材料热力学与动力学试题2007-2008-v1

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热力学与动力学往年考试整理

热力学与动力学往年考试整理

判断题:1.由亚稳相向稳定相转变不需要推动力。

X2.压力可以改变材料的结构,导致材料发生相变。

V3.对于凝聚态材料,随着压力升高,熔点提高。

V4.热力学第三定律指出:在0K时任何纯物质的熵值等于零。

X5.在高温下各种物质显示相同的比热。

V6.溶体的性质主要取决于组元间的相互作用参数。

V7.金属和合金在平衡态下都存在一定数量的空位,因此空位是热力学稳定的缺陷。

V8.固溶体中原子定向迁移的驱动力是浓度梯度。

X9.溶体中析出第二相初期,第二相一般与母相保持非共格以降低应变能。

X10.相变过程中如果稳定相的相变驱动力大于亚稳相,一定优先析出。

X1.根据理查德规则,所有纯固体物质具有大致相同的熔化熵。

2.合金的任何结构转变都可以通过应力驱动来实现。

3.在马氏体相变中,界面能和应变能构成正相变的阻力,但也是逆相变的驱动力。

4.在高温下各种纯单质固体显示相同的等容热容。

5.二元溶体的混合熵只和溶体的成分有关,与组元的种类无关。

6.材料相变形核时,过冷度越大,临界核心尺寸越大。

7.二元合金在扩散时,两组元的扩散系数总是相同。

8.焓具有能量单位,但它不是能量,也不遵守能量守恒定律;但是系统的焓变可由能量表达。

9.对于凝聚态材料,随着压力升高,熔点提高,BCC—FCC转变温度也升高。

10.由于马氏体相变属于无扩散切变过程,因此应力可以促发形核和相变。

简答题:1.一般具有同素异构转变的金属从高温冷却至低温时,其转变具有怎样的体积特征?试根据高温和低温下自由能与温度的关系解释此现象。

有一种具有同素异构转变的常用金属和一般金属所具有的普遍规律不同,请指出是那种金属?简要解释其原因?(8分)答:在一定温度下元素的焓和熵随着体积的增加而增大,因此疏排结构的焓和熵大于密排结构。

G=H-TS,低温下,TS项贡献很小,G主要取决于H。

而疏排结构的H大于密排结构,疏排结构的自由能G也大于密排结构。

所以低温下密排结构是稳定相。

高温下,G主要取决于TS项,而疏排结构的熵大于密排结构,其自由能G则小于密排结构。

材料中的热力学与动力学1

材料中的热力学与动力学1
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The state of a System at Equilibrium: -Defined by the collection of all macroscopic properties that are described by State variables (p, n, T, V, …)
or

∆U=q+w
− ������������= ������������
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2th Law:
Define Entropy: - Puts restrictions on useful conversion of q to w - Follows from observation of a directionality to natural or spontaneous processes - Provides a set of principles for - determining the direction of spontaneous change - determining equilibrium state of system
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3th Law:
Corollary:
It’s impossible to decrease the temperature of any system to T=0K in a finite number of steps.
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These laws are Universally Valid, they cannot be circumvented.
-For a one-component System, all that is required is “n” and 2 variables. All other properties then follow.

