组织结构管理【英文】
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Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Some Key Terms
• Flat or tall structure • Span of control • Chain of command • Hierarchy • Delegation • Empowerment
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Ways to Structure a Business
• By customer: where different customer groups have different needs
• By process: where products have to go through stages as they are made • What are the advantages/disadvantages of different types of business structure?
Enterprise Systems Group
HP Services
HP Financial Services
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Organisation by Product/Activity
Advantages • Clear focus on market segment helps meet customers’ needs • Positive competition between divisions • Better control as each division can act as separate profit centre Disadvantages • Duplication of functions (e.g. different sales force for each division) • Negative effects of competition • Lack of central control over each separate division
CopyrΒιβλιοθήκη Baidught 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Ways to Structure a Business
• By function: arranging the business according to what each section or department does • By product or activity: organising according to the different products made • By area: geographical or regional structure
Chief Executive
Board of Directors
Production
Marketing
Accounts
Personnel
IT
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Functional Structure
Advantages • Specialisation – each • department focuses on its own work • Accountability – • someone is responsible for the section • • Clarity – know your and others’ roles • Disadvantages Closed communication could lead to lack of focus Departments can become resistant to change Coordination may take too long Gap between top and bottom
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
An Example of Organisation by Product/Activity
Hewlett Packard
Imaging and Printing Group
Personal Systems Group
http://www.bized.co.uk
Organisational Structures
BTEC Business
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Why Have a Structure?
• All businesses have to organise what they do • A clear structure makes it easier to see which part of the business does what • There are many ways to structure a business
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Organisation by Area
Hewlett-Packard’s Headquarters Worldwide
Hewlett Packard
Americas Houston, Texas
Europe, Middle East, Africa Geneva, Switzerland
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Pros and Cons of Different Structures
• This depends on the business type, size and structure used • Let’s look at a functional structure:
http://www.bized.co.uk
Some Key Terms
• Flat or tall structure • Span of control • Chain of command • Hierarchy • Delegation • Empowerment
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Ways to Structure a Business
• By customer: where different customer groups have different needs
• By process: where products have to go through stages as they are made • What are the advantages/disadvantages of different types of business structure?
Enterprise Systems Group
HP Services
HP Financial Services
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Organisation by Product/Activity
Advantages • Clear focus on market segment helps meet customers’ needs • Positive competition between divisions • Better control as each division can act as separate profit centre Disadvantages • Duplication of functions (e.g. different sales force for each division) • Negative effects of competition • Lack of central control over each separate division
CopyrΒιβλιοθήκη Baidught 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Ways to Structure a Business
• By function: arranging the business according to what each section or department does • By product or activity: organising according to the different products made • By area: geographical or regional structure
Chief Executive
Board of Directors
Production
Marketing
Accounts
Personnel
IT
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Functional Structure
Advantages • Specialisation – each • department focuses on its own work • Accountability – • someone is responsible for the section • • Clarity – know your and others’ roles • Disadvantages Closed communication could lead to lack of focus Departments can become resistant to change Coordination may take too long Gap between top and bottom
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
An Example of Organisation by Product/Activity
Hewlett Packard
Imaging and Printing Group
Personal Systems Group
http://www.bized.co.uk
Organisational Structures
BTEC Business
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Why Have a Structure?
• All businesses have to organise what they do • A clear structure makes it easier to see which part of the business does what • There are many ways to structure a business
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Organisation by Area
Hewlett-Packard’s Headquarters Worldwide
Hewlett Packard
Americas Houston, Texas
Europe, Middle East, Africa Geneva, Switzerland
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ed
http://www.bized.co.uk
Pros and Cons of Different Structures
• This depends on the business type, size and structure used • Let’s look at a functional structure: