感染相关英文词汇-4.1 肺炎链球菌
7.cell division occurs along asingle axis
细胞分裂沿单一轴进行
8.grow in chains or pairs
成链或成对生长
9.hemolyticproperties
溶血特性
10.S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）
52.epidemiologic features
流行病学特征
53.serotype distribution
血清学分布
54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normallysterile site)
侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体无菌出现感染）
感染相关英文词汇小结
G+（1肺炎球菌感染）
1.Gram-Positive Bacteria
革兰阳性菌
2.micrococci
微球菌
3.LouisPasteur
路易斯，巴斯德
4.etiology of pneumonia
肺炎的病因学
5.Etiologic agent
病因学微生物
6.Streptococcus
社区传播动力学
64.cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
脑脊液
苛养（菌）
16.mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies
粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）
17.Pneumococci without a capsule
无夹膜的肺炎球菌
18.colonies with a rough surface
克隆表面粗糙
19.optochin
(ethyl hydrocuprein hydrochloride)
管家基因测序已取代（电泳）
47.multilocussequence typing,MLST
多位点序列分型
48.pneumococcal MLSTWeb site (/)
肺球菌多位点分型查询
49.whole-genomesequencing will soon supersede MLST
肺炎链球菌
11.α-hemolytic group
α溶血组
12.blood agar
血培养皿
13.characteristically produces a greenish color
特征绿色
14.reduction of iron in hemoglobin
还原血红蛋白中的铁
15.fastidious
全基因组测序不久将替代MLST
50.routine childhood administration of pneumococcalpolysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (PCV)
幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗
51.secular trends
长期趋势
肺炎球菌表面粘合分子
43.potential vaccinecandidates
潜在的疫苗靶点
44.Molecular typing
分子型
45.pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
脉冲凝胶电泳
46.genetic relatedness
基因相关性
46.superseded bysequencing of housekeeping genes
防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用
36.The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic)
肺炎球菌H抑制体
37.impedesthe formation of C3 convertase
抑制C3转话体的形成
38.pneumococcal surface proteinC (PspC)
肺炎球菌表面蛋白C
55.disease burden
疾病负担
itary barracks
军营
57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy humannasopharynx
正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌
58.respiratory droplets
呼吸道飞沫
59.socioeconomic status
Quellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀
25.phagocytosis
吞噬作用
26.determinant of pneumococcal virulence
毒力的决定因素
27.Unencapsulated variants
无夹膜的变种
28.invasive disease.
侵袭性疾病
29.host defense mechanisms
宿主防御系统
30.Pneumolysin
肺炎球菌溶血素
31.cytolysisof cells and tissues
细胞和组织的溶解
32.cell wall proteins
细胞壁蛋白
plement pathway
补体系统
plement deposition
补体沉积
35.preventing lysis an/oropsonophagocytosis
奥普托欣试验（）
20.bile soluble
在胆汁中溶解
21.a polysaccharide capsule
多糖夹膜
22.serogroups/serotyolyclonal antisera
兔多克隆抗血清
24.the Quellung reaction
社会经济状况
60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission
主要的肺链球菌传播者
61.Cross-sectional prevalencedata
横断面发病率数据
62.high rates of colonization
高定植率
munitytransmission dynamics
39.choline-binding protein A (CbpA)
胆碱结合蛋白A
40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase)NanA
表面锚定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）
41.sialic acid
唾液酸
42.pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)
常用医学英语-大全
目录一、医院文书书写...................................... 错误!未定义书签。
二、医学英语常用前后缀................................ 错误!未定义书签。
三、医学英语缩写一览表................................ 错误!未定义书签。
四、医学英语常用短语.................................. 错误!未定义书签。
五、英语问诊常用句子.................................. 错误!未定义书签。
六、医院日常用品和设备................................ 错误!未定义书签。
一、医院文书书写1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order] ·Prophylaxis [预防性用药]Duration of oder[用药时间]24hrProcedure[操作，手术]·Empiric theraphy [经验性治疗] Suspected site and organism[怀疑感染的部位和致病菌]72hrCultures ordered[是否做培养] ·Documented infection[明确感染]Site and organism[部位和致病菌]5days·Other[其他]Explanation required [解释理由]24hr·Antibiotic allergies[何种抗生素过敏] No known allergy [无已知的过敏] ·Drug+dose+Route+frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数]2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer] ·Admit / transfer to [收入或转入] ·Resident [住院医师]Attending[主治医师]·Condition [病情]·Diagnosis[诊断]·Diet [饮食]·Acitivity [活动]·Vital signs[测生命体征]·I / O [记进出量]·Allergies[过敏]3、住院病历[case history] ·Identification [病人一般情况]Name[性名]Sex[性别]Age [年龄]Marriage[婚姻] Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话]Race[民族]身份证]Admission date[入院日期]Source of history[病史提供者] Reliability of history[可靠程度] Medical record No[病历号]Business phone No.[工作单位电话] Home address and phone No.[家庭住地及电话]·Chief complaint[主诉]·History of present illness[现病史] ·Past History[过去史]Family History[家族史]Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史] Personnal historySurgical[外科]Medical[内科]Medications[用药]Allergies[过敏史]Social History[社会史]Habits[个人习惯]Smoking[吸烟]Alcohol use[喝酒]·Review of Aystems[系统回顾] General[概况]Eyes,Ears,Nose and throat[五官] Pulmonary[呼吸]Cardiovascular[心血管]GI[消化]GU[生殖、泌尿系统]genitourinaryMusculoskeletal[肌肉骨骼]Neurology[神经系统]Endocrinology[内分泌系统]Lymphatic/Hematologic[淋巴系统/血液系统]·Physi cal Exam[体检]P[脉博]Bp[血压]R[呼吸]T[温度]Height[身高]Weight[体重]HEENT[五官]Neck[颈部]Back/Chest[背部/胸部]Breast[乳房]Heart[心脏]Heart rate[心率]Heart rhythm[心律]Heart Border[心界]Murmur[杂音]Abdomen[腹部]Liver[肝]Spleen[脾]Rectal[直肠]Genitalia[生殖系统]生殖器Extremities[四肢]Neurology[神经系统]cranial nerves[颅神经]sensation[感觉]Motor[运动]*Special . on diseased organ system[专科情况]*Radiographic Findings[放射]*Laboratory Findings[化验]*Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据]*Summary[病史小结]*Treatment Plan[治疗计划]4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form](1)reason for infusion[输血原因]▲红细胞[packed red cells, wshed RBCs] :*Hb< [血色素<]*>20% blood volume lost [>20%血容量丢失]*cardio-pulmonary bypass with anticipated Hb <8[心肺分流术伴预计血色素<8]*chemotherapy or surgery with Hb <10[血色素<10的化疗或手术者]▲全血[whole blood]:massive on-going blood loss[大量出血] ▲血小板[platelets]:*massive blood transfusion >10 units[输血10单位以上者]*platelet count <50×103/μl with active bleeding or surgery[血小板<5万伴活动性出血或手术者]*Platelet count <20×103/μl[血板<2万] ▲新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding or Surgery[PT、PTT异常的出血或手术病人]*specific clotting factor deficiencies with bleeding/surgery[特殊凝血因子缺乏的出血/手术者]*blood transfusion >15units[输血>15个单位]*warfarin or antifibrinolytic therapy with bleeding[华法令或溶栓治疗后出血] *DIC[血管内弥漫性凝血]*Antithrombin III dficiency[凝血酶III 缺乏](2)输血要求[request for blood components]*patient blood group[血型]*Has the patient had transfusion or pregnancy in the past 3 months? [近3个月，病人是否输过血或怀孕过？]*Type and crossmatch[血型和血交叉]*Units or ml[单位或毫升]5、出院小结[discharge summary]Patient Name[病人姓名]Medical Record No.[病历号]Date of Admission[入院日期]Date of Discharge[出院日期]Pirncipal Diagnosis[主要诊断] Secondary Diagnosis[次要诊断] Complications[并发症]Operation[手术名称]Reason for Admission[入院理由]Physical Findings[阳性体征]Lab/X-ray Findings[化验及放射报告] Hospital Course[住院诊治经过] Condition[出院状况]Disposition[出院去向]Medications[出院用药]Prognosis[预后]Special Instruction to the Patient(diet, physical activity)[出院指导（饮食，活动量）]Follow-up Care[随随访]6、住院/出院病历首页[Admission/discharge record]·medical service[科别]·admit (discharge) date[入院（出院）日期]·Length of stay [住院天数] ·guarantor name [担保人姓名]·next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]·relation to patient[与病人关系] ·previous admit date[上次住院日期] ·admitting physician [入院医生] ·admitting diagnosis[入院诊断]·final (principal) diagnos is[最终（主要）诊断]·secondary diagnosis[次要诊断] ·adverse reactions (complications)[副作用（合并症）]·incision type[切口类型]·healing course[愈合等级]·operative (non-operative) procedures[手术（非手术）操作] ·nosocomial infection[院内感染] ·consutants[会诊]·Critical-No. of times[抢救次数] ·recov ered-No. of times[成功次数] ·Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]discharge Dx concur [门诊入院与出院诊断符合率]门诊 outpatientClinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]·Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) after admission[入院后24小时（3天）内确诊]·Discharge status[出院状况] recovered[治愈]improved[好转]not improved[未愈]died [死亡]·Dispositon[去向]home[家]against medical ad[自动出院]autosy[尸检]transferred to[转院到]二、医学英语常用前后缀医学英语常用前后缀·a-[无，缺]▲anemia[贫血]atonia[无张力]asymptomatic[无症状的] amenorrhea[闭经]·ab-[分离]abduct [外展]abscision[切除]·acou (acu)-[听觉]acumeter [听力计]acouophone[助听器] ·acro-[肢端]acromegaly[肢端肥大症] acromastitis[乳头炎] ·ad (af, an)-[邻近，向上]adrenal [肾上腺]adaxial[近轴的]annexa[附件]·-ad[……侧]ventrad[向腹侧]cephalad[向头侧] ·adeno-[腺]adenocyte[腺细胞]adenoidism[腺体病] ·adipo-[脂肪]adiposis[肥胖症]adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ·adreno-[肾上腺]adrenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素]adrenalin[肾上腺素]adrenal[肾上腺]·-aemia(emia)[血症]bacteremia[菌血症] leukemia[白血病]·-albi (albino)-[白色]albumin[白蛋白]albinism[白化病]·-algesia[痛觉]▲hypoalgesia[痛觉减退]·-algia[痛]▲arthralgia[关节痛]▲cephalgia[头痛]▲neuralgia[神经痛]·alkali-[碱]▲alkalosis[碱中毒]·alveo-[牙槽，小沟]▲alveolitis[牙槽炎]▲alveobronchiolitis[支气管肺泡炎]·ambi-[复，双]ambiopia[复视]ambivert[双重性格]·a mbly-[弱]▲amblyopia[弱视]▲amblyaphia[触觉迟钝]·amylo-[淀粉]▲amyloidosis[淀粉酶]▲amylase[淀粉酶]·angio-[血管]▲angiography[血管造影术]▲angioedema[血管性水肿]▲angeitis[脉管炎]▲angiofibroma[血管纤维瘤]·ante-[前]▲antenatal[出生前的]▲anteflexion[前屈]·antero-[前]▲anterolater al[前侧壁]▲anteroventral[前腹侧]·anti-[抗，反]▲antibiotics[抗生素]▲antihypertensives[降压药]▲anticoagulant[抗凝剂]·rarchno-[蛛网膜]▲arachnoiditis[蛛网膜炎]·archo-[肛门，直肠]▲archorrhagia[肛门出血]▲archosyrinx[直肠灌注器]·arterio-[动脉]▲arteriospasm[动脉痉挛]▲arteriosclerosi s[动脉硬化]·arthro-[关节]▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺]▲arthrotomy[关节切开术]▲arthritis[关节炎]·-ase[酶]▲oxidase[氧化酶]▲proteinase[蛋白酶]·-asthenia[无力]▲myasthenia[肌无力]▲neurasthenia[神经衰弱]·audio(audito)-[听力]▲audiology[听觉学]▲audiometer[听力计]·auto-[自己]▲autoim mune[自身免疫]▲auto hemotherapy[自体血疗法]·bacilli-[杆菌]▲bacillosis[杆菌病]▲bacilluria[杆菌尿]·bacterio-[细菌]▲bacteriology[细菌学]▲bactericide[杀菌剂]·baro-[压力]▲barometer [压力计]▲baroreceptor[压力感受器]·bary-[迟钝]▲barylalia[言语不清]▲baryacusia[听觉迟钝] ·bi-[双]▲b icuspid[二尖瓣]]▲bilateral[两侧的] ·bili-[胆汁]▲bilirubin[胆红素] ·bio-[生命]▲biology[生物学]▲biopsy[活检]·-blast[母细胞]▲spermatoblast[精子细胞]▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞]▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ·brachy-[短]▲brachypnea[气短]▲brachydactylia[短指畸形]·brady-[迟缓]▲bradycardia[心动过缓] ▲bradypsychia[精神不振]·broncho-[支气管]▲bronchoscopy[支气管镜检查]▲bronchiostenosis[支气管痉挛]▲bronchitis[支气管炎] ·bronchiolo-[细支气管] ▲bronchiolectasis[细支气管扩张]·calci-[钙]▲calcification[钙化]▲calcicosilicosis[钙沉着症]·carbo-[碳]▲carbohydrate[碳水化合物]▲carb ohaemia[碳酸血症] ·carcino-[癌]▲carcinogen[致癌物]·cardio-[心，贲门]▲cardiotonics[强心剂]▲cardioplasty[贲门成形术]·-cele[疝，肿物]▲omphalocele[脐疝]▲hysterocele[子宫脱垂]▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出]·celio-[腹]▲celialgia[腹痛]▲celioscopy[腹腔镜检查]·-centesis[穿刺]▲arthrocentes is[关节穿刺术]▲abdominocentesis[腹穿]3 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头]▲cephaloxia[斜颈]▲cephalopathy[头部疾病]▲cephalotomy[穿颅术]·cerebello-[小脑]▲cerebellitis[小脑炎]▲cerebellum[小脑]·cerebro-[大脑]▲cerebritis[大脑炎]▲cerebrology[脑学]·chemo-[化学]▲chemotherapy[化疗]·chloro-[绿，氯]▲chloroform[氯仿]▲chloromycetin[氯霉素]▲chlorophyll[叶绿素]·cholangio-[胆道]▲cholangitis[胆管炎]▲cholangiectasis[胆管扩张]·cholo-[胆]▲cholagogue[利胆剂]▲cholelithiasis[胆石症]▲cholecystitis[胆囊炎]▲cholesterol[胆固醇]·chondro-[软骨]▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤]▲chondrification[骨软化]·chromo-[色素]▲cytochrome[细胞色素]▲chromosome[染色体]·-cide[杀……剂]▲germicide[杀菌剂]▲aborticide[堕胎药]·circum-[周围]▲circumoral[口周的]▲circumcision[包皮环切术]·coagulo-[凝固]▲coagulant[凝血剂]·colo-[结肠]▲colotomy[结肠切开术]▲coloptosi s[结肠下垂]·colpo (coleo)-[阴道]▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛]▲colposcope[阴道镜]·contra-[反，逆]▲contraindication[禁忌证]▲contraceptive[避孕药]·counter-[反，逆]▲counteragent[拮抗剂]▲conuterpoison[解毒剂]·cranio-[颅]▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化]▲cranioclasis[碎颅术]·-cyst-[囊]▲cy stomy[膀胱切开术]▲dacryocyst[泪囊]·-cyte-[细胞]▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞]▲cytolysis[细胞溶解]·de-[除去]▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙]▲dentistry[牙科学]▲dentalgia[牙痛]·-derm-[皮肤]▲epiderm[表皮]▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术]·dextro-[右]▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离]▲discission[分离术]▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠]▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎]▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术]·-dynia[痛]▲acrodynia[肢体痛]▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常]▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍]▲dysuria[排尿困难]·-ectasis[扩张]▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气]▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张]·-ectomy[切除术]▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术]▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿]▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕]▲hematemesia[呕血]▲helminthemesia[吐虫]·encephalo-[脑]▲enceph aloma[脑瘤]▲encephaledema[脑水肿]·endo-[内]▲endocarditis[心内膜炎]▲endoscope[内窥镜]·entero-[肠]▲enteritis[肠炎]▲enterovirus[肠病毒]·epi-[上，外]▲epigastrium[上腹部]·erythro-[红]▲erythromycin[红霉素]▲erythroderma[红皮病]·esophago-[食管]▲esophagoscope[食管镜]▲esop hagitis[食管炎]·extra-[……外]▲extracellular[细胞外的]▲extrasystole[额外收缩]·facio-[面]▲facioplegia[面瘫]▲facioplasty[面部成形术]·-fast[耐]▲acid-fast[抗酸的]▲uviofast[耐紫外线]·febri-[热]▲febricula[低热]▲febrifacient[致热的]·feti-[胎儿]▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生]▲fetomet ry[胎儿测量法]·fibro-[纤维]▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞]▲fibrosis[纤维化]·fore-[前]▲forebrain[前脑]▲forehead[前额]·-form[形状]▲oviform[卵形的]▲granuliform[颗粒状的]·fungi-[真菌，霉菌]▲fungicide[杀真菌剂]▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用]·gastro-[胃]▲gastroptosis[胃下垂]▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎]▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查]▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩]·-gen [原，剂]▲glycogen[糖原]▲pathogen[病原体]▲androgen[雄激素]▲Estrogen[雌激素]·-genic[……性]▲cardiogenic[心源性的]▲allergenic[变应反应]·giganto-[巨大]▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞]▲gigantism[巨大症]·gingivo-[牙龈]▲gingivitis[牙龈炎]▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎]·glosso-[舌]▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪]·gluco-[糖]▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白]▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素]·glyco-[糖]▲glycogen[糖原]▲glycouria[糖尿]·-grade[级，度]▲centigrade[摄氏温度计]▲retrograde[逆行性]·-gram[克，图]▲microgram[微克]▲electroenceph alogram[脑电图]·-graph(y)[……仪（法）] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图]▲bronchography[支气管造影术]·gyneco-[妇女]▲gynecology[妇科学]▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血]▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲ 4 回复：医学英语常用前后缀 hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半]▲hemiplegia[偏瘫]▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝]▲hepatitis[肝炎]▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化]▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大]·hidro-[汗]▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织]▲histology[组织学]▲histomorphology[组织形态学]·holo-[全]▲holonarcosis[全麻]▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同]▲homotype[同型]▲homo logue[同系物]▲homoplasty[同种移植术]·hydro-[水]▲hydropericardium[心包积水]▲hydrolysis [水解]·hypr-[高]▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症]▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢]·hypno-[睡眼]▲hypnotics[安眠药]▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法]·hypo-[低]▲hypotension[低血压]▲hypoglycemia[低血糖]·hystero-[子宫]▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛]▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂]·-ia[病]▲melancholia[忧郁症]▲pyrexia[发热]·-iatrics[医学]▲pediatrics[儿科学]▲geriatrics[老年病学]·-iatry[医学]▲psychiatry[精神病学]▲pediatry[儿科学]·immuno-[免疫]▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白]▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法]·infra-[下]▲infraorbital[眶下的]▲infrared[红外线]·inter-[间]▲intervertebral[椎间的]▲intercellular[细胞间的]·intra-[内]▲intravenous[静脉内的]▲intracranial[颅内的]▲intramuscular[肌肉内的]·-ist[家]▲pathologist[病理学家]▲anatomist[解剖学家]·-itis[炎症]▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎]▲myocard itis[心肌炎]·leuco (leuko)-[白]▲leucorrhea[白带]▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多]▲leukemia[白血病]·lipo-(脂)▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多]▲lipase[脂酶]·-lith[结石]▲cholelith[胆结石]▲cholelithiasis[胆石症]·-logy[学]▲terminology[术语学]▲Cardiology[心脏病学]·lumbo-[腰]▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的]▲lumbago[腰背痛]▲lumbodynia[腰痛]·lympho-[淋巴]▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿]▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少]·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了]▲aythrolysis[关节松解术]▲spasmolytic[解痉的]·macro-[大]▲macrophage[巨噬细胞]▲macromolecule[大分子]·mal-[不良]▲malnutrition[营养不良]▲malfunction[功能不全]·-megaly[巨大]▲cardiomegaly[心扩大]▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形]·meningo-[脑膜]▲meningitis[脑膜炎] ▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎]·meno-[月经]▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经]·-meter[表，计]▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法]▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micr o-[小]▲micropump[微泵]▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-]▲mononucleosis[单核细胞增多]▲monomer[单体]·multi-[多]▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓]▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌]▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻]▲nasoscope[鼻镜]▲nasitis[鼻炎]·neo-[新]▲neoplasm[瘤]▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾]▲nephropathy[肾病]▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变]·neuro-[神经]▲neuroma[神经瘤]▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎]·non-[非]▲non-electrolyte[非电解质]▲nonfetal[非致命的]·nulli-[无]▲nullipara[未产妇]▲nulligrav ida[未孕妇]·nutri-[营养]▲nutrition[营养]▲nutrology[营养学]·oculo-[眼]▲oculist[眼科医生]▲oculus dexter[右眼]▲oculus sinister[左眼]5 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·oligo-[少]▲oligophrenia[智力发育不全]▲oliguria[少尿]·-oma[肿瘤]▲adenoma[腺瘤]▲osteoma[骨瘤]·onco-[肿瘤]▲oncology[肿瘤学]▲oncogene[癌基因]·ophthalmo-[眼]▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出]▲ophthalmoplegia[眼肌麻痹]·-osis[病]▲cirrhosis[肝硬化]▲mycosis[霉菌病]·osteo-[骨]▲osteomalacia[骨软化]▲osteoarthritis[骨关节炎]·oto-[耳]▲otolith[耳石]▲otoplasty[耳成形术]▲otopyosis[耳化脓]·pan-[全]▲panimmun ity[多种免疫]▲pantalgia[全身痛]▲pantatrophia[全身营养不良]·-para[产妇]▲primipara[初产妇]▲nullipara[未产妇]·-pathy[病]▲dermatopathy[皮肤病]▲Cardiomyopathy[心肌病]·pedia-[儿童]▲pediatrician[儿科医师]▲pediatrics[儿科学]·-penia[减少]▲leucopenia[白细胞减少]▲thrombopenia[血小板减少]·per-[经]▲percutaneous[经皮肤的]·peri-[周围]▲pericarditis[心包炎]▲perianal[肛周的]·pharmaco-[药]▲pharmacokinetics[药代动力学]▲physicochemistry[药典]·physio-[物理▲physiotheraphy[理疗]▲physicochemistry[物理化学]·-plasty[成形术]▲angioplasty[血管成形术]▲homoplasty[同种移植]▲gastroplasty[胃成形术]·-plegia[瘫]▲paraplegia[截瘫]▲hemiplegia[偏瘫]·pleuro-[胸膜]▲pleuritis[胸膜炎]▲pleurocentesis[胸腔穿刺术]·-pnea[呼吸]▲orthopnea[端坐呼吸] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·pneumo-[气，肺]▲pneumothorax[气胸] ▲pneumococcus[肺炎球菌]·poly-[多]▲polyuria[多尿]▲p