The Optics of Spectroscopy(中文版)
The Optics of Spectroscopy（中文版）The Optics of SpectroscopyA Tutorial by J.M. Lerner and A. Thevenon第1章衍射光栅:刻划型和全息型 , 1.1 基础公式, 1.2 角色散, 1.3 线色散, 1.4 波长和衍射阶次, 1.5 分辨“能力”, 1.6 闪耀光栅o 1.6.1 Littrow条件o 1.6.2 效率曲线o 1.6.3 效率和阶次, 1.7 衍射光栅和杂散光o 1.7.1 散射光o 1.7.2 鬼线, 1.8 光栅的选择o 1.8.1 什么时候选择全息光栅o 1.8.2 什么时候选择刻线光栅第2章:单色仪和摄谱仪 , 2.1 基本组成, 2.2 FastieEbert型配置, 2.3 CzernyTurner型配置, 2.4 CzernyTurner/FastieEbert 型的PGS差o 2.4.1 像差校正平面光栅 , 2.5 凹面像差校正全息光栅, 2.6 单色仪配置中计算α和β , 2.7 单色仪的光学部分, 2.8 光开口阻挡和入口、出口“瞳孔” , 2.9 孔径比(f值,f数)和数值孔径o 2.9.1 透镜系统的f数o 2.9.2 光谱仪的F数o 2.9.3 放大率和光通量密度 , 2.10 出口狭缝宽度和扭曲失真 , 2.11 狭缝高度的放大倍数, 2.12 光谱带宽和分辨率o 2.12.1 狭缝(P1(λ))的影响o 2.12.2 衍射效应(P2 (λ))的影响o 2.12.3 成像偏差(P3 (λ))的影响o 2.12.4 计算仪器线形的半高全宽(FWHM )o 2.12.5 像宽和阵列探测器o 2.12.6 讨论, 2.13 阶次和分辨率, 2.14 色散和最大波长, 2.15 阶次和色散值, 2.16 如何选择单色仪和摄谱仪第3章:光谱仪的光通量和光展量 , 3.1 定义o 3.1.1 光展量介绍, 3.2 系统的相对光通量o 3.2.1 光展量的计算, 3.3 进入光谱仪的光流量, 3.4 采用小直径光纤光源时整套系统的优化实例 , 3.5 采用宽光源时整套系统的优化实例 , 3.6 光通量和带宽随狭缝宽度的变化o 3.6.1 连续光谱光源o 3.6.2 离散光谱光源第4章:光学信噪比和杂散光 , 4.1 随机杂散光o 4.1.1 光谱仪的光学信噪比o 4.1.2 信号的量化，Φ uo 4.1.3 杂散光的量化Φ和信噪比Φ/Φ dudo 4.1.4 信噪比的优化o 4.1.5 信噪比优化实例, 4.2 直接杂散光o 4.2.1 光谱仪的错误收集方式o 4.2.2 二次进入光谱o 4.2.3 光栅鬼线, 4.3 信噪比和狭缝尺寸o 4.3.1 单级单色仪和连续谱光源o 4.3.2 单级单色仪和单色光光源o 4.3.3 双级单色仪和连续谱光源o 4.3.4 双级单色仪和单色光光源第5章:波长与阵列探测器上像素位置的关系, 5.1 确定焦平面上给定位置对应的波长o 5.1.1 分析与结论o 5.1.2 确定一个已知波长在焦平面上的位置第6章:入口光学, 6.1 入口光学的选择o 6.1.1 基础公式的回顾, 6.2 建立单色仪系统的光轴o 6.2.1 所需物品o 6.2.2 步骤, 6.3 光信号进入光谱仪, 6.4 入口光学实例o 6.4.1 与小光源匹配的光学开口o 6.4.2 与宽光源匹配的光纤开口o 6.4.3 光源的缩小成像, 6.5 场透镜的使用, 6.6 针孔相机效应, 6.7 空间滤镜附录, 致谢, 参考文献第1章衍射光栅:刻划型和全息型衍射光栅由下列两种方法制成:一种是用带钻石刀头的刻划机刻出沟槽的经典方法，另一种是用两束激光形成干涉条纹的全息方法。
(更多信息详见Diffraction Gratings Ruled & Holographic Handbook).经典刻划方法制成的光栅可以是平面的或者是凹面的，每道沟槽互相平行。
全息光栅的沟槽可以是均匀平行的或者为优化性能而特别设计的不均匀分布。
全息光栅可在平面、球面、超环面以及很多其他类型表面生成。
本书提到的规律、方法等对各类不同表面形状的经典刻划光栅和全息光栅均适用，如需区分，本书会特别给出解释。
1.1 基础公式在介绍基础公式前，有必要简要说明单色光和连续谱。
提示:单色光其光谱宽度无限窄。
常见良好的单色光源包括单模激光器和超低压低温光谱校正灯。
这些即为大家所熟知的“线光源”或者“离散线光源”。
提示:连续谱光谱宽度有限，如“白光”。
理论上连续谱应包括所有的波长，但是实际中它往往是全光谱的一段。
有时候一段连续谱可能仅仅是几条线宽为1nm 的谱线组成的线状谱。
本书中的公式适用于空气中的情况，即m=1。
因此，l=l=空气中的波00长。
定义单位α - (alpha) 入射角度β - (beta) 衍射角度k - 衍射阶数整数n - 刻线密度刻线数每毫米 D - 分离角度 Vµ - 折射率无单位 0λ - 真空波长纳米λ - 折射率为µ介质中的波长 00其中λ = λ/µ 00-6-3-71 nm = 10 mm; 1 mm = 10 mm; 1 A = 10 mm最基础的光栅方程如下:(1-1)在大多数单色仪中，入口狭缝和出口狭缝位置固定，光栅绕其中心旋转。
因此，分离角D成为常数，由下式决定， V(1-2)对于一个给定的波长l ，如需求得a和b ，光栅方程(1-1)可改写为:(1-3)假定D值已知，则a和b可通过式(1-2)、(1-3)求出，参看图1.1、V1.2和第2.6节。
图 1.1 单色仪结构示意图 1.2 摄谱仪结构示意L = 入射臂长度 AL = 波长l处出射臂长度 Bnb =光谱面法线和光栅面法线的夹角 HL =光栅中心到光谱面的垂直距离 H表1.1给出了a和b 如何随分离角改变，是以图1.1中单色仪为例，在光栅刻线数1200gr/mm的，衍射波长500nm的条件下计算得到的。
表1.1 1200gr/mm光栅的一阶衍射波长500nm处入射角、衍射角随分离角DV的变化DV α β0 17.458 17.458 (Littrow)10 12.526 22.52620 7.736 27.73624 5.861 29.86130 3.094 33.09440 -1.382 38.61850 -5.670 44.3301.2 角色散rad/nm (1-4)dβ = 两个不同波长衍射后角度的差值(弧度)dλ = 两个波长的差值(nm)1.3 线色散线色散定义为聚焦平面上沿光谱展开方向单位长度对应的光谱宽度，单-1位是nm/mm，Å/mm，cm/mm。
以两台线色散不同的光谱仪为例，其中一台将一段0.1nm宽的光谱衍射展开为1mm，而另一台则将10nm宽的光谱衍射展开为1mm。
很容易想象，精细的光谱信息更容易通过第一台光谱仪得到，而非第二台。
相比于第一台的高色散，第二台光谱仪只能被称为低色散仪器。
线色散指标反映了光谱仪分辨精细光谱细节的能力。
中心波长l在垂直衍射光束方向的线色散可表示为:nm/mm (1-5)式中L为等效出射焦距长度，单位mm，而dx是单位间隔，单位mm。
B参见图1.1。
单色仪中，L为聚焦镜到出口狭缝的距离，或者当光栅为凹面型时光栅B到出口狭缝的距离。
因此，线色散与cosb成正比，而与出射焦长L、衍射级数Bk以及刻线密度n这些参数成反比。
对于摄谱仪而言，任一波长的线色散可通过衍射方向垂直光谱面的波长l其色散值经倾斜角(g)的余弦修正得到。
图1.2给出了“平场”摄谱仪的结构，n 通常它同线阵二极管配合使用。
线色散:(1-6)(1-7)(1-8)1.4 波长和衍射阶次图1.3给出了摄谱仪中聚焦光谱面上光谱范围从200nm到1000nm的一级衍射谱。
当光栅刻槽密度n、a 以及b均已知的情况下，根据式(1-1)得到:kλ=常数 (1-9)即当衍射级数k值变为两倍原值时, l减半。
依此类推。
图1.3 色散和衍射级数以一台可产生波长范围从20nm到1000nm的连续谱光源为例，这一连续谱进入光谱仪分光后，在光谱面上波长800nm的一阶衍射位置上(参看图1.3)，其他三个波长400nm、266.6nm、200nm也会出现，从而能够被探测器测得。
为了仅仅对波长800nm进行测量，必须采用滤色片来消除高阶衍射。
波长范围从200nm到380nm的一阶衍射测量通常不需要滤色片，原因在于波长数值小于190nm的光均被空气吸收。
但是如果光谱仪内部为真空或者填充氮气，这种情况下高阶滤色片又必不可少。
1.5 分辨“能力”分辨能力是一个理论概念，由下式给出(无单位) (1-10)式中，为两个强度相等的光谱线之间的波长间距。
因此，分辨率指dl标代表光谱仪甄别相邻谱线的能力。
如果两条谱线谱峰之间的距离满足其中一条谱线谱峰位于另一条谱线谱峰的最近极小值处，即认为两个谱峰被很好的分辨出来，这一规则被称为瑞利判据(“Rayleigh criterion”)。
R可进一步表示为:(1-11)λ = 待检测谱线的中心波长W = 光栅上光照射区域的宽度 gN = 为光栅的刻槽总数不要将分辨能力“R”这一数值量与光谱仪的分辨率或者光谱带宽这些参数混淆(参看第2章)。
理论上讲，一片刻线密度为1200gr/mm、宽度110mm的光栅，当采用它的一级衍射光时，分辨能力的数值通过计算得到R=1200×110=132,000。
因此，在波长为500nm处，光谱带宽等于然而，实际情况中仪器的几何尺寸由式(1-1)决定。
改写为k的表达(1-12)光栅上刻线的总宽度W为 g，因此， (1-13)式中， (1-14)将式(1-12)和(1-13)代入式(1-11)中，得到分辨能力亦可以表示为:(1-15)因此，光栅的分辨能力取决于:, 光栅上刻线区域的总宽度, 所关注的中心波长, 工作时的几何值(入射角、衍射角)由于光谱带宽还取决于光谱仪的狭缝宽度以及系统的校正，因此上述情况是100%的理论情况，即系统的衍射极限 (更深入的讨论请参看第2章 )。
1.6 闪耀光栅闪耀定义为将一段光谱的衍射最大转移到其他衍射阶次而非零阶。
通过特殊设计，闪耀光栅能够实现在特定波长的最大衍射效率。
因此，一片光栅的闪耀波长可以是250nm或者1mm等等，这取决于刻槽几何尺寸的选择。
闪耀光栅其刻槽断面为直角三角形，其中一个锐角为闪耀角w，如图1.4所示。
然而，110?的顶角在闪耀全息光栅中同样可能出现。
选择不同的顶角大小能够优化光栅的整个效率曲线。
1.6.1 Littrow条件闪耀光栅的几何尺寸可以通过满足Littrow条件的情况下计算得到。
NIST原子光谱数据库说明书
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York,NY:Springer.45.Civiš,S.,Kubát,P.,Nishida,S.,&Kawaguchi,K.(2006).Time-resolved Fourier transforminfrared emission spectroscopy of H+3molecular ion.Chemical Physics Letters,418(4–6), 448–453.46.Morillon,C.(1972).Etude des spectres d’émission atomique du néon et du xénon entre3.5et5.5µmàl’aide d’un spectromètreàgrilles.Spectrochimica Acta Part B,27(12),527–536. 47.Sansonetti,C.J.,Blackwell,M.M.,&Saloman,E.B.(2004).High-resolution observations ofthe infrared spectrum of neutral neon.Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology,109(3),371–389.48.Kubelik,P.,Zanozina,E.M.,Pastorek,A.,Ferus,M.,Juha,L.,Chernov,V.E.,et al.(2016).Argon FTIR spectra between800and2000cm−1:h-and i-levels and transition probabilities.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,182,337–345.49.Whaling,W.,Anderson,W.H.C.,Carle,M.T.,Brault,J.W.,&Zarem,H.A.(2002).ArgonI lines produced in a hollow cathode source,332nm to5865nm.Journal of Research of theNational Institute of Standards and Technology,107,149–169.50.Engleman,R,Jr.,Hinkle,K.H.,&Wallace,L.(2003).The near-infrared spectrum of a Th/Arhollow cathode lamp.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,78(1), 1–30.51.Humphreys,C.J.,Paul,E.,&Adams,Jr.and K.B.(1961).Naval ordnance lab.Quarterlyreport:Foundational research projects.NAVWEPS Report,7205,25–52.52.Faust,W.L.,McFarlane,R.A.,Patel,C.K.N.,&Garrett,C.G.B.(1964).Noble gas opticalmaser lines at wavelengths between2and35µm.Physical Review,133,A1476–A1486. 53.Andrade,O.,Gallardo,M.,&Bockasten,K.(1967).High-gain laser lines in noble gases.Applied Physics Letters,11(3),99–100.54.Hernang,B.(1967).The spectrum of krypton,Kr I,in the extraphotographic infrared.Ark.Fys.(Stockholm),33(5),471–480.55.Humphreys,C.J.,Paul,E.,Cowan,R.D.,&Andrew,K.L.(1967).Spectra of the noble gasesin the4-µregion.Journal of the Optical Society of America,57(7),855–864.56.Mishra,A.,Kshirsagar,R.,Bellary,V.,&Balasubramanian,T.(2000).Identification of newtransitions in thefirst spectra of neon,krypton and xenon in the near infrared by Fourier transform spectroscopy.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,67(1), 1–7.150References 57.Sansonetti,C.J.,&Greene,M.B.(2007).Infrared spectrum and revised energy levels forneutral krypton.Physica Scripta,75(5),577.58.Hepner,G.(1961).Contributionàl étude de l émission infrarouge de spectres atomiques etmoléculaires dans le domaine spectral1-3µ-Applicationàl élargissement des raies de la série de paschen de l atome d hydrogène.Annals of Physics,6(5–6),735–788.59.Morillon,C.(1972).Study on atomic emission-spectra of neon and xenon between3.5and5.5millimicrons using grid spectrometer.Spectrochimica Acta,Part B,B27(12),527.60.Humphreys,C.J.(1973).First spectra of neon,argon,and xenon136in the1.2–4.0µm region.Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,2(3),519–530.61.Sittner,W.R.,&Peck,E.R.(1949).The spectra of argon,krypton,and xenon between1.2and2.2micron.Journal of the 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光学原理
#720 TN24/K14 1977
Exploring laser light : laboratory exercises and lecture demonstrations performed with low-power helium-neon gas lasers New York : Optosonic Press, c1977.
#711 O43/G411 1978
Contemporary optics / A.K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan Ghatak, A. K. (Ajoy K.), 1939New York : Plenum Press, c1978.
#712 O43/G248 1978 Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics / Jack D. Gaskill New York : Wiley, c1978.
#690 O436.2/H418 1978
Scattering of light by crystals / William Hayes, Rodney Loudon New York : Wiley, c1978.
#691 TN929.1/E42 1978
Fiber optics in communications systems / Glenn R. Ekion, New York : M. Dekker, c1978.
#702 TH744.3/M236 1978
光的衍射英文作文
