新视野英语4 Unit 1&2课文翻译
新视野大学英语第四册Unit1与unit8课文翻译

新视野大学英语第四册Unit 1课文翻译An artist who seeks fame is like a dog chasing his own tail who, whenhe captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasingit.艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。
The cruelty of success is that it often leads those who seeksuch success to participate in their own destruction.成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。
"Don't quit your day job!"is advice frequently given by understandably pessimistic family members and friends to abudding artist who is trying hard to succeed.对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担心不无道理。
The conquest of fame is difficult at best, and many end up emotionallyif not financially bankrupt.追求出人头地,最乐观地说也困难重重,许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。
Still, impure motives such as the desire for worshipping fansand praise from peers may spur the artist on.尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。
新视野大学英语第4册Unit1课文翻译

新视野大学英语第4册Unit1课文翻译新视野大学英语第4册Unit1课文翻译下面是店铺搜集整理的新视野大学英语第四册读写教程第一单元的课文翻译,这一旦育德主题是“名声”,欢迎大家阅读!新视野大学英语第4册Unit1课文翻译篇1艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。
成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。
对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担心不无道理。
追求出人头地,最乐观地说也困难重重,许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。
尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。
享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。
成名者之所以成名,大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长,并能形成自己的风格。
为了能迅速走红,代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。
他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。
他们究竟是怎么成功的,大多数人也都说不上来。
尽管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来。
若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊,他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力,也就难以保持公众的注意力。
公众的热情消磨以后,就会去追捧下一个走红的人。
有些艺术家为了不落伍,会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动,但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。
公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。
知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来,如田纳西·威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特·海明威的情节安排、罗伯特·弗罗斯特或T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。
同样,像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家,希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。
他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革,这让他们名利双收,但也让他们付出了代价,那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。
名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。
新视野大学英语读写教程第四册 1-4单元

strand
n.(绳子的)股,绞;海滨,河岸;(思想等的)一个组成部分vt.使滞留,使搁浅;使陷于困境vi.搁浅;陷入困境
eclipse
n.日蚀,月蚀,衰落v.引起日蚀,引起月蚀,使...黯然失色
magnify
v.放大,夸大
deficient
adj.不足的,不充分的,有缺陷的
complement
n.补语;余角;补足物;补体vt.补足,补助
subjective
adj.主观的n.主格,主观事物
excuse oneself
v.为自己辩解
come up with
v.提出v.想出
stick to something
忠于
in hopes of
怀着...的希望
reach out to
ingenious
adj.机灵的,精制的,有独创性的
muscular
adj.肌肉的,肌肉发达的
retort
v.反驳,回嘴,反击n.反驳,顶嘴n.蒸馏器
drip
n.滴,点滴,乏味的人,水滴v.滴下,漏水
sarcasm
n.挖苦,讽刺
disclosure
n.揭发,败露
flattery
n.谄媚,阿谀,巴结
in exchange for
adj.不育的,贫瘠的
stumble
n.绊倒,失策vi.绊倒,失策,踌躇,无意中发现vt.绊倒,困惑
knit
vt.编织,密接,结合,皱眉vi.编织,变得紧凑,愈合n.编织
illuminate
vt.照明,阐释,说明
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱethic
n.道德规范,伦理
新视野大学英语读写教程4Unit1单词和例句

新视野大学英语读写教程4Unit 1 (Section A)1. chase vt. 追逐追赶My dog likes chasing rabbits.我的那条狗喜欢追逐兔子。
2. cruelty n. 残酷残忍The book tells readers the cruelty of the slave trade at that time.这本书告诉了读者在那个时候奴隶买卖的残忍。
3. pessimistic adj. 悲观的The tone of the meeting was very pessimistic.该会议的气氛非常悲观。
The doctors are pessimistic about his chances of recovery.医生们对他康复的可能性感到悲观。
4. conquest [U] 征服控制攻占The conquest of inflation has been the Government’s economic priority.控制通货膨胀一直是政府经济工作的重点。
He finally made the conquest of the disease come true.他最后战胜了那疾病。
The empire had expanded largely through military conquest.帝国的扩张主要是通过军事占领。
5. bankrupt adj. 破产的The company was declared bankrupt.这家公司被宣布破产。
Five years ago she was a successful actress, but now she is bankrupt.五年前她是一个成功的演员,可是现在她一贫如洗了。
6. motive n. 动机Why would she have killed him? She has no motive.她为什么会杀他呢?她没有任何动机。
U校园新视野大学英语4读写教程 答案(Unit 1 Life and logic)