olycholia[胆汗过多] ·post-[后]▲postpartum[产后]▲postoperation[术后] ·pre-[前]▲premenopause[绝经前期]▲premature[早搏]▲preload[前负荷] ·pseudo-[假]▲psudohypertrophy[假性肥大]▲psudomembranous[假膜的]·psycho-[精神，心理] ▲psychology[心理学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ·-ptosis[下垂]▲nephroptosis[肾下垂] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂]·-ptysis[咯]▲pyoptysis[咯脓]▲hemoptysis[咯血] ·pyo-[脓]▲pyorrhea[溢脓]▲pyosis[化脓]·radio-[放射]▲radiotherapy[放疗] ▲radiology[放射学] ·recto-[直肠]▲rectitis[直肠炎]▲rectectomy[直肠切除术]·retino-[视网膜]▲retinitis[视网膜炎]▲retinodialysis[视网膜分离]·rhino-[鼻]▲rhinitis[鼻炎]▲rhinorrhea[鼻漏]·-rrhagia[出血]▲gastorrhagia[胃出血]▲hemorrhage[出血]▲pneumorrhagia[肺出血]·-rrhaphy[缝合术]▲neurorrhaphy[神经缝合术]▲Vasorrhaphy[输卵管缝合术]·-rrhea[流出]▲diarrhea[腹泻]▲menorrhea[月经]·schisto-[裂]▲schistosomiasis[血吸虫病]▲schistoglossia[舌裂]·scirrho-[硬]▲scirrhosarca[硬皮病]▲scirrhoma[硬癌]·sclero-[硬]▲scleroderma[硬皮病]▲sclerometer[硬度计]·-scope(y)[镜，检查]▲stethoscope[听诊器]▲otoscope[耳镜]▲proctoscopy[直肠镜检查法]·semi-[半]▲semicoma[半昏迷]▲semi liquid[半流汁]·spondylo-[脊椎]▲spondylopathy[脊椎病]▲spondylitis[脊椎炎]·-stomy[造口术]▲colostomy[结肠造口术]▲ilecolostomy[回结肠吻合术]·sub-[下，亚]▲subacute[亚急性]▲subabdominal[下腹部的]·super-[在…上]▲superficial[浅的]▲superoxide[超氧化物]·supra-[上]▲supraventricular[室上性的]▲suprarenalism[肾上腺机能亢进]·tachy-[快]▲tachycardia[心动过速]▲tachypnea[呼吸急促]·-therapy[治疗]▲massotherapy[按摩治疗]▲pharmacotherapy[药物治疗]·thermo-[热]▲thermometer[温度计]▲thermatology[热疗学]·thrombo-[血栓，血小板]▲thrombolysis[溶栓]▲thrombocytopenia[血小板减少症]▲thrombosis[血]·-tomy[切开术]▲tracheotomy[气管切开术]▲ovariotomy[卵巢切开术]·tracheo-[气管]▲tracheoscope[气管镜]▲tracheorrhagia[气管出血]·trans-[经，转移]▲transurethral[经尿道]▲transfusion[输血]·-trophy[营养]▲dystrophy[营养不良]▲atrophy[萎缩]·ultra-[超过]▲ultraviolet[紫外线]▲ultrasound[超声] ·utero-[子宫]▲uteroscope[子宫镜]▲uterotonic[宫缩剂] ·vaso-[血管]▲vasomotion[血管舒缩] ▲Vasodilator[血管扩张剂]6 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头]▲cephaloxia[斜颈]▲cephalopathy[头部疾病]▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑]▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebell um[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑]▲cerebritis[大脑炎]▲cerebrology[脑学] ·chemo-[化学]▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿，氯]▲chloroform[氯仿]▲chloromycetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道]▲cholangitis[胆管炎]▲cholangiectasis[胆管扩张]·cholo-[胆]▲cholagogue[利胆剂]▲ch olelithiasis[胆石症]▲cholecystitis[胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨]▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤]▲chondrification[骨软化]·chromo-[色素]▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体]·-cide[杀……剂]▲germicide[杀菌剂]▲aborticide[堕胎药]·circum-[周围]▲circumoral[口周的]▲cir cumcision[包皮环切术]·coagulo-[凝固]▲coagulant[凝血剂]·colo-[结肠]▲colotomy[结肠切开术]▲coloptosis[结肠下垂]·colpo (coleo)-[阴道]▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛]▲colposcope[阴道镜]·contra-[反，逆]▲contraindication[禁忌证]▲contraceptive[避孕药]·counter-[反，逆]▲counteragent[拮抗剂]▲conuterpoison[解毒剂]·cranio-[颅]▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化]▲cranioclasis[碎颅术]·-cyst-[囊]▲cystomy[膀胱切开术]▲dacryocyst[泪囊]·-cyte-[细胞]▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞]▲cytolysis[细胞溶解]·de-[除去]▲detoxication[解毒]·dento[牙]▲dentistry[牙科学]▲dentalgia[牙痛]·-derm-[皮肤]▲epiderm[表皮]▲dermatology[皮肤病学]▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术]·dextro-[右]▲dextrocardia[右位心]▲dexiotropic[右旋的]·dis-[分离]▲discission[分离术]▲disinfection[消毒法]·duodeno-[十二指肠]▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎]▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术]·-dynia[痛]▲acrodynia[肢体痛]▲urethrod ynia[尿道痛]·dys-[异常]▲dysfunction[功能不良]▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍]▲dysuria[排尿困难]·-ectasis[扩张]▲gastroectasis[胃扩张]▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气]▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张]·-ectomy[切除术]▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术]▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术]·-edema[水肿]▲encephaledema[脑水肿]▲my xedema[粘液性水肿]·-emesia[呕]▲hematemesia[呕血]▲helminthemesia[吐虫]·encephalo-[脑]▲encephaloma[脑瘤]▲encephaledema[脑水肿]·endo-[内]▲endocarditis[心内膜炎]▲endoscope[内窥镜]·entero-[肠]▲enteritis[肠炎]▲enterovirus[肠病毒]·epi-[上，外]▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·eryth ro-[红]▲erythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管]▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外]▲extracellular[细胞外的]▲extrasystole[额外收缩]·facio-[面]▲facioplegia[面瘫]▲facioplasty[面部成形术]·-fast[耐]▲acid-fast[抗酸的]▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热]▲febricula[低热]▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿]▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生]▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维]▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞]7 回复：医学英语常用前后缀▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前]▲forebrain[前脑]▲forehead[前额]·-form[形状]▲oviform[卵形的]▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·f ungi-[真菌，霉菌]▲fungicide[杀真菌剂]▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用]·gastro-[胃]▲gastroptosis[胃下垂]▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎]▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查]▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩]·-gen [原，剂]▲glycogen[糖原]▲pathogen[病原体]▲androgen[雄激素]▲Estrogen[雌激素]·-genic[……性]▲cardiogenic[心源性的]▲allergenic[变应反应]·giganto-[巨大]▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞]▲gigantism[巨大症]·gingivo-[牙龈]▲gingivitis[牙龈炎]▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎]·glosso-[舌]▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪]·gluco-[糖]▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白]▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素]·glyco-[糖]▲glycogen[糖原]▲glyco uria[糖尿]·-grade[级，度]▲centigrade[摄氏温度计]▲retrograde[逆行性]·-gram[克，图]▲microgram[微克]▲electroencephalogram[脑电图]·-graph(y)[……仪（法）]▲electrocardiogram[心电图]▲bronchography[支气管造影术]·gyneco-[妇女]▲gynecology[妇科学]▲gynecopathy[妇科病]·hemo(hemato)-[血]▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白]▲hematoma[血肿]·hemi-[半]▲hemiplegia[偏瘫]▲hemicrania[偏头病]·hepato-[肝]▲hepatitis[肝炎]▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化]▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大]·hidro-[汗]▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症]▲anhidrosis[无汗症]·histo-[组织]▲histology[组织学]▲histomorpholo gy[组织形态学]·holo-[全]▲holonarcosis[全麻]▲holoenzyme[全酶]·homo-[同]▲homotype[同型]▲homologue[同系物]▲homoplasty[同种移植术]·hydro-[水]▲hydropericardium[心包积水]▲hydrolysis [水解]·hypr-[高]▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症]▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢]·hypno-[睡眼]▲hypnotics[安眠药]▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法]·hypo-[低]▲hypotension[低血压]▲hypoglycemia[低血糖]·hystero-[子宫]▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛]▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂]·-ia[病]▲melancholia[忧郁症]▲pyrexia[发热]·-iatrics[医学]▲pediatrics[儿科学]▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学]▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫]▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白]▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法]·infra-[下]▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间]▲intervertebral[椎间的]▲intercellular[细胞间的]·intra-[内]▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的]·-ist[家]▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症]▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白]▲leucorrhea[白带]▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多]▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多]▲lipase[脂酶]·-lith[结石]▲cholelith[胆结石]▲cholelith iasis[胆石症]·-logy[学]▲terminology[术语学]▲Cardiology[心脏病学]·lumbo-[腰]▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的]▲lumbago[腰背痛]▲lumbodynia[腰痛]·lympho-[淋巴]▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿]▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少]·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了]▲aythrolysis[关节松解术]▲spasmolytic[解痉的]·macro-[大]▲macrophage[巨噬细胞]▲macromolecule[大分子]·mal-[不良]▲malnutrition[营养不良]▲malfunction[功能不全]·-megaly[巨大]▲cardiomegaly[心扩大]▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形]·meningo-[脑膜]▲meningitis[脑膜炎]▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎]·meno-[月经]▲dysmenorrhea[痛经]▲menopause[停经]·-meter[表，计]▲spirometer[肺活量计]▲pyrometer[高温表]·-metry[测量法]▲iodometry[碘定量法]·micro-[小]▲micropump[微泵]▲microliter[微升]·mono-[单-]▲mononucleosis[单核细胞增多]▲monomer[单体]·multi-[多]▲multinuclear[多核的]▲multipara[经产妇]·myelo-[髓]▲myelocele[脊髓膨出]▲myelocyte[髓细胞]·myo-[肌]▲myocarditis[心肌炎]▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤]·naso-[鼻]▲nasoscope[鼻镜]▲nasitis[鼻炎]·neo-[新]▲neoplasm[瘤]▲neomycin[新霉素]·nephro-[肾]▲nephropathy[肾病]▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变]·neuro-[神经]▲neuroma[神经瘤]▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎]·non-[非]▲non-electrolyte[非电解质]▲nonfetal[非致命的]·nulli-[无]▲nullipara[未产妇]▲nulligravida[未孕妇]·nutri-[营养]▲nutrition[营养]▲nutrology[营养学]·oculo-[眼]▲oculist[眼科医生]▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼]三、医学英语缩写一览表医学英语缩写一览表· each[各]·[抗体]·[腹部]·ABG-arterial blood gas[动脉血气] ·[异常]·ABp-arterial blood pressure[动脉压] ·[无]·[摘要]· meals[饭前]·[乙酰胆碱]· cortical hormone[肾上腺皮质激素] · coagulative time[活化凝血时间] ·[促肾上腺皮质激素]·ad.(add.)-adde[加]·ad effectum [直到有效]· hormone[抗利尿激素]·ad lib-at liesure[随意]·adm.(admin)-adminstration[给药] ·ad us external use[外用]· fibrillation[房颤]· flutter[房扑]·A/G ratio[白-球蛋白比]· immune deficiency syndrome[爱滋病] · ear[左耳]·[白蛋白]· noon[上午]·[救护车]·amp.(ampul)-ampoule[安瓿]·[麻醉]·[镇痛药]· dinner[饭前]·app r.(approx.)-approximately [大约] · regurgitation[主闭]· stenosis[主狭]·[阿斯匹林]· septal defect[房缺]· transaminase[谷草转氨酶]·atm.(atmos.)-atomsphere[大气压] · serum[抗破伤风血清]·[平均]·[钡]· body temperature[基础体温]· Calmette- Guerin[卡介苗]·[参考文献]· a day[每日二次]· metabolism[基础代谢]· pressure[血压]·bpm-baets per minute[次/分]· sugar[血糖]· weight[体重]· centigrade[摄氏温度计]·[癌]·[癌]·Cal. – calorie[卡]·Cap. – capsule[囊]· blood count[血常规]· complaint[主诉]·CC. condition list[病危通知单]· Coronary care unit[冠心病监护室] · delivered[剖腹产]· date of confinement[预产期]· antigen[癌胚抗原]· group[对照组]· kinase[肌酸激酶]·[毫开]·[毫米]· nervous system[中枢神经系统]·[复方]·[禁忌]· computerized tomography[计算机断层扫描]· vitae[简历]·DBp-diastolic blood pressure[舒张压] · differential dia gnosis[鉴别诊断] ·[科]·[诊断]·DIC-disseminate intravascular coagulation[弥漫性血管内凝血]·[分升]· mellitus[糖尿病]· murmur[舒张期杂音]· on arrival[到达时已死亡]· of birth[出生日期]·[医生]。
