外文翻译-----学生信息管理系统的设计与发展
外文翻译---JSP的技术发展历史
THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSPBy:Kathy Sierra and Bert BatesSource:Servlet&JSPThe Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of according to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JSP compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can carry out the JSP on own system.The After Sun release the JSP( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a special development environment for the Web application that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on the market at inside of 85% server product.This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to is a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP.1.1 GENERALIZEThe JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the company of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dynamic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is explain by the language engine to carry out the procedure code in the code of HTML. Underneath we are simple of carry on the introduction to it.JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language. But it still matters which you choose.JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone:• It is easier to write and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.• You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags.• You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some requests in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.1.2 SOURCE OF JSPThe technique of JSP of the company of Sun, making the page of Web develop the personnel can use the HTML perhaps marking of XML to design to turn the end page with format. Use the perhaps small script future life of marking of JSP becomes the dynamic state on the page contents.( the contents changes according to the claim of)The Java Servlet is a technical foundation of JSP, and the large Web applies the development of the procedure to need the Java Servlet to match with with the JSP and then can complete, this name of Servlet comes from the Applet, the local translation method of now is a lot of, this book in order not to misconstruction, decide the direct adoption Servlet but don't do any translation, if reader would like to, can call it as" small service procedure". The Servlet is similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, NSAPI etc. Web procedure development the function of the tool in fact, at use the Java Servlet hereafter, the customer need not use again the lowly method of CGI of efficiency, also need not use only the ability come to born page of Web of dynamic state in the method of API that a certain fixed Web server terrace circulate. Many servers of Web all support the Servlet, even not support the Servlet server of Web directly and can also pass the additional applied server and the mold pieces to support the Servlet. Receive benefit in the characteristic of the Java cross-platform, the Servlet is also a terrace irrelevant, actually, as long as match the norm of Java Servlet, the Servlet is complete to have nothing to do with terrace and is to have nothing to do with server of Web. Because the Java Servlet is internal to provide the service by the line distance, need not start a progressto the each claimses, and make use of the multi-threading mechanism can at the same time for several claim service, therefore the efficiency of Java Servlet is very high.But the Java Servlet also is not to has no weakness, similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, the NSAPI method, the Java Servlet is to make use of to output the HTML language sentence to carry out the dynamic state web page of, if develop the whole website with the Java Servlet, the integration process of the dynamic state part and the static state page is an evil-foreboding dream simply. For solving this kind of weakness of the Java Servlet, the SUN released the JSP.A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea. He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual "embrace and extend" strategy. At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected "You mean disgrace and distend."Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, Cold Fusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager) popularized this approach before JSP came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon. In fact, JSP not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASP did.The JSP is an establishment at the model of Java servlets on of the expression layer technique, it makes the plait write the HTML to become more simple.Be like the SSJS, it also allows you carry the static state HTML contents and servers the script mix to put together the born dynamic state exportation. JSP the script language that the Java is the tacit approval, however, be like the ASP and can use other languages( such as JavaScript and VBScript), the norm of JSP also allows to use other languages.1.3JSP CHARACTERISTICSIs a service according to the script language in some one language of the statures system this kind of discuss, the JSP should be see make is a kind of script language.However, be a kind of script language, the JSP seemed to be too strong again, almost can use all Javas in the JSP.Be a kind of according to text originally of, take manifestation as the central development technique, the JSP provided all advantages of the Java Servlet, and, when combine with a JavaBeans together, providing a kind of make contents and manifestation that simple way that logic separate. Separate the contents and advantage of logical manifestations is, the personnel who renews the page external appearance need not know the code of Java, and renew the JavaBeans personnel also need not be design the web page of expert in hand, can use to take the page of JavaBeans JSP to define the template of Web, to build up a from have the alike external appearance of the website that page constitute. JavaBeans completes the data to provide, having no code of Java in the template thus, this means that these templates can be written the personnel by a HTML plait to support. Certainly, can also make use of the Java Servlet to control the logic of the website, adjust through the Java Servlet to use the way of the document of JSP to separate website of logic and contents.Generally speaking, in actual engine of JSP, the page of JSP is the edit and translate type while carry out, not explain the type of. Explain the dynamic state web page development tool of the type, such as ASP, PHP3 etc., because speed etc. reason, have already can't satisfy current the large electronic commerce needs appliedly, traditional development techniques are all at to edit and translate the executive way change, such as the ASP → ASP+;PHP3 → PHP4.In the JSP norm book, did not request the procedure in the JSP code part( be called the Scriptlet) and must write with the Java definitely. Actually, have some engines of JSP are adoptive other script languages such as the EMAC- Script, etc., but actually this a few script languages also are to set up on the Java, edit and translate for the Servlet to carry out of. Write according to the norm of JSP, have no Scriptlet of relation with Java also is can of, however, mainly lie in the ability and JavaBeans, the Enterprise JavaBeanses because of the JSP strong function to work together, so even is the Scriptlet part not to use the Java, edit and translate of performance code also should is related with Java.1.4JSP MECHANISMTo comprehend the JSP how unite the technical advantage that above various speak of, come to carry out various result easily, the customer must understand the differentiation of" the module develops for the web page of the center" and" the page develops for the web page of the center" first.The SSJS and ASP are all in several year ago to release, the network of that time is still very young, no one knows to still have in addition to making all business, datas and theexpression logic enter the original web page entirely heap what better solve the method. This kind of model that take page as the center studies and gets the very fast development easily. However, along with change of time, the people know that this kind of method is unwell in set up large, the Web that can upgrade applies the procedure. The expression logic write in the script environment was lock in the page, only passing to shear to slice and glue to stick then can drive heavy use. Express the logic to usually mix together with business and the data logics, when this makes be the procedure member to try to change an external appearance that applies the procedure but do not want to break with its llied business logic, apply the procedure of maintenance be like to walk the similar difficulty on the eggshell. In fact in the business enterprise, heavy use the application of the module already through very mature, no one would like to rewrite those logics for their applied procedure.HTML and sketch the designer handed over to the implement work of their design the Web plait the one who write, make they have to double work- Usually is the handicraft plait to write, because have no fit tool and can carry the script and the HTML contents knot to the server to put together. Chien but speech, apply the complexity of the procedure along with the Web to promote continuously, the development method that take page as the center limits sex to become to get up obviously.At the same time, the people always at look for the better method of build up the Web application procedure, the module spreads in customer's machine/ server the realm. JavaBeans and ActiveX were published the company to expand to apply the procedure developer for Java and Windows to use to come to develop the complicated procedure quickly by" the fast application procedure development"( RAD) tool. These techniques make the expert in the some realm be able to write the module for the perpendicular application plait in the skill area, but the developer can go fetch the usage directly but need not control the expertise of this realm.Be a kind of take module as the central development terrace, the JSP appeared. It with the JavaBeans and Enterprise JavaBeans( EJB) module includes the model of the business and the data logic for foundation, provide a great deal of label and a script terraces to use to come to show in the HTML page from the contents of JavaBeans creation or send a present in return. Because of the property that regards the module as the center of the JSP, it can drive Java and not the developer of Java uses equally. Not the developer of Java can pass the JSP label( Tags) to use the JavaBeans that the