光的衍射英文作文Diffraction of LightLight is a fundamental aspect of our universe, and its behavior has been a subject of fascination for scientists and philosophers alike throughout history. One of the most intriguing phenomena associated with light is the process of diffraction, which has profound implications for our understanding of the nature of light and its interaction with the physical world.Diffraction is the bending or spreading of waves as they encounter an obstacle or an aperture. This phenomenon is not limited to light but can be observed in various types of waves, including sound, water, and even certain types of subatomic particles. When light encounters an obstacle or an aperture, it bends around the edges, creating a pattern of light and dark regions that is distinctly different from what would be expected if the light simply traveled in a straight line.The study of light diffraction has led to numerous important discoveries and technological advancements. One of the most significant applications of diffraction is in the field of optics, where itis used to design and optimize various optical devices, such as telescopes, microscopes, and lasers.In a telescope, for example, the objective lens or mirror is designed to collect and focus the light from distant objects, allowing us to observe them in greater detail. However, the size of the objective lens or mirror also determines the resolution of the telescope, which is the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects. This is where diffraction comes into play. As the light passes through the objective, it is diffracted, creating a pattern of light and dark regions known as the Airy disk. The size of the Airy disk is inversely proportional to the diameter of the objective, meaning that a larger objective will produce a smaller Airy disk and, consequently, a higher resolution.Similarly, in the case of microscopes, diffraction plays a crucial role in determining the resolution of the instrument. The wavelength of the light used in the microscope, as well as the numerical aperture of the objective lens, are important factors that determine the diffraction pattern and, ultimately, the resolution of the microscope.Diffraction also has important applications in the field of spectroscopy, where it is used to separate the different wavelengths of light emitted by a source. This is achieved by passing the light through a diffraction grating, which is a series of evenly spaced slitsor grooves that act as a dispersive element, separating the light into its constituent wavelengths.Another fascinating application of diffraction is in the field of holography, where it is used to create three-dimensional images of objects. In a holographic system, a coherent light source, such as a laser, is split into two beams: a reference beam and an object beam. The object beam is reflected off the object being imaged, and the resulting diffraction pattern is recorded on a photographic plate or a digital sensor. When the recorded hologram is illuminated by the reference beam, the diffraction pattern is reconstructed, creating a three-dimensional image of the original object.Diffraction also plays a crucial role in the study of the wave-particle duality of light. According to the principles of quantum mechanics, light can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, depending on the experimental conditions. The diffraction of light is a clear demonstration of its wave-like behavior, as it cannot be explained solely by the particle model of light.In conclusion, the phenomenon of light diffraction is a fundamental aspect of our understanding of the physical world. It has led to numerous important discoveries and technological advancements, and continues to be a subject of intense study and research in various fields of science and engineering. As we continue to explorethe intricacies of light and its behavior, the study of diffraction will undoubtedly remain a crucial part of our quest to understand the nature of the universe.。
部分中学物理类英文期刊缩写名称
参考文献所引用期刊常采用缩写名称. 下面列出了一些物理类论文所引用期刊, 其标准的缩写名称由黑体表示.Acta Chim ica Sin ica (化学学报)Acta Crystallogr aphicaActa Cytol ogicaActa Crystallogr aphica, Sect ion A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General CrystallographyActa Crystallogr aphica, Sect ion B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal ChemistryActa Phys icaActa Phys ica-Chim ica Sin ica (物理化学学报)Acta Phys ica AustriacaActa Phys ica Pol onicaActa Phys ica Sin ica-Ch inese Ed ition (物理学报)AcusticaAdv ances in Appl ied Mech anicsAdv ances in At omic and Mol ecular Phys icsAdv ances in Chem ical Phys icsAdv ances in Magn etic Reson anceAdv ances in Phys icsAdv ances in Quantum Chem istryAIP Conf erence Proc eedingsAkust icheskii Zh urnal [Sov iet Phys ics--- Acoust ics]Am erican J ournal of Phys icsAnal ytical Chem istryAnn als of Fluid Dyn amicsAnn als of Math ematicsAnn als of Phys ics (N ew Y ork)Annu al Rev iew of Nucl ear Sci enceAppl ied Opt icsAppl ied Phys ics Lett ersAppl ied Spectrosc opyAstron omical J ournalAstron omy and Astrophys icsAstrophys ical J ournalAstrophys ical J ournal, Lett ers to the EditorAstrophys ical J ournal, Suppl ement Ser iesAstrophys ical Lett ersAt omic Data and Nucl ear Data TablesAust ralian J ournal of Phys icsBell Syst em Tech nical J ournalBiogr aphical Mem oir s of Fell ows of the R oyal Soc ietyBiochem istryBiol ogy Lett ersBr itish J ournal of Appl ied Phys icsBull etin of the Acad emy of Sci ences of the USSR, Phys ical Ser ies (translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya)Bull etin of the Am erican Astron omical Soc ietyBull etin of The Am erican Phys ical Soc ietyBull etin of the Astron omical Inst itutes of the Neth erlandsBull etin of the Chem ical Soc iety of J a p a nCan adian J ournal of Chem istryCan adian J ournal of Phys icsCan adian J ournal of Res earchChem ical J ournal of Chin ese U niversity (高等学校化学学报)Chem ical Phys icsChem ical Phys ics Lett ersChem ical Rev iewsChin ese Chem istry Lett ersChin ese J ournal of Chem istry (化学学报)Chin ese J ournal of Chem istry Phys ics (化学物理学报)Chin ese J ournal of Phys icsChin ese J ournal of Struct ural Chem istry (结构化学学报)Chin ese Phys icsChin ese Phys ics Lett ersChin ese Sci ence Bull etin (科学通报)Comments on Astrophys ics and Space Phys icsComments on At omic and Mol ecular Phys icsComments on Nucl ear and Part icle Phys icsComments on Plasma Phys ics and Controlled FusionComments on Solid State Phys icsCommun ications in Math ematical Phys icsCommun ications in Theor etical Phys icsCommun ications on Pure and Appl ied Math ematicsComput er Phys ics Commun icationsCryogenicsCzech oslovak J ournal of Phys icsDiscuss ions of the Faraday Soc ietyEarth and Planet ary Sci ence Lett ersElectron ics Lett ersExperientiaFields and QuantaFound ations of Phys icsHelv etica Chim ica ActaHelv etica Phys ica ActaHigh Temp erature ( USSR) (translation of Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur)IBM J ournal of Res earch and Dev elopmentIcarusIEEE J ournal of Quantum Electron icsIEEE Trans actions on Antennas and Propag ationIEEE Trans actions on Electron DevicesIEEE Trans actions on Inf ormation TheoryIEEE Trans actions on Instrum entation and Meas urementIEEE Trans actions on Magn eticsIEEE Trans actions on Microwave Theory and Tech niquesIEEE Trans actions on Nucl ear Sci enceIEEE Trans actions on Sonics and Ultrason icsInd ustrial and Eng ineering Chem istryInfrared Phys icsInorg anic Chem istryInorg anic Mater ials ( USSR) (translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Neorganicheskie Materialy) Instrum ents and Exp erimental Tech niques ( USSR) (translation of Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta) Int ernational J ournal of Magn etismInt ernational J ournal of Quantum Chem istryInt ernational J ournal of Quantum Chem istry, Part 1Int ernational J ournal of Quantum Chem istry, Part 2Int ernational J ournal of Theor etical Phys icsJ a p a n ese J ournal of Appl ied Phys icsJ a p a n ese J ournal of Phys icsJETP Lett ers (translation of Pis'ma v Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki)J ournal de Chim ie Phys iqueJ ournal de Phys ique ( Paris)J ournal de Phys ique et le RadiumJ ournal of Appl ied Crystallogr aphyJ ournal of Appl ied Phys icsJ ournal of Appl ied Spectrosc opy ( USSR) (translation of Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii)J ournal of Atmos pheric and Terr estrial Phys icsJ ournal of Atmos pheric Sci encesJ ournal of At omic and Mol ecular Phys ics (原子与分子物理学报)J ournal of Chem ical Phys icsJ ournal of Comput ational Phys icsJ ournal of Cryst al GrowthJ ournal of Fluid Mech anicsJ ournal of Geophys ical Res earchJ ournal of High Energy Phys icsJ ournal of Inorg anic and Nucl ear Chem istryJ ournal of Low Temp erature Phys icsJ ournal of Lumin escenceJ ournal of Macromol ecular Sci ence, [Part B] Phys icsJ ournal of Math ematical Phys icsJ ournal of Mol ecular Spectrosc opyJ ournal of Non-Cryst alline SolidsJ ournal of Nucl ear EnergyJ ournal of Nucl ear Energy, Part C: Plasma Physics, Accelerators, Thermonuclear ResearchJ ournal of Nucl ear Mater ialsJ ournal of Phys ical and Chem ical Ref erence DataJ ournal of Phys ical Chem istryJ ournal of Phys ics A: General PhysicsJ ournal of Phys ics and Chem istry of SolidsJ ournal of Phys ics B: At omic, Mol ecular and Opt ical Phys icsJ ournal of Phys ics: Cond ensed MatterJ ournal of Phys ics D: Appl ied Phys icsJ ournal of Phys ics E: Scientific InstrumentsJ ournal of Phys ics F: Metal PhysicsJ ournal of Phys ics ( Moscow)J ournal of Plasma Phys icsJ ournal of Polym er Sci enceJ ournal of Polym er Sci ence, Polym er Lett ers Ed itionJ ournal of Polym er Sci ence, Polym er Phys ics Ed itionJ ournal of Quant itative Spectrosc opy & Radiat ive TransferJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ardsJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards, Sect ion A: Physics and ChemistryJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards, Sect ion B: Mathematical SciencesJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards, Sect ion C: Engineering and Instrumentation J ournal of Sci entific Instrum entsJ ournal of Sound and Vib rationJ ournal of Speech and Hear ing Disord ersJ ournal of Speech and Hear ing Res earchJ ournal of Stat istical Phys icsJ ournal of the Acoust ical Soc iety of Am ericaJ ournal of the Am erican Ceram ic Soc ietyJ ournal of the Am erican Chem ical Soc ietyJ ournal of the Am erican Inst itute of Electr ical Eng ineersJ ournal of the Audio Eng ineering Soc ietyJ ournal of the Chem ical Soc ietyJ ournal of the Electrochem ical Soc ietyJ ournal of the Mech anics and Phys ics of SolidsJ ournal of the Opt ical Soc iety of Am ericaJ ournal of the Phys ical Soc iety of J a p a nJ ournal of the R oyal Soc iety InterfaceJ ournal of Vac uum Sci ence and Technol ogyMater ials Res earch Bull etinMed ical Phys icsMem oirs of the R oyal Astron omical Soc ietyMol ecular Cryst als and Liq uid Cryst alsMol ecular Phys icsMon thly Not ices of the R oyal Astron omical Soc ietyNat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards ( U.S.), Circ ularNat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards ( U.S.), Misc ellaneous Publ icationNat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards ( U.S.), Spec ial Publ icationNature( London)Notes and Rec ords of the R oyal Soc ietyNucl ear Data, Sect ion ANucl ear Data, Sect ion BNucl ear FusionNucl ear Instrum entsNucl ear Instrum ents & MethodsNucl ear Phys icsNucl ear Phys ics ANucl ear Phys ics BNucl ear Sci ence and Eng ineeringOpt ica ActaOpt ics and Spectrosc opy ( USSR) (translation of Optika i Spektroskopiya)Opt ics Commun icationsOpt ics Lett ersOpt ics NewsOptik( Stuttgart)Philips Res earch Rep ortsPhilos ophical Mag azinePhil osophical Trans actions of the R oyal Soc iety of LondonPhil osophical Trans actions of the R oyal Soc iety A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Phil osophical Trans actions of the R oyal Soc iety B: Biological SciencesPhys ical Rev iewPhys ical Rev iew A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical PhysicsPhys ical Rev iew B: Solid StatePhys ical Rev iew C: Nuclear PhysicsPhys ical Rev iew D: Particles and FieldsPhys ical Rev iew E: Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary TopicsPhys ical Rev iew Lett ersPhys ical Rev iew S pecial T opics - Accel erators and Beams (close up ST, without periods)Phys ica Status SolidiPhys ica Status Solidi A: Applied ResearchPhys ica Status Solidi B: Basic ResearchPhysica( Utrecht)Phys ics and Chem istry of SolidsPhys ics Lett ersPhys ics Lett ers APhys ics Lett ers BPhysics( N ew Y ork)Phys ics of FluidsPhys ics of Met als and Mettalogr aphy ( USSR) (translation of Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie) Phys ics Teach erPhys ics TodayPlasma Phys icsProc eedings of the Cambridge Philos ophical Soc ietyProc eedings of the IEEEProc eedings of the IREProc eedings of the Nat iona l Acad emy of Sci ences of the U nited S tates of A mericaProc eedings of the Phys ical Soc iety, LondonProc eedings of the Phys ical Soc iety, London, Sect ion AProc eedings of the Phys ical Soc iety, London, Sect ion BProc eedings of the R oyal Soc iety of LondonProc eedings of the R oyal Soc iety A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering SciencesProc eedings of the R oyal Soc iety B: Biological SciencesProg ress of Theor etical Phys icsPubl ications of the Astron omical Soc iety of the Pac ificRadiat ion Eff ectsRadiologyRadio Sci enceRCA Rev iewRep orts on Prog ress in Phys icsRev iew of Sci entific Instrum entsRev iew of Mod ern Phys icsRuss ian J ournal of Phys ical Chem istry (translation of Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii)ScienceSci entific Am ericanSci ence in China Ser ies G (中国科学G辑)Sol ar Phys icsSolid State Commun icationsSolid-State Electron icsSpectrochim ica ActaSpectrochim ica Acta, Part A: Molecular SpectroscopySpectrochim ica Acta, Part B: Atomic SpectroscopySurf ace Sci enceTetrahedronTheor etica Chim ica ActaThin Solid FilmsTrans actions of the Am erican Crystallogr aphic Assoc iationTrans actions of the Am erican Geophys ical UnionTrans actions of the Am erican Inst itute of Min ing, Metall urgical and Pet roleum Eng ineers Trans actions of the Am erican Nucl ear Soc ietyTrans actions of the Am erican Soc iety for Met alsTrans actions of the Am erican Soc iety of Mech anical Eng ineersTrans actions of the Br itish Ceram ic Soc ietyTrans actions of the Faraday Soc ietyTrans actions of the Metall urgical Soc iety of AIMETrans actions of the Soc iety of Rheol ogyUltrasonicsZ eitschrift für Anal ytische Chem ieZ eitschrift für Angew andte Phys ikZ eitschrift für Anorg anische und Allg emeine Chem ieZ eitschrift für Astrophys ikZ eitschrift für Elektrochem ieZ eitschrift für Kristallogr aphie, Kristallgeom etrie, Kristallphys ik, Kristallchem ieZ eitschrift für Metallk un d eZ eitschrift für Naturforsch ungZ eitschrift für Naturforsch ung, Teil A: Physik, Physikalische Chemie, KosmophysikZ eitschrift für Phys ikZ eitschrift für Phys ik A: Atoms and NucleiZ eitschrift für Phys ik B: Condensed Matter and QuantaZ eitschrift für Phys ik C: Particles and FieldsZ eitschrift für Phys ikalisch- Chem ische Materialforsch ungZ eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie, Abt eilung A: Chemische Thermodynamik, Kinetik, Elektrochemie, EigenschaftslehreZ eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie, Abt eilung B: Chemie der Elementarprozesse, Aufbau der Materie Z eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie ( Frankfurt am Main)Z eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie (Leipzig)。
他让科学的翅膀飞英文作文儿
他让科学的翅膀飞英文作文儿回答例子1:Title: "He Lets the Wings of Science Soar: An Ode to Scientific Exploration"In the realm of human endeavor, few pursuits have propelled us forward with as much force and ingenuity as science. It is the beacon that illuminates the darkness of ignorance, the compass that guides us through the uncharted territories of the unknown. And at the heart of this relentless pursuit of knowledge stands the figure of the scientist, whose unwavering dedication and insatiable curiosity have allowed the wings of science to soar to unprecedented heights.In the grand tapestry of scientific history, countless luminaries have graced the stage, each contributing their own unique thread to the ever-expanding fabric of human understanding. From the towering intellect of Albert Einstein to the pioneering spirit of Marie Curie, these individuals have left an indelible mark on the annals of science, inspiring generations to reach for the stars and delve into the mysteriesof the cosmos.But amidst the pantheon of scientific giants, there exists a figure whose contributions transcend the boundaries of time and space, whose legacy continues to shape the course of human civilization long after his passing. His name is synonymous with brilliance, his insights revered by scholars and laymen alike. He is the embodiment of scientific inquiry, the quintessence of intellectual curiosity. He is none other than Sir Isaac Newton.Born in the quaint village of Woolsthorpe, England, in the year 1642, Newton's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Orphaned at a young age, he was raised by his grandmother, who instilled in him a love for learning and a fierce determination to overcome life's obstacles. It was this indomitable spirit that would propel Newton to greatness, driving him to unravel the mysteries of the universe with a zeal bordering on obsession.At the tender age of 23, Newton made his first major breakthrough with the development of calculus, amathematical framework that would revolutionize the fields of physics and engineering. But it was his work on the laws of motion and universal gravitation that would secure his place in history as one of the greatest scientific minds of all time. In his seminal work, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematic a," Newton laid the foundation for modern physics, articulating the fundamental principles that govern the motion of objects in the universe.But Newton's contributions extend far beyond the realm of theoretical physics. His experiments with light and optics paved the way for the field of spectroscopy, revolutionizing our understanding of the nature of light and laying the groundwork for the development of modern optics and telecommunications. His insights into the nature of color and the behavior of light continue to inspire researchers to this day, fueling a never-ending quest to unlock the secrets of the electromagnetic spectrum.Yet perhaps Newton's greatest legacy lies not in his scientific discoveries, but in the example he set for future generations of scientists. In an age marked by superstition anddogma, Newton dared to challenge the prevailing orthodoxy, subjecting his theories to rigorous experimentation and empirical observation. His commitment to the pursuit of truth, no matter where it might lead, serves as a beacon of inspiration for all who follow in his footsteps.In the centuries since Newton's time, the torch of scientific inquiry has been passed from one generation to the next, illuminating the path forward with ever-increasing brilliance. From the discovery of the structure of DNA to the exploration of the cosmos with telescopes and spacecraft, humanity's quest to unravel the mysteries of the universe continues unabated. And though the challenges we face may be daunting, we take solace in the knowledge that we stand on the shoulders of giants, guided by the timeless wisdom of those who came before us.As we gaze upon the heavens with wonder and awe, let us not forget the debt we owe to those who have come before us, whose tireless efforts and unwavering dedication have brought us to this moment. For it is through their sacrifice and perseverance that we are able to spread the wings of scienceand soar to ever-greater heights, unlocking the secrets of the universe one discovery at a time. And as we stand on the threshold of a new era of exploration and discovery, let us heed the lessons of the past and embrace the future with courage and conviction, knowing that the journey ahead will be as exhilarating as it is challenging.