医学常用微生物学名词英汉翻译
医学常用微生物学名词英汉翻译微生物学作为医学领域中的重要学科，涉及到许多微生物学名词的英汉翻译。
准确的翻译对于医学研究和临床实践都具有重要意义。
以下是一些常用微生物学名词的英汉翻译示例。
1. Bacteria - 细菌Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various habitats.2. Virus - 病毒Viruses are infectious agents that can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.3. Fungi - 真菌Fungi are a group of organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.4. Protozoa - 原生动物Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms that can be found in water and soil.5. Parasite - 寄生虫Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism (host) and obtain nutrients from the host.6. Antibiotic - 抗生素Antibiotics are substances that can inhibit the growth of or destroy bacteria.7. Antimicrobial - 抗菌剂Antimicrobials are substances that can inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.8. Pathogen - 病原体Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause diseases in their hosts.9. Pathogenesis - 致病机制Pathogenesis refers to the process by which a pathogen causes disease in an organism.10. Immunization - 免疫Immunization is the process of inducing immunity against a particular disease through vaccination.11. Contagious - 传染的Contagious refers to a disease that can be transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect contact.12. Sterilization - 杀菌Sterilization is the process of completely removing or destroying all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.13. Disinfection - 消毒Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms on surfaces or objects.14. Culture - 培养Culture refers to the process of growing microorganisms in a controlled environment for research or diagnostic purposes.15. Resistance - 耐药性Resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of antimicrobial drugs.以上是一些医学常用微生物学名词的英汉翻译示例。
pneumonia词根词缀
pneumonia词根词缀
pneumonia是指肺部感染，其中pneum-是指肺部，-ia是表示疾病的后缀。
除了这些，还有一些与肺炎相关的词根和词缀。
1. pulmon-：肺部的词根，例如pulmonary（肺的）和pulmonologist（肺科医生）。
2. -itis：表示炎症的后缀，例如bronchitis（支气管炎）和sinusitis（鼻窦炎）。
3. -algia：表示疼痛的后缀，例如pleuralgia（胸膜疼痛）和costalgia（肋骨疼痛）。
4. -emia：表示血液的后缀，例如bacteremia（细菌血症）和septicemia（败血症）。
5. py-：表示脓的词根，例如pyogenic（化脓性的）和pyemia （脓毒症）。
6. -osis：表示疾病或异常的后缀，例如pneumonosis（肺部疾病）和fibrosis（纤维化）。
7. bronch-：支气管的词根，例如bronchoscopy（支气管镜检查）和bronchogenic（起源于支气管的）。
8. -ectasis：表示扩张的后缀，例如bronchiectasis（支气管扩张）和atelectasis（肺不张）。
9. pleur-：胸膜的词根，例如pleurisy（胸膜炎）和pleurocentesis（胸膜穿刺术）。
10. pneumothorax：表示气胸的词，由pneumo-和thorax（胸）
组成。
《全科医学》词汇
AAbdominal pains-腹痛Academic bodies-学术机构Academies-专科学校Affiliation-友好关系Afflicted with-受…折磨affluent-丰富的、流畅的algorithm-算法allegiance-效忠Allocation-分配amputation-截肢analgesics-镇痛药Anatomy-解剖Anesthesiology-麻醉学Apothecaries-药剂师Appetite-食欲Apprenticeship-学徒Arbitrary- 任意的Ascertain-确定、查明at intervals-每隔一段时间Attain-达到BBe elusive-难以解释的Belching-嗳气Bereavement-丧亲biopsy-活检bottom up-反转bowel-肠brush aside-扫除、漠视bubble-like-气泡状Buffeted-被冲击Bypass-绕开、忽视CCall for-需要capitation-人头税Categorization-分类、分门别类causal-因果的Causation of disease-病因cessation-停止Cfs-慢性疲劳综合症Chart-图表Chief complaint-主诉Chills-寒颤Chiropractic-脊髓按摩Cholecystectomy-胆囊切除术Clinical Guidelines-临床指南Cognitive-认知的、认识的Coherence-一致性、连贯性cold remedies-感冒药Collaboration-协作Collaborative-协作的Colonies-殖民地Complication-并发症Comprehensibility-理解能力Comprehensive-综合的Compulsory-强制义务的Condemned-被定罪的Conduct-行为Congenital-先天性Congruent-适合的、一致的Conserve resource-优化资源Consistency-一致性Consultation-咨询Context-环境Contracts-合同、契约Convening-召开Convulsions-抽搐Coordinate-协调Cope-处理Correlation-相关Cortisone-可的松，肾上腺皮质酮Cost effective-划算的Covary-共变Craft skill-工艺技术Craftsman-匠人Crisis-危机Criterion-标准Crucible-严酷的考验Cues-线索、开端Cultivate-培养Curability-词根cure，治愈可能性Curriculum-课程DDe novo-重新,更始,来自拉丁语Defined-明确的Definitive-最后的、决定的deleterious-有害demoralization-道德败坏denied-拒绝denote-指示Deny-否认depletion-耗尽detached-分离的、超然的Deterioration-恶化Devastate-毁灭differential diagnosis-鉴别诊断Diffuse-散开的Discipline-学科；纪律Disclosing-公开Discretionary-自由决定的Discretion-判断力Dislocating-使脱臼；使混乱Disorder-失调,错乱Disorganized-紊乱的、无组织的Dispense-分发Disposal-处理、清理Dispute-争议Dissent-不同意Distress-危难；不幸Dizziness-头晕眼花Domicile-住宅Dramatic-激动人心的Dustrophy-营养障碍Dynorphins-强啡肽Dysfunctional-功能失调的Dyspepsia-消化不良Dystrophy-营养障碍EEconomic-经济的ectopic pregnancy-异位妊娠Ectopic-异常的Eliminate waste-消除浪费Elusive-难懂的，难以捉摸的Emancipate-释放Embark-从事、着手Emergence-出现Empiric-经验Encompassed-包绕、环绕Engage-召集、参加Enhancement-增加、放大、提高Enkephalin-脑啡肽Enquiry-询问Ensuing-随后的enuresis-夜尿Epidemics-流行病episodes-发作Episode-片段；一段经历Equilibrium-平衡Ethics-伦理学Evolved from-由…进化来Excessive-过度的exempted from-免除exerted-外露extended-扩充的extroversion-外向性FFaculties-教职员工Fainting spell-昏厥Family Physician/Doctor-全科(家庭)医生Fatigue-疲倦Feasible-可行的Febrile-发热fee for service-服务费Fixation-固定Flatus-屁food hygiene-食品卫生Formation-形成Foster-培养、形成Fragile-脆的、易碎的Fragment from-从…分裂出Free floating anxiety-游离性焦虑GGeneral practitioner-通科医生General/family medicine-全科(家庭)医学General/family practice-全科(家庭)医疗Generalists-通才Gum-牙龈Gynecologists-妇科医生Hhemoglobin-血红蛋白Hemorrhoids/piles-痔疮Hiccup-打嗝Hinting-暗示Holistic-整体Horizontal integration-横向合并hospitalization-住院治疗Hypnosis-催眠Hypothesis-假设IIllustrate-说明Immediacy-直接性Implication-暗示、含义in indemnity-损害赔偿Inclination-倾向Incompetent-无能力的Incongruous Referral-不协调的转诊病人Incorporated-包含入内的indemnity insurance-赔偿保险Infirmity-体弱的Influential-有影响力的人informed consent-知情同意Inherent-固有的、内在的、遗传的、与生俱来的Innovation-创新Insight-(更深刻/肤浅的)理解Inspection-检查Integrated with-一体化Intercostal-肋间部分Interpersonal-人际关系的Intervention-干预Interview survey-访谈Intestinal infections-肠道感染Intimates-密友；贴身衣物Intuitively-直观的Investigation-调查研究Irreversible-无可挽回irritable bowel syndrome-肠道易激综合症irritable colon syndrome-结肠激惹综合症.JK Key figure-关键人物Kinship-亲属关系Kin-亲戚、同族LLabels-标签、贴标签、分类Lump-肿块MM.R.C.S-皇家学院外科医师会员Maintenance-维护、维持Malady-严重的疾病Malpractice suits-治疗不当所致的诉讼案件Malpractice-治疗不当Mammography frequency-乳房x光检查频率Manageability-管理能力Mandatory-强迫、命令Maneuver-演戏、谨慎或熟练的动作、巧计Manifested-显示、证明Manipulation-操作Manufacture-制造Marital status-婚姻状况Mastectomy-乳房切除术Mechanoceptors-机械感受器Meditation-冥想Menstruation-月经Metaphors-隐喻Migraine-偏头痛Miniature-微型的Mirage-幻想、妄想Mitigate-减轻Mobilize-动员Morbidity-发病率Mortality-死亡率Mortal-致命的NNaturopathy-物理疗法Neglect-疏忽Neurology-神经科neuroticism-神经质Non febrile convulsions-非发热性痉挛Nonverbal-不用语言的Normative-规范的Norms-规范、准则Nurtured-培育OObesity-肥胖Objective-目标Obligations-义务obsession-强迫Obsolete-过时的Obstetrics-产科Occupation-工作Omnipresent-无所不在的Ontario-安大略湖、安大略省Optimism-乐观主义Organelles-细胞器Orientation-定位、情况介绍Otolaryngology-耳鼻喉科Overlap-部分重叠、重复Overrides-压倒Override-推翻、不顾PPaediatricians-儿科医生PAP smears-子宫颈涂片Paradigm-范例、模式paranoid-偏执Pathogenicity-致病性、病原性Pattern-模式Perceive-感知、认知Percentile-百分位；百分率的Peristalsis-蠕动Persistent-持续的Perspective-观点Pessimism-悲观主义pest control-害虫防治Pest-害虫、有害之人PE-体格检查PHE-公共卫生Pickings-抠（鼻）或剔（牙）pneumococcal-肺炎链球菌Polygraph-测谎仪Poverty-贫困precede-优先于Precepts-规则Precepts-戒律Precise-精确的、精密的、严格的Precursor-先驱、前导，先兆（症状）Predominance-显著Prescribe-开处方给医嘱Prescription-药方Prestige-威望Presymptomatic-症状发生前的Privileges-特权.Profession-专业Profiel-概括、简况Profoundly-深刻地Progress-进步Prominent-突出的卓越的Prospective study-前瞻性研究Provision-供给psychiatric disease-精神疾病Psychiatry-精神病学Pursuit-追求QRRange-范围Rapport-人际关系Rash-皮疹Recommendations-推荐规范Recurrent-复发的、周期性的Referrals-引荐Referral-转诊Refraining-调整认知refuse disposal-垃圾处理Regression analysis-回归分析Relay-接班、接力赛、接班人Reluctant-不情愿的Remit-缓和、免除Renovation-革新Residence-住处、居住Respondents-调查对象Retrospective surveys-回顾性研究Reveal-透露Rigid-严格的Rigour-僵硬Rigour-震颤risk sharing provision-风险分担规定Rituals-典礼、宗教仪式Royal-皇室Rubric-标题SSalutogenesis-健康本源学Sanitation-环境卫生Scapegoats-替罪羊Scattered-分散的Schizophrenia-精神分裂症scope-范围scratchings-刮伤Screening-筛查Self Assessed Health-自我健康评价Session-会议Shakes-震颤Sheer-纯；纯粹的；十足的；全然的、偏倚Shuttle-往返simple correlations-简单相关smoking cessation-戒烟Sneezing-打喷嚏SOC（sense of coherence）-条理感、一致感、统合感（是Antonovsky这个人提出来的一种人与其所处环境之间的和谐一致状态）Social contexts-社会环境social obligations-社会责任somatic symptoms-躯体症状Somatization-躯体化specialists-专科医生Specialization-专门化spousal-结婚的Squander-浪费、滥用staphylococcal-葡萄球菌所致的Stool-粪便Streptococcal-链球菌所致的Subjective-主观的、个人的、自觉的subsequent-随后的Substance abuse-药物滥用subtle cues-精细的线索Subtle-微妙的Suffocating-窒息的Surgery-外科Surveillance-监督Sweat-汗TTerminology-术语Term-术语Tertiary-第三的the irritable colon syndrome-结肠激惹综合症Therapists-治疗师Tinged-轻微地影响traps-陷阱Trauma-创伤Triggers-诱导Trivia-琐事UUltrasound-超声波Underreporting-报道不够、强调不够Unmet-未满足的Unrivaled-无敌的、无比的、至高无上的Unrivaled-至高无上的unwary-粗心的Uprooting-根除Urgency-紧迫VVaginal-阴道的Valuation-评价Vertical integration-纵向合并vital signs-主要症状Vomiting- 呕吐Vulnerable-易感、易受伤害的WWholesale-批量地Win(flatus)-屁Wind (flatus)-屁WONCA (World Organization of National College and Academies of General Practice/Family Medicine)-世界家庭医生组织Yyield-收益。
肺炎链球菌 (S.pneumoniae)
2020/1/21
26
巧克力平板，蓝灰色，半透明，光滑 湿润的菌落。
卵黄双抗（EPV）平板：为无色，光 滑湿润的菌落。
血清肉汤：呈微混浊。
2020/1/21
27
3.生化反应
分解葡萄糖、麦芽糖 硝酸盐还原反应阴性，不分解尿素 氧化酶试验阳性
2020/1/21
28
2020/1/21
24
1．形态结构
G-，肾形成双排列 在患者脑脊液标本中位于中性粒细胞
内 无芽胞、无鞭毛，具有荚膜、菌毛。
2020/1/21
25
2．培养特性
营养要求高，必须在含有血清或多种氨 基酸、无机盐的培养基上生长良好。
血平板：半透明，灰褐色，圆形，湿润 光滑露滴样菌落。
2020/1/21
47
(三) 微生物学检验
2020/1/21
48
1．标本采集
泌尿、生殖道的各种分泌 物、尿液
立即送检
2020/1/21
49
2．直接涂片镜检
急性淋病：嗜中性粒细胞内大量 G-，肾形双球菌——具有诊断意 义
慢性淋病：镜检较困难
2020/1/21
50
3.分离培养鉴定
即采集即培养，常用含有两种以上 抗生素（万古霉素、粘菌素、磺胺 类等）的营养培养基上培养。