deluxe developer of Java establish. The developer of Java not only can establish and use the JavaBeans, but also can use the language of Java to come to control more accurately in the JSP page according to the expression logic of the first floor JavaBeans.See now how JSP is handle claim of HTTP. In basic claim model, a claim directly was send to JSP page in. The code of JSP controls to carry on hour of the logic processing and module of JavaBeanses' hand over with each other, and the manifestation result in dynamic state bornly, mixing with the HTML page of the static state HTML code. The Beans can be JavaBeans or module of EJBs. Moreover, the more complicated claim model can see make from is request other JSP pages of the page call sign or Java Servlets.The engine of JSP wants to chase the code of Java that the label of JSP, code of Java in the JSP page even all converts into the big piece together with the static state HTML contents actually. These codes piece was organized the Java Servlet that customer can not see to go to by the engine of JSP, then the Servlet edits and translate them automatically byte code of Java.Thus, the visitant that is the website requests a JSP page, under the condition of it is not knowing, an already born, the Servlet actual full general that prepared to edit and translate completes all works, very concealment but again and efficiently. The Servlet is to edit and translate of, so the code of JSP in the web page does not need when the every time requests that page is explain. The engine of JSP need to be edit and translate after Servlet the code end is modify only once, then this Servlet that editted and translate can be carry out. The in view of the fact JSP engine auto is born to edit and translate the Servlet also, need not procedure member begins to edit and translate the code, so the JSP can bring vivid sex that function and fast developments need that you are efficiently.Compared with the traditional CGI, the JSP has the equal advantage. First, on the speed, the traditional procedure of CGI needs to use the standard importation of the system to output the equipments to carry out the dynamic state web page born, but the JSP is direct is mutually the connection with server. And say for the CGI, each interview needs to add to add a progress to handle, the progress build up and destroy by burning constantly and will be a not small burden for calculator of be the server of Web. The next in order, the JSP is specialized to develop but design for the Web of, its purpose is for building up according to the Web applied procedure, included the norm and the tool of a the whole set. Use the technique of JSP can combine a lot of JSP pages to become a Web application procedure very expediently.JSP的技术发展历史作者：Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates来源：Servlet&JSPJava Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言——server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。
学生公寓管理系统--外文翻译
学生公寓管理系统--外文翻译)外文翻译本科毕业设计(论文1本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译2本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译3原文:The anesthesia information management system for electronicdocumentation: what are we waiting for?ERIC LAIMS and reasons for its useFor many hospital administrators and chief executive officers, the operating room is a black box. Patients may have common diagnoses and undergo common surgical procedures, but they often have diverse outcomes and different costs associated with their care. The reasons for the disparity are often multifaceted and not well defined. The current medical records system lacks the ability to define and compare outliers, thereby hindering analysis. Furthermore, many medical centers must maintain the high level of care in their practices without effecting change (operating at fixed costs), while reimbursement continually decreases relative to inflation (capitated markets). An AIMS potentially can bridge this economic gap by providing critical data useful forscheduling, operating room use, material management, and improved use of resources in a declining reimbursement environment.The electronic revolution enters this environment. As a medical specialty, anesthesiahas always embraced new technologies, such as the automated blood pressure cuff, invasive monitoring, and monitors that record physiologic trends. Early anesthesia record-keepers were able to obtain data from monitors, and anesthesiologists were able to create an electronic record instead of a paper record. The layout of the electronic record was similar to that of the customary paper record,thereby providing a format that was familiar to the Anesthesiologist.With an AIMS, in addition to physiologic data, other information such as surgical time, cost of medication, resources used, and quality assurance data can be recorded. Many departments have described their experiences with these systems and reported the corresponding cost-efficiencies that resulted from electronic data collation and the use of a simulation model. Moreover, electronic systems can search for patient allergies or identify improper drug dosages or contraindications. The system can verify provider attendance during procedures, as required by the Health Care Financing Administration in the United States. In addition, some systems (institutionally or commercially developed) offer a preoperative data entry system that can storeanesthetic histories and physical examination findings, and may be used to review preoperative laboratory data and medical histories.The ergonomics of newer AIMS have improved as computer technologyhas advanced; in contrast to the traditional keyboard method of data entry, barcoded materials and data entry with a touch screen or mouse are now available, and voice-activated systems are being refined. Electronic delivery systems allow the caregiver to administer medication without manually documenting the entry. These systems are electronically linked to the anesthesia equipment at the point of care, but departments can also use them to document anesthesia procedures in variouslocations .Monitoring equipment typically sends data in a unique andproprietary format through its RS232 ports. Newer monitors adhere to a common standard (e.g., universal serial bus [USB]), and today’s AIMS can collate and analyze data. Many ofthese physiologic monitors are linked via a network (e.g., localarea network or intranet) to servers that retain backup copies of the data. Duplicate copies of data are required for the mission-critical function of the operating room.The United States Institute of Medicine Guidelines for an electronic health record system The Institute of Medicine in the United States issued a report in 2003 that detailed the key capabilities of an EMR system . It should provide: (1) longitudinal collection of patient data;(2) immediate access by authorized users; (3) information to aid in decision-making throughout the continuum of patient care; and (4) support for efficient healthcare delivery. The guidelines furtherdivided the EMR into primary and secondary applications . Patient care, management, support processes, financial and administrative processes, and patient self-management are considered1本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译primary applications. Secondary applications include education, regulation, research,public health, and policy support.Primary application of an AIMS would omit patient self-management, but otherwise would comply with the guidelines described above. Similarly, secondary applications would also include education, regulation, and research. If an AIMS had a greater role, one could argue favorably about its role in public health and policy support. Bothpublic policy and public health are affected by the issue of what types of providers administer anesthesia. Aspects of anesthesiology that are important to public health (for example, whether changes in the quality of care occur when anesthesia is administered by a physician, a nurse anesthetist, or a physician and nurse anesthetist as a team, as performed in the United States and some European countries) can be analyzed using data from an AIMS. Furthermore, the role of the anesthesiologist assistant is evolving, and an AIMS may help define it. The increased accuracy in documentation that would result from the use of an AIMS will be necessary to determine policy support of an anesthesia care team.The Institute of Medicine has recommended time lines for the implementation of electronic medical record keeping. Guidelines for implementing an electronic system to record health data, results management, and order entry, as well as improve electronic communication, decision support, patient support, administrative processes, and population health management reporting, are slated for completion by the year 2010. The United States government has also supported an aggressive time line. Will this happen? Or will skeptics still rule the playingfield ?Advantages of an AIMSThe patient record is extremely important and must be carefully chronicled with every anesthetic procedure. The anesthetic record is used for patient care during anesthesia administration and in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU), the intensive care unit (ICU), and the postsurgical ward. The recorded information is used for billing, tabulating patient statistics, and reviewing previous anesthetic procedures. Finally, advances in quality improvement methods assist in peer review and legal defense.There are many advantages of an AIMS, including (1) capturing datain real time; (2) alerting the anesthesia provider of deviations from preset physiologic limits; (3) communicating with various patient databases; and (4) generating an accurate, understandable record at the end of the procedure. In certain instances, the EMR has enabled the identification of missing or incorrect data and thereby led to qualityimprovement. A study of manual and automated documentation during anesthesia procedures showed that, with an AIMS, 18.7% of anesthesia administrations had recorded adverse events versus 5.7% of administrations documented manually. Additional advantages of EMRs over manual records include immediate and simultaneous data access for authorized users, error checking, recovery of files from backup sources, definitions of billing and patient care for database entry, and integration of records into a searchable patient database . Table 1 provides example functions of an AIMS. Moreover, an AIMS can overcome problems with illegible handwriting and transcription errors. Nevertheless, electronic record-keeping systemsdo fail from