材料热力学习题答案1

材料热力学习题答案1

The problems of the first law1. a lead bullet is fired at a frigid surface. At what speed must it travel to melt on impact, if its initial temperature is 25℃ and heating of the rigid surface of the rigid surface is neglected? The melting point of lead is 327℃. The molar heat of fusion of the lead is 4.8kJ/mol. The molar heat capacity C P of lead may be taken as 29.3J/(mol K) (1.1)Solution: )/(5.112.20721]108.4)25327(3.29[2121)(2322s m V v n n WQ nMv mv W H T C n Q Q Q absorb melting p melt increase absorb ==⨯+-⨯===∆+∆=+=2. what is the average power production in watts of a person who burns 2500 kcal of food in a day? Estimate the average additional powder production of 75Kg man who is climbing a mountain at eh rate of 20 m/min (1.2)Solution )/(24560208.975)/(12160602410467000//)(104670001868.4102500sin 3S J t h mg P S J t Q t W P J Q gincrea Burning Burning =⨯⨯=∆==⨯⨯====⨯⨯=3 One cubic decimeter (1 dm 3) of water is broken into droplets having a diameter of one micrometer (1 um) at 20℃. (1.3)(a) what is the total area of the droplets?(b) Calculate the minimum work required to produce the droplets. Assume that the droplets arerest (have zero velocity)Water have a surface tension of 72.75 dyn/cm at 20℃ (NOTES: the term surface energy (ene/cm 2) is also used for surface tension dyn/cm)Solution)(25.218)106103(1075.72)(103)101(4)101(34)101(232523263631J S W m nS S Single total =⨯-⨯⨯⨯=∆=⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯==-+----σππ4.Gaseous helium is to be used to quench a hot piece of metal. The helium is in storage in aninsulated tank with a volume of 50 L and a temperature of 25℃, the pressure is 10 atm. Assume that helium is an ideal gas.(a) when the valve is opened and the gas escapes into the quench chamber (pressure=1 atm), whatwill be the temperature of the first gas to hit the specimen?(b) As the helium flows, the pressure in the tank drops. What will be the temperature of thehelium entering the quench chamber when the pressure in the tank has fallen to 1 atm? (1.4)Solution: )(180118298)(1185.229810101325501010101325)5500(1)()(118)101(298)()(0334.0/00K T T T K RR nC W T b K T P PT T Adiabatic a p C R P=-=∆-==⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯-⨯==∆=⨯==--5 An evacuated (P=0), insulted tank is surrounded by a very large volume (assume infinite volume) of an ideal gas at a temperature T 0. The valve on the tank is opened and the surrounding gas is allowed to flow quickly into the tank until the pressure inside the tank is equals the pressure outside. Assume that no heat flow takes place. What is the final tempeture of the gas in the tank? The heat capacity of the gas, C p and C v each may be assumed to be constant over the temperature rang spanned by the experiment. You answer may be left in terms of C p and C vhint: one way to approach the problem is to define the system as the gas ends up in the tank. (1.5)solution 0/000/00)0()(T P P T T P PT T Adiabatic PPC R C R ≈-==6. Calculate the heat of reaction of methane with oxygen at 298K, assuming that the products of reaction are CO 2 and CH 4 (gas)[This heat of reaction is also called the low calorific power of methane] convert the answer into unites of Btu/1000 SCF of methane. SCF means standard cubic feet, taken at 298 and 1atmNOTE: this value is a good approximation for the low calorific powder of natural gas (1.6)DA TA:)()()(224g O H g CO g CH FOR80.5705.9489.17]/[0298---•∆mol g Kcal Hsolution)1000/(9.2610252103048.01101076.191)/(76.191)89.1780.57205.94()2(22333332982982224422SCF Btu mol g Kcal H H H H H OH CO O CH CH O H CO =⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯=•=∆+⨯---=∆-∆+∆-=∆+=+-7. Methane is delivered at 298 K to a glass factory, which operates a melting furnace at 1600 K. The fuel is mixed with a quantity of air, also at 298 K, which is 10% in excess of the amount theoretically needed for complete combustion (air is approximately 21% O 2 and 79% N 2) (1.7) (a) Assuming complete combustion, what is the composition of the flue gas (the gas followingcombustion)?(b) What is the temperature of the gas, assuming no heat loss?(c) The furnace processes 2000kg of glass hourly, and its heat losses to the surroundings average400000 kJ/h. calculate the fuel consumption at STP (in m 3/h) assuming that for gas H 1600-H 298=1200KJ/KG(d) A heat exchanger is installed to transfer some of the sensible heat of the flue gas to thecombustion air. Calculate the decrease in fuel consumption if the combustion air is heated to 800KDA TA STP means T=298K, P=1atm22224O N O H CO CH for 2.82.89.117.1316)/(C mol cal C P •Solution)(210448.1125.9100076.191298)/(25.9)]87.012.72(2.843.179.1171.87.13[01.0)(%87.0%%12.72%%43.17%2%%71.8)11.1(221791.1231%22)(0,,222222224K T T T C mol cal X C C b O N CO O H CO O H CO O CH a i i p p p =⨯⨯+=∆+=•=+⨯+⨯+⨯=======-⨯+⨯⨯+=+=+∑)/(1644)0224.011868.448.11)8001600(48.1125.9189570(102800000)/(189570)298800)](48.1187.8)48.1125.9[(100076.191)()/(87.848.11/]211002.22.816[)()/(3214)0224.011868.448.11)2981600(48.1125.9100076.191(102800000)/(280000040000020001200)(33min ,,,,298,,33min h m V mol g cal dTn C n C H H C mol cal X C C d h m V h KJ P C gConsu i i r p i i p p i i p r p g Consu =⨯⨯-⨯-⨯=•=-⨯-⨯-⨯=--∆=∆•=⨯⨯+===⨯⨯-⨯-⨯⨯==+⨯=⎰∑∑∑8.In an investigation of the thermodynamic properties of a-manganese, the following heat contents were determined:H 700-H 298=12113 J/(g atom) H 1000-H 298=22803 J/(g atom)Find a suitable equation for H T -H 298 and also for C P as a function of temperature in the form (a+bT) Assume that no structure transformation takes place in the given tempeture rang. (1.8)Solution )298(0055.0)298(62.35011.062.35011.062.3522803)2981000(2)2981000(12113)298700(2)298700(]2[2229822222982---=∆-=-===-+-=-+-+=+==∆⎰⎰T T H TC b a ba ba T baT bTdT a dT C H TP T P9.A fuel gas containing 40% CO, 10% CO 2, and the rest N 2 (by volume) is burnt completely with air in a furnace. The incoming and ongoing temperatures of the gases in the furnace are 773K and 1250K,respectively. Calculate (a) the maximum flame temperature and (b) heat supplied to the furnace per cu. ft of exhaust gas (1.9)molJ Hmol J H CO f CO f /393296/1104580,298,0,298,2-=∆-=∆)/(10184.403.29)/(1067.11010.492.19)/(1037.81020.935.44)/(1042.01097.345.283,253,253,253,222molK J T C molK J T T C molK J T T C molK J T T C N P O P CO P CO P -------⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=Solution?0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)()/(1019.01058.528.33722.0278.0)/(1067.01038.477.281.065.005.02.0)()/(282838110458393296%2.72%8.27%10%65%5%20)4/(1122298127332981523733253253298,,,,298,253,,,,,253,,,,,,,0,298,0,298,298,22222222222222==+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆⨯-⨯+=+==⨯-⨯+=+++===-=∆-∆=∆========+-----------⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑T T T T T T T dTT T dTT T dT n C n C n H H molK J T T C C n C C molK J T T C C C C n C C a mol J n H n H H N CO production O N CO CO reation then O N air mole need fuel mole when CO O CO T TT i i r p i i p p i i N P CO P i i p p r p O P N P CO P CO P i i p p r p i p f i r f idTT T Q dT T T Q b T T T T T T T dT T T dTT T dT n C n C n H H T TT i i r p i i p p i i 9.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.02828389.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(253125029812502982531250298125029829812125029815231250253253298,,,,298,⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-=⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-===+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆-----------⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰10. (a) for the reaction 2221CO O CO →+,what is the enthalpy of reaction (0H ∆) at 298 K ? (b) a fuel gas, with composition 50% CO, 50% N 2 is burned using the stoichiometric amount of air. What is the composition of the flue gas?(c) If the fuel gas and the air enter there burner at 298 K, what is the highest temperature theflame may attain (adiabatic flame temperature)? DA TA :standard heats of formation f H ∆ at 298 K (1.10))/(393000)/(1100002mol J CO mol J CO -=-=Heat capacities [J/(mol K)] to be used for this problem N 2=33, O 2=33, CO=34, CO 2=57 Solution)(21100)298)(39889.0(222.02830000)/(3975.03325.057)/(33111.034222.033666.033)(%,75%%,251.111002.22%%1.11%%,6.66%%,2.222.0/25.015.0%)()/(283000393000110000)(,0,,,,,,22220,298,0,298,0K T T dT C n H H K mol J X C C K mol J X C C C N CO product O N CO fuel b mol J n H n H H a P p p i P r i P r i P p i P p i P f i r f ==-⨯-⨯=-∆=∆•=⨯+⨯==•=⨯+⨯+⨯====-====+==+-=∆-∆=∆⎰∑∑∑∑11.a particular blast furnace gas has the following composition by (volume): N 2=60%, H 2=4, CO=12%, CO 2=24%(a) if the gas at 298K is burned with the stochiometric amount of dry air at 298 K, what is the composition of the flue gas? What is the adiabatic flame temperature? (b) repeat the calculation for 30% excess combustion air at 298K(C)what is the adiabatic flame temperature when the blast furnace gas is preheated to 700K (the dry air is at 298K)(d) suppose the combustion air is not dry ( has partial pressure of water 15 mm Hg and a total pressure of 760 mm Hg) how will the flame temperature be affected? DA TA(k J/mol) (1.11)2CO CO FOR513.393523.110)/(--∆mol kJ H f 2222,)(O N g O H CO CO FOR34505733]/[K mol J C P •Solution)(1052)(75438286370])295.03450(241604[026.0])335.03457(110523393513[079.0])([%8.66%%,8.6%%,6.2%%,8.15%%,9.72.0/83.110012%)()(1122)(82538313430])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0])([%7.65%%,7.5%%,9.2%%,1.17%%,6.82.0/810012%2121)(,,,,,,,02222,,,,,,,0222222222K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO b K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO OH O H CO O CO a i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i ===∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====⨯+====∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====+=→+→+∑∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑∑⎰∑∑)(1419),(11213842594034286.0)402(2.39714.0])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0)3(K T K T T T T T H ===∆=∆⨯--∆⨯-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=∆12.A bath of molten copper is super cooled to 5℃ below its true melting point. Nucleation of solid copper then takes place, and the solidification proceeds under adiabatic conditions. What percentage of the bath solidifies?DA TA: Heat of fusion for copper is 3100 cal/mol at 1803℃(the melting point of copper) C P,L =7.5(cal/mol ℃), C P,S =5.41+(1.5*10-3T )(cal/mol ℃) (1.12) Solution)/(310355.75.0)17981803(105.1541.5310002231798,1798,17981803,18031798,1803,mol cal H H dT C dT C H L S SL L P S P L S =⨯-⨯-⨯+⨯+==+++-⎰⎰13.Cuprous oxide (Cu 2O) is being reduced by hydrogen in a furnace at 1000K, (a)write the chemical reaction for the reduced one mole of Cu 2O(b)how much heat is release or absorbed per mole reacted? Given the quantity of heat and state whether heat is evolved (exothermic reaction) or absorbed (endothermic reaction)DA TA: heat of formation of 1000K in cal/mol Cu 2O=-41900 H 2O=-59210 (1.13) solution)/(173104190059210222mol cal H OH Cu H O Cu =-=∆+=+,exothermic reaction14. (a) what is the enthalpy of pure, liquid aluminum at 1000K?(b) an electric resistance furnace is used to melt pure aluminum at the rate of 100kg/h. the furnace is fed with solid aluminum at 298K. The liquid aluminum leaves the furnace at 1000K. what is the minimum electric powder rating (kW) of furnace.DA TA : For aluminum : atomic weight=27g/mol, C p,s =26(J/molK), C p,L =29(J/molK), Melting point=932K, Heat of fusion=10700J/mol (1.14)Solution )(28.0)(7.2793600110002727184)/(2718410700)9321000(29)298932(261000932,932298,1000,kW W P mol J H dT C dT C H SLL P S P l ==⨯⨯==+-⨯+-⨯=++=⎰⎰15 A waste material (dross from the melting of aluminum) is found to contain 1 wt% metallic aluminum. The rest may be assumed to aluminum oxide. The aluminum is finely divided and dispersed in the aluminum oxide; that is the two material are thermally connected.If the waster material is stored at 298K. what is the maximum temperature to which it may rise if all the metallic aluminum is oxidized by air/ the entire mass may be assumed to rise to the same temperature. Data : atomic weight Al=27g/mol, O=16g/mol, C p,s,Al =26(J/molK), C p,s,Al2O3=104J/mol, heat formation of Al 2O 3=-1676000J/mol (1.15)Solution;)(600)(3021041029927275.116122711676000K T K T T ==∆∆⨯⨯++⨯⨯=⨯⨯16 Metals exhibit some interesting properties when they are rapidly solidified from the liquid state. An apparatus for the rapid solidification of copper is cooled by water. In the apparatus, liquid copper at its melting point (1356K) is sprayed on a cooling surface, where it solidified and cools to 400K. The copper is supplied to the apparatus at the rate of one kilogram per minute. Cooling water is available at 20℃, and is not allowed to raise above 80℃. What is the minimum flow rate of water in the apparatus, in cubic meters per minute?DA TA; for water: C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3; for copper: molecular weight=63.54g/mol C p =7cal/mol k, heat of fusion=3120 cal/mol (1.16)Solution:min)/(10573.2)2080(1min /min54.631000)]4001356(73120[min /33m V VQ Q Water Copper -⨯=-=⨯⨯-⨯+=17 water flowing through an insulated pipe at the rate of 5L/min is to be heated from 20℃ to 60℃ b an electrical resistance heater. Calculate the minimum power rating of the resistance heater in watts. Specify the system and basis for you calculation. DA TA; For water C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3 (1.17)Solution: )(139476010005)2060(184.4W W =⨯⨯-⨯=18 The heat of evaporation of water at 100℃ and 1 atm is 2261J/mol (a) what percentage of that energy is used as work done by the vapor?(b)if the density of water vapor at 100℃ and 1 atm is 0.597kg/m 3 what is the internal energy change for the evaporation of water? (1.18)Solution: )/(375971822613101%6.71822613101%)/(31010224.0273373101325mol J Q W U mol J V P =⨯+-=+=∆=⨯==⨯⨯=∆19 water is the minimum amount of steam (at 100℃ and 1 atm pressure) required to melt a kilogram of ice (at 0℃)? Use data for problem 1.20 (1.19) Solution )(125,3341000)10018.42261(g m m =⨯=⨯+20 in certain parts of the world pressurized water from beneath the surface of the earth is available as a source of thermal energy. To make steam, the geothermal water at 180℃is passed through a flash evaporator that operates at 1atm pressure. Two streams come out of the evaporator, liquid water and water vapor. How much water vapor is formed per kilogram of geothermal water? Is the process reversible? Assume that water is incompressible. The vapor pressure of water at 180℃is1.0021 Mpa( about 10 atm) Data: C P,L=4.18J/(g k), C P,v=2.00J/(g k), △H V=2261J/g, △H m=334 J/g (1.20)Solution:leirreversibgxxx)(138),1000(8018.4)8018.48022261(=-⨯⨯=⨯-⨯+。