2020/1/21
39
1．形态结构
G-，球形或肾形，成对排列 有荚膜，无芽胞和鞭毛
2020/1/21
40
2．培养特性
营养要求高，30-37 ℃生长，须在含有血 液或血清的培养基上培养，常用血液、巧 克力等培养基
初次分离，须5-10%CO2才能生长发育 菌落：凸起，光滑、圆形，灰白色，半透
西医感染科、儿科术语英文翻译
西医感染科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医感染科术语英文翻译：1. 病毒感染：Viral Infection2. 细菌感染：Bacterial Infection3. 真菌感染：Fungal Infection4. 寄生虫感染：Parasitic Infection5. 支原体感染：Mycoplasma Infection6. 立克次体感染：Rickettsial Infection7. 衣原体感染：Chlamydial Infection8. 性传播感染：Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)9. 医院获得性感染：Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)10. 社区获得性感染：Community-Acquired Infections (CAIs)11. 抗药性感染：Antibiotic-Resistant Infections12. 病毒性肝炎：Viral Hepatitis13. 细菌性痢疾：Bacterial Dysentery14. 结核病：Tuberculosis (TB)15. 破伤风：Tetanus16. 梅毒：Syphilis17. 性病性淋巴肉芽肿：Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)18. 人乳头瘤病毒感染：Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection19. 钩端螺旋体病：Leptospirosis20. 疟疾：Malaria21. 阿米巴病：Amoebiasis22. 弓形虫病：Toxoplasmosis23. 细菌性食物中毒：Bacterial Food Poisoning24. 病毒性心肌炎：Viral Myocarditis25. 流行性感冒：Influenza (Flu)26. 登革热：Dengue Fever27. 黄热病：Yellow Fever28. 脑膜炎：Meningitis29. 败血症：Septicemia30. 脓毒症：Sepsis31. 脓肿：Abscess32. 发热待查：Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)33. 抗生素治疗：Antibiotic Therapy34. 对症治疗：Symptomatic Treatment35. 免疫疗法：Immunotherapy36. 支持性护理：Supportive Care37. 隔离措施：Isolation Measures38. 预防接种：Vaccination39. 手卫生：Hand Hygiene40. 环境清洁消毒：Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection41. 传染病监测与控制：Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control42. 人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染：Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection43. 人乳头瘤病毒疫苗（HPV疫苗）：Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV vaccine)44. 克林霉素抗药性检测：Clindamycin Resistance Testing45. 卡介苗接种（BCG接种）：Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination46. 内毒素检测（Endotoxin Detection）：Endotoxin Testing (LPS Testing)47. 白喉抗毒素治疗（Diphtheria Antitoxin）：Diphtheria Antitoxin Therapy (DAT)48. 结核病预防性治疗（TB Preventive Therapy）：TB Preventive Therapy (TPT)49. 人畜共患病（Zoonoses）：Zoonoses (Animal-borne Diseases)50. 人畜共患病预防和控制（Zoonosis Prevention and Control）：Zoonosis Prevention and Control西医儿科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医儿科术语英文翻译：1. 儿科：Pediatrics2. 儿童生长发育：Child Growth and Development3. 新生儿：Neonate4. 婴儿：Infant5. 学龄前儿童：Preschool Child6. 学龄儿童：School-aged Child7. 青春期：Adolescence8. 儿童营养：Child Nutrition9. 母乳喂养：Breastfeeding10. 配方奶喂养：Formula Feeding11. 断奶：Weaning12. 幼儿急疹：玫瑰疹：Rubella13. 水痘：Varicella14. 手足口病：Hand-foot-mouth Disease (HFMD)15. 流行性感冒：Influenza16. 中耳炎：Otitis Media17. 急性上呼吸道感染：Acute Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)18. 支气管肺炎：Bronchopneumonia19. 支原体肺炎：Mycoplasma Pneumonia20. 百日咳：Pertussis21. 儿童哮喘：Asthma in Children22. 过敏性鼻炎：Allergic Rhinitis23. 肠道寄生虫病：Intestinal Parasitic Diseases24. 微量元素缺乏症：Trace Element Deficiency25. 维生素缺乏症：Vitamin Deficiency26. 新生儿黄疸：Neonatal Jaundice27. 新生儿窒息：Neonatal Asphyxia28. 新生儿败血症：Neonatal Sepsis29. 肠套叠：Intussusception30. 小儿肺炎：Pneumonia in Children31. 小儿腹泻病：Diarrhea in Children32. 小儿营养不良：Malnutrition in Children33. 小儿肥胖症：Childhood Obesity34. 小儿糖尿病：Diabetes Mellitus in Children35. 小儿先天性心脏病：Congenital Heart Disease in Children36. 风湿热：Rheumatic Fever37. 川崎病：Kawasaki Disease38. 幼年特发性关节炎：Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)39. 儿科重症监护病房（PICU）：Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)40. 新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）：Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)41. 儿童生长发育评估：Child Growth Assessment42. 儿童免疫接种计划：Child Immunization Schedule43. 儿童心理咨询与治疗：Child Psychological Counseling and Therapy44. 儿童康复治疗：Child Rehabilitation Therapies45. 儿童行为问题咨询与治疗：Child Behavioral Issues Counseling and Therapy46. 儿童疫苗接种咨询与指导：Child Vaccination Counseling and Guidance47. 新生儿筛查项目：Neonatal Screening Programs48. 小儿危重症管理技术：Critical Care Management in Children49. 儿科药理学和药物治疗学：Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics50. 小儿外科手术技术：Pediatric Surgical Techniques。
【考研复试】大内科英语词汇
专业英语词汇:Influenza 流感Acute tracheobronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎Pneumonia 肺炎Community acquired pneumonia,CAP 社区获得性肺炎Hospital acquired pneumonia,HAP 医院获得性肺炎Ventilator associated pneumonia,V AP 呼吸机相关性肺炎Healthcare associated pneumonia,HCAP 卫生保健相关性肺炎Protected specimen brush ,PSB 防污染样本毛刷Bronchial alveolar lavage,BAL 支气管肺泡灌洗Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration,PFNA 经皮细针吸检Urinary antigen test 尿抗原试验Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌Pneumococcal pneumoniae 肺炎球菌Staphylococcal pneumonia 葡萄球菌肺炎Mycoplasmal pneumonia 肺炎支原体肺炎Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia pneumonia 肺炎衣原体肺炎Chlamydia pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体Viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎Severe acute respiratory syndrome ,SARS严重急性呼吸综合征SARS-associated coronavirus,SARS-CoV SARS冠状病毒Pulmonary candidiasis 肺念珠菌病Pulmonary aspergillosis 肺曲霉病Invasive Pulmonary aspergillosis 侵袭性肺曲霉病Halo sign 晕轮征Crescent sign 新月体征Aspergilloma 曲霉肿Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ,ABPA 变应性支气管肺曲霉病Pulmonary cryptococcosis 肺隐球菌病Pneumocystis 肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ,PC 卡氏肺囊虫肺炎Lung abscess 肺脓肿Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张症Pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核Purified protein derivative,PPD 纯蛋白衍化物Isoniazid,INH,H 异烟肼Rifampicin,RFP,R 利福平Rifapentine,RFT 利福喷丁Pyrazinatnide,PZA,Z 吡嗪酰胺Ethambutol,EMB,E 乙胺丁醇Streptomycin,SM,S 链霉素Multidrug resistant tuberculosis ,MDR-TB 耐多药结核病Extensive drug resistant or extreme drug resistant XDR-TB 超级耐多药结核病Chronic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎Aminophyllin 氨茶碱Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPDBronchial asthma 哮喘Bronchial provocation test ,BPT 支气管激发试验Bronchial dilation ,BDT支气管舒张试验Pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE 肺血栓栓塞症Pulmonary embolism ,PE 肺栓塞Deep venous thrombosis,DVT 深静脉血栓形成D-dimer D二聚体Pulmonary hypertension ,PH 肺动脉高压Cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病Chronic pulmonary heart disease 慢性肺源性心脏病Allergic granulomatosis 过敏性肉芽肿病Interstitial lung disease,ILD 间质性肺疾病Diffuse parenchymal lung disease ,DPLD 弥慢性实质性肺疾病Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia，IIP 特发性间质性肺炎Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis，IPF 特发性肺纤维化Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis，PAP 肺泡蛋白质沉积症Non-specific interstitial pneumonia，NSIP 非特异性间质性肺炎Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia 慢性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎Sarcoidosis 结节病Granuloma-inciting factor 肉芽肿激发因子Fibroblasts growth factory ，FGF 成纤维细胞生长因子Parapneumonic diffusions 类肺炎性胸腔积液Pneumothorax 气胸Pleural bleb 胸膜下肺大疱Emphysematous bulla 肺大疱Primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管癌Paraneoplastic syndrome 副癌综合症Hypertrophic pulmonaryosteoarthropathy 肥大性肺性骨关节病Transbronchial lung biopsy 经支气管镜肺活检Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome 睡眠呼吸暂停综合症Polysomnography PSG 多导睡眠图Nasal-continuous positive airway pressure CPAP 经鼻持续气道内正压通气Bilevel positive airway pressure BiPAP 双水平气道内正压Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty UPPP 颚垂软腭咽成形术Hypoventilation 通气不足Diffusion abnormality 弥散障碍Ventilation-perfusion mismatch 通气/血流比例失调Functional shunt 功能性分流Dead space-like ventilation 死腔样通气Pulmonary encephalopathy肺性脑病Carbon didioxide narxosis CO2麻醉Dyspnea 呼吸困难CHEYNE-STOKES respiration潮式呼吸Arterial blood gas analysis 动脉血气分析Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation NIPPV无创正压通气Recruitment maneuver 肺复张法Sepsis 感染中毒症Hypovolemic shock低血容量性休克Cardiogenic shock 心源性休克Distributive shock 分布性休克Obstructive shock 梗阻性休克Cardiac dysfunction 心功能不全Angiotensin 2 血管紧张素Atrial natriuretic peptide，ANP and brain natriuretic peptide，BNP 心钠肽和脑钠肽Arginine vasopressin ，A VP 精氨酸加压素Endothelin 内皮素Cardiac arrhythmia 心律失常After depolarization 后除极Sinus node recovery time，SNRT 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time，SACT 窦房结传导时间Sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速Sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓Sinus pause or sinus arrest 窦性停搏或窦性静止Sinoatrial block，SAB 窦房阻滞Sick sinus syndrome ，SSS，病态窦房结综合症Atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩Atrial flutter 心房扑动Atrial fibrillation 房颤Premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩A V junctional escape beats 房室交界区性异搏Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ，PSVT 阵发性室上性心动过速Preexcitation syndrome 预激综合征Premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩Ventricular tachycardia 室速Torsades de pointes 尖端扭转Ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation 心室扑动与颤动Atrioventricular block 房室传导阻滞Intraventricular block 室内传导阻滞Right bundle branch block ，RBBB 右束支阻滞Radiofrequency energy 射频电能Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ，CPR 心肺复苏Congenital cardiovascular disease 先天性心血管病Atrial septal defect ，ASD 房间隔缺损Ventricular septal defect ,VSD室间隔缺损Patent ductus arteriosus ，PDA 动脉导管未闭Congenital bicuspid aortic valve 先天性二叶主动脉瓣Congenital coarctation of the aorta 先天性主动脉瓣缩窄Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis 先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄Congenital aortic sinus aneurysm 先天性主动脉窦动脉瘤Congenital tetralogy of fallot 先天性法洛四联症Insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗Sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Low density lipoprotein，LDL 低密度脂蛋白Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Ischemic