time to time, although that frequency is not documented. Everyone must be prepared to document manually if the AIMS is unavailable.1.Automated collection of physiologic data from the operating roomin flowsheet format (a time-honored format designed by Harvey Cushing, circa 1900s)2.Mission-critical functionality3.Emergency provisions for charting4.Database for queries and analysis5.Electronic billing6.Cost analysis7.Ability to print hard copies (black and white or color; 1- or 2-sided pages)8.Electronic signature (e.g., authentication by biometric characteristic or password)9.Secure data entry, storage, transfer, and access10.Audit trails11.Preoperative and postoperative documentation12.Procedure documentation (e.g., central venous pressure, epidural anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, regional block anesthesia)5本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译13.Ability to use in remote areas distant from the operating room(e.g., endoscopy suite, radiology suite, emergency department)14.Full integration with other systems in the medical center (orwell interfaced)Total integration of an AIMS into the hospital information network Hospital administrators must consider merging an AIMS into the main body of the information network as a totally integrated system instead of an interfaced system. First, data should have seamless passage from one area or specialty to another. For example, after echocardiography is performed in the cardiology suite images should be instantly accessible by the anesthesia provider evaluating the patient for surgery. Similarly the anesthesia provider should be able to access laboratory data, consultations, pulmonary function test results and patient history at any time.Second, the resources required to support an integrated system are reduced when compared with maintaining an interfaced system because the information management team can be centralized with the mission to keep the whole system functioning. Otherwise, each proprietary system would require product-specific technology specialists for service. For AIMSs, which have a mission-critical function, the technical support staf would need to be available on a 24-h basis, resulting in high personnel costs.Third, if a fully integrated medical system is supported by a large medical informatics vendor, future upgrades and improvements can reasonably be assured. Some vendors offer real-time data acquisitionthat can be integrated with other aspects of the hospital information system, but many vendors do not. However, if products from multiple vendors are used in a noninte-grated system, upgrades may be dif, cult or impossible. For example, a newly acquired piece of operating room equipment(e.g., a system to record and view radio-graphic studies or transesophageal echocardiography images) may be only partially supported by a company for integration into its monitoring system. The AIMS vendor would need to create a driver to help interpret the data recorded bythis device or to import data. Ensuring timely access to data can be a concern, but such problems can be solved by sharing data within networks only on an intermittent basis. Networks currently are designed with a gigabit network bandwidth to ensure that data access is not compromised by the retrieval of information by others. Echocardiographic and otherradiology studies are accessible through a separate network backbone. In both integrated platforms and interfaced platforms, a high-gigabit network bandwidth enables one to transfer data from elsewhere without interrupting data capture with AIMS.Fourth, a fully integrated system provides the ability to analyze how the process of anesthesia and surgery fit into a medical center’s overall mission. Benchmarks fordata could be established, and the costs and resources needed could be determined. The whole process of healthcare delivery could be analyzed, and these data could be provided to state and government regulatory agencies or third-party payers (e.g., insurers). However, anesthesia departments often are fearful of how these data might be used and are concerned about potentially punitive outcomes. Nevertheless, in today’s high-priced medical environment, if these crucial data are not provided, solutions to problems will ultimately be generated by administrators and chief executive officers with minimal or no knowledge of the anesthesia process.6。
管理信息系统外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 ：专 业：姓 名：学 号：外文出处： Madiha shah procedia-social and附 件 ：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文管理信息系统(MIS)对学校的影响-----文献报告Madiha Shah Malaysia. Malaya大学马来西亚摘要鉴于其快捷和有效性,教育管理信息技术的使用已迅速增加。
在其发展的初始阶段,管理信息系统(MIS)的主要目的和使用是改善学校办公室活动的效率。
它是用于存储的学生和全体职工的数据。
最重要的的是重要数据录入和整理,而不是在数据传输或分析。
管理信息的价值当时被人们公认。
在集成阶段，全盘回顾文献，其强调积极影响学校管理和管理信息系统管理,包括更好的可访问性信息,更有效的管理,学校资源更高的利用率同时也减少了工作量,更好的时间管理,提高报告的质量。
对于信息管理系统，大量的抑制剂的使用在文献中很明显,其中最重要的是缺乏时间,缺乏信心或能力,缺乏培训,缺乏高层管理人员的支持,缺乏技术支持等。
管理信息系统可以提供所需的信息通知计划、决策和评估方面相关的管理员和教师。
管理信息系统改变了学校管理领域的领导、决策、工作负载、人力资源管理、沟通、责任,规划等方方面面。
这些系统可以帮助学校管理者在决定学校的目标,制定战略计划,分配资源,评估员工的绩效以及组织时更加顺利。
关键词: 管理信息系统、MIS 、学校管理、学校管理。
1、介绍电脑被视为有潜力在教学、学习和学校的管理方面做出重大的贡献。
信息和介绍通信技术(ICT)进入到学校包括硬件、软件、网络和员工发展的广泛的投资被认为是值得的前提。
如果有证据表明,它使在学校的表现和产生相应的影响有效性(Condie et al .,2007)真实存在。
利用信息技术在教育管理就会由于其效率和迅速增加有效性。
学校管理人员花大量的时间用于解决复杂的分配问题(如人员分配、资源分配、时间安排)和监控学校的操作已经有了更好的选择旨运用发展该技术。
实验室管理信息系统外文翻译
实验室管理信息系统外文翻译nXXX universities。
The management of these laboratories is a critical component of the overall management system。
Implementing scientific and modern management practices can XXX the level of teaching and research。
The laboratory n management system utilizes computer XXX n to manage computer are。
hardware systems。
and testing through the n of computer technology and management science.nXXX ns。
With the help of computer orks。
these XXX n。
The system can manage laboratory resources。
including equipment。
materials。
and personnel。
and provide real-time data on laboratory ns.The laboratory n management system can also XXX。
The system can automate data n and analysis。
cing the time and effort required for manual data entry。
The system can also streamline laboratory workflows。
XXX.XXX efficiency。
the laboratory n management system can enhance the quality of teaching and research。
外文翻译---安卓系统的基本描述
附录二外文文献（原文）The basic of description of android system The mainstream of the next generation of open operating systems will not be on the desktop, but will appear in the phone that we carry every day. Open environment will lead these new applications may be integrated into these online services that already exist, of course, as with growing data services on mobile phones support the security flaws on the phone is also becoming increasingly clear. The nature of the next-generation operating system, whether to provide a complete integrated security platform.By the Open Mobile Alliance (open Handset Alliance led by Google) developed the android system is a widely optimistic about an open source phone system, the system provides a basic operating system, a middle ware application layer, a java development tools and a system Application collector (collection of system applications). The android the SDK since 2007 on the release of the first android phone in October 2008 before the birth. Google opened since then on his own time, Taiwan's HTC, the manufacturer of the T-Mobile G1 estimate G1 shipments have more than one million at the end of 2008. According to industry insiders expect the G1 mobile phone sales in 2009 continue. Many other mobile phone suppliers in the near future plans to support this system.Around an android and a huge developer community has been established, while a lot of new products and applications on the android. Android's main selling point is that it enables developers to seamlessly expand online services to mobile phones. This is the most obvious example is Google's tightly integrated with Gmail, Calendar and Contacts Web applications through the system. Users only need to provide an android user name and password, the phone automatically sync with Google services. The other vendors are quickly adapt their existing instant messaging, social networking and gaming services. Android and many companies find new ways to integrate their existing business to the android.Traditional desktop and server operating system has been working for the integration of security features. These individuals and business applications on a single platform is very good, however a business phone platform like android is not very useful. It gives the hope of many researchers. Android is not parked in the body for other platform application support: the implementation of the application depends on a top-level JA V A middle ware, the middle ware running on the embedded Linux kernel. Therefore, developers should deploy their applications to the Android mustuse a custom user interface environment.In addition, the android system applications limit the application to call each other API collaboration, and the other to authenticate the user application. Although these applications have certain safety features, some of our experienced developers to create Android applications who revealed that the design of security applications is not always straight forward. Android uses a simple permission label distribution mode to restrict access to resources, but the reasons for the necessity and convenience of other applications, the designers have increased the confusion on this system. This paper attempts to explain the complexity of the Android security, and pay attention to some of the possible development defects and application security. We try to draw some lessons learned, and hope that the safety of the future.Android application framework for developers is a mandatory framework. It does not have a main () function function or a single entry point for the implementation of the contrary, the developer must in the design of application components. We developed applications to help the API of the android sdkThe Android system defines four kinds of component type.Activity component that defines the application user interface. Usually, the application developer defines each activity screen. Activity can start, it may pass and return values. Can be handled at a time only a keyboard system Activity, all other Activity will be suspended at this time.Service components perform background processing. The need for some operations when an activity, after the disappearance of the user interface (such as downloading a file or playing music), it usually take such action specially designed services. Developers can also use a special daemon at system startup, the service is usually defined