材料热力学:热力学第一定律单元测验

材料热力学:热力学第一定律单元测验

一、单选题1、下列过程中,系统内能变化不为零的是()A.两种理想气体的等温混合过程B.可逆循环过程C. 纯液体的真空蒸发过程D.不可逆循环过程正确答案:C2、在实际气体的节流膨胀过程中,哪一组描述是正确的()A.Q =0, DH =0, Dp <0B.Q <0, DH =0, Dp <0C.Q >0, DH =0, Dp < 0D.Q =0, DH <0, Dp >0正确答案:A3、关于热平衡,下列说法中正确的是()A.并不是所有热力学平衡系统都必须满足热平衡的条件B.系统处于热平衡时,系统的温度一定等于环境的温度C.在等温过程中系统始终处于热平衡D. 若系统A与B成热平衡,B与C成热平衡,则A与C直接接触时也一定成热平衡正确答案:D4、将1 mol 373 K,标准压力下的水,分别经历:(1) 等温等压可逆蒸发,(2) 真空蒸发,变成373 K,标准压力下的水气。

这两种过程的功和热的关系为:A. W1>W2 Q1<Q2B. W1=W2 Q1=Q2C.W1<W2 Q1>Q2D.W1<W2 Q1<Q2正确答案:C5、对有分子间相互作用的实际气体绝热自由膨胀过程,描述错误的是()A.一定是热力学能不变的过程B.不一定是温度降低的过程C.一定是温度降低的过程D.一定是体积增大的过程正确答案:B6、下面的说法符合热力学第一定律的是()A.气体在绝热膨胀或绝热压缩过程中, 其内能的变化值与过程完成的方式无关B.在无功过程中, 内能变化等于过程热, 这表明内能增量不一定与热力学过程无关C.封闭系统在指定的两个平衡态之间经历绝热变化时, 系统所做的功与途径无关D.在一完全绝热且边界为刚性的密闭容器中发生化学反应时,其内能一定变化正确答案:C7、下列过程中, 系统内能变化不为零的是()A.两种理想气体的混合过程B.纯液体的真空蒸发过程C.可逆循环过程D.不可逆循环过程正确答案:B8、关于焓的性质, 下列说法中正确的是()A. 焓是能量, 它遵守热力学第一定律B.焓是系统内含的热能, 所以常称它为热焓C. 系统的焓值等于内能加体积功D.焓的增量只与系统的始末态有关正确答案:D9、下列哪个封闭体系的内能和焓仅是温度的函数?()A.理想气体B.理想溶液C.所有气体D.稀溶液正确答案:A10、关于节流膨胀, 下列说法正确的是()A.节流膨胀中系统的焓值改变B.节流过程中多孔塞两边的压力不断变化C.节流膨胀中系统的内能变化D.节流膨胀是绝热可逆过程正确答案:C11、关于热力学可逆过程,下面的说法中不正确的是()A.在等温可逆过程中,系统做功时,系统损失的能量最小B.可逆过程中的任何一个中间态都可从正逆两个方向到达C.在等温可逆过程中,环境做功时,系统得到的功最小D.可逆过程不一定是循环过程正确答案:A12、一定量的理想气体,从同一初态分别经历等温可逆膨胀、绝热可逆膨胀到具有相同压力的终态,终态体积分别为V1、V2。