回答例子2:Title: "He Soars on the Wings of Science: A Tribute"In the vast expanse of human history, there emerge individuals whose relentless pursuit of knowledge propels humanity forward. Among them stands a figure whose contributions transcend mere intellect, whose dedication to the pursuit of scientific truth embodies the essence of human progress. This is a tribute to the unwavering spirit of those who soar on the wings of science, illuminating the path for generations to come.At the heart of every great scientific endeavor lies a curious mind, thirsting for understanding and driven by an insatiable curiosity. It is this innate curiosity that ignites the flame of discovery, pushing the boundaries of what is knownand delving into the uncharted realms of the unknown. Our protagonist, let us call him Dr. John, embodies this spirit of inquiry.Dr. John's journey into the realm of science began in his formative years, where his inquisitive nature led him to question the fundamental principles of the world around him. With each question asked and each puzzle solved, he felt the exhilarating rush of knowledge coursing through his veins, fueling his passion for discovery. From the intricacies of molecular biology to the mysteries of astrophysics, Dr. John's intellectual curiosity knew no bounds.But Dr. John's contributions to science extend far beyond his individual achievements; they encompass a legacy of inspiration and innovation that has left an indelible mark on the scientific community. As a mentor and educator, he has nurtured the minds of countless aspiring scientists, instilling in them the same fervent desire to explore the unknown. Through his guidance and mentorship, he has sparked the flame of scientific curiosity in the next generation, ensuring that the torch of discovery continues to burn brightly.Yet perhaps Dr. John's most profound impact lies in his groundbreaking research, which has revolutionized our understanding of the natural world. Whether unraveling the mysteries of the human genome or unlocking the secrets of the universe, his work has paved the way for new discoveries and reshaped the landscape of science. With each breakthrough, he has challenged the boundaries of human knowledge, pushing the frontiers of what is possible.But Dr. John's journey has not been without its challenges. Along the way, he has faced skepticism and adversity, confronting the naysayers who doubted the validity of his ideas. Yet, through perseverance and unwavering determination, he has overcome every obstacle in his path, emerging stronger and more resilient than ever before. It is this resilience in the face of adversity that truly sets him apart, demonstrating that true greatness lies not only in achievement but in the courage to pursue one's dreams against all odds.As we reflect on Dr. John's remarkable journey, we arereminded of the profound impact that one individual can have on the course of human history. Through his tireless dedication to the pursuit of scientific truth, he has not only expanded the boundaries of human knowledge but has also inspired countless others to follow in his footsteps. His legacy serves as a testament to the power of the human spirit and the transformative potential of science to shape the world for the better.In conclusion, Dr. John's story is not just one of scientific achievement but of the triumph of the human spirit. Through his passion, perseverance, and unwavering commitment to the pursuit of knowledge, he has shown us what is possible when we dare to dream and strive for greatness. As we look to the future, may we draw inspiration from his example and continue to soar on the wings of science, unlocking the mysteries of the universe and shaping a brighter tomorrow for all humankind.。
课程英文名称翻译对照
课程英文名称翻译对照为配合我院做好关于组织编订课程英文名称工作，现提供以下大学课程中英文对照表，仅供各位教师参考！南徐学院教务办2009-11-3 资料来源：国际在线论坛：http: ///showtopic-30549. aspx 中国国际广播电台国际在线版权所有©1997-20092440门大学课程中英文对照（拼音为序）英文字母开头的课程ALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC & FORTRAN 语言BASIC Language & FORTRAN LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageC++程序设计C++ Program DesigningCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCET-4 College English Test (Band 4)CET-6 College English Test (Band 6)COBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in CC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processingd BASE Ⅲ 课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN 77 语言FORTRAN 77 LanguageFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageFoxBase程序设计FoxBase ProgrammingHopf代数Hopf AlgebraHopf代数与代数群量子群Hopf Algebra , Algebraic Group and Qua ntum Group IBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCIBM汇编及高级语言的接口IBM Assembly & its Interfaces with Advanced Programming LanguagesInternet与Intranet技术Internet and Intranet TechnologyLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningOS/2操作系统OS/2 Operation SystemPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALPASCAL语言PASCAL LanguagePC机原理Principle of PCUnix编程环境Unix Programming EnvironmentUnix操作系统分析Analysis of Unix SystemVLSI的EDA技术EDA Techniques for VLSIVLSI技术与检测方法VLSI Techniques & Its ExaminationVLSI设计基础Basis of VLSI DesignWindows系统Windows Operation SystemX光分析X-ray AnalysisX射线金属学X-Ray & MetallographyX射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly LanguagesB开头的课程板壳非线性力学Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell板壳理论Plate Theory , Theory of Plate and Shell板壳力学Plate Mechanics办公自动化Office Automatization办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization Design半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semi-conductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device 半导体器件课程设计Course Design of Semiconductor Devices半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semi-conduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor半群理论Semi-group Theory保健食品监督评价Evaluation and Supervision on Health Food s保险学Insurance保险学Insurance报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报刊选读Selected Readings of Newspaper & Magazine报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业论文Graduation Thesis毕业设计Graduation Thesis毕业实习Graduation Practice编译方法Compilation Method编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling, Principles of Compiler编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling变电站的微机检测Computer Testing in Transformer Substation变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation 变分法与张量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & NeoRo表面活性剂化学及应用Chemistry and Application of Surfactant表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行处理Parallel Processing并行处理与并行程序设计Parallel Processing and Parallel Programming 并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Spectroscopy, Wave Spectrum波谱学实验Spectroscopic Experiment薄膜光学Film Optics薄膜物理Thin Film Physics不育症的病因学Etiology of InfertilityC开头的课程材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance 材料化学Material Chemistry材料力学Mechanics of Materials财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Finance and Taxes财务案例分析Case Analysis of Finance Management财务案例分析Case Analysis of Financial Management财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财务管理Financial Management, Financial Cost Management财务管理与分析Financial Management and Analysis财务会计Financial Accountancy财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与税收Finance & Revenue财政与税收理论Theories on Public Finance and Tax Revenue财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS)操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling 操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System测量技术基础Foundation of Measurement Technology测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement策略管理Strategic Management产品学Production产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织Industrial Organization产业组织学Industrial Organization Technology常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations场论Field Theory超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超高真空科学与技术Science and Technology of Ultrahigh Vacuum 60 超精密加工和微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超声及应用Supersonics Application成本会计Cost Accounting成像原理与技术Principles & Technique of Imaging成组技术Grouping Technique城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology程控数字交换Program Controlling of Digital Exchange程序设计Program Designing程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming 程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language程序设计语言Programming Language齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra初等数学Primary Mathematics传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感技术Sensor Technique传感技术及应用Sensor Technique & Application传感器及应用Sensors & Application传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer船舶操纵Ship Controlling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechanic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构Ship Structure船舶结构力学Structural Mechanics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure 船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propelling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶摇摆与操纵Ship Swaying & Manipulating船舶振动Ship Vibration船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration船体制图Ship Graphing船用电器设备Marine Electrical Equipment创造心理学Creativity Psychology词汇学Lexicology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录Magnetographic磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application催化原理Principles of CatalysisD开头的课程大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-Volume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大型数据库原理与高级开发技术Principles of Large-Scale Data-Bas e and Advanced Development Technology大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学生心理学Psychology Introduction大学物理College Physics大学物理实验Experiment of College Physics大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数曲面Algebraic Surfaces代数图论Algebraic Graph Theory代数拓扑Algebraic Topology代数学Algebra代用燃料Substitute Fuel代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机与接口技术Mono-Chip Computers & Interface Technique单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹塑性力学Elastic-Plastic Mechanics弹性波Elastic Waves弹性力学Elastic Mechanics, Theory of Elastic Mechanics弹性元件的理论及设计Theory and Design of Elastic Element蛋白质结构基础Principle