a remote procedure call (RPC), and other system components can be used to send the interface command and retrieve data, as well as to register a callback function.ContentProvider component storage and share data with relational database interfaces. Each Content supplier has an associated "rights" to describe its contents contains. Other components when used as a handle to execute SQL queries (eg SELECT, INSERT, or DELETE content. Content suppliers are typically stored the values on the database records, data retrieval is a special case, the file is also shared by the content provider interface.The components of the broadcast receiver as to send a message from the mailbox to the application. Typically, the broadcast message, the application code implicit destination. Therefore, the radio receiver subscribe to these destinations receive messages sent to it. The application code can also be solved explicitly broadcast receivers, including the name space allocation.The main mechanism of the interaction of the components of the Component Interaction, is an intent, which is a simple message object, which contains a destination address and data components. The Android API defines his approach into intent, and use that information to initiate an activity such as start an activity (startActivity (An intent)) start services (the startService (An intent)) and radio (sendBroadcast (An intent)). Android framework to inform the calls to these methods began to perform in the target application code. This process, the internal components of communication is called an action. Simply put, the Intent object defined in the "Intent to implement the" action ". One of the most powerful features of the Android is allowed a variety of intent addressing mechanism. The developer can solve the space of a target component using its applications, they can also specify an implicit name. In the latter case, the system determines the best components of an action by considering the installed applications and user choice.Implicit name is called the action string because of his special type of the requested action. Such as a view action string, in an intent data field points to an image file, the system will directly referring to the preferred image viewer.Developers can also use the action string a large number of radio to send and receive. Receiver at the receiving end, the developers use an intent filter to customize the special action string. Android Department, including the additional goal of the resolution rules, but an optional string type of data manipulation is the most common.Android applications are written in the Java programming language.The compiled Java code —along with any data and resource files required by the application —is bundled by the apt tool into an Android package,an archive file marked by an .apk suffix.This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices;it's the file users download to their devices.All the code in a single.apk file is considered to be one application.In many ways,each Android application lives in its own world:（1）By default,every application runs in its own Linux process.Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed,and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by otherapplications.（2）Each process has its own virtual machine(VM),so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications.（3）By default,each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID.Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself —altough there are ways to export them to other applications as well.It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID,in while case they will be able to see each other's files.To conserve system resources,applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process,sharing the same VM.Application ComponentsA central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other application (provided those application permit it).For example,if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others,you can call upon that scroller to do the work,rather than develop your own.Your application doesn't incorporate the code of the other application or link to it.Rather,it simply starts up that piece of the other application when the need arises.For this to work,the system must be able to start an application process when any part of it is needed,and instantiate the Java objects for that part.Therefore,unlike applications on most other systems,Android applications don't have a single entry point for everything in the application(no main()function,for example).Rather,they have essential components that the system can instantiate and run as needed.There are four types of components:ActivitiesAn activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake.For example,an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions.A text messaging application might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to,a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact,and other activities to review old messages or change or change settings.Tough they work together to form a cohesive user interface,each activity is independent of the others.Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class.An application might consist of just one activity or,like the text messaging application just mentioned,it may contain several.What the activities are,and how many there are depends,of course,on the application and its design.Typically,one of the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched.Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one.Each activity is given a default window to draw in.Typically,the window fills the screen,but it might be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows.An activity can also make use of additional windows —for example,a pop-up dialog that calls for a user response in the midst of the activity,or a window that presents users with vital information when they select a particular item on-screen.The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views —objects derived from the base View class.Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the window.Parent views contain and organize the layout of their children.Leaf views(those at the bottom of the hierarchy)draw in the rectangles they control and respond to user actions directed at that space.Thus,views are where the activity's interaction with the user takes place.For example,a view might display a small image and initiate an action when the user taps that image.Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use —including buttons,text fields,scroll bars,menu items,check boxes,and more.A view hierarchy is placed within an activity's window by the Activity.setContentView()method.The content view is the View object at the root of the hierarchy.(See the separate User Interface document for more information on views and the hierarchy.)ServicesA service doesn't have a visual user interface,but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time.For example,a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters,or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it.Each service extends the Service base class.A prime example is a media player songs from a play list.The player application would probably have one or more activities that allow the user to choose songs and start playing them.However,the music playback itself would bot be handled by an activity because users will expect the music to keep the music going,the media player activity could start a service to run in the background.The system would then keep themusic playback service running even after the activity that started it leaves the screen.It's possible to connect to (bind to)an ongoing service(and start the service if it's not already running).While connected,you can communicate with the service through an interface that the service exposes.For the music service,this interface might allow users to pause,rewind,stop,and restart the playback.Like activities and the other components,services run in the main thread of the application process.So that they won't block other components or the user interface,they often spawn another thread for time-consuming tasks(like music playback).See Processes and Thread,later.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that does nothing but receive and react to broadcast announcements.Many broadcasts originate in system code —for example,announcements that the timezone has changed,that the battery is low,that a picture has been taken,or that the user changed a language preference.Applications can also initiate broadcasts —for example,to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.An application can have any number of broadcast receivers to respond to respond to respond to any announcements it considers important.All receivers extend the BroadcastReceiver base class.Broadcast receivers do not display a user interface.However,they may start an activity in response to the information they receive,or they may use the NotificationManager to alert the user.Notifications can get the user's attention in various ways —flashing the backlight,vibrating the device,playing a sound,and so on,They typically place a persistent icon in the status bar,which users can open to get the message.Content providersA content provider makes a specific set of the application's data available to other applications.The data can be stored in the file system,in an SQLite database,or in any other manner that makes sense.The content provider extends the ContentProvider base class to implement a standard set of methods that enable other applications to retrieve and store data of the type it controls.However,applications do not call these methods directly.Rather they use a ContentResolver object and call its methods instead.A ContentResolver can talk to any content provider;it cooperates with the provider to manage any interprocess communication that's involved.See the separate Content Providers document for more information on using content providers.Whenever there's a request that should be handled by a particular component,Android makes sure that the application process of the component is running,starting it if necessary,and that an appropriate instance of the component is available,creating the instance if necessary.Activating components:intentsContent providers are activated when they're targeted by a request from a ContentResolver.The other three components —activities,services,and broadcast receivers —are activated by asynchronous messages called intents.An intent is an Intent object that holds the content of the message.For activities and services,it names the action being requested and specifies the URI of the data to act on,among other things.For example,it might convey a request for an activity to present an image t the user or let the user edit some text.For broadcast receivers,the Intent object names the action being announced.For example,it might announce to interested parties that the camera button has been pressed.There are separate methods for activating each type of component:1.An activity is launched(or given something new to do)by passing an Intent object to Context.startActivity() or Activity.startActivityForResult().The responding activity can look at the initial intent that caused it to be launched by calling its getIntent() method.Android calls the activity's onNewIntent()method to pass it any subsequent intents.One activity often starts the next one.If it expects a result back from the activity it's starting,it calls startActivityForResult() instead of startActivity().For example,if it starts an activity that lets the user pick a photo,it might expect to be returned the chosen photo.The result is returned in an Intent object that's passed to the calling activity's onActivityResult() method.2.A service is started(or new instructions are given to an ongoing service)by passing an Intent object to Context.startService().Android calls the service's onStart() method and passes it the Intent object.Similarly,an intent can be passed to Context.bindService() to establish an ongoing connection between the calling component and a target service.The service receives the Intent object in an onBind() call.