U校园新视野大学英语4 读写教程答案Unit 1 Life and logicSection A1-2 Text A: Love and logic: The story of a fallacy Pre-reading activitiesPre-reading activities-11) B2) A3) A4) B5) B6) A7) C8) CPre-reading activities-21) Reasoning skills deal with the process of getting from a problem to a solution or a conclusion. By improving your reasoning skills, you can improve your success in doing things. Specifically, strong reasoning skills can help you to:improve the quality and validity of your own arguments; improve your ability to assess the quality and validity of others' arguments;make more logical decisions;solve problems more efficiently and effectively.To give a specific example, every day you have to make various decisions, and yet even some simple decisions like deciding what to wear when you're getting dressed in the morning require some reasoning skills. When you decide what to wear, you take many factors into consideration the weather forecast, the current temperature, your plans for the day (where you are going, what you will do, and whom you will meet), your comfort level, and so on. In real life, you need to face decisions that are much more difficult than choosingwhat to wear. So, it is really important to have strong reasoning skills.2) The factors below are usually important for a logical conclusion:critical thinking skills;facts;evidence;sound reasoning process, etc.Reading comprehensionReading comprehension-11) The deal between them is that the narrator gives Rob his leather jacket, and Rob, in exchange, gives the narrator his girlfriend. They make the deal because they want to get something from each other: Rob is crazy about fashion, and he wants to own the narrator's fashionable leather jacket; the narrator longs to have a beautiful girlfriend, and Rob's girlfriend is beautiful.2) He thinks a beautiful and well-spoken girlfriend will assist him to land a job and achieve success in an elite law company.3) The narrator feels this way because he can't stop thinking that his purpose of dating Polly is not for romance but for improving her intelligence, and he can't let Polly know his plan.4) The narrator decides to teach Polly logic because he believes logic is essential to clear thinking. By teaching Polly logic, he can make her intelligent. 5) When the narrator teaches her logic, Polly responds either shortly with "Cool", "Great", "I like that idea", or simply with nodding or blinking without saying anything. These responses give us an impression that Polly is a nice but rather simple-minded girl.6) Yes. He is only too successful in teaching Polly logic because in the end when he asks Polly to be his girlfriend, Polly refuses his request by applying all the logical fallacies he has taught her.7) Because he wants to make one more attempt to win Polly as his girlfriend by asking her to forget what he has taught her.8) The end of the story is ironic because Polly turns out to be smarter than the narrator. First, she is able to refute all his arguments as logical fallacies. Then, she discloses that she and Rob have played a trick on him. The narrator has been too smart for his own good. Reading comprehension-21) In my opinion, all the three characters are complex. The following are my descriptions about them. Smart: He is an excellent law student and knows a lot about logic.Sophisticated: He believes a beautiful and intelligent girlfriend will benefit him in his future career. Arrogant and self-conceited: He thinks highly of himself but badly of his roommate.Over-confident: He thinks the girl will surely choose him rather than Rob.Stupid and simple-minded: He knows nothing about what can happen in real life.Fashionable and cool: He loves fashion and cares a lot about his appearance.Dishonest: He plays a trick on the narrator to get his leather jacket.Clever: He is able to get what he wants without losing anything.Beautiful and nice: She is pretty and easy to be with. Shallow: She chooses Rob simply because he is fashionable.Smart: She learns quickly and is full of wit when refusing to be the narrator's girlfriend.2) The story itself includes the fallacy "Dicto Simpliciter". The narrator assumes that all girls would be happy to date a boy whose future is somewhat guaranteed. Therefore, Polly, a beautiful and wealthy young girl, would certainly fall in love with him "an ingenious student" and "a man with an assured future",rather than Rob "a muscular idiot". However, to the narrator's surprise and disappointment, Polly chooses Rob in the end because Rob is fashionable and cool.3) Love is blind. It is ridiculous to use logic to deal with love.Smart people sometimes can make wrong judgments. Smart people are