heart disease 缺血性心脏病Acute coronary syndrome ACS 急性冠脉综合征Stable angina pectoris 稳定型心绞痛Myocardial infarction，MI 心肌梗死Cardiac aneurysm 心室壁瘤Ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病Rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病Mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄Mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全Aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄Aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全Tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄Tricuspid incompetence 三尖瓣关闭不全Pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄Infective endocarditis ，IE 感染性心内膜炎Dilated cardiomyopathy ，DCM 扩张型心肌病Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy，HCM 肥厚型心肌病Restrictive cardiomyopathy ，RCM 限制型心肌病Myocarditis 心肌炎Acute pericarditis急性心包炎Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层Intermittent claudication 间歇性跛行Cardiovascular neurosis 心脏神经症Helicopter pylori，H. pylori 幽门螺旋杆菌Gastroesophageal reflux disease 胃食管反流病Lower esophageal sphincter 食管下括约肌H2 receptor antagonist H2RA H2受体拮抗剂Proton pump inhibitor PPI质子泵抑制剂Gastritis 胃炎Gastropathy 胃病Acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis 急性糜烂出血性胃炎Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ，NSAID 非甾体抗炎药Atrophic gastritis萎缩性胃炎Acute purulent gastritis 急性化脓性胃炎Peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡Gastric ulcer GU 胃溃疡Duodenal ulcer DU十二指肠溃疡Gastric carcinoma 胃癌Endoscopic ultrasonography 超声内镜Intestinal tuberculosis 肠结核Tuberculous peritonitis 结核性腹膜炎Inflammatory bowel disease IBD 炎症性肠病Ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎Crohn’s diseaseCD克罗恩病Toxic megacolon 中毒性巨结肠Budesonine 布地奈德Cyclosorine 环孢素Colorectal carcinoma 直肠癌Functional gastrointestinal disorder 功能性胃肠病Functional dyspepsia 功能性消化不良Irritable syndrome 肠易激综合症Chronic diarrhea慢性腹泻Fatty liver disease 脂肪性肝病Alcoholic fatty liver酒精性脂肪肝Autoimmune hepatitis 自身免疫性肝病Primary biliary cirrhosis 原发性胆汁性肝硬化Hepatic cirrhosis 肝硬化Portal hyertension 门静脉高压Spontaneous bacterial peritonItis 自发性细菌性腹膜炎Hepatorenal syndrome HRS 肝肾综合症Hepatopulmonary syndrome HPS肝肺综合症Alpha fetoprotein，AFP 甲胎蛋白Porto-systemic encephalpathy，PSE 门体分流性脑病Glomerular basement membrane ，GBM 肾小球基底膜Acute golmerulonephritis 急性肾小球肾炎Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 急进性肾小球肾炎Chronic golmerulonephritis 慢性肾小球肾炎Asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria 无症状性血尿或（和）蛋白尿（隐匿性肾小球肾炎Nephritic syndrome肾病综合征Minor golmerular abnormalities 轻微性肾小球病变Focal segmental lesions 局灶性节段性病变Focal glomerulonephritis 局灶性肾小球肾炎Diffuse golmerulonephritis 弥满性肾小球肾炎Membranous nephropathy 膜性肾病Mesangial proliferative golmerulonephritis 系膜增生性肾小球肾炎Endocapillary proliferative golmerulonephritis 毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎Crescentic and necrotizing golmerulonephritis 新月体性和坏死性肾小球肾炎Sclerosing glomerulonephritis 硬化性肾小球肾炎IgA nephropathy IgA肾病Acute interstitial nephritis ，AIN 急性间质性肾炎Urinary tract infection ，UTI 尿路感染Intravenous pyelography ，IVP 静脉肾盂造影Renal artery stenosis 肾动脉狭窄Renal vascular hypertension 肾血管性高血压Hypertensive nephrosclerosis 高血压肾硬化症Benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis 良性小动脉性肾硬化症Malignant arteriolar nephrosclerosis 恶性小动脉性肾硬化症Acute renal failure ，ARF 急性肾衰竭Acute tubular necrosis ，ATN 急性肾小管坏死Uremic toxins 尿毒症毒素Stem cell 干细胞Totipotent 全能的Fertilized egg 受精卵Hematology血液病学Anemia 贫血Aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血Iron deficient anemia 缺铁性贫血Megaloblstic anemia MA 巨幼细胞贫血Hemolytic anemia 溶血性贫血Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿Leukopenia 白细胞减少Neutropenia 中性粒细胞减少Agranulocytosis 粒细胞缺乏症Myelodysplastic syndroms骨髓增生异常综合症Acute lymphoblastic leukemia急性淋巴细胞性白血病Acute myetoid leukemia 急性白血病Lymphoma 淋巴瘤Hodgkin lymphoma霍奇金淋巴瘤Malignant lymphoma恶性淋巴瘤Multiple myeloma 多发性骨髓瘤Hypersplenism 脾功能亢进Allergic purpura过敏性紫癜Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ITP特发性血小板减少性紫癜Hemolytic uremic syndrome 溶血尿毒综合症Hemophilia 血友病Dissenminated intravascular coagulation弥散性血管内凝血Thromboembolism 血栓栓塞Gigantism 巨人症Acromegaly 肢端肥大症Growth hormone deficiency dwarfism ，GHD 生长激素缺乏性侏儒症Pituitary dwarfism 垂体性侏儒症Diabetes insipidus ,DI 尿崩症Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion ，SIADH 抗利尿激素分泌失调综合症Simple Goiter 单纯性甲状腺肿Nontoxic goiter 非毒性甲状腺肿Endemic goiter 地方性甲状腺肿Iodine deficiency disorders ，IDD 碘缺乏病Thyrotoxicosis 甲状腺毒症Hyperthyroidism 甲亢Thyroid crisis 甲状腺危象Apathetic hyperthyroidism 淡漠型甲亢Hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退症Primary hypothyroidism 原发性甲减Subacute thyroiditis 亚急性甲状腺炎Autoimmune thyroiditis ，AIT 自身免疫甲状腺炎Hashimoto thyroiditis ，HT 桥本甲状腺炎Thyroid nodule 甲状腺结节Primary aldosteronism 原发性醛固酮增多症Chronic adrenocortical hypofunction 原发性慢性肾上腺皮质功能减退症Pheochromocytoma 嗜铬细胞瘤Hyperparathyroidism 甲旁亢Hypoparathyroidism 甲旁减Multiple endocrine neoplasia ，MEN 多发性内分泌腺瘤病Diabetes mellitus 糖尿病Metformin 二甲双胍Regular insulin 普通胰岛素Diabetic ketoacidosis ，DKA 糖尿病酮症酸中毒Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar status ，HHS 高血糖高渗状态Hypoglycemia 低血糖症Insulinoma 胰岛素瘤Dyslipidemia 血脂异常Chylomicron，CM 乳糜微粒Apoproein 载脂蛋白Very-low-density lipoprotein ，VLDL 极低密度脂蛋白Obesity 肥胖症Metabolic syndrome ，MS 代谢综合征Hyponatremia 低钠血症Water intoxication 水中毒Hypokalemia 低钾血症Potassium depletion 钾缺乏症Standard bicarbonate ，SB 标准碳酸氢盐Buffer base ，BB 缓冲碱Base excess ，BE 碱剩余Anion gap ，AG 阴离子间隙Hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症Gout 痛风Tophi 痛风石Osteoporosis ，OP 骨质疏松症Rheumatic diseases 风湿性疾病connective tissue disease ，CTD 结缔组织病rheumatoid factory，RF 类风湿因子nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs，NSAID 非甾体抗炎药rheumatoid arthritis ，RA 类风湿关节炎glucocorticoid 糖皮质激素systemic lupus erythematosus ，SLE 系统性红斑狼疮lupus nephritis ，LN 狼疮肾炎ankylosing spondylitis ，AS 强直性脊柱炎vasculitides 血管炎takayasu arteritis，TA 大动脉炎idiopathic inflammatory myositis，IIM 特发性炎症性肌病systemic sclerosis ，SSC 系统性硬化病osteoarthritis ，OA 骨关节炎diseases of high altitude 高原病abstinence syndrome 戒断综合征。
感染相关英文词汇-4.1 肺炎链球菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G+（1肺炎球菌感染）1.Gram-Positive Bacteria革兰阳性菌2.micrococci微球菌3.LouisPasteur路易斯，巴斯德4.etiology of pneumonia肺炎的病因学5.Etiologic agent病因学微生物6.Streptococcus链球菌7.cell division occurs along asingle axis细胞分裂沿单一轴进行8.grow in chains or pairs成链或成对生长9.hemolyticproperties溶血特性10. S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）肺炎链球菌11.α-hemolytic groupα溶血组12.blood agar血培养皿13.characteristically produces a greenish color 特征绿色14.reduction of iron in hemoglobin还原血红蛋白中的铁15.fastidious苛养（菌）16.mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）17.Pneumococci without a capsule无夹膜的肺炎球菌18.colonies with a rough surface克隆表面粗糙19.optochin(ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride)奥普托欣试验（）20.bile soluble在胆汁中溶解21.a polysaccharide capsule多糖夹膜22. serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型23.rabbit polyclonal antisera兔多克隆抗血清24.theQuellung reactionQuellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀25.phagocytosis吞噬作用26.determinant of pneumococcal virulence毒力的决定因素27.Unencapsulated variants无夹膜的变种28.invasive disease.侵袭性疾病29.host defense mechanisms宿主防御系统30.Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素31.cytolysisof cells and tissues细胞和组织的溶解32.cell wall proteins细胞壁蛋白plement pathway补体系统plement deposition补体沉积35.preventing lysis an/oropsonophagocytosis 防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用36. The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic)肺炎球菌H抑制体37.impedesthe formation of C3 convertase抑制C3转话体的形成38.pneumococcal surface proteinC (PspC) 肺炎球菌表面蛋白C39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA)胆碱结合蛋白A40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase)NanA表面锚定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）41.sialic acid唾液酸42.pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子43.potential vaccinecandidates潜在的疫苗靶点44. Molecular typing分子型45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis脉冲凝胶电泳46.genetic relatedness基因相关性46.superseded bysequencing of housekeeping genes管家基因测序已取代（电泳）47.multilocussequence typing,MLST多位点序列分型48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( /)肺球菌多位点分型查询49.whole-genomesequencing will soon supersede MLST全基因组测序不久将替代MLST50.routine childhood administration of pneumococcalpolysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (PCV)幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗51.secular trends长期趋势52.epidemiologic features流行病学特征53.serotype distribution血清学分布54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normallysterile site)侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体内无菌出现感染）55.disease burden疾病负担itary barracks军营57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy humannasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌58.respiratory droplets呼吸道飞沫59.socioeconomic status社会经济状况60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission主要的肺链球菌传播者61.Cross-sectional prevalence data横断面发病率数据62.high rates of colonization高定植率munitytransmission dynamics社区传播动力学64.cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)脑脊液65.aspiration ofpneumococci 吸入肺球菌66.a positive blood culture血培养阳性67.routine pediatricvaccination schedule 常规幼儿疫苗接种计划68.pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎69.bacteremia菌血症70.a definitive etiologicdiagnosis病原学诊断明确71.radiographically confirmed pneumonia 影像学确诊的肺炎72.clinically diagnosedpneumonia临床确诊的肺炎73.The case-fatality ratios (CFRs)病死率74.underlying medical condition基础疾病75.access to care治疗情况76.severity of disease at presentation起病时病情的严重程度77.hospitalized patients住院患者78.appropriateand timely management is