(If the service is not already running,bindService() can optionally start it.)For example,an activity might establish a connection with the music playback service mentioned earlier so that it can provide the user with the means(a user interface)for controlling the playback.The activity would call bindService() to set up thatconnection,and then call methods defined by the service to affect the playback.A later section,Remote procedure calls,has more details about binding to a service.3.An application can initiate a broadcast by passing an Intent object to methods like Context.sendStickyBroadcast() in any of their variations.Android delivers the intent to all interested broadcast receivers by calling their onReceive() methods.For more on intent messages,see the separate article,Intents and Intent Filters.Shutting down componentsA content provider is active only while it's responding to a request from a ContentResolver.And a broadcast receiver is active only while it's responding to a broadcast message.So there's no need to explicitly shut down these components.Activities,on the other hand,provide the user interface.They're in a long-running conversation with the user and may remain active,even when idle,as long time.So Android has methods to shut down activities and services in an orderly way:1.An activity can be shut down by calling its finish() method.Onte activity can shut down another activity (one it started with startActivityForResult())by calling finishActivity().2.A service can be stopped by calling its stopSelf() method,or by calling Context.stopService().Components might also be shut down by the system when they are no longer being used or when Android must reclaim memory for more active components.A later section,Component Lifecycles,discusses this possibility and its ramifications in more detail.The manifest fileBefore Android can start an application component,it must learn that the component exists.Therefore,applications declare their components in a manifest file that's bundled into the Android package,the .apk file that also holds the application's code,files, and resources.The manifest is a structured XML file and is always named AndroidManifest.xml for all applications.It does a number of things in addition to declaring the application's components,such as naming any libraries the application needs to be linked against(besides the default Android library)and identifying any permissions the application expects to be granted.But the principal task of the manifest is to inform Android about the application's components.For example,an activity might be declared as follows:The name attribute of the <activity>element names the Activity subclass that implements the activity.The icon and label attributes point to resource files containing an icon and label that can be displayed to users to resource files containing an icon and label that can be displayed to users to represent the activity.The other components are declared in a similar way —<service>elements for services,<receiver>elements for broadcast receivers,and<provider>elements for content providers.Activities,services,and content providers that are not declared in the manifest are not visible to the system and are consequently never run.However,broadcast receivers can either be declared in the manifest,or they can be created dynamically i code (as BroadcastReceiver objects)and registered with the system by calling Context.registerReceiber().For more on how to structure a manifest file for your application,see The Android Manifest.xml File.Intent filtersAn Intent object can explicitly name a target component.If it does,Android finds that component(based on the declarations in the manifest file)and activates it.But if a target is not explicitly named,Android must locate the best component to respond to the intent.It does s by comparing the Intent object to the intent filters of potential targets.A component's intent filters inform Android of the kinds of intents the component is able to handle.Like other essential information about the component,they're declared in the manifest.Here's an extension of the previous example that adds two intent filters to the activity:The first filter in the example —the combination of the action "android.intent.action.MAIN"and the category "UNCHER"—is a common one.It marks the activity as one that should be represented in the application launcher,the screen listing applications users can launch on the device.In other words,the activity is the entry point for the application,the initial one users would see when they choose the application in the launcher.The component can have any number of intent filters,each one declaring a different set of capabilities.If it doesn't have any filters,it can be activated only by intents that explicitly name the component as the target.For a broadcast receiver that's created and registered in code,the intent filter is instantiated directly as an IntentFilter object.All other filters are set up in the manifest.For more on intent filters,see a separate document, Intents and Intent Filters.附录三外文文献（译文）安卓系统的基本描述下一代开放操作系统的主流将不会在桌面上，但是将会出现在我们每天携带的手机上。
外文翻译---基于校园网的高校教育信息系统的研究与实现
附录Design and Implementation of the Higher Education Management InformationSystem in Campus NetworkAbstract：After the construction of the campus network, a university-wide, open, distributed, multimedia information system was built. This paper introduces the higher education management information system, the relationship between the campus network and the management information system (MIS). system structure combines three structures, the browser/web server, the browser/web server/DBMS and the client/server. This paper develops a method for constructing the large MIS by combining the three structure . Several important application systems developed with these techniques are running successfully on the campus network.Key words：automatic office; information service; WWW; information safetyWith the development of technology in computer and network, computer network has been more and more widely used. As for colleges and universities, the function of the establishment of the campus network in general lies in the following two aspects: the first is the external network connection, connecting with INTERNET, providing the university's information services, getting involved in the information trend of the world to understand the outside world, and strengthen academic exchanges and cooperation. Another is to establish information management system of the university, management, and technology; use modern means to improve the quality of teaching and management level. Through the network, use multimedia and communication technologies to achieve long-distance teaching and complementarities of teachers and other conditions. As the management information system is relatively sound, the network application starts the importance of building a campus network and to realize the full benefits. Therefore, what the technical development and construction information management system of colleges and universities is the subject of this article.1 The needs and goals of Higher Education Information SystemDomestic colleges and universities have three models information systems at the same time, due to the uneven development of the campus network. The first model is the stand-alone management style, because in some schools, the computer networkhas not yet been established, so that the computer can not exchange data and share information. These schools are still facing the individual transaction level in the sector. This state of affairs determines their data are often inconsistent, prone to lose data, and the system is easy to be infected with a virus, etc. The second model is the LAN management model, which can carry out work on the net, such as establish information management systems in local area network, and the data is collected on the department server. The management of this sector provides data sharing. By using this approach for the management of the department, it has played a catalytic role to solve the department and the data redundancy inconsistent, but applications are completed in the workstation whose burden is too heavy, so what the server can do is just for file storage, data storage and print sharing with lower network utilization. Many schools have their own local area network; the firms involved which can not be achieved between different units of data sharing, but also not the rational flow of information resources. The third model is online information system of the school campus, the information systems is based on departments management system, the data used by each department can also be shared with all the staff.2 The realization of Higher Education Information SystemColleges and universities based on the general analysis, can be drawn from the information needs of the school are: information services, office information management information and education information. They demand information on the college system is a university-wide, open, distributed, multimedia