2007年高考物理试题分类汇编-热学

2007年高考物理试题分类汇编-热学

2007年高考物理试题分类汇编-热学全国卷Ⅰ如图所示,质量为m的活塞将一定质量的气体封闭在气缸内,活塞与气缸之间无摩擦。

a态是气缸放在冰水混合物中气体达到的平衡状态,b态是气缸从容器中移出后,在室温(270C)中达到的平衡状态。

气体从a态变化到b态的过程中大气压强保持不变。

若忽略气体分子之间的势能,下列说法正确的是()A、与b态相比,a态的气体分子在单位时间内撞击活塞的个数较多B、与a态相比,b态的气体分子在单位时间内对活塞的冲量较大C、在相同时间内,a、b两态的气体分子对活塞的冲量相等D、从a态到b态,气体的内能增加,外界对气体做功,气体对外界释放了热量全国卷Ⅱ对一定量的气体,下列说法正确的是A、在体积缓慢地不断增大的过程中,气体一定对外界做功B、在压强不断增大的过程中,外界对气体一定做功C、在体积不断被压缩的过程中,内能一定增加D、在与外界没有发生热量交换的过程中,内能一定不变北京卷为研究影响家用保温瓶保温效果的因素,某同学在保温瓶中灌入热水,现测量初始水温,经过一段时间后再测量末态水温。

改变实验条件,先后共做了6次实验,实验数据记录如下表:A、若研究瓶内水量与保温效果的关系,可用第1、3、5次实验数据B、若研究瓶内水量与保温效果的关系,可用第2、4、6次实验数据C、若研究初始水温与保温效果的关系,可用第1、2、3次实验数据D、若研究保温时间与保温效果的关系,可用第4、5、6次实验数据四川卷如图所示,厚壁容器的一端通过胶塞插进一只灵敏温度计和一根气针,另一端有个用卡子卡住的可移动胶塞。

用打气筒慢慢向筒内打气,使容器内的压强增加到一定程度,这时读出温度计示数。

打开卡子,胶塞冲出容器后A.温度计示数变大,实验表明气体对外界做功,内能减少B .温度计示数变大,实验表明外界对气体做功,内能增加C .温度计示数变小,实验表明气体对外界做功,内能减少D .温度计示数变小,实验表明外界对气体做功,内能增加上海卷如图所示,一定质量的空气被水银封闭在静置于竖直平面的U 型玻璃管内,右管上端开口且足够长,右管内水银面比左管内水银面高h ,能使h 变大的原因是()(A )环境温度升高。

2012硕士《材料热力学与动力学》复习练习题

2012硕士《材料热力学与动力学》复习练习题

Question 16
1) 指出各水平线的三相平衡反应 2) w(SiO2)=0.40 的系统(图中 R 点)从 1700C 冷却到 1000C 时的冷却曲线示意图。 注明每一阶段系统有哪些相?发生哪些 变化?指出各阶段的自由度数? 3) w(SiO2)=0.10 的系统 12 kg,冷却到 1400C 时,液相中含 MnO 多少 kg? 4) w(SiO2)=0.60 的系统 1500C 以哪些相存在?计算其相对 量。
4
2012 研究生《材料热力学与动力学》复习练习题(10 月 8 日交,手写完成)
Question 1 进行下述过程时,系统的ΔU、ΔH、ΔS和ΔG何者为零? 1.1 非理想气体的卡诺循环; 1.2 隔离系统中的任意过程; 1.3 在100C,1大气压下1mol水蒸发成水蒸汽; 1.4 绝热可逆过程。 Question 2 1mol 理想气体等容升温到状态 3,求 Q,W,ΔU,ΔH。 若将理想气体先等压膨胀到状态 2,然后再等温(可 逆)压缩到状态 3,求 Q,W,ΔU,ΔH,并与直接从 1 到 3 的途径相比较。
Question 11 导出液相中 Bi 的活度系数的估算公式。
H m T a Bi exp ( 1) RT Tm
其中,熔化热为 H m 纯 Bi 的熔点为 Tm,R 为气体常数。
Question 12 对下列二元相图,指出其中的错误 (用相律说明原因)
2
Question 13
Trouton's定律为表示为:
1 (V1,T1) 2 (V2,T2) V
H vap 90Tb
单位J/mol, 其中Tb为沸点(K), 汞的沸点为630 K. 计算在
298K液态汞的分压. 用Troutons定律估算汞的汽化热.