of Protein Structure蛋白质生物化学技术Biochemical Technology of Protein当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought 当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films当代资本主义经济Contemporary Capitalist Economy党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics德育Moral Education等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温测试技术Cryo Testing Technique低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment 低温技术中的微机原理Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology 低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温生物学原理与应用Principle & Application of Cryobiology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温原理与设备Cryo Fundamentals & Equipment低温制冷机Cryo Refrigerator低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology 低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地基基础课程设计Course Design of Groundsill Basis地理Geography第二次世界大战史History of World War II典型计算机分析Classical Computer Analysis电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology 电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工材料Electrical Materials电工测量技术基础Measurement Technology of Electrical Engineering电工测试技术基础Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验Experiment of Electrical Engineering电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering 电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机Motor电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor &电机电磁场的数值计算Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields 电机电磁场理论Theory of Electrical Moto & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机矩阵分析法Analysis of Electrical Motor Matrix电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机统一理论Theory of Electrical Motor Integration电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力企业管理Management of Electrical Enterprise电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动Electric Traction电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力拖动与电气控制Electrical Towage & Electrical Control电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-Voltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统课程设计Course Design of Power Systems电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电力系统最优规划Optimal Planning in Power System电力装置课程设计Course Design of Power Equipment电力装置与系统Power Equipment & System电路测量与实验Circuit Measurement & Experiment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术及实验Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments 电路分析基础Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique电路基本理论Basis Theory of Circuitry电路及电子线路CAD Circuitry CAD电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电气测量技术Electrical Measurement Technology电气传动Electrified Transmission电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电器设计Electrical Appliances Designing电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances & Control电生理技术基础Basics of Electricphysiological Technology电视传感器图象显示Television Sensor Graphic Display电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Programs电视节目制作Television Program Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视新闻Television News电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电学实验Electrical Experiment电影艺术Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element 电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子测试实验Electronic Testing Experiment电子测试与实验技术Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control 电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子技术综合性设计实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子商务Electronic Commerce电子系统的ASIC技术ASIC Design Technologies电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路的计算机辅助设计Computer Associate Design of Electronic Circuit 电子线路课程设计Course Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology 电子线路设计与测试实验Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Experiment 电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子学Electronics电子学课程设计Course Design of Electronics电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节原理Principles of Regulation调节装置Regulation Equipment动力机械CAD Dynamical Machine CAD动力学Dynamics动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号Dynamic Signal动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus动物病害学基础Basis of Animal Disease动物免疫学Animal Immunology动物生理与分子生物学Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry动物学Zoology动物遗传工程Animal Genetic Engineering毒理遗传学Toxicological Genetics断裂力学Fracture Mechanics断裂疲劳力学Fatigue Fracture Mechanics锻压测试技术Forging Testing Technique锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery 锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology锻造加热设备Forging Heat Equipment对外贸易保险International Trade Insurance对外贸易地理International Marketing Geography对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade对外贸易运输International Trade Transportation多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多复变函数Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology多媒体技术Multimedia Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multivariable Statistics∙E开头的课程耳科学Otology∙F开头的课程发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与动力部分Electric Elements & Dynamics of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与热力设备Electric Elements & Thermodynamics Equipment of Power Plants发电厂计算机控制Computer Control in Power Plant发酵工程Zymolysis Engineering发育生物学原理与实验技术Principle and Experimental Technology of Development 发展经济学Evolutive Economics法理学Nomology法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation反不正当经济法Anti-malfeasance Economic Law泛读Extensive Reading泛函分析Functional Analysis泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction房屋建筑学课程设计Course Design of House Architecture仿真与辅助设计Simulation & Computer Aided Design放射生物学Radiation Biology放射学Radiology非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性方程组的数值解法Numerical Methods for No-linear System s of Equations 非线性光学Nonlinear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性控制理论Non-Linear Control Theory非线性双曲型守恒律解的存在性The Existence of Solutions for Non -linearHyperbolic Conservation Laws非线性物理导论Introduction to Nonlinear Physics非线性振荡Non-Linear Oscillation非线性振动Nonlinear Vibration废水处理工程Technology of Wastewater Treatment废水处理与回用Sewage Disposal and Re-use沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分布式计算机系统Distributed Computer System / Distributed System分布式系统与分布式处理Distributed Systems and Distributed Processing 分离科学Separation Science分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytic Mechanics分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分子病毒学Molecular Virology分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution分子生物学Molecular Biology分子生物学技术Protocols in Molecular Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation, Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variant Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization风险投资分析Analysis of Risk Investment服务业营销Service Industry Marketing辅助机械Aided Machine腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation 复合材料结构力学Structural Mechanics of Composite Material复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier Opticso G开头的课程概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process概率与统计Probability & Statistics钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure钢砼结构与砌体结构Reinforces Structure and Monsary Structure 钢砼课程设计Reinforced Concrete Course Design钢砼设计Experiment of Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础Tall Building Foundation高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings 高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等发光分析Advanced Luminescence Analysis高等分析化学Advanced Analytical Chemistry高等工程力学Advanced Engineering Mechanics高等光学Advanced Optics高等环境微生物Advanced Environmental Microorganism高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等量子力学Advanced Quantum Mechanics高等生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高等数理方法Advanced Mathematical Method高等数学Advanced Mathematics高等数值分析Advanced Numeric Analysis高等土力学Advanced Soil Mechanics高等无机化学Advanced Inorganic Chemistry高等有机化学Advanced Organic Chemistry高电压测试技术High-Voltage Test Technology高电压技术High-Voltage Technology高电压技术与设备High-Voltage Technology and Device高电压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高电压实验High-Voltage Experiment高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子化学与物理Polymeric Chemistry and Physics高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级程序设计语言的设计与实现Advanced Programming Language's Design & Implementation高级管理信息系统Advanced Management Information Systems高级计算机体系结构Advanced Computer Architecture高级计算机网络Advanced Computer Networks高级计算机网络与集成技术Advanced Computer Networks and Integration Technology高级经济计量Advanced Economic Metrology高级软件工程Advanced Software Engineering高级生化技术Advanced Biochemical Technique高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级食品化学Advanced Food Chemistry高级视听Advanced Videos高级数据库Advanced Database高级数理逻辑Advanced Numerical Logic高级水生生物学Advanced Aquatic Biology高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高级植物生理生化Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frequency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frequency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuit高维代数簇Algebraic Varieties of Higher Dimension高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-Voltage Electronic Field 高压电工程High-Voltage Engineering高压电技术High-Voltage Technology高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压实验设备测量High-Voltage Experimentation Equipment Measurement 高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工厂电气设备Electric Equipment of Plants工厂供电Factory Electricity Supply工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测量实习Engineering Measuring Practice工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程测试与信号处理Engineering Testing & Signal Processing工程地质Engineering