sometimes too arrogant and confident. Smart people may fall victims to their own smartness.4) Yes. Because not only would teaching logic in school help minimize the overwhelming number of fallacious assertions, but also would serve as an excellent precursor to higher mathematics and help make other courses such as geometry and calculus less of a mystery to most students.No. Because logic can be learned through other subjects such as math, philosophy, reading, etc. It's not necessary to offer a special course about it.5) Yes, certainly. Actually, logical fallacies are very common in our everyday life. I myself commit logicalfallacies very often, too. For example, when I first met my roommate in college, I felt very surprised when he told me he didn't like noodles. I asked, "People in the north of China like eating noodles. You are from the north, why don't you like noodles?" Here I committed the logical fallacy "Dicto Simpliciter". I falsely asserted that all people in the north should like noodles, and there should be no exception to this premise.1-3 Text A: Language focusWords in use1. crumbled2. discern3. surpass4. shrewd5. conversion6. distort7. radiant8. ingenious9. stumped10. propositionWord building: Practice Word building: Practice-11) delicacy2) bankruptcy3) accountancy4) secrecy5) vacancy6) urgency7) atmospheric8) magnet9) metallic10) gloom11) guilt12) masteryWord building: Practice-21. bankruptcies2. atmospheric3. delicacies4. urgency5. accountancy6. gloom7. magnet8. metallic9. mastery10. vacancy11. guilt12. secrecyBanked cloze1) mentioned2) determine3) gained4) responsible5) heavily6) artistic7) opposite8) analytical9) distorted10) stumped Expressions in use1) were dripping with2) in exchange for3) flared up4) make an analogy between5) set a date for6) make7) out of8) made a pact9) had appealed to1-4 Structure analysis & writingStructured writing: Practice参考:I had my most embarrassing experience when I was in the second year of college. During that period of time, I often liked to chat with my friends by passing notes in class. My bitter story happened one Tuesday morning, when our English teacher was busy writing on the blackboard, trying to teach us, in her monotonous voice, the difference between "tolerable" and "tolerant".The teacher was hard-working, but I really wanted to share my good mood with my best friend, Tony. Therefore,I picked up my pen and wrote on a slip of paper, "Hey, I want to tell you something that will make you really envious of me," and then I passed the slip to him. He quickly opened it and read it. Being too curious, he wasted no time writing on the note some words and passed it back. "What is it? Tell me immediately!" he asked. "Sally just gave me her cell phone number." I responded.I could not wait to see his jealous face.However, when he got my note, an unexpected thing happened. The note was grabbed by another hand. To my shock, the teacher was standing in front of Tony. She read the note in her hand loudly and looked sternly around the whole class. "Who passed the note to Tony? Who was so lucky to get Sally's phone number?" She asked. All the class started to whisper, and I vaguely heard them talking about who started the passing of the note. My face turned red, and my heart beat quickly. Of course, those who sat around me knew I was the culprit. They looked at me, giggling quietly. Meanwhile, Sally blushed a deep crimson and looked very angry. She glared at me as if to say, "I am going to kill you."I did not stand up to admit I was the offender, but I felt so embarrassed that I really wished that there had been a place for me to hide myself. After the incident, I did not dare to pass notes in class anymore.1-5 TranslationTranslationTranslation-1参考:亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。
新视野大学英语第三版第四册Unit 1单词讲解

N
the bottom part of a tree left in the ground after the rest has fallen or been cut down
树墩;树桩
5. conversion
N 1.[ UC] ~ (from sth) (into/to sth)the act or process of
•ingenious ways of saving energy
节约能源的巧妙方法
2.( of a person 人 ) having a lot of clever new ideas and good at inventing things
心灵手巧的;机敏的;善于创造发明的
•an ingenious cook 心灵手巧的厨师
2.[ VN] to see or hear sth, but not very clearly (依稀)看出,分辨出,听出 SYN make out •We could just discern the house in the distance. 我们只能勉强分辨出远处的房子。
8. crumble
为……定日期 短语逆译 set a date for
短语应用
她尚未定下她结婚的日期。
意群提示
(marriage) She hasn’t yet set a date for her marriage.