information system, according to the information needs of the establishment of schools of information subsystems, namely integrated information services, office automation, network administration and management of information and teaching system. The face of these suB/Systems with different users, the organization of data in different ways, so the need for solution of different technologies. Domestic and foreign-oriented, internal and external users of the system, users use the most convenient www browser; in the functions of management, the majority of information for structured data, users of data are complex to operate, should be oriented database management in the flow of information between the office, most of unstructured data, and process complex information, using Lotus Notes data organized.2.1 By WWW technology develop comprehensive information service systemAfter the emergence of Internet/Intranet, WWW technology as the mainstream of information services system develops rapidly. Due to the use of WWW technology,breaking the original scope of information services, schools’ information can open to the whole country and the world at large. Integrated information service system take the campus network as the physical environment, external and Internet connected, providing a variety of types of information. Besides the information on the daily use of text messages, it also can provide audio, video information in the form of services, such as school leaders’ important speech recording and a wide range of academic reports to mold students’ character. Video is also very rich in information content. Comprehensive WWW information service system to provide a variety of multimedia information services, but also achieved with the departmental management information system (RDBMS) and the school office automation system (NOTES) combined with the organic. The type of service information from the file system extended to the SQL Server database and Notes database.The extensive information system determine the users to must use the common cross-platform software. WWW browser provides a good condition for the information service system. The system uses the B/S (Browser/Server) architecture, which is easy to operate. And client software installation is simple and easy to maintain and so on.Integrated information service system is made up of more than online information server in the campus , of which a large number of user-oriented information on the main server, other servers can be specified by the user-specific direct access to ports, which is also available from the main server on the establishment of information connected, through a visit to the main server.2.2 Using Notes technology to fulfill campus network office automation systemIn the management of colleges and universities, office information flows in two ways, one is between higher and lower levels of information flow, such as the Office of the principal's to the Department, the Department's Office to give notice of teachers and students; the other is horizontal information flow, such as the Office of Academic Affairs for Personnel information, Personnel Department to research information. To improve office efficiency, we must change the traditional way of handling things by hand, the application of modern office technology, office systems to establish school.Office system is multi-user-oriented information systems built on the campus online. It uses Lotus Notes as a system development platform, Notes with advanced database document processing functions, not only can deal with structured data, but also capable of dealing with the general document data, graphics, images, sounds andother unstructured data. It can combine with the software such as MS Word, MS Excel which users are familiar, leaving sufficient room for further expansion. Now it had developed general official functions, such as, document management, mail, conference management, office discussion boards, document information. Since Notes with the WWW information dissemination functions, it has been used not only for school office staff, but school teachers and students also can use the WWW browser to access the contents of the office system.2.3 Use database technique to develop information management systemTake campus network as the physical environment for the establishment of the functional departments of the management information system to support the specific bus iness of the executive branch of work. Schools’ basic data including the information of teachers, students, research, financial and equipment that are scattered in various departments or departments of computer local area network servers before. Since network has been set up on campus, in order to achieve the basis for all the sharing of information, we must unit data storage and unified management.In spite of B/W/D has many advantages, it can not provide rich enough data in the development of technical means. In the complex manipulation, C/S approach is still used. This approach requires computer concentrated in the physical location of the unit, the number of control in a limited range. What methods to be used based on user type and function. Geographically dispersed users must use the B/W/D structure, such as students, teachers, information, as they are decentralized and the use of location uncertainty, the use of WWW interface is preferred approach. Organs ministries office-based general WWW interface, and in academic departments (bear registration, results, course arrangement, such as transaction processing course) data-processing-oriented sector take use of C/S mode, as a result of concentrated and complex data processing.3College Information System Security PolicyAfter the completion of management information system, anyone can visit the colleges and universities through the campus computer network, which may have a "hacker" trying to attack the network, network, dissemination of computer viruses, as well as the possible theft of confidential technical information and data and so on, so it is particularly important to safety management. Network and security management information system includes the physical security and logical security, in which physical security mainly refers to the maintenance of network, hardware and the use and management, etc.; and the logic of security is put forward from the softwareperspective, mainly referring to data confidentiality, integrity, availability and so on.Security management of Campus network and information management systems is a big problem, only a very good safety-focused management, and good management measures to take, can it keep operation of the campus network and of the information management systems normal.4Concluding remarksTaking advantage of Internet/Intranet helps to realize education and management network-based, and the realization of the system becomes easier, management and maintenance more convenient, data queries more flexible in particular, and the requirements of the client significantly reduced (only need to run the standard browser) . In the Intranet environment, network security has greatly improved. Network access can not subject to geographical constraints with Internet connectivity, so that the expansion of the network gets easier and easier. Therefore, establishing education information management system in campus environment has become a well-established method.From <Management Information System for the information age 2nd Canadian Edition>基于校园网的高校教育信息系统的研究与实现摘要：高校的校园网建成以后，需要在校园网上建设一个全校范围的、开放的、分布的、多媒体的管理信息系统。
信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计
附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, theanalyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory.Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a datadictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to t he hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures.Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。
内部控制外文文献及翻译
中文4500字本科生毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文所在系管理系学生姓名郭淼专业会计学班级学号指导教师2013年6月外文文献原文及译文Internal ControlEmergence and development of the theory of the evolution of the internal controlInternal control in Western countries have a long history of development, according to the internal control characteristics at different stages of development, the development of internal control can be divided into four stages, namely the internal containment phase, the internal control system phase, the internal control structure phase, overall internal control framework stage.Internal check stages: infancy internal controlBefore the 1940s, people used to use the concept of internal check. This is the embryonic stage of internal control. "Keshi Accounting Dictionary" definition of internal check is "to provide effective organization and mode of operation, business process design errors and prevent illegal activities occur. Whose main characteristic is any individual or department alone can not control any part of one or the right way to conduct business on the division of responsibility for the organization, each business through the normal functioning of other individuals or departments for cross-examination or cross-control. designing effective internal check to ensure that all businesses can complete correctly after a specified handler in the process of these provisions, the internal containment function is always an integral part. "The late 1940s, the internal containment theory become important management methods and concepts. Internal check on a "troubleshooting a variety of measures" for the purpose of separation of duties and account reconciliation as a means to money and accounting matters and accounts as the main control object primary control measures. Its characteristics are account reconciliation and segregation of duties as the main content and thus cross-examination or cross-control. In general, the implementation of internal check function can be roughly divided into the following four categories: physical containment; mechanical containment; institutional containment; bookkeeping contain. The basic idea is to contain the internal "security is the result of checks and balances," which is based on two assumptions: First: two or more persons1西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）or departments making the same mistake unconsciously chance is very small; Second: Two or more the possibility of a person or department consciously partnership possibility of fraud is much lower than a single person or department fraud. Practice has proved that these assumptions are reasonable, internal check mechanism for organizations to control, segregation of duties control is the foundation of the modern theory of internal control.Internal control system phases:generating of internal controlThe late1940s to the early1970s, based on the idea of internal check, resulting in the concept of the internal control system, which is the stage in the modern sense of internal control generated. Industrial Revolution has greatly promoted the major change relations of production, joint-stock company has gradually become the main form of business organization of Western countries, in order to meet the requirements of prevailing socio-economic relations,to protect the economic interests of investors and creditors, the Western countries have legal requirements in the form of strengthen the corporate financial and accounting information as well as internal management of this economic activity.In 1934, the "securities and exchange act" issued by the U.S. government for the first time puts forward the concept of "internal accounting control", the implementation of general and special authorization book records, trading records, and compared different remedial measures such as transaction assets. In 1949, the American institute of certified public accountants (AICPA) belongs to the audit procedures of the committee (CPA) in the essential element of internal control: the system coordination, and its importance to management department and the independence of certified public accountants' report, the first official put forward the definition of internal control: "the design of the internal control includes the organization and enterprise to take all of the methods and measures to coordinate with each other. All of these methods and measures used to protect the property of the enterprise, to check the accuracy of accounting information, improve the efficiency of management, promote enterprise stick to established management guidelines." The definition from the formulation and perfecting the inner control of the organization, plan, method and measures such as rules and regulations to implement internal control, break through the limitation of control related to the financial and accounting department directly, the four objectives of internal control, namely the enterprise in commercial2外文文献原文及译文activities to protect assets, check the veracity and reliability of financial data, improve the work efficiency, and promote to management regulations. The definition of positive significance is to help management authorities to strengthen its management, but the scope of limitation is too broad. In 1958, the commission issued no. 29 audit procedures bulletin "independent auditors evaluate the scope of internal control", according to the requirements of the audit responsibility, internal control can be divided into two aspects, namely, the internal accounting control and internal management control. The former is mainly related to the first two of the internal control goal, the latter mainly relates to the internal control after two goals. This is the origin of the internal control system of "dichotomy". Because the concept of management control is vague and fuzzy, in the actual business line between internal control and internal accounting control is difficult to draw. In order to clear the relations between the two, in 1972 the American institute of certified public accountants in the auditing standards announcement no. 1, this paper expounds the internal management control and internal accounting control: the definition of "internal management control including, but not limited to organization plan, and the administrative department of the authorized approval of economic business decision-making steps on the relevant procedures and records. This authorization of items approved activities is the responsibility of management, it is directly related to the management department to perform the organization's business objectives, is the starting point of the economic business accounting control." At the same time, the important content of internal accounting control degree and protect assets, to ensure that the financial records credibility related institutions plans, procedures and records. After a series of changes and redefine the meaning of the internal control is more clear than before and the specification, increasingly broad scope, and introduces the concept of internal audit, has received recognition around the world and references, the internal control system is made.The internal control structure stage: development of the internal controlTheory of internal control structure formed in the 90 s to the 1980 s, this phase of western accounting audit of internal control research focus gradually from the general meaning to specific content to deepen. During this period, the system management theory has become the new management idea, it says: no physical objects in the world are composed of elements of3西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）system, due to the factors, there exists a complicated nonlinear relationship between system must have elements do not have new features, therefore, should be based on the whole the relationship between elements. System management theory will enterprise as a organic system composed of subsystems on management, pay attention to the coordination between the subsystems and the interaction with the environment. In the modern company system and system management theory, under the concept of early already cannot satisfy the need of internal control systems. In 1988, the American institute of certified public accountants issued "auditing standards announcement no. 55", in the announcement, for the first time with the word "internal control structure" to replace the original "internal control", and points out that: "the enterprise's internal control structure including provide for specific target reasonable assurance of the company set up all kinds of policies and procedures". The announcement that the internal control structure consists of control environment, accounting system (accounting system), the control program "three components, the internal control as a organic whole composed of these three elements, raised to the attention of the internal control environment.The control environment, reflecting the board of directors, managers, owners, and other personnel to control the attitude and behavior. Specific include: management philosophy and operating style, organizational structure, the function of the board of directors and the audit committee, personnel policies and procedures, the way to determine the authority and responsibility, managers control method used in the monitoring and inspection work, including business planning, budgeting, forecasting, profit plans, responsibility accounting and internal audit, etc.Accounting systems, regulations of various economic business confirmation, the collection, classification, analysis, registration and preparing method. An effective accounting system includes the following content: identification and registration of all legitimate economic business; Classifying the various economic business appropriate, as the basis of preparation of statements; Measuring the value of economic business to make its currency's value can be recorded in the financial statements; Determine the economic business events, to ensure that it recorded in the proper accounting period; Describe properly in the financial statements of4外文文献原文及译文economic business and related content.The control program, refers to the management policies and procedures, to ensure to achieve certain purpose. It includes economic business and activity approval; Clear division of the responsibility of each employee; Adequate vouchers and bills setting and records; The contact of assets and records control; The business of independent audit, etc. Internal structure of control system management theory as the main control thought, attaches great importance to the environmental factors as an important part of internal control, the control environment, accounting system and control program three elements into the category of internal control; No longer distinguish between accounting control and management control, and uniform in elements describe the internal control, think the two are inseparable and contact each other.Overall internal control framework stages: stage of internal controlAfter entering the 1990 s, the study of internal control into a new stage. With the improvement of the corporate governance institutions, the development of electronic information technology, in order to adapt to the new economic and organizational form, using the new management thinking, "internal control structure" for the development of "internal control to control the overall framework". In 1992, the famous research institutions internal control "by organization committee" (COSO) issued a landmark project - "internal control - the whole framework", also known as the COSO report, made the unification of the internal control system framework. In 1994, the report on the supplement, the international community and various professional bodies widely acknowledged, has wide applicability. The COSO report is a historical breakthrough in the research of internal control theory, it will first put forward the concept of internal control system of the internal control by the original planar structure for the development of space frame model, represents the highest level of the studies on the internal control in the world.The COSO report defines internal control as: "designed by enterprise management, to achieve the effect and efficiency of the business, reliable financial reporting and legal compliance goals to provide reasonable assurance, by the board of directors, managers and other staff to5西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）implement a process." By defining it can be seen that the COSO report that internal control is a process, will be affected by different personnel; At the same time, the internal control is a in order to achieve business objectives the group provides reasonable guarantee the design and implementation of the program. The COSO report put forward three goals and the five elements of internal control. The three major target is a target business objectives, information and compliance. Among them, the management goal is to ensure business efficiency and effectiveness of the internal control; Information goal is refers to the internal control to ensure the reliability of the enterprise financial report; Compliance goal refers to the internal controls should abide by corresponding laws and regulations and the rules