Geology工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程数学Engineering Mathematics工程项目概预算Engineering Project Estimate & Budget工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimization Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业产品学Industrial Products工业电子学Industry Electronics工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业技术经济Industrial Technology Economics工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业美术设计Art Designing in Industry工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management 工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Administrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation工艺设计Technics Design工艺实习Technics Practice工艺原理与研究方法Principles & Research of Technics公差Common Difference公差测试实验Common Difference Testing Experiment公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系Public Relationship公共关系学Public Relations公司法Corporation Law公司组织与管理Organization and Management公司组织与管理Organization and Management of Corporate公文写作Document Writing功能材料原理与技术Principle and Technology of Functional Materials 功能高分子Functional Polymer功能性食品Function Foods古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine固体磁性理论Theory of Magnetism in Solid固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体理论Solid State Theory固体物理Solid-State Physics故障诊断与容错技术Malfunction Diagnoses & Tolerance Technology 关税Tariff管理概论Introduction to Management管理沟通Management Communication, Management Negotiation管理会计Managerial Accounting管理经济学Management Economics管理科学专题Management Science Special Subject管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统FOXBASE Management System of FOXBASE管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information System管理学Management Theory, Principles of Management管理学Principles of Management光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电检测与信号处理Optoelectronic Detection and Processing光电课程设计Photoelectric Course Exercise光电摄像技术Photoelectric Photographing Technique光电探测及信号处理Photoelectric Inspect & Signal Processing光电系统课程设计Photoelectric System Course Design光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光电信息计算机处理Computer Processing in Photoelectric Information 光电子技术Photoelectronic Technique光电子学与光电信息技术Optoelectronics and Optoelectronic Information Technology光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光接入网技术Technology of Light Access Network光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学Fiber Optics光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤实验Experiments in Fibre Optical光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光纤通信技术Fibre Optical Communication Technology光纤通信网络Networks of Fiber Communications光纤通信系统Fibre Optical Communication System, System of Fiber Communications光纤原理与技术Fibre Optical Operation & Technology光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学工艺实习Optical Technology Practice光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Information光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment。
光纤反射光谱法(FORS)
光纤反射光谱法（FORS）达妮埃拉·平娜（Daniela Pinna）1.分类光纤反射光谱法（fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy，FORS）是一种非侵入式检测技术。
用于FORS分析的分光光度计可测量光谱的紫外段、可见光段和近红外段。
2.说明分光光度计测量的是一种材料对一个谱段的光的反射比，测量结果以光谱曲线的形式给出，可反映材料反射的能量与波长（单位：nm）的关系。
FORS用的是便携式分光光度计，配有光纤，可采集对象表面的反射光谱。
大部分绘画材料都具有特定的光谱特征，采集UV-VIS-NIR谱段内的光谱，就可以得出它们在VIS-NIR谱段的综合指标（图1）。
图1 青金石和蓝铜矿的反射光谱［感谢苏珊娜·布拉奇（Susanna Bracci）］3.应用FORS已应用于绘画和彩绘表面的颜料与染料鉴定。
作为一种非侵入性技术，FORS可以对物体表面的不同区域进行广泛的光谱表征，加上低成本小型光谱仪的普及，它已成为一种常用的强大原位检测技术。
4.局限性反射光谱法对材料的鉴定能力在很大程度上取决于获取到的光谱品质（光谱分辨率），以及是否拥有可靠的标准谱谱库。
当存在复杂混合物时，FORS无法得出准确的结果。
此外，有些反射光谱相似的颜料（如镉红和朱砂）也无法用FORS来区分。
5.补充技术紫外照相术、X射线荧光光谱法、扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散X射线光谱法、傅里叶变换红外光谱法、拉曼光谱法、X射线衍射、气相色谱-质谱法、裂解气相色谱-质谱法。
6.技术规范与注意事项—配有光纤的分光光度计—光源—光谱范围—光谱分辨率—测量头几何条件（如照明0°、信号采集45°）—测量区域—每光谱扫描次数—校准物（如Spectralon®99%反射标准板）。
7.技术简史1938年，巴恩斯（Barnes）率先用这种方法凭借颜料的光谱特征来表征颜料。
8.文献[1] Serefidou M., S.Bracci, D.Tapete, A.Andreotti,L.Biondi, M.P.Colombini, C.Giannini, D.Parenti,‘Microchemicaland Microscopic Characterization of the Pictorial Quality of Egg-tempera Polyptych, Late 14th Century, Florence,Italy’, Microchemical Journal 127, pp.187-198.(2016)[2] Cheilakou E., M.Troullinos, M.Koui, ‘Identification of Pigments on Byzantine Wall Paintings from Crete(14th Century AD) using Non-invasive Fibre Optics Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)’, Journal ofArchaeological Science 41, pp.541-555.(2014)[3] Gulmini M., A.Idone, E.Diana, D.Gastaldi, D.Vaudanc, M.Aceto, ‘Identification of Dyestuffs in HistoricalTextiles: Strong and Weak Points of a Non- invasive Approach’, Dyes and Pigments 98, pp.136-145.(2013)[4] ‘On-line Database of Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectra (FORS) of Pictorial Materials in the 270-1700 nmrange’.(2011) r.it/ (Retrieved 25-09-2017)[5] Delaney J.K., G.Z.Jason, M.Thoury, R.Littleton,M.R.Palmer, K.M.Morales, E.R.de la Rie, A.Hoenigswald,‘Visibleand Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy of Picasso’sHarlequin Musician: Mapping and Identification of Artist MaterialsIn Situ’, Applied Spectroscopy 64, pp.584-594.(2010)[6] Bacci M., L.Boselli, M.Picollo, B.Radicati,‘Ultraviolet, Visible, Near Infrared Fibre Optics ReflectanceSpectroscopy’, in Scientific Examination for the Investigation of Paintings (ed.D.Pinna, M.Galeotti,R.Mazzeo),pp.197-200.(2009)[7] Bacci M., A.Casini, C.Cucci, M.Picollo, B.Radicati, M.Vervat, ‘Non-invasive Spectroscopic Measurements on theII Ritratto della Figliastra by Giovanni Fattori: Identification of Pigments and Colorimetric Analysis’, Journal ofCultural Heritage 4 (4), pp.329-336, (2003)[8] Leona M., J.Winter, ‘Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Unique Tool for the Investigation ofJapanese Paintings’, Studies in Conservation 46 (3), pp.153-162.(2001)[9] Bacci M., ‘UV-Vis-NIR FORS Spectroscopies in Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology’, inChemical Analysis Series Vol.155 (ed.E.Ciliberto, G.Spoto), New York: Wiley & Sons, pp.321-361.(2000)[10] Picollo M., M.Bacci, A.Casini, F.Lotti, S.Porcinai,B.Radicati, L.Stefani, ‘Fibre Optics ReflectanceSpectroscopy:A Non-destructive Technique for the Analysis of Works of Art’, in Optical Sensors and Microsystems:New Concepts, Materials, Technologies (ed.S.Martellucci, A.N.Chester, A.G.Mignani), New York: Kluwer Academic/PlenumPublishers.(2000)[11] Barnes N.F., ‘A Spectrophotometric Study of Artists’Pigments’, Technical Studies in the Field of FineArts 7, pp.120-138.(1938)。
布鲁克核磁共振仪初学者入门手册
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作者：Eamonn Butler出版：Stanley J.Niles2003年12月12日翻译：高玉波 Yubo.Gao校对：2006年5月21日目录目录 (3)1 简介.............................................................................................................................................７1.1可能的损害.......................................................................................................................７1.1.1软件版本及命令语法...........................................................................................８2 安全注意事项 (9)2.1简述 (9)2.2 关于磁性的安全注意事项 (9)2.2.1 内部区域安全注意事项 (10)2.2.2 外部区域安全注意事项 (11)2.3 关于深冷液体的安全注意事项 (11)2.4 关于电气的安全注意事项 (11)2.5 关于化学的安全注意事项 (11)2.6 关于CE认证 (11)3 理论及术语说明 (13)3.1 简介 (13)3.2 氯仿的NMR分析 (15)3.3 标样，赫兹，ppm (17)3.4 质子NMR——化学位移 (18)3.5苯的质子频谱 (19)3.6 乙酸苄酯（Benzylacetate）的质子频谱 (20)3.7 带自旋/自旋耦合的乙基苯质子频谱 (21)3.8 去耦 (23)3.9 FID和频谱 (24)4 系统介绍 (27)4.1 简介 (27)4.2 操作控制台及其连接 (27)4.3 机柜 (28)4.4 主机与AQS间的连接 (29)4.5 磁体、匀场系统、HPPR和探头 (29)4.6 磁体和磁体杜瓦 (31)4.6.1 室温腔管 (32)4.6.2 液氦腔 (32)4.6.3 液氮腔 (33)4.7 锁场系统简介 (33)4.8 探头 (34)4.8.1 双模13C/1H探头 (36)4.8.2 更换探头 (38)5 NMR样品 (39)5.1 简介 (39)5.2 溶剂选择 (39)5.3 样品管 (40)目录5.4 样品处理 (41)6 实验基本步骤 (43)6.1 简介 (43)6.2 BSMS键盘 (43)6.2.1保存一组匀场值（wsh命令） (44)6.2.2 读取一组匀场值（rsh命令） (44)6.2.3 BSMS功能 (45)6.2.4 样品控制功能 (45)6.2.5 手动锁场功能 (45)6.2.6 手动匀场功能 (46)6.2.7 液氦高度功能 (46)6.3 将样品管插入转子 (47)6.4 将带样品管的转子放入磁体 (47)6.5 旋转样品 (48)6.6 调谐和匹配探头 (49)6.6.1 使用wobble曲线进行调谐和匹配 (49)6.6.2 使用HPPR LED进行调谐和匹配 (51)6.6.3 对多个核进行调谐和匹配 (52)6.7 锁定样品 (53)6.7.1 锁场步骤 (54)6.8 匀场 (55)6.8.1 初始匀场 (56)6.8.2 常规匀场 (56)7准备采样——数据集， edasp、eda命令 (59)7.1 简介 (59)7.2 数据集 (59)7.3 创建数据集 (61)7.4 谱仪参数edasp (62)7.4.1 edasp窗口布局 (63)7.4.2 edasp窗口的一些特性 (65)7.5 基本采样参数：“eda”表 (65)7.5.1 发射、基础和偏移频率的数学解释 (72)8 脉冲程序 / ased命令 (75)8.1 脉冲程序“zg”和“zg30” (75)8.2 “zg30”程序详解 (75)8.3 命令“ased” (77)9 氢谱 (79)9.1 前言 (79)9.2 创建新数据集 (79)9.3 读取标准参数集 (80)9.3.1 “getprosol”表 (80)9.4 设置接收机增益 (80)9.5 进行采样 (81)9.6 傅立叶变换和谱图相位校正 (83)目录9.7 基本处理：傅立叶变换 (85)9.8 相位校正 (85)9.9 谱图的校准 (87)9.9.1 水平放大图谱 (88)9.9.2 图谱校准 (88)9.10 使用SW-SFO1功能调整谱宽 (89)9.10.1 调整cholesterylacetate谱图的SW (89)9.11 增加扫描次数 (90)10 不去耦的13C谱 (93)10.1 简介 (93)10.2 步骤 (93)11 去耦氢的13C谱 (97)11.1 简介 (97)11.2 详细步骤 (97)11.3 确定去耦频率 (98)11.4 调整去耦参数 (99)11.5 脉冲程序zgpg30 (99)12 基本故障排除 (103)12.1 简介 (103)12.2 打开和关闭谱仪 (103)12.3 谱仪开机 (103)12.4 谱仪关机 (104)12.4.1 在Windows系统运行Topspin (104)正文开始1 简介这本手册的目的是帮助一个几乎没有经验的用户学习进行一系列基础的一维高分辨率NMR实验。
光谱学基础教程
6.1 入口光学的选择 6.1.1 基础公式的回顾
6.2 建立单色仪系统的光轴 6.2.1 所需物品 6.2.2 步骤
6.3 光信号进入光谱仪 6.4 入口光学实例
6.4.1 与小光源匹配的光学开口 6.4.2 与宽光源匹配的光纤开口 6.4.3 光源的缩小成像
6.5 场透镜的使用 6.6 针孔相机效应 6.7 空间滤镜
本书提到的规律、方法等对各类不同表面形状的经典刻划光栅和全息光栅均适用，如需区分，本书会特别给出解释。
1.1 基础公式
在介绍基础公式前，有必要简要说明单色光和连续谱。
提 示 ：单色光其光谱宽度无限窄。常见良好的单色光源包括单模激光器和超低压低温光谱校正灯。这些即为大家所熟知 的“线光源”或者“离散线光源”。
相对效率测量需要将反射镜表面镀膜（膜层材料与光栅表面反射膜层材料相同），并且采用与光栅相同的角度设置。 图5a和5b分别给出了闪耀刻线光栅和非闪耀全息光栅的典型效率曲线。 一般而言，闪耀光栅的效率在2/3闪耀波长处和1.8倍闪耀波长处减小为最大值的一半。
（a）刻线闪耀光栅的典型效率曲线
（b）非闪耀全息光栅的典型效率曲线
提 示 ：连续谱光谱宽度有限，如“白光”。理论上连续谱应包括所有的波长，但是实际中它往往是全光谱的一段。有时候 一段连续谱可能仅仅是几条线宽为1nm 的谱线组成的线状谱。
本书中的公式适用于空气中的情况，即m0=1。因此，l=l0=空气中的波长。
定义
单位
α - (alpha) 入射角 β - (beta) 衍射角 k - 衍射阶数 n - 刻线密度 DV - 分离角 µ0 - 折射率 λ - 真空波长 λ0 - 折射率为 µ0介质中的波长 其中λ0 = λ/µ0
(最新整理)光学专业常用英语词汇