唤起;吸引
短语逆译
appeal to
短语应用
这所大学拥有许多世界知名的专家、教授以及世界 上最好的研究图书馆,因此吸引了来自世界各地的 学子和研究人员。
N
2. ( formal ) a statement that expresses an opinion
新视野大学英语教程4unit1课后答案
Keys to the exercise of Text AI. Vocabulary1. 1) alliance 2) at the cost of 3) stroke 4) limp 5) minus6) regions 7) declarations 8) siege 9) raw 10) bide his time 11) have taken their toll 12) in the case of2. 1) is faced with 2) get bogged down 3) is pressing on/ pressed on 4) drag on 5) get by 6) dine out 7) have cut back8) get through3. 1) lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future2) has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due tothe dock workers’ strike.3) will/should never get in the way of her career.4) caught the foreign minister off guard.5) of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date.4. 1) being faced with, the occupation of, regions2) crucial to, efficient, to reckon with, weaken, be brought to a halt3) a heroic, the decisive, turned the tide, siege, by launchingII. More synonyms in context1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium.2) Elizabeth made careful preparations of the interview and herefforts/homework paid off.3) I spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turneda deaf ear to all my words.4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand harsh weather.age1) fall ill 2) lay dead at home for two years 3) dropped dead from a heart attack 4) fell asleep 5) marrying young 6) to sit still for longer than a few minutes.Cloze1. Text-related1) invasion 2) stand in the way 3) Conquest, catching… off his guard4) launching 5) declaration 6) campaign 7) drag on 9) reckon with 10) bringing… to a halt2. them-related1) allow 2) reckoned 3) highly 4) forecasts 5) rapidly 6) instant 7) delivery 8) advantage 9) observing 10) powerfulTranslation1.1) Mr.Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.2) We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the mostsophisticated weapons3) Having been out of a job/Not having had a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.4) Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient and accurate in his judgment.5) Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.2. The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get ground to the rear of the enemy at night and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross marshland and many of us were afraid we mightget bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. Luckily enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marchland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.。
新版新视野大学英语读写教程第四册unit1答案
新版新视野大学英语读写教程第四册unit1答案Unit 1III.1. idle2. justify3. discount4. distinct5. minute6.accused7. object8. contaminate9. sustain 10. worshipIV.1. accusing... of2. end up3. came upon4. at her worst5. pay for6. run a risk of7. participate in8. other than9. object to/objected10. at bestV1. K2. G3. C4. E5. N6.O7.I8. L9. A 10. DCollocationVI.1. delay2. pain3. hardship4. suffering5. fever6. defeat7. poverty8. treatment9. noise 10. agonyWord buildingVII.1. justify2. glorify3. exemplifies4. classified5. purified6. intensify7. identify8. terrifiedVIII.1. bravery2. jewelry3. delivery4. machinery5. robbery6. nursery7. scenery8. discoverySentence StructureIX.1. other than for funerals and weddings2. other than to live an independent life3. other than that they appealed to his eye . . `4. but other than that, he'll eat just about everything .5. other than that it's somewhere in the town centerX.1. shouldn't have been to the cinema last night2. would have; told him the answer3. they needn't have gone at all4. must have had too much work to do5. might have been injured seriouslyTranslationXI. -1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in whichit has been developed.2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what wemay have done during the day.3.Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.4.We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it.5.Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his sonwould one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same istrue of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security.XII.l.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时,如果你带有宠物,一定要了解有关宠物的规定。
新视野大学英语第3版读写教程4 unit 1 text A 全文
Unit1text A Love and LogicThe story of a fallacy1I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob.That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket,and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't,so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket.He wasn't the brightest guy.Polly wasn't too shrewd,either.2But she was pretty,well-off,didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup.She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged,brilliant lawyer.If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant,well-spoken counterpart by my side,I just might edge past the competition.3“Radiant”she was already.I could dispensed her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”.4After a banner day out,I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway.What I had in mind was a little eccentric.I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.We stayed in the car,and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.