a linear sequence doesn’t entail that sentences are only linearly structured. In fact, sentences are also organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as NP or VP which can be replaced by another element of the same category. The various syntactic categories in a sequence determine that sentences are also hierarchically structured.In a word, the two structures which a sentence has are, in nature, decided by the syntagmaticand paradigmatic relations of language system.Chp 6V.Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basicdifference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaningin context and traditionally semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.。