available适当及时的治疗79.the first 24 h of hospitalization住院后24h80.rapidly progressive cascade of events快速进展81. irrespective of antibiotic administration与抗菌药物应用无关82.temperate climate温带气候83.ethnic group民族84.crowded settings拥挤的环境85.susceptible individuals易感人群86.preceding viral respiratorydisease (especially but not exclusively influenza)曾患呼吸系统疾病（尤其但不限于流感）87.secondarypneumococcal infections继发的肺炎球菌感染88.seasonaland pandemic influenza季节性、流行性感冒89.Reduced pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降90.prevalence of pneumococcalisolates resistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药物耐药的趋势明显91.minimal inhibitoryconcentrations (MICs) 最小抑菌浓度92.rising absolute magnitude绝对值提高93.penicillin G青霉素G94.cefotaxime头孢噻肟（3nd）95.ceftriaxone头孢曲松96.macrolides大环内酯类97.difficult-to-treat infections 难治性感染98.pneumococcal antimicrobialnonsusceptibility 肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题99.mucosal surfaces膜状表面100.otitis media中耳炎101.pneumonia肺炎102.distant sites:brain远处播散103.joint关节104.bones骨骼105.peritoneal cavity腹腔106.pneumococcal meningitis 肺炎球菌性脑膜炎107.secondary to hematogenousspread继发于血流感染108.flow ofmucus粘液的流动109.avoid localimmune factors逃避免疫因子110.leukocytes白细胞plement补体112.cilia纤毛（cilium的名词复数）113.mucociliaryescalator纤毛的活动114.mechanical clearance of pneumococci 机械清除肺炎球菌115.colonization episodes定植的时间116.persistent colonization长期定植117.development of capsule-specific serum IgG（导致）夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体118.Intercurrent viral infections并发的病毒感染119.Localcytokine production局部细胞因子的产生120.upregulateadhesion factors上调粘附因子121.peptidoglycans 肽葡聚糖122.teichoic acids磷壁酸123.interleukin I and IL-6白介素-1和白介素-6124.tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 肿瘤坏死因子125.Polymorphonuclearleukocytes 多形核白细胞126.innate immune factors固有防御因子127.splenic function肾功能128.coughreflex咳嗽反射129.C-reactiveprotein (CRP)C反应蛋白130.phosphorylcholine磷脂胆碱131.Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) Toll样受体2132.lipoteichoic acid脂膜酸133.cell wall peptidoglycan细胞壁肽聚糖134.cystic fibrosis囊肿性纤维化135.bronchiectasis支气管扩张136.sickle cell disease镰状细胞（贫血）病137.cross-reactive antigens交叉反应抗原138.T cell–independentantigens不依赖T细胞的抗原136.delayed ontogeny（儿童）个体（B细胞防御系统）发育慢137.agammaglobulinemia丙种球蛋白缺乏138.chemically distinct（夹膜）化学结构不同139.serotypespecific血清型特异性抗体140.pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现141.self-limited自限性疾病142.life-threatening危及生命的143.differential diagnosis鉴别诊断144.convulsions抽搐145.tachypnea(>30 breaths/min)呼吸急促146.defined according to specific age strata 根据特殊的年龄分层确定147.lower chest wall indrawing 下胸壁凹陷148.noninvasive or invasive infection侵袭性或非侵袭性感染149.contiguous spread临近组织器官传播150.infection of a normallysterile body fluid 无菌体液区感染151. Pneumonia（invasive with a positiveblood culture）肺炎（血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性）152.a mild community-acquired infection 轻度社区获得性感染153.intubation插管治疗154. at the outset起病时155.a viral upper respiratory infection上呼吸道病毒感染156.abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难157.fever发热159.shakingchills寒战158.myalgias肌肉疼痛160.nonpurulent无脓性161.purulent有脓的162.tinged with blood痰中带血163.stabbing pleuritic chest pain 胸肋膜刺痛164.parietal pleura胸膜壁层165.tachycardia心动过速166.dullness沉闷167.percussion触诊法168.consolidation实性病变169.crackles噼啪声170.auscultation听诊171.Pleural rub胸膜摩擦音172.cyanosis苍白173.nasal flaring鼻翼煽动174.diaphragmatic pleura胸膈膜175.upper abdominalpain上腹疼痛176.myocardial infarction 心肌梗死177.heart failurewith atypical pulmonary edema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿178.cardiac conditions心脏疾病179.pulmonary conditions肺部疾病180.atelectasis肺不张181.mycoplasmas支原体182.etiologicdiagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断183.pathologic examinationof lung tissue 肺组织的病理学检查184.In lieu of代替185.an infiltrate onchest radiography胸部影像学表现渗出186.lobar or segmental consolidation大叶性或节段性实变187.patchy分散不均的188.pleural effusion胸腔积液189.empyema脓胸190.round pneumonia圆形肺炎（/link?url=wuFa5c Mxt56xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95Sch nzWjqCqu1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXK QmidweX3yeRVMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0 JxTffQ7）191. Urinary pneumococcal antigen assays 泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验192.culture of sputum痰培养193.Parapneumonic effusions并发于肺炎的胸腔积液194.aggressive and complete drainage充分引流195.pyogeniccondition化脓性疾病196.skull fracture头颅骨折197.gradual-onsetheadache逐渐出现的头痛198.stiff neck颈僵200.photophobia畏光201.altered consciousness意识状态变化202.seizures癫痫203.bradycardia心动过缓204.increased intracranial pressure 颅内压升高206.Kernig’s or Brudzinski’s signKernig征、Brudzinski征207.cranialnerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves)颅神经麻痹（3、6脑神经）208.examination of CSF脑脊液检查209.evidence of turbidity (visual inspection)浊度（肉眼检查）210.elevated protein level, elevated whiteblood cell count, and reducedglucoseconcentration (quantitative measurement)蛋白、白细胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量检查）211.specificidentification of the etiologic agent (culture, Gram’s staining, antigen testing, or PCR)病原鉴定（培养，革兰染色，抗原鉴定，PCR）212.in conjunctionwith同时伴随213.deafness耳聋214.hydrocephalus脑水肿215 mental retardation.智力迟钝216.diffuse brain swelling弥漫性脑水肿217.subarachnoid bleeding蛛网膜下腔出血218.cerebrovascular complications脑血管并发症219.bacteremia菌血症220.osteomyelitis骨髓炎221.septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎222.endocarditis心内膜炎223.pericarditis心包炎224.peritonitis腹膜炎225.sinusitis鼻窦炎226.otitis media中耳炎227.tinnitus耳鸣228.upper respiratory tract infection上呼吸道感染229.bulging tympanic membrane鼓膜突出230.reduced movementon insufflation or tympanography注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少231.facial pain面部疼痛232.congestion充血233.persistent nighttime cough持续夜间咳嗽234.aspiration and culture of sinus material鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养235.parenteral penicillin G静脉给予青霉素G236.the drug of choice for disease首选药物237.50,000 U/kgfor minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis轻度感染：50,000U/kg脑膜炎：300,000U/kg238.parenteral β-lactam drugs静脉给予β内酰胺类药物239.ampicillin阿莫西林240.cefuroxime头孢呋辛241.penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株242.offer little advantage over penicillin与青霉素相比，没有特殊优势243.Macrolides andcephalosporins大环内酯类和头孢菌素类244.alternatives for penicillin-allergic patients 青霉素过敏患者的替代药物245.clindamycin克林霉素246.tetracycline四环素247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌249.tetracycline-,fluoroquinolone-and macrolide-resistantstrains四环素耐药，氟喹诺酮类耐药，大环内酯类耐药的菌株250. Multidrug-resistant strains多重耐药菌251.alteration of penicillin-bindingprotein(PBP) genes青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变252.transformation and horizontal transfer ofDNA from relatedstreptococcal species基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA253.loweraffinity for penicillins与青霉素的亲和力下降254.specific PBP(s) andthe number of PBPs altered根据PBPs改变的类型和数量255.level of resistance ranges fromintermediate to high耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药256.penicillin susceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折点257.susceptible≤0.06 μg/mL; intermediate, 0.12–1.0 μg/mL;resistant≥2.0 μg/mL敏感≤0.06 μg/mL，中介0.12–1.0 μg/mL；耐药≥2.0 μg/mL 258.were not predictiveof the response of可以预测用药反应259.revised penicillin G breakpoints修正的青霉素G折点260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute临床与实验室标准学会260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现261. MICs of ≥0.12 μg/mL indicate resistance（meningitis）MIC大于0.12µg/mL意味着耐药（脑膜炎）262.the breakpoints are ≤2 μg/mL for susceptible organisms, 4 μg/mL forintermediate organisms,and ≥8 μg/mL for resistant organisms（nonmeningitis）敏感菌≤2 μg/mL中介4 μg/mL耐药≥8 μg/mL（非脑膜炎感染）263.the Infectious DiseasesSociety ofAmerica 美国传染病协会264.American Thoracic Society美国胸科学会265.the BritishThoracic Society英国胸科学会266.the European Respiratory Society欧洲呼吸协会267.vancomycin万古霉素医学英文词汇小结-INFECTION4.111268.rifampin 利福平269.lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺270.dexamethasone 地塞米松promisingclinical evaluation 影响临床判断272.isolate 分离菌273.advocate the use ofglucocorticoids 建议加入糖皮质激素274.not universally consideredthe standard of care并未公认为标准治疗方案275.neurologic sequelae 神经系统后遗症276.doses 8 h apart Q8h277.severe β-lactam hypersensitivity 对β内酰胺类药物严重过敏278.outpatient management 门诊治疗279. high-dose amoxicillin 高剂量阿莫西林280.afebrile 不发热的281. Acute Otitis Media 急性中耳炎282.nonsevere illness非紧急疾病283.an uncertain diagnosis 诊断不明确284.a 10-day course 疗程10天285.should be commenced 应开始使用药物286.myringotomy 鼓膜切开术287.tympanocentesis 鼓膜穿刺术288.obtain samples for culture 取材培养289.vaccinationagainst S. pneumoniae and influenza viruses肺炎链球菌和流感病毒疫苗290.preventionof antibiotic overuse 预防抗生素滥用291.fuels pneumococcal resistance 加剧肺炎球菌耐药292. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines 夹膜多糖疫苗293. Polysaccharide –protein conjugatevaccines 多糖蛋白结合物疫苗参考资料：1.AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics REDBOOK.The report ofthe Committee on Infectious Diseases: 2.Pneumococcal Regional Serotype Distribution for PneumococcalAMCTPP:/library/documents/amc/tpp-c odebook/。
常用病原生物学与免疫学中英文词汇