材料热力学与动力学试题2007-2008-v1

材料热力学与动力学试题2007-2008-v1

年 秋 季学期研究生课程考试试题考 试 科 目:材料热力学与动力学 学生所在院(系):材料学院、航天学院 学生所在学科:材料学、材料加工工程 (* 题签与答题纸一起上交)一、仔细阅读下列论述,判断正误,如果错误,请说明该论述违反了哪些热力学原理,并给出正确的论述。

(18分)1.材料(封闭系统)在T=T 0温度发生二级相变,(1)在相变温度T 0,高温相的体积总是比低温相大(2)在相变温度T 0,高温相的熵比低温相大(3)在相变温度T 0,高温相的热容与低温相相同(4)在相变温度T 0,高温相的Gibbs 自由能比低温相小2. 合金中每一组元的化学位相等。

3.封闭体系中出现耗散结构。

二、(1)已知某一相的Gibbs 自由能表达式为: ,请导出该相的焓(H)、熵(S )和定压热容(Cp )的表达式。

(6分)(2)请画出以G 为纵轴、T 为横轴的固态纯组元的G-T 曲线的示意图。

(4分)三、 在相同温度和压力下,与金刚石(diamond )相比,碳的另一种同素异构体石墨(graphite )的密度低、熵值(S )高。

(1)请在P-T 相图上,示意画出石墨和金刚石的相界,并说明理由。

(6分)。

(2)并请解释为什么高压下石墨有可能转变为金刚石。

(4分)。

四、简答题:(1) 请说明晶界偏析的平行线法则。

(5分)(2) 简述Calphad 的三要素及其主要功能。

(5分)(3)请解释Onsager 倒易关系、最小熵产生原理。

(5分)五、A-B 二元相图如下图所示,(1) 判断A-B 固溶体α的性质、溶体组元间的相互作用能。

(6分)(2) 假设A-B 两组元形成正规溶体,请推导出溶体中A 组元的活度与成分的关系。

(6分)学院学号 姓名 ln n n G a bT cT T d T =+++∑T六、若A-B 二元系中存在正规固溶体相α,还存在化合物中间相θ,其化学式为AmBn ,其平衡相图如下图所示,请证明在温度T 下,当固溶体α为稀溶体时,θ相在α固溶体中的溶解度 为:其中, 为化合物的形成自由能。

材料热力学:热力学第二定律单元测验精选全文

材料热力学:热力学第二定律单元测验精选全文

可编辑修改精选全文完整版一、单选题1.一卡诺热机在两个不同温度的热源之间运转,当工作物质为气体时,热机效率为42%,若改用液体工作物质,则其效率应当()A.减少B.无法判断C.增加D.不变正确答案:D2.求任一不可逆绝热过程的熵变dS,可通过以下哪个途径求得?()A.始终态相同的可逆恒温过程。

B.始终态相同的可逆绝热过程。

C.始终态相同的可逆非绝热过程。

D.B和C均可。

正确答案:C3.某非理想气体服从状态方程pV=nRT+bp(b为大于零的常数),1mol 该气体经历等温过程体积从V1变成V2,则熵变ΔS等于()A.Rln(V1-b)/(V2-b)B.Rln(V2/V1)C.Rln(V1/V2)D.Rln(V2-b)/(V1-b)正确答案:D4.封闭体系在不可逆循环中,热温商之和Σ(δQ/T)()A.大于零B.等于零C.小于零D.不可能小于零正确答案:C5.1mol的单原子理想气体被装在带有活塞的气缸中,温度300K,压力为1013250Pa。