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光学专业常用英语词汇photoelectric liquid-level indicator 光电液位指示器photoelectric encoder 光电译码器photocathode 光电阴极photoelectric cathode photoelectric cell 光电阴极光电管photoelectric fluorometer 光电荧光计optical-electronic mail address recognizer 光电邮件地址识别机photoelectric threshold 光电阈photoelectric cell 光电元件photoelement 光电元件photounit 光电元件photoelectric reader 光电阅读器photoreader 光电阅读器photoelectric chopper 光电斩波器photoelectric lighting control 光电照明控制electro-optical rectifier 光电整流器photoelectric direct reading spectrometer 光电直读光谱计photoelectric guidance 光电制导photoelectric transit instrument 光电中星仪photoelectric clock 光电钟photoelectric translating system 光电转换系统photoelectric conversion efficiency 光电转换效率photoelectrical refrigeration 光－电转换制冷photoelectric tachometer 光电转速计photoelectronics 光电装置photoelectric turbidimeter 光电浊度计photonephelometer 光电浊度计photoelectron 光电子photoelectric yield 光电子产额optical electronic reproducer 光电子唱头optoelectronic memory 光电子存储optoelectronic storage 光电子存储optoelectronic storage 光电子存储器photoelectronic 光电子的photoelectric emission 光电子发射photoelectron emission spectroscopy 光电子发射能谱学optoelectronic amplifier 光电子放大器photoelectron spectroscopy 光电子光谱学photoelectron counting 光电子计数angular distribution of photoelectron 光电子角度分布optoelectronic switch 光电子开关energy distribution of photoelectron 光电子能量分布photoelectron spectroscopy 光电子能谱学photoelectron spectroscopy 光电子谱法optoelectronic modulator 光电子调制器photoelectron statistics 光电子统计学photoelectron image 光电子图像photoelectronic phenomena 光电子现象optical electronics 光电子学optoelectronics 光电子学photoelectronics 光电子学optoelectronic 光电子学的optoelectronic shutter 光电子学光闸electrooptical character recognition 光电字符识别 light resistance 光电阻optical superposing 光叠加photodynamic inactivation 光动力钝化作用photodynamic substance 光动力物质photodynamics 光动力学photodynamic action 光动力作用 p hotokinesis 光动态photokinesis 光动性photodinesis 光动状态photosensing marker 光读出标记luminosity 光度photometric scale 光度标photometric standard 光度标准photometric parameter 光度参数photometric measurement 光度测量photometry 光度测量method of photometric interpolation 光度插入法photometric unit 光度单位photometric titration 光度滴定photometric titration 光度滴定法 photometry 光度法light—distribution photometer 光度分布计photometric pyrometer 光度高温计photometric orbit 光度轨道 - 食双星luminosity function 光度函数photometric integrator 光度积分器photometric integrating sphere 光度积分球photometric primary standard 光度基准器luminosity class 光度级optimeter 光度计photometer 光度计photometric computer 光度计算机photometric calibration 光度校准photometric distance 光度距离photometric aperture 光度孔径photometric paradox 光度矛盾luminosity curve 光度曲线photometric parallax 光度视差photometric binary 光度双星 - 即食双星photometric bench 光度台overluminous star 光度特大恒星photometric system 光度系统luminosity rate 光度效率luminosity class 光度型photometry 光度学luminosity evolution 光度演化luminosity paradox 光度佯谬photometric paradox 光度佯谬telephotometry 光度遥测法telephotometry 光度遥测术photometric diameter 光度直径photodimerization 光二聚photodimerization 光二聚作用luminous emittance 光发射度light emitting diode 光发射二极管photoemissivity 光发射能力optical emission spectrography 光发射摄谱学photocell 光发射元件optical transmitter 光发送机light valve 光阀 photovalve 光阀light valve display 光阀显示light valve array 光阀阵列photon sail 光帆light reflex 光反射luminous reflectance 光反射比light reaction 光反应photoreaction 光反应photoreactive chlorophyll 光反应性叶绿素light amplifier 光放大器optical amplifier 光放大器photolysis 光分解photovoltaic device 光伏器件photovoltaic sensor 光伏式传感器photovoltaic transducer 光伏式传感器photovoltaic detector 光伏探测器photovoltaic effect 光伏效应solar photovoltaic energy system 光伏型太阳能源系统optical character recognition 光符号识别optical character recognition 光符识别optical character recognition application 光学字符识别应用optical character recognition device 光符识别装置light radiation 光辐射optical radiation 光辐射optical radiation standard 光辐射标准器photoreactivation 光复活photoreactivating enzyme 光复活酶photoreactivating deficient mutant 光复活缺陷突变型photoreactivation repair 光复活修复photoreactivation 光复活作用optical interferometry 光干涉量度学polished rod 光杆stroke of polished rod 光杆冲程polished rod horsepower 光杆功率position of polished rod 光杆位置light sensation 光感sensillum opticum 光感器photoreception 光感受photoreceptor 光感受器photoreception 光感受作用optical lever 光杠杆opto—isolator 光隔离器photoisolator 光隔离器optical tracking satellite 光跟踪卫星optical tracker system 光跟踪系统optical tracking system 光跟踪系统mechanical equivalent of light 光功当量optical soliton 光孤子photo—curing 光固化light—cured composite 光固化复合树脂photocurable polyimide 光固化聚酰亚胺light—cured resin 光固化树脂photocureable coating 光固化涂料light curring unit 光固化装置X-ray tube Ｘ光管 bare pipe 光管light pipe 光管light-pipe optics 光管光学optical track 光盘轨optical track pitch 光轨间距light—compass reaction 光晷反应smooth roll 光辊photosensitivity 光过敏photosensitization 光过敏bare electrode 光焊条photosynthetic ratio 光合比photosynthetic number 光合比值photosynthate 光合产物photosynthetic product 光合产物photosynthetic unit 光合单位photosynthetic 光合的photosynthetic electron transport 光合电子传递photosynthetic activity 光合活性photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化photophosphorylase 光合磷酸化酶optical combiner 光合路器photosynthetic intensity 光合强度photosynthetic pigment 光合色素photosynthetic quotient 光合商photosynthetic carbon metabolism 光合碳代谢Calvin cycle 光合碳还原环photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle 光合碳还原环photosystem 光合体系photosynthetic bacteria 光合细菌photosynthetic efficiency 光合效率photoheterotroph 光合异养生物photosynthetic active radiation 光合有效辐射photosynthetically active radiation 光合有效辐射photoautotrophic 光合自养的photosynthetic tissue 光合组织photosynthesis 光合作用epipelagic 光合作用带的photosynthesis science 光合作用科学photosynthesis physiology 光合作用生理学photosynthetic bacteria 光合作用细菌photonuclear reaction 光核反应Prunus mira Koehne. 光核桃smooth pit peach 光核桃photonucleon 光核子optically thick medium 光厚介质- 光深τ＞１的介质photorespiration 光呼吸photorespiration 光呼吸作用smooth approximation 光滑逼近smooth boundary 光滑边界glare ice 光滑冰smooth invariant measure 光滑不变测度smooth measure 光滑测度smooth hypersurface 光滑超曲面slickens 光滑冲积层glassy 光滑的glossy 光滑的laevigate 光滑的laevigatus 光滑的laevis 光滑的levigate 光滑的sleek 光滑的smooth point 光滑点smooth two-dimensional manifold 光滑二维流形smoothing equation 光滑方程smooth function 光滑函数smoothing function 光滑函数smooth kernel 光滑核smoothing problem 光滑化问题slick joint 光滑接头smooth structure 光滑结构smoothing solution 光滑解smooth colony 光滑型菌落smooth manifold 光滑流形smooth plane curve 光滑平面曲线smooth surface 光滑曲面smooth curve 光滑曲线smoothing operator 光滑算子smooth broach 光滑髓针smooth core rotor 光滑铁心转子smooth type 光滑型smooth sequence 光滑序列smooth map 光滑映射smooth mapping 光滑映射actinic glass 光化玻璃Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence 光化当量的爱因斯坦定律actinic 光化的actinoelectricity 光化电photoionization 光化电离actinicity 光化度actinism 光化度photochemical reaction 光化反应actinic radiation 光化辐射actinic focus 光化焦点actinic green 光化绿actinic green glass 光化绿玻璃actinic rays 光化射线actinicity 光化性actinic chemistry 光化学actinochemistry 光化学actinology 光化学photochemistry 光化学chemosphere 光化学层photochemical rearrangement 光化学重排first law of photochemistry 光化学第一定律photochemical cell 光化学电池photochemical kinetics 光化学动力学photochemical reaction 光化学反应reaction kinetics of photochemistry 光化学反应动力学photochemical process 光化学过程photochemically reactive hydrocarbons 光化学活性碳氢化合物photochemical processing 光化学加工photochemical crosslinking 光化学交联photochemotherapy 光化学疗法photochemical equilibrium 光化学平衡photo chemical vapor deposition 光化学气相沉积Photo—CVD 光化学气相沉积photochemical stability 光化学稳定性photochemical pollutant 光化学污染物photochemical fog 光化学雾photochemical smog 光化学烟雾photochemical smog kinetics 光化学烟雾动力学photochemical oxidant 光化学氧化剂photochemical transformation 光化学转化photochemical smog 光化烟雾photochemical induction 光化学诱导actinism 光化作用photoreduction 光还原ring of light 光环sight reticle camera 光环摄影机halo effect 光环效应photopsy 光幻觉lumiflavin 光黄素light fog 光灰雾mithramycin 光辉霉素photoactivation 光活化photoactive reaction 光活化反应optical active matter 光活性剂optical active polymer 光活性聚合物X-ray machine Ｘ光机opto-mechanical scanner 光机扫描器optical—mechanical scanner 光机扫描仪optical—mechanical system 光机系统light distortion 光畸变photothyristor 光激半导体闸流管photostimulated ionization 光激电离optically active material 光激活材料light-activated switch 光激开关light-activated silicon controlled switch 光激可控硅开关light-activated silicon controlled rectifier 光激可控硅整流器photo-SCR 光激可控硅整流器photoexcitation 光激励phototonus 光激性photoluminescence 光激荧光现象photokinesis 光激运动post—maximum spectrum 光极大后光谱optical integrated circuit 光集成电路optical computer 光计算机optical recording 光记录optical recording media 光记录媒体optical relay 光继电器Aglaspida 光甲目Anoplophora glabripennis 光肩星天牛optical detector 光检测器photodetector 光检测器light degradation 光降解photodegradation 光降解photodegradable polymer 光降解聚合物light step 光阶optical receiver 光接收器bareface fabric 光洁不起绒织物bright quenching 光洁淬火clean hardening 光洁淬火finish 光洁度smooth finish 光洁度smoothness 光洁度roughness meter 光洁度计clean thread 光洁螺纹clean-cut timber 光洁木材photodecomposition 光解photolysis 光解作用protolysis 光解反应叶绿素photodissociation 光解离photolytic silver 光解银photomeson 光介子photopion nuclear physics 光π介子核物理学optotransistor 光晶体管optical path 光径radius—luminosity relation 光径关系light microscope 光镜optical moment 光矩optical system 光具组optical bench 光具座bench photometer 光具座式光度计photo polymerization 光致聚合photopolymer 光聚合物photopolymerization 光聚作用optical switch 光开关photoengraving 光刻photoetching 光刻photolithography 光刻photoetching material 光刻材料photoetching 光刻法photolithographic process 光刻工艺photolithography technique 光刻工艺mask aligner 光刻机photolithography limitation 光刻极限photoetch integrated circuit 光刻集成电路photoetching technique 光刻技术photoresist 光刻胶photolithographic diffusion window 光刻扩散窗口photoetch pattern 光刻图案photolithographic mask layer 光刻掩蔽层photolithographic masking operation 光刻掩蔽工序phototched mask 光刻掩摸 light writer 光刻字机aperture color 光孔色photophobia 光恐怖Raysistor 光控变阻器photoelectroluminescence 光控电致发光optically controlled gyro compass 光控回转罗盘photorelay 光控继电器photo-thyristor 光控晶闸管light—operated switch 光控开关photoswitch 光控开关photoimpact 光控脉冲light-dependent control element 光控元件optical control 光控制diaphragm 光阑diaphragm setting 光阑定位diaphragm aperture 光阑孔径diaphragm servomotor 光阑驱动伺服电动机diaphragm lens 光阑透镜optical cable 光缆optical fiber cable 光缆optical fibre cable 