常用病原生物学与免疫学中英文词汇AAcari 蜱螨亚纲acetabulum 腹吸盘acid-fast stain 抗酸染色Actinomyces 放线菌属Aedes albopictus 白纹伊蚊aerial hypha 气生菌丝agar 琼脂agglutination 凝集反应alkaline phosphatase, AP 碱性磷酸酶allergen 变应原alpha-fetal protein, AFP 甲胎蛋白amastigote 无鞭毛体amoeba 阿米巴anaerobe 厌氧菌Ancylostoma duodenale 十二指肠钩口线虫Anopheles minimus 微小按蚊Anopheles sinensis中华按蚊antibody,Ab 抗体antigen, Ag 抗原antistreptolysin O, ASO 抗链球菌溶血素“O”antitoxin抗毒素apoptosis细胞凋亡Arachnida 蛛形纲Ascaris lumbricoides似蚓蛔线虫asepsis无菌autoclave高压蒸气灭菌器autolysin 自溶酶BB cell receptor, BCR B细胞受体Bacillus 杆菌Bacillus anthracis炭疽杆菌bacteriophage, phage 噬菌体bacteriostasis 抑菌bacterium细菌Balantidium coli 结肠小袋纤毛虫basic medium 基础培养基basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞bed bugs 臭虫bioaerosol 生物气溶胶bio-hazard 生物危害Biological safety cabinets，BSCs 生物安全柜bio-safety containment 生物安全防护bio-safety containment for laboratories 生物安全防护实验室Bio-safety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories，BMBL 微生物和生物医学实验室的生物安全bio-safety level, BSL 生物安全水平blastospore 芽生孢子Blattella gemanica 德国小蠊blepharoplast 毛基体blood fluke 血吸虫body nuclei 体核Borrelia 疏螺旋体Broth 肉汤培养基Brugia malayi 马来布鲁线虫CC．trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Candida albicans白色念珠菌（白假丝酵母菌）capsule 荚膜cellular immune 细胞免疫cephalic space 头间隙cercaria 尾蚴cestode 绦虫Chlamydia 衣原体Chlamydia pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体chromosome 染色体chromatoid body 拟染体Chrysomyia megacephala 大头金蝇ciliate 纤毛虫circumoval precipitin （COP）环卵沉淀实验Clonorchis sinensis华支睾吸虫Clostridium botulinum肉毒梭菌Clostridium perfrigens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌coagulase 凝固酶coccus 球菌cockroaches 蜚蠊,蟑螂colony forming unit, CFU 菌落形成单位complement, C 补体Corynebacterium diphtheriae白喉棒状杆菌crescentic space 半月形空隙cross antigen 交叉抗原cryptococcus 隐球菌Cryptosporidium parvum 微小隐孢子虫Culex pipiens pallens 淡色库蚊Culex tritaeniorhynchus三带喙库蚊culture medium 培养基cyst 包囊cysticercus bovis 牛囊尾蚴cysticercus cellulosae 猪囊尾蚴cytokine, CK 细胞因子cytopharynx 胞咽cytoprocte 胞肛cytostome 胞口cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL或Tc 细胞毒性T细胞Ddarkfield microscopy 暗视野显微镜Demodex folliculorum毛囊蠕形螨Demodex brevis皮脂蠕形螨Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌differentiated medium 鉴别培养基Direct agglutination 直接凝集反应disinfect 消毒disk diffusion susceptibility test纸片法药物敏感实验double agar immunodiffusion test 双向琼脂免疫扩散实验drug-resistant bacterium 耐药菌dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌EEscherichia coli大肠埃希菌Echinococcus geanulosus 细粒棘球绦虫ectoplasm 外质egg 虫卵egg shell 卵壳electron microscopy 电子显微镜elementary body 原体elevated shoulder 肩峰embryophore 胚膜Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒endoplasm 内质enterohemorrhagic E.coli, EHEC 肠出血型大肠埃希菌enteroinvasive E.coli, EIEC 肠侵袭型大肠埃希菌enterotoxigenic E.coli，ETEC 肠产毒素型大肠埃希菌Enterovirus肠道病毒Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA 酶联免疫吸附试验Enzyme linked immunospot assay, ELISPOT酶联免疫斑点试验Entamoeba coli 结肠阿米巴Entamoeba histolytica 溶组织内阿米巴Enterobius vermicularis 蠕形住肠线虫Entamoeba gingivalis齿龈内阿米巴eosin and methylene blue 伊红美兰平板（EMB平板）eosinophil 嗜酸性粒细胞epidermophyton表皮癣菌erythrocyte 红细胞FFasciolopsis buski 布氏姜片吸虫female 雌虫fertilized egg 受精卵filamentous colony 丝状菌落filariform larvae 丝状蚴filament substance 丝状物flagellum 鞭毛flagellate 鞭毛虫fleas 蚤flow cytometry, FCM 流式细胞术fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, FQ—PCR 荧光定量聚合酶链反应fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test FTA-ABS 荧光密螺旋体吸收试验fly，flies 蝇fungus，fungi 真菌Ggametocyte 配子体Giardia lamblia 蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Giemsa staining 姬姆萨染色glycogen vacuole 糖原泡gnathosoma 颚体gonococcus 淋球菌Gram’s stain革兰染色法gravid proglottid 妊娠节片gynecophoral canal 抱雌沟HHBcAb 乙型肝炎核心抗体HBeAb 乙型肝炎e抗体HBsAg 乙型肝炎表面抗原hemolytic plaque forming cell assay，HPFC溶血空斑形成细胞检测hepatitis A virus, HA V 甲型肝炎病毒hepatitis B virus, HBV乙型肝炎病毒hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis，HBV-GN 乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎hepatitis C virus, HCV 丙型肝炎病毒herpes simplex virus HSV 单纯疱疹病毒hexacanth larva 六钩蚴hooklet 小钩horseradish peroxidase, HRP 辣根过氧化物酶hot air sterilizer 干烤箱human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒hydatid sand 棘球砂hydatid cyst 棘球蚴Hymenolepis nana 微小膜壳绦虫hypersensitivity超敏反应hypha菌丝Iidosoma 躯体imago 成虫immature schizont 未成熟裂殖体immunoglobulin，Ig 免疫球蛋白inclusion 包涵体incomplete egg 不完整带绦虫卵Indamoeba butschlii布氏嗜碘阿米巴Influenza-virus 流行性感冒病毒initial body 始体Insecta 昆虫纲intermediate host 中间宿主intestinal fluke 肠吸虫iron hematoxylin stain 铁苏木素染色isolation culture 分离培养Ixodes persulcatus 全沟硬蜱JJapanese encephalitis virus日本脑炎病毒Kkaryosome 核仁kinetoplast 动基体Llaboratory-associated infection 实验室相关感染laminar air flow room LAFR 层流室langerhans cells, LC 郎格罕斯细胞larva 幼虫larva capcule 囊包幼虫lateral spine 侧棘lecthinase 卵磷脂酶Leishmania donovani 杜氏利什曼原虫Lentivirinae慢病毒亚科Leptotrombidium deliensis地里纤恙螨leukocyte differentiation白细胞分化抗原liver fluke 肝吸虫lice 虱Lowenstein-jensen medium 罗氏培养基Lucilia sericata 丝光绿蝇lung fluke 肺吸虫lyophilization 冷冻真空干燥法lysogenic bacteria 溶原性细菌Mmacrogametocyte 雌配子体macrophages, MΦ巨噬细胞malarial parasites 疟原虫malarial pigment 疟色素male 雄虫mature proglottid 成节mature schizont 成熟裂殖体Maure’s dots 茂氏小点measles virus麻疹病毒medical arthropods 医学节肢动物medical helminthology 医学蠕虫medical protozoa 医学原虫medium body 中体memory T cell 记忆T细胞meningococcus 脑膜炎球菌merozoite 裂殖子metacercaria 囊蚴metachromatic granule 异染颗粒microbes 微生物microfilariae 微丝蚴microgametocyte 雄配子体microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum MHA-TP 梅毒螺旋体抗体微量血凝试验microorganism 微生物minimal bactericidal concentration, MBC最低杀菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最低抑菌浓度miracidium 毛蚴mite 螨mitogen 丝裂原mold 霉菌monoclonal antibody, McAb单克隆抗体monocyte单核细胞mononuclear-phagocyte单核吞噬细胞mosquito 蚊mouthcapsule 口囊mucosal immune system MIS 粘膜免疫系统multiple drugresistant bacterium, MDR 多重耐药菌mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒Musca domesticia 舍蝇mycelium菌丝体Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌mycoplasma 支原体Mycoplasma pneumoniae肺炎支原体mycotoxins 真菌毒素NNecator americanus美洲板口线虫Negri body 内基小体Neisseria gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟菌Neisseria meningitides 脑膜炎奈瑟菌nematode 线虫neurotoxin神经毒素neutralizing antibody 中和抗体neutrophil 中性粒细胞nongonococcal urethritis, NGU 非淋菌性尿道炎normal flora of microbe 正常微生物群nucleus 细胞核nutrient medium 营养培养基Oobligate anaerobe专性厌氧菌operculum 卵盖oocyst 卵囊oral streptococcus 口腔链球菌oral sucker 口吸盘Ornithodoros papillies 乳突钝缘蜱ovary 卵巢ovum 卵细胞PP. aeruginosa铜绿假单胞菌Pagumogonimus skrjabini 斯氏狸殖吸虫Paragonimus westermani 卫氏并殖吸虫pathogen 致病菌，病原菌，病原体Pediculus humanus capitis人头虱Pediculus humanus corporis人体虱Penicillium 青霉菌peripheral blood monocuclear cells, PBMC 外周血单个核细胞Periplaneta americana 美洲大蠊phagocytes 吞噬细胞phagosome 吞噬体phytohemagglutinin, PHA 植物血凝素pinworm 蛲虫pilus或fimbriae 菌毛plaque forming cell, PFC 空斑形成细胞plasmid 质粒Plasmodium falciparum 恶性疟原虫Plasmodium vivax 间日疟原虫Plate 平板（平皿）Pneumocystis carinii卡氏肺孢子虫polymerase chain reaction, PCR多聚酶链反应precipitation reaction 沉淀反应promastigote 前鞭毛体protoscolex 原头节（原头蚴）psedocyst 假包囊pseudohypha 假菌丝pseudopodia 伪足Pthirus pubis 耻阴虱Pulex irritans致痒蚤pupa 蛹pyemia脓毒血症pyogenic coccus 化脓性球菌pyrogen 热原质pyrogenic exotoxin 致热外毒素Rrabies virus 狂犬病毒rapid plasma reagin, RPR 快速血浆反应素redia 雷蚴refractive granules 屈光颗粒rhinovirus 鼻病毒ring form 环状体Rotavirus 轮状病毒rubella virus风疹病毒roundworm 蛔虫SSabourand medium 沙保培养基Saccharomyces albicans白假丝酵母菌Salmonella 沙门菌属Salmonella-Shigella agar SS平板Sand flies 白蛉Sarcophaga sp麻蝇Sarcoptes scabiei 人疥螨SARS（severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS）严重急性呼吸道综合症S.dysenteriae痢疾志贺菌S.hirschfeldii希氏沙门菌S.paratyphi A甲型副伤寒沙门菌S.schottmuelleri 肖氏沙门菌S.typhi伤寒沙门菌Schistosoma janonicum日本裂体吸虫scolex 头节schizont 裂殖体Schuffner’s dots 薛氏小点selective medium 选择培养基semi-solid medium 半固体培养基serological reaction 血清学反应sheep red blood cell, SRBC 羊红细胞Shigella志贺菌属single agar immuno diffusion test单向琼脂免疫扩散slant 斜面small wart 小疣solid medium 固体培养基sparganosis 裂头蚴spiral bacterium 螺形菌Spirochete螺旋体Spirometra mansoni曼氏迭宫绦虫spore 芽孢，孢子sporocyst 胞蚴sporozoa 孢子虫sporozoite 子孢子staphylococcus 葡萄球菌sterilization 灭菌stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵streptoavidin, SA 链霉亲和素streptococcus链球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌streptolysin O, SLO 链球菌溶血素“O”strobila 链体superantigen, sAg 超抗原TT cell receptor, TCR T细胞受体T helper cell, Th 辅助T细胞T. rubrum 絮状表皮癣菌T lymphocyte transformation test T淋巴细胞转化实验tadpole-like embrgo 蝌蚪状胚胎Taenia saginata肥胖带吻绦虫Taenia solium链状带绦虫thick film 厚血膜thin film 薄血膜thread-like larva 线形幼虫ticks 蜱titer 滴度，效价toxeamia 毒血症Toxoplasma gondii 刚地弓形虫transmission electron microscope，TEM 透射式电镜trematode 吸虫Treponema. pallidum苍白密螺旋体(梅毒螺旋体) treponemal pallidum immobilizing，TPI 梅毒螺旋体制动试验Trichinella spiralis旋毛形线虫Trichomonas vaginalis阴道毛滴虫trichophyton毛癣菌Trichuris trichiura毛首鞭形线虫trophozoite 滋养体UU. urealyticum溶脲脲原体undulating membrane 波动膜unfertilized egg 未受精卵Vvacuole 空泡Vibrio cholerae霍乱弧菌vegetative hypha 营养菌丝vegetative mycelium 营养菌丝Vibrio弧菌属virus 病毒vaccine 疫苗vitelline membrane 卵黄膜WWestern blotting 蛋白印迹whipworm 鞭虫Widal test 肥达实验Wright staining 瑞氏染色Wuchereria bancrofti 班氏吴策线虫XXenopsylla cheopis 印鼠客蚤Yyeast酵母菌yeast type colony 酵母型菌落yeast-like colony 类酵母菌落yolk cell 卵黄细胞Zzoonosis 人兽共患病β-lactamase β-内酰胺酶。
链球菌感染
链球菌属(Streptococcus)细菌侵入人体引起的疾病。
分2类：一类是感染性疾病，如急性扁桃体炎、脓皮病、肺炎等；另一类为变态反应性疾病，如急性肾小球肾炎等链球菌感染为人类常见疾病，不仅遍及世界各地，而且四季均可发生。
肺炎链球菌旧称肺炎双球菌(Diplococ- cuspneumoniae)，存在于正常人体的口、鼻、咽腔，人体抵抗力降低时方致病，主要引起大叶性肺炎。
目录链球菌科丙型链球菌一般不致病,常存在于粮食、乳品中,在乳制品、泡菜和粉丝的制做中起作用。
明串珠菌属现有6个种，存在于植物体表,也见于青贮、泡菜、果酒、乳制品中，常可增加产品风味，但在制糖工业中，明串珠菌是有害菌。
肠膜明串珠菌能从蔗糖产生葡聚糖，可作为代血浆。
片球菌属有5个种,存在于植物体表和植物的制品（如青贮、泡菜、果酒）中。
西方国家制造腊肠、熏肉时，利用片球菌迅速降低制品的pH值，以防止腐坏。
片球菌由于耐酒精和酒花，常成为啤酒的为害菌，使啤酒混浊败坏。
气球菌属仅有1种，即绿色气球菌。
链球菌科孪生球菌属仅有1种，即溶血孪生球菌。
病原学链球菌属是链球菌科的成员之一，链球菌是圆形或卵圆形的革兰氏阳性细菌。
无芽胞，无动力,过氧化氢酶阴性，不耐热（55～60℃30分钟即可杀死），在液体培养基中生长时为成对或成链状排列的球菌。
易被各种常用消毒药杀灭，但对各种自然因素却有一定的抵抗力。
在痰、渗出物及动物排泄物中可生存数周，在尘埃中无日光照射时可生存数日，广泛分布于自然界，从水、尘埃、乳汁、健康人的鼻咽链球菌感染部、人及动物粪便中皆可检出。
链球菌的分类至今尚未统一，目前常将链球菌属按溶血能力分为甲型（型）溶血性链球菌、乙型(β型)溶血性链球菌、丙型（γ型）溶血性链球菌3类，甲型链球菌致病力弱，为上呼吸道的正常寄生菌；丙型链球菌为口腔、鼻咽部及肠道的正常菌群，通常为非致病菌；乙型溶血性链球菌为链球菌感染中的主要致病菌。
这一分类法简单，临床使用方便。