“What are we going to talk about?”she asked.5“Logic.”6“Cool,”she said over her gum.7“The doctrine of logic,”I said,“is a staple of clear thinking.Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known.First let’s look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.”8“Great,”she agreed.9“Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.For example:exercise is good.Therefor, everyone should exercise.”10She nodded in agreement.11I could see she was stumped.“Polly,”l explained,“it's tOo simple a generalization.If you have, say,heart disease or extreme obesity,exercise is had,not good.Therefor you must say exercise is good for most people.”12“Next is Hasty Generalization.Self-explanatory,right?Listen carefully:You can’t speak French. Rob can’t speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.”13“Really?”said Polly,amazed.“Nobody?”14“This is also a fallacy.”I said.“The generalization is reached too hastily.Too few instances support such a conclusion.”15She seemed to have a good time.I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home and set a date for another conversation.16Seated under the oak the next evening I said,“Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.”17She nodded with delight.18“Listen closely,”I said.“A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what qualifications are,he says he has six children to feed.”19“Oh,this is awful,awful,”she whispered in a choked voice.20“Yes,it’s awful.,”I agreed,“but it’s no argument.The man never answered the boss’s question. Instead he appealed to the boss’s sympathy—Ad Misericordiam.”21She blinked,still trying hard to keep back her tears.22“Next,”I said carefully,“we will discuss False Analogy.An example,students should beallowed to look at their textbooks during exams,because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.”23“I like that idea.”she said.24“Polly.”I groaned,“don’t derail the discussion.The inference is wrong Doctors aren’t taking a test to see how much they have learned,but students are.The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them.”25“I still think it’s a good idea,”said Poly.26With five nights of diligent work,I actually made a logician out of Polly.She was an analytical thinker at last.The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.27“Polly,”I said when next we sat under our oak,“tonight we won’t discuss fallacies.”28“Oh?”she said,a little disappointed.29Favoring her with a grin,I said,“We have now spent five evenings together.We get along pretty well.We make a pretty good couple.”30“Hasty Generalizaton”said Polly brightly.“Or as a normal person might say,that’s a little premature,don’t you think?”31I laughed with amusement.She’d learned her lessons well,far surpassing my expectations.“Sweetheart,”I said,patting her hand in a tolerant manner,“five dates is plenty.After all,you don’t have to eat a whole cake to know it’s good.”32“False Analogy,”said Polly promptly.“Your premise is that dating is like eating.But you’re not a cake.You’re a boy.”33I laughed with somewhat less amusement,hiding my dread that she’d learned her lessons too well.A few more false steps would be my doom.I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.34“Polly,I love you.Please say you'll go out with me.I’m nothing without you.”35“Ad Miserlicordiam,”she said.36“You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it.”I said,my hopes starting to crumble.“But don’t take them so literally.I mean this is all academic.You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life.”37“Dicto simpliciter”I said,“Besides,you really should practice what you preach."38I leaped to my feet,my temper flaring up.“Will you or will you not go out with me?”39“Not to your proposition,”she replied.40“Why?”I demanded.41“I’m more interested in a different petitioner-Rob and I are back together.”42With great effort,I sad calmly.“How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me,an ingenious student,a tremendous intellectual,a man with an assured future.1ook at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from.Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”43“Wow,what presumption!I’ll put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand,”retorted Polly,her voice dripping with sarcasm.“Full disclosure—I like Rob in leather.I told him to say yes to you so he could have your jacket!”。
新视野大学英语读写教程四Unit 1
Steven Spielberg (1946-)
• 当地居民反对那个发展计划。
Local residents objects to the proposed development. 17. accuse sb. of sth. They accused him of incompetence.
New Words in Section A
18. justify vt. • It is difficult to justify such behavior. 19. single-minded a. a. + n.–ed 具有什么特征的 light-hearted; open-minded ; cold-hearted near-sighted; broad-minded 20. desperate a. • He is desperate for a job to support his family. 21. desperately ad. • She desperately wanted her article published.
西班牙人的气质明显有别于葡萄牙。
2) These are modern buildings with distinct national style.
这些是具有明显民族风格的现代建筑。
14. contaminate vt. • The food was contaminated during the production process.
这食品在生产过程中被污染。
New Words in Section A
15. underline vt. 1)All the mistakes had been underlined. 2) He underlined the importance of the question. 16. object vi. object to
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Unit 1 :名气之尾艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。
成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。
对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担心不无道理。
追求出人头地,最乐观地说也困难重重,许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。
尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。
享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。
成名者之所以成名,大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长,并能形成自己的风格。
为了能迅速走红,经纪人会极力吹捧他们的这种风格。
他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。
他们究竟是怎么成功的,大多数人也都说不上来。
尽管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来。
若表演者、画家或作家感到厌烦,他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力,也就难以保持公众的注意力。
公众的热情消磨以后,就会去追捧下一个走红的人。
有些艺术家为了不落伍,会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动,但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。
公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。
知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来,如田纳西·威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特·海明威的情节安排、罗伯特·弗罗斯特或T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。
同样,像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家,希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。
他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革,这让他们名利双收,但也让他们付出了代价,那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。
名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。
骗局很快会被揭穿,过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。
它让你失去自我。
你必须是公众认可的那个你,而不是真实的你或是可能的你。
艺人,就像政客一样,必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。
一滴名气之水有可能玷污人的心灵这一整口井,因此一个艺术家若能保持真我,会格外让人惊叹。
你可能答不上来哪些人没有妥协,却仍然在这场名利的游戏中获胜。
一个例子就是爱尔兰著名作家奥斯卡·王尔德,他在社交行为和性行为方面以我行我素而闻名于世。
虽然他的行为遭到公众的反对,却依然故我,他也因此付出了惨痛的代价。
在一次宴会上,他一位密友的母亲当着他的朋友和崇拜者的面,指责他在性方面影响了她的儿子。
他听了她的话以后大为光火,起诉了这个年轻人的母亲,声称她毁了自己的“好”名声。
但是,他真该请一个更好的律师。
结果是,法官不仅不支持他提出的让这个女人赔偿他名誉损失费的请求,反而对他本人进行了罚款。
他由于拒交罚款最终还被送进了监狱。
更糟糕的是,他再也无法获得更多公众的宠爱。
在最糟糕的时候,他发现没有一个人愿意拿自己的名声冒险来替他说话。
为保持真我,他付出的代价是,在最需要崇拜者时,谁也不理他。
奇怪的是,收获最大的恰恰是失败者。
他们收获了自由!他们可以自由地表达,独辟蹊径,不落窠臼,不用担心失去崇拜者的支持。
失败的艺术家寻求安慰时,可以想想许多伟大的艺术家都是过世多年以后才成名,或是他们没有出卖自己。
他们也可以为自己的失败辩解:自己的才华实在过于高深,不是当代听众或观众所理解得了的。
那些失败了却仍不肯放弃的顽固派也许会乐于知道,某些名人曾经如何越挫越勇,直至成功。
美国小说家托马斯·伍尔芙的第一本小说《向家乡看吧,安琪儿》被拒39次后,才最终得以出版。
贝多芬战胜了父亲认为他毫无音乐家潜质的偏见,成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。
19世纪瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齐原先干的工作没有一件成功,直到他想到去教小孩子,并研究出一种新型教育模式的基础理论。
托马斯·爱迪生在四年级时被赶出了学校,因为老师觉得他似乎太迟钝。
但不幸的是,对大多数人而言,失败是奋斗的结束,而不是开始。
对那些孤注一掷的追名逐利之徒,我要说:祝你们好运。
但是,遗憾的是,你会发现这不是你想得到的。
狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一条尾巴而已。
获得成功的人常常发现成功对他来说弊大于利。
所以要为真实的你、为自己的所为感到高兴,而不是拼命去获得成功。
做那些你为之感到骄傲的事情。
可能在有生之年你默默无闻,但你可能创作了更好的艺术。
好名声的力量夏日的一天,父亲让我去买些铁丝网和栅栏,用来围畜棚,把牛圈起来。
那时我16岁,最喜欢开上货车,沿着老磨坊路到城里去。
研磨机轮子上的水花在阳光下喷洒,在河道上空形成一道彩虹。
我常在半路上把车停下来,在河里洗个澡,凉快一会,享受一下天然空调。
太阳火辣辣的,不用毛巾擦,等我爬上岸边的土坡,穿过路边的壕沟,到达货车时,身上已经都干了。
快进城时,有一段沿着海滩的路,我会在那儿拣贝壳,拣海藻,头顶就是正从轮船上卸货的巨大的起重机。
但是,这次却有所不同。
父亲告诉我,我得向店里要求赊账。
那是1976年,种族主义的丑陋阴影仍然是生活的现实。
我曾目睹我的朋友要求赊账,然后就低着头站在那里,等着店主查询他“配不配赊账”。
许多店员只要一看见年轻的黑人走进商店,就盯着他们,疑心他们是小偷。
我们家人诚实正派,有债必还。
但在庄稼收割之前,所有的钱都已经花光了。
银行里也没有新的存款,现金不够。
在戴维斯兄弟杂货店,巴克·戴维斯站在收银机后面,正和一个中年农夫说着话。
巴克个子高高的,穿着一件红色的狩猎衬衫,显得饱经风霜。
我冲他点了点头,经过他的身边,向五金柜台走去,拿了一盒钉子,一卷用于捆扎的铁丝网和栅栏。