压力突然降至202650Pa,并且气体在202650Pa的恒定压下做绝热膨胀,则该过程的ΔS是()A.ΔS≥0B.ΔS<0C.ΔS=0D.ΔS>0正确答案:D6.一封闭体系进行可逆循环,其热温商之和()A.总是负值B.总是正值C.是温度的函数D.总是为零正确答案:D7.在隔离体系中发生一个有一定速度的变化,则体系的熵值()A.总是减少B.可任意变化C.保持不变D.总是增大正确答案:D8.下列过程中系统的熵增加的是()A.NaCl于水中结晶B.金属工件的渗碳过程C.H2(g)+1/2O2(g)® H2O(g)D.将HCl气体溶于水生成盐正确答案:B9.等温混合过程1molO2(p,V) + 1molN2(p,V) ─→O2+N2(p,2V)的熵变为()A.不确定B.ΔS>0C.ΔS=0D.ΔS<0正确答案:B10.理想气体经节流膨胀后()A.ΔS>0B.ΔS=0C.ΔS变化不定D.ΔS<0正确答案:A11.熵是混乱度(热力学状态数或热力学几率)的量度,下列结论不正确的是()A.同一种物质Sm(g)>Sm(l)>Sm(s)B.同种物质温度越高熵值越大C.0K时任何物质的熵值均等于零D.分子内含原子数越多熵值一般越大,分解反应微粒数增多,熵值一般增大正确答案:C12.纯液体在正常凝固点时凝固,下述()量减少。

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年 秋 季学期研究生课程考试试题
考 试 科 目:材料热力学与动力学 学生所在院(系):材料学院、航天学院 学生所在学科:材料学、材料加工工程 (* 题签与答题纸一起上交)
一、仔细阅读下列论述,判断正误,如果错误,请说明该论述违反了哪些热力学原理,并给出正确的论述。

(18分)
1.材料(封闭系统)在T=T 0温度发生二级相变,
(1)在相变温度T 0,高温相的体积总是比低温相大
(2)在相变温度T 0,高温相的熵比低温相大
(3)在相变温度T 0,高温相的热容与低温相相同
(4)在相变温度T 0,高温相的Gibbs 自由能比低温相小
2. 合金中每一组元的化学位相等。

3.封闭体系中出现耗散结构。

二、(1)已知某一相的Gibbs 自由能表达式为: ,请导出该相的焓(H)、熵(S )和定压热容(Cp )的表达式。

(6分)
(2)请画出以G 为纵轴、T 为横轴的固态纯组元的G-T 曲线的示意图。

(4分)
三、 在相同温度和压力下,与金刚石(diamond )相比,碳的另一种同素异构体石墨(graphite )的密度低、熵值(S )高。

(1)请在P-T 相图上,示意画出石墨和金刚石的相界,并说明理由。

(6分)。

(2)并请解释为什么高压下石墨有可能转变为金刚石。

(4分)。

四、简答题:
(1) 请说明晶界偏析的平行线法则。

(5分)
(2) 简述Calphad 的三要素及其主要功能。

(5分)
(3)请解释Onsager 倒易关系、最小熵产生原理。

(5分)
五、A-B 二元相图如下图所示,
(1) 判断A-B 固溶体α的性质、溶体组元间的相互作用能。

(6分)
(2) 假设A-B 两组元形成正规溶体,请推导出溶体中A 组元的活度与成分的关系。

(6分)
学院
学号 姓名 ln n n G a bT cT T d T =+++∑T
六、若A-B 二元系中存在正规固溶体相α,还存在化合物中间相θ,其化学式为AmBn ,其平衡相图如下图所示,请证明在温度T 下,当固溶体α为稀溶体时,θ相在α固溶体中的溶
解度 为:
其中, 为化合物的形成自由能。

(10分)
七、试在摩尔自由能-成分曲线上标出:一个二元固溶体α,析出同结构的固溶体的相变驱动力和形核驱动力。

并分析对两组元的相互作用能和温度有何要求、析出什么成分的晶核时驱动力最大。

(10分)
八、 15克 金和25克银混合后形成单相理想固溶体,问
(1)金和银的摩尔分数各是多少?
(2)固溶体总的混合熵是多少?
(3)500o C 时,摩尔自由能变化为多少?
(4)令纯金和纯银的自由能为零,那么500o C 时金和银的化学势各为多少?
(5)在500o C 加入一个金原子,固溶体的自由能变化为多少?
已知:金的原子量为197,银的原子量为108,气体常数R 为8.314J·mol -1·K -1. (15分) exp f AB B G nI X nRT θαα⎛⎞Δ−=⎜⎟⎜⎟⎝⎠
f G θΔB X α。

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