and regulations of the enterprise.COSO report that internal control consists of five elements contact each other and form an integral system, which is composed of five elements: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, monitoring and review.Control Environment: It refers to the control staff to fulfill its obligation to carry out business activities in which the atmosphere. Including staff of honesty and ethics, staff competence, board of directors or audit committee, management philosophy and management style, organizational structure, rights and responsibilities granted to the way human resources policies and implementation.Risk assessment: It refers to the management to identify and take appropriate action to manage operations, financial reporting, internal or external risks affecting compliance objectives, including risk identification and risk analysis. Risk identification including external factors (such as technological development, competition, changes in the economy) and internal factors (such as the quality of the staff, the company nature of activities, information systems handling characteristics) to be checked. Risk analysis involves a significant degree of risk estimates to assess the likelihood of the risk occurring, consider how to manage risk.Control activities: it refers to companies to develop and implement policies and procedures, and 6外文文献原文及译文to take the necessary measures against the risks identified in order to ensure the unit's objectives are achieved. In practice, control activities in various forms, usually following categories: performance evaluation, information processing, physical controls, segregation of duties.Information and communication: it refers to enable staff to perform their duties, to provide staff with the exchange and dissemination of information as well as information required in the implementation, management and control operations process, companies must identify, capture, exchange of external and internal information. External information, including market share, regulatory requirements and customer complaints and other information. The method of internal information including accounting system that records created by the regulatory authorities and reporting of business and economic matters, maintenance of assets, liabilities and owners' equity and recorded. Communication is so that employees understand their responsibilities to maintain control over financial reporting. There are ways to communicate policy manuals, financial reporting manuals, reference books, as well as examples such as verbal communication or management.Monitoring: It refers to the evaluation of internal controls operation of the quality of the process, namely the reform of internal control, operation and improvement activities evaluated. Including internal and external audits, external exchanges.Five elements of internal control system is actually wide-ranging, interrelated influence each other. Control environment is the basis for the implementation of other control elements; control activities must be based on the risks faced by companies may have a detailed understanding and assessment basis; while risk assessment and control activities within the enterprise must use effective communication of information; Finally, effective monitoring the implementation of internal control is a means to protect the quality. Three goals and five elements for the formation and development of the internal control system theory laid the foundation, which fully reflects the guiding ideology of the modern enterprise management idea that security is the result of systems management. COSO report emphasizes the integration framework and internal control system composed of five elements, the framework for the7西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）establishment of an internal control system, operation and maintenance of the foundation.In summary,because of social, economic and environmental change management, internal control functions along with the changes, in order to guide the evolution of the internal control theory. As can be seen from the history of the development of internal control theory, often derived from the internal control organizational change management requirements, from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, innovation management methods and tools for the development of the power to bring internal controls.From the internal containment center,controlled by the internal organization of the mutual relations between the internal control of various subsystems and went to COSO as the representative to the prevention and management loopholes to prevent the goal, through the organization of control and information systems,to achieve the overall system optimization of modern internal sense of control theory, from Admiral time, corresponding to the two economic revolution.Therefore, in the analysis of foreign internal control theory and Its Evolution, requires a combination of prevailing socio-economic environment and business organization and management requirements, so as to understand the nature of a deeper internal control theory of development.8外文文献原文及译文译文：内部控制Ge.McVay一、内部控制理论的产生与发展演进内部控制在西方国家已经有比较长的发展历史，根据内部控制在不同发展阶段的特征，可以将内部控制的发展分为四个阶段，即内部牵制阶段、内部控制制度阶段、内部控制结构阶段、内部控制整体框架阶段。
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英文译文学生信息管理系统的设计与发展随着信息技术的日新月异,各种管理系统的相继出现,让日常生活变的更加具有条理化, 尽可能的合理的运用网络资源可以大大的减少人工管理上带来的不便及时间的浪费.二十一世纪现代化程度的不断加速,科学文化水平的不断提高,学生数量的急剧增长，势必增加了管理学生信息带来的压力，人工检索的低效完全不符合整个社会的需要.学生信息管理系统是信息管理系统中的一种，目前信息技术不断的发展，网络技术已经广泛的应用于我们身边的各行各业，有了网络技术的发展，各高校都利用计算机来管理办学，以前学校靠手工操作的一切繁琐事情都得到了快速且高效率的解决，特别是学生成绩管理系统在学校中起到了很大的作用，对于学生和教师来说都能够更方便、快捷、准确地了解和管理各方面信息。
采用人工管理庞大的数据库是一项繁重枯燥的工作，无论是数据录入，查询还是修改都存在着工作量大，效率低下，周期长的缺点。
而计算机管理系统的引进将给人工管理数据库的工作带来一次彻底的变革。
学校由于学生众多，学生数据信息库庞大，使信息的管理成为了一个复杂繁琐的工作。
本系统针对学校,经过实际的需求分析，采用功能强大的VB6.0作为开发工具来开发学生信息管理系统。
整个系统从符合操作简便，界面美观、灵活、实用的要求出发，完成学生信息管理的全过程，包括系统管理、基本信息管理、学习管理、奖惩管理和打印报表等功能。
经过使用证明，本文所设计的学生信息管理系统可以满足学校对学生信息管理方面的需要。
论文主要介绍了本课题的开发背景，所要完成的功能和开发的过程。
重点的说明了系统设计的重点、开发设计思想、难点技术和解决方案。
学生管理系统的产生大大减少了人力上的不便，让整个学生数据管理更加科学合理。
本系统最有特色的地方就是后台数据库对学生信息的统一管理。
该系统主要分为系统管理，学生专业管理，学生档案管理，学费管理，课程管理，成绩管理和打印报表。
系统的界面是运用vb软件制作的，以上几个模块都是运用vb 控件绑定的方法来实现对后台数据库的连接，后台数据库大概分为以下几个表：专业信息表，收费类别表，学生职务表，学生信息表，学生政治面貌表，用户登入表。
采用Client/Server结构进行设计，本系统是在由一台数据服务器和若干台工作站组成的局域网上。
能够由不同权限的用户查看系统，在不同用户提交个人数据之后，后台数据库可以快速的给出对你的权限看到的内容.成绩管理是学校的一项重要工作，原有的人工管理存在这着很多不足，造成不足的原因是，在校学生人数众多，并且每个学生的信息过于复杂，从而工作量非常大，给统计和查询带来了不便。
因此，如何解决这些不足，使成绩管理更快捷、更方便，具有更高的效率也就成了一个关键问题。
随着科学技术的迅速发展学校成绩管理的自动化也越来越迫切，因此有必要开发成绩学籍的软件系统来辅助学校的教学管理。
这样能极大方便成绩的管理，提高管理效率。
附件2：外文原文The Design and Development of the Students' Information Management SystemAs information technology advances, various management systems have emerged to change the daily lives of the more coherent, to the extent possible, the use of network resources can be significantly reasonable reduction of manual management inconvenience and waste of time.Accelerating the modernization of the 21st century, the continuous improvement of the scientific and cultural levels, the rapid growth of the number of students will inevitably increase the pressure information management students, the inefficient manual retrieval completely incompatible with the community\'s needs. The Student Information Management Systemis an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each high schools all make use of a calculator to manage to do to learn, the school is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solve high-efficiencily, especially student result management the system had in the school very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for the student and the teacher coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.AbstractIt is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification. So the computer management system will bring us a quite change.Because there are so many students in the school, the data of students' information is huge, it makes the management of the information become a complicated and tedious work. This system aims at the school, passing by practically of demand analysis, adopt mighty VB6.0 to develop the student information management system. The whole system design process follow the principle of simple operation, beautiful and vivid interface and practical request. The student information management system including the function of system management, basic information management, study management, prize and punishment management , print statement and so on. Through the proof of using, the student information management system which this text designed can satisfy the school to manage the demand of the aspect to students' information. The thesis introduced the background of development, the functions demanded and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. The student managed the creation of the system to reduce the inconvenience on the manpower consumedly, let the whole student the data management is more science reasonable.The place that this system has most the special features is the backstage database to unify the management to student's information.That system mainly is divided into the system management, student profession management, student file management, school fees management, course management, result management and print the statement.The interface of the system is to make use of the vb software creation of, above few molds pieces are all make use of the vb to control a the piece binds to settle of method to carry out the conjunction toward the backstage database, the backstage database probably is divided into following few formses:Professional information form, the charges category form, student the job form, student the information form, political feature form of student, the customer logs on the form The system used Client/Server structure design, the system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwanformed LAN workstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.Marks management is a important work of school,the original manual management have many insufficiencies,the reasons that,students' population are multitudinous in school,and each student's information are too complex,thus the work load are extremely big,the statistics and the inquiry have been inconvenient.Therefore,how to solve these insufficiencies,let the marks management to be more convenient and quickly,have a higher efficiency,and become a key question.More and more are also urgent along with school automationthe marks management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the school teaching management.So that can improve the marks management,enhance the efficiency of management.。