我把要买的东西拖到柜台前,把钉子放进秤盘,小心翼翼地说道:“我要赊账。
”一边抬起胳膊去擦额头上由于紧张而冒的汗。
那个农夫像寻开心般怀疑地看着我,但是巴克的脸色却没有变。
他随和地说道:“当然可以,你老爹总能有借有还,”一边伸手去拿记账的账本。
我舒了一口气。
他转过头,对那个农夫说:“这是詹姆士·威廉斯的儿子。
像詹姆士·威廉斯这样讲信用的人是很少的。
”那个农夫友善地点了点头。
我的心里顿时充满了自豪。
“詹姆士·威廉斯的儿子”,这句话打开了通往成年人的尊敬和信任的大门。
当我把沉重的货物拉进货车车厢时,觉得轻而易举,感到比早上离开农庄时更有劲了。
我发现,一个好名声所带来的友好是一笔无价之宝。
人人都知道,威廉斯家的人是什么样的:是诚实守信的体面人,自尊自重,不干坏事。
我的曾祖父也许曾被作为奴隶拍卖,但这不能成为伤害他人的理由。
相反,我父亲相信,赢得尊敬的唯一方法就是努力工作、尊敬他人。
我们这些孩子──八个男孩和两个女孩──可以坐享这个好名声,除非或直到我们做错什么事情而失去它。
我们要对自己的行为负责,我们也要为相互的行为负责,否则就会毁掉父亲建立起来的好名声。
我们的好名声曾经是,现在仍是把我们家紧紧联系在一起的纽带。
我不愿意辜负父亲的好名声,这激励我成为了家里第一个上大学的人。
我靠在一家四星级酒店当行李工挣钱读完了大学。
最终,好名声促使我在华盛顿特区开办了我个人的公共关系公司。
美国需要在社区里重新树立羞耻感。
吸毒、在酒馆把钱挥霍一空、偷盗、让年轻女子怀孕却又不想和她结婚,这些事本应让人感到无地自容,但事实并非如此。
在美国,近三分之一的婴儿是单身母亲所生的。
这些孩子在成长过程中大多会缺乏安全感和指导,而这正是成为社会的好公民所需要的。
一旦社会纽带和家人相互间的责任瓦解了,社区也就分崩离析。
自从1960年以来,美国的人口虽然只增长了40%,但暴力犯罪却陡增了550%,而我们对此却已司空见惯。
青少年吸毒人数也在上升。
在北卡罗来纳的一个县,警察从12所中学逮捕了73名交易毒品的学生,而有些交易就发生在教室里。
与此同时,支撑着文明、体现于细微之处的礼貌和敬意,却正从学校、商店和街头消失。
由于受到电视和音乐中的脏话的影响,像“是的,女士”、“不,先生”、“谢谢”和“请”这样的话,只会让今天的孩子哈欠连天。
他们对好名声的作用满不在乎。
从父亲那传下来的、由我的兄弟姐妹和我保持的好名声,在现在仍和过去一样地珍贵。
甚至直到今天,当我走进巴克·戴维斯的商店,或去老家的理发店理发时,人们仍然称呼我是詹姆士·威廉斯的儿子。
我们家的好名声确实为我铺平了道路。
Unit 2查理·卓别林他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。
他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。
他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。
狄更斯或许能创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事,但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”,这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。
就卓别林而言,其他国家,如法国、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本,都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。
在1913年,卓别林永久地离开了英国,与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。
在那里,他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。
令人遗憾的是,20世纪二三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。
中产阶级当然这样认为。
劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩:他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子,或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。
尽管如此,卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人,甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。
英国流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服:欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。
另外,“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗,被英国观众认为不太正派──只有外国人才那样,不是吗?而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中,银幕上的他是不出声的,也就无从证明他是英国人。
事实上,当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影,不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时,他确实很头疼。
他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来:在1936年的《摩登时代》里,他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。
在片中,他扮演一名侍者,满口胡言乱语,听起来不像任何国家的语言。
后来他说,他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育,但已经没落的绅士。
但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音,那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了,而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。
没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的,但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。
他是一个才能非凡的人,他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。
他的巨大名声为他带来了自由,更重要的是带来了财富,他因此得以成为自己的主人。
在事业发展之初,他就感到一种冲动要去发掘并扩展自己身上所显露的天才。
当他第一次在银幕上看到自己扮演的“流浪汉”时,他说:“这不可能是我。
那可能吗?瞧这角色多么与众不同啊!”这种震惊唤起了他的想象。
卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。
他是那种边表演边根据感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。
没有生命的物体特别有助于卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。