光缆optical cable distribution system 光缆分配系统optical cable splice 光缆接头optical cable connector 光缆连接器optical cable connector adapter 光缆连接器转接座optical cable driver 光缆驱动器optical cable communication 光缆通信optical cable assembly 光缆组件light aging 光老化lidar 激光雷达optical radar 光雷达photoionization 光离子化photoionization detector 光离子化检测器photomechanics 光测力学optomechanics 光力学granulation 光粒组织optical connector 光连接器optical link 光链路glitter 光亮clean annealing 光亮退火bright quenching oil 光亮淬火油nitid 光亮的nitidum 光亮的bright plating 光亮电镀bright current density range 光亮电流密度范围luminance 光亮度luminance brightness 光亮度bright plating 光亮镀gilding brass 光亮黄铜brightener 光亮剂brightening agent 光亮剂bright pickling 光亮浸蚀bright drawing 光亮拉丝bright coal 光亮煤bright heat treatment 光亮热处理bright heat treatment wire 光亮热处理钢丝bright adaptation 光亮适应luminous quantities 光亮数量bright annealing 光亮退火light annealing 光亮退火bright annealing furnace 光亮退火炉bright stock 光亮油料Lampridiformes 光亮鱼目magnitude of light 光量quantity of light 光量actinography 光量测定法photometry 光量法light control 光量控制light control tape 光量控制带light control characteristic 光量控制特性light quantum 光量子photon 光量子optical quantum counter tube 光量子计数管quantum theory of light 光量子论phototherapy 光疗light therapy 光疗法photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化作用optical homodyne detection 光零差探测light stream 光流photohalogenation 光卤化carnallite 光卤石photographic recording 光录声optical path 光路optical path length 光路长度reversibility ［riˌvə:səˈbiliti］of optical path 光路可逆性optical filter 光滤波器smooth millboard 光面纸板smooth-surfaced roofing 光面屋面halo blight 光轮疫病halonate 光轮状light-compass orientation 光罗盘定向blank bolt 光螺栓pulsed light 光脉冲optical pulse generator 光脉冲发生器amplification of light pulse 光脉冲放大photo-impulses counting 光脉冲计数optical pulse counter 光脉冲计数器optical pulse counting 光脉冲记数compression of light pulse 光脉冲压缩compression technique of lightpulse 光脉冲压缩技术photogermination 光萌发optical density 光密度light densitometer 光密度计optically denser medium 光密介质streamer 光幂 grain side 光面bright steel wire 光面钢丝refacer 光面机plain arch 光面拱skidding tire 光面轮胎smooth tread tyre 光面轮胎smooth endoplasmic reticulum 光面内质网smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum 光面内质网Leiotriletes 光面三缝孢属glossy paper 光面相纸glossy print 光面照片glassy millboard 光面纸板plane ashlar 光面琢石light sensing 光敏photovaristor 光敏变阻器photosensitive glass 光敏玻璃phototropic glass fiber 光敏玻璃纤维photoconductive film 光敏薄膜photosensitizer 光敏材料light sensitive layer 光敏层photodarlington 光敏达林顿放大器light sensitive 光敏的photosensitive 光敏的light sensitive cell 光敏电池photo—potentiometer 光敏电位器photovaristor 光敏电阻photoresistor 光敏电阻light sensitive resistance ceramics 光敏电阻瓷photoresistor ceramics 光敏电阻瓷light sensitive resistor 光敏电阻器ligt resistor 光敏电阻器photo—resistor 光敏电阻器light sensitive diode 光敏二极管photosensitive diode 光敏二极管optical sensor 光敏感器photo-sensor 光敏感器photosensitivity 光敏感性light sensor 光敏感元件photosensor 光敏感元件photosensitivity disorder 光敏感障碍light sensitive seed 光敏感种子light—sensitive tube 光敏管photosensitive tube 光敏管photosensitization 光敏化photosensitizer 光敏剂light sensitive relay 光敏继电器photosensitive relay 光敏继电器photosensitive detector 光敏检波器photosensitive adhesive 光敏胶粘剂actinodielectric 光敏介电的optical transistor 光敏晶体管phototransistor 光敏晶体管phototransistor circuit 光敏晶体管电路phototransistor matrix 光敏晶体管阵列phototransistor 光敏晶体三极管photopolymer 光敏聚合物photosensitive polymer 光敏聚合物light activated switch 光敏开关light—activated silicon switch 光敏可控硅整流器photosensing device 光敏器件photosensor 光敏器件phototransistor 光敏三极管phototriode 光敏三极管phytochrome 光敏色素light-sensitive detector 光敏探测器photaceram 光敏微晶玻璃photosensitive glass—ceramics 光敏微晶玻璃photo document sensor 光敏文件感受器photoinitiator 光敏引发剂light—sensitive cell 光敏元件photosensitive element 光敏元件photosensor 光敏元件photo—thyristor 光敏闸流管photosensitization 光敏作用Guangming 光明lucensomycin 光明霉素optical mode 光模optical analog memory 光模拟存储器optical pattern recognition 光模式识别luminous energy 光能actionoscope 光能测定器actinometry 光能测定学actinometer 光能测定仪photosynthesis 光能合成photoenergetics 光能力学phototroph 光能利用菌efficiency for solar energy utilization 光能利用率phototrophic bacteria 光能利用细菌actinometry 光能强度测定actinogram 光能曲线图photolithotrophy 光能无机营养photolithotrophic bacteria 光能无机营养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria 光能异养菌photoheterotroph 光能异养生物photoorganotrophy 光能有机营养photoorganotrophic bacteria 光能有机营养菌photoautotrophy 光能自养photoautotrophic bacteria 光能自养菌photo—autotroph 光能自养生物light year 光年lyear 光年photo viscoelasticity 光粘弹性photocoagulator 光凝固器photocoagulator 光凝结器light button 光钮optical coupling 光耦合light—coupled semiconductor switch 光耦合半导体开关optically coupled isolator 光耦合隔离器optical coupler 光耦合器optocoupler 光耦合器photocoupler 光耦合器light beating spectroscopy 光拍光谱学optical disc 光盘optical disk 光盘optical disc drive 光盘驱动器optical disc servo control system 光盘伺服控制系统wedge 光劈optical biasing 光偏置light deflection 光偏转optical deflector 光偏转器optodeflector 光偏转器photobleaching 光漂白clean bill 光票clean payment credit 光票付款信用证clean payment letter of credit 光票付款信用证clean remittance 光票汇款clean rate 光票利率clean collection 光票托收collection on clean bill 光票托收clean credit 光票信用证clean letter of credit 光票信用证optical frequency 光频optical frequency standard 光频标optical isolator 光频隔离器optical frequency division multiplexing 光频频分复用optical phonon 光频声子optical double magnetic resonance 光频双磁共振optical branch 光频支optical screen 光屏photomask agent 光屏蔽剂optical screen reader 光屏读数器light spectrum 光谱optical spectrum 光谱即时频谱分析仪(Real Time Spectrum Analyzerspectrum 光谱semiquantitative spectrometric analysis 光谱半定量分析spectral background 光谱背景spectrocomparator 光谱比较仪spectrum variable 光谱变星spectral standard solar cell 光谱标准太阳电池spectrometry 光谱测定法spectral measurement 光谱测量spectrophone 光谱测声器spectral component 光谱成分spectral pure 光谱纯spectroscopically pure 光谱纯spectroscopically pure graphite 光谱纯石墨spectral bandwidth 光谱带宽spectral 光谱的spectroscopic lamp 光谱灯spectroelectrochemistry 光谱电化学quantitative spectrochemical analysis 光谱定量分析quantitative spectrometric analysis 光谱定量分析qualitative spectrometric analysis 光谱定性分析spectral luminous efficiency 光谱发光效率spectral emissivity 光谱发射率spectral reflectance 光谱反射spectral reflectance 光谱反射比spectral range 光谱范围spectral directional reflectance factor 光谱方向反射因子spectrum emission 光谱放射率spectral resolution 光谱分辨率spectral distribution 光谱分布spectral distribution curve 光谱分布曲线spectral distribution graph 光谱分布图spectrum order sorter 光谱分级器spectral classification 光谱分类spectral analysis 光谱分析spectrographic analysis 光谱分析spectrum analysis 光谱分析spectrum analyser 光谱分析器physics of spectroscopic analysis 光谱分析物理学error in spectrochemical analysis 光谱分析误差spectral peak 光谱峰bandwidth of emission spectrum 光谱辐射带宽spectral radiometry 光谱辐射度量学spectrum radiator 光谱辐射计spectral radiance factor 光谱辐射亮度因子spectral radiance 光谱辐射率spectral radiant energy 光谱辐射能spectral radiance energy 光谱辐射能量spectral radiant flux 光谱辐射通量spectral radiant gain 光谱辐射增益spectral radiant illuminance standard lamp 光谱辐射照度标准灯spectral irradiance 光谱辐照度spectral irradiance distribution 光谱辐照度分布spectral interference 光谱干扰spectral photographic plate 光谱感光板spectral sensitivity 光谱感光度spectral pyrometer 光谱高温计spectrophotometric colorimetry 光谱光度测色法spectral—luminosity classification 光谱－光度分类法spectrum—luminosity diagram 光谱光度图—即赫罗图spectral photometry 光谱光度学spectral luminous efficiency 光谱光视效率spectral luminous efficiency curve 光谱光视效率曲线spectral luminous efficacy 光谱光视效能spectroscopic optics 光谱光学spectral locus 光谱轨迹spectrum locus 光谱轨迹spectrochemistry 光谱化学qualitative spectrochemical analysis 光谱化学定性分析spectrochemical analysis 光谱化学分析spectrochemical series 光谱化学系列spectral buffer 光谱缓冲剂spectroscopic buffer 光谱缓冲剂excitation of spectra 光谱激发order of spectrum 光谱级spectrograde 光谱级spectroscopic technology 光谱技术spectrum technology 光谱技术spectral discrimination 光谱鉴别spectral discriminator 光谱鉴别器spectral mirror 光谱镜spectral centroid 光谱矩心spectral width 光谱宽度spectroscopic prism 光谱棱镜quantum theory of spectra 光谱量子理论spectral sensitivity 光谱灵敏度spectrum sensitivity 光谱灵敏度spectral sensitivity characteristic 光谱灵敏度特性曲线spectral filtering 光谱滤波spectral density 光谱密度spectrum-density diagram 光谱－密度图spectral sensitivity 光谱敏感性spectral energy distribution 光谱能量分布spectral power distribution 光谱能量分布spectral mach 光谱配色spectrum matching 光谱匹配spectro—polarimeter 光谱偏光计spectral shift 光谱偏移spectral intensity 光谱强度spectral region 光谱区spectral tristimulus values 光谱三色刺激值spectral tristimulus values 光谱三色激励值spectral color 光谱色spectrum color 光谱色spectrocolorimeter 光谱色度计spectrocolorimetry 光谱色度学spectral chromaticity coordinates 光谱色度坐标spectroscopic entropy 光谱熵spectral photography 光谱摄影学spectrophotography 光谱摄影学spectral discrimination 光谱识别spectrographic laboratory 光谱实验室spectroscopic test 光谱试验spectral character 光谱特性spectral characteristic 光谱特性spectral property 光谱特性spectrum projector 光谱投影仪spectrum transparency region 光谱透明区spectral transmittance 光谱透射比spectrogram 光谱图spectrum chart 光谱图spectroscopic displacement law 光谱位移律spectral line 光谱线spectrum line 光谱线spectral linewidth 光谱线宽度broadening of spectral line 光谱线增宽spectral response 光谱响应spectral responsivity 光谱响应度spectral response range 光谱响应范围spectral response curve 光谱响应曲线spectral response characteristic 光谱响应特性曲线spectral term 光谱项spectroscopic term 光谱项spectral extinction 光谱消色spectral information 光谱信息spectral type 光谱型spectral sequence 光谱序spectrography 光谱学spectroscopy 光谱学spectroscopist 光谱学家optical spectrometer 光谱仪spectrograph 光谱仪spectrometer 光谱仪spectrophotometer 光谱仪spectrofluorometer 光谱荧光计spectroscopic carrier 光谱载体spectral sensitization 光谱增感spectral index 光谱指数day neutral 光期钝感day-neutral plant 光期钝感植物lac varnish 光漆phosgene 光气photon drag detector 光牵探测器light preamplifier 光前置放大器light gun 光枪mode of optical cavity 光腔振荡模式intensity of light 光强light intensity 光强light intensity 光强度luminous intensity 光强度optical power 光强度luminous intensity measurement 光强度测量enhancement of light intensity differences 光强度差增强luminous intensity sensitivity 光强灵敏度intensity modulation 光强调制photoaffinity labeling 光亲和标记photosphere 光球photospheric eruption 光球爆发photospheric facula 光球层光斑。