《国际市场营销学》第四章习题参考
第四章 国际政治法律环境 国际市场营销学第二版第二编 国际市场营销环境
小结
➢ 一国的政治环境主要包括：政府与政党体制，政 府政策的稳定性，以及政治风险等。世界上多数 国家的政府可分为两类：议会政府和专制政府， 政府内部的政党体制可以分为四种：两党制、多 党制、一党制和一党专制。当今世界影响国际营 销最关键的政治因素应数强烈的经济民族主义
➢ 国际市场营销的法律环境是由企业本国法律、国 际法律和东道国法律组合而成的。影响国际市场 营销活动最经常、最直接的因素是东道国有关外 国企业在该国活动的法律规范。随着互联网应用 的迅速发展，各国必须重视网络法规的制定，这 是网上交易顺利展开的保证
四、政治风险
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
《国际市场营销》第四章：国际市场调查与预测
图4-1国际营销信息系统 国际营销信息系统
营销决策与沟通
第二节
国际市场调研
一．市场调研的含义与特点 市场调研（Market research）是一种以系 统、科学的方法，客观地搜集、整理、分 析、说明与经营管理有关的各种资料，在 调查研究的基础上，力争准确地发现整个 生产和经营过程中存在的问题，提出解决 的方法或依据，为管理人员进行决策和处 理问题时提供重要参考。
市场调研的几个基本特点
1、市场调研方法的科学性 有效的营销调研活动必须使用科学的研究方法，在调研活动的整个过程中都 要按照科学的原则和步骤来进行。 2、市场调研的系统性 一项营销调研活动对研究程序都有周密的规划和安排，研究人员一般要遵循 既定的研究程序和日程安排去开展活动。 3、市场调研的客观性 他要求研究人员在研究活动中应当以公正和中立的态度对信息进行出版、整 理和分析，而不应当受个人或其他权威人士的价值取向及信仰的影响。 4、市场调研的针对性 它是指营销调研往往是针对某个特定的营销问题而展开的，它并不是组织中 的一项连续的营销职能，而是根据需要间断进行。 5、市场调研的局限性 营销调研知识信息管理的工具和手段，它能够在一定程度上提供营销决策所 需要的信息，降低决策风险和失误率，但是它不能保证决策一定是正确的。
3、因果性调研(Causal Research) 、因果性调研
因果性调研的目的是为了证明一种变量的变化能够引起另 一种变量变化，这种调研方法是以实验为基础的调研，因 此又被称为实验调研。在这种调研中，研究人员成了研究 过程的积极参与者，他们会改变一些因素（自变量），观 察这些因素的变化对其他因素（因变量）有什么影响。在 营销实验中，因变量经常是衡量销售的一些指标，如总销 售额、市场份额等，而自变量则经常是营销组合中的一些 因素，如价格、广告支出、产品质量等。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1、企业走向国际市场得主要动因就是什么？我国企业走向国际市场得动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱与及市场竞争激烈；国际市场得吸引力;政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策;科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈;国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱与状态，企业为实现产品得竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进得管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本得生产资源及引进外资;2、什么就是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？国际市场营销就是指在一国以上把企业生产得商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动;一)国际营销与国内营销得联系1．基础得共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学得基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科得内容，既可以指导国内营销活动,又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念得一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上就是一致得,都以“市场观念"作为指导原则，以满足消费者与用户得需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一就是指满足消费者与用户对商品或服务在使用价值上得需求；二就是指满足消费者与用户得心理需求。
由于观念得一致性，企业得国内外营销活动也具有一致性,即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1)企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己得目标市场,即要有特定得用户作为自己得买主;（２)企业提供得产品与服务,不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场得需求；(３)企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面,都必须便于顾客购买；(4）及时为顾客提供信息与满意得售后服务,以满足现实顾客与潜在顾客对商品与服务得多种需要。
3。
经营得延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定得联系.就其经营发生得过程来瞧，国际营销就是国内营销得延伸。
粗略说来,企业先从事国内营销,再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就就是说，企业发展国际营销,一般都有一个渐进得过程。
《国际市场营销学》参考答案
《国际市场营销学》学员作业参考答案第一单元(第1—4章)作业题参考答案一、单项选择题1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．B6．C 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A二、简答题1．答：国际市场营销(International Marketing)简称国际营销，是指在复杂的国际市场环境中，识别和确定国外消费者和用户的需要，并通过提供能满足这些需要的商品和劳务实现企业目标的整体营销活动。
2．答：一、拓宽企业的生存和发展空间，增强企业活力；二、外向型经济发展的需要；三、国外营销环境的吸引力；四、规避国际贸易壁垒的需要；五、利用外国资源、参与国际分工；六、接近市场，使产品更加适销对路；七、实现规模经济的需要。
3．答：企业遇到环境威胁时，一般有三种选择：一是抵抗，即设法限制或扭转不利因素的发展；二是减轻，即努力降低威胁的严重性；三是回避，即主动转移到较有利的其他市场。
4．答：国体；政体；政党制度；政府政策的稳定性；民族主义；行政效率及清廉程度。
5．答：各国关于广告的法律法规很多，归纳起来主要有以下几类：①对广告产品的限制。
②对广告的内容及真实性的限制。
③对于广告媒体的限制。
④对广告对象的限制。
⑤对广告时间的限制。
⑥对于广告税收的规定。
6．答：非关税措施主要有以下形式：进口配额、进口许可证制、政府采购条款、最低限价制、海关程序、各种复杂苛刻的标准与规定等。
7．答：技术环境对营销的影响主要体现在以下几个方面：1．对需求的影响。
2．对产品策略的影响。
3．对交易方式的影响。
4．对营销管理的影响。
5．对竞争战略的影响。
8．答：马斯洛将人们的需求按由低到高的顺序分成5个层次，即生理需求(衣、食、住)、安全需求(人身安全、健康保护)、社会需求(社交活动、归属感、友谊、爱情)、自尊需求(得到社会尊重和承认、自尊心获得满足)和自我实现需求(自我潜能极度发挥、追求理想的实现)。
9．答：1．确认需要、产生购买动机阶段。
《国际市场营销学》第四章习题参考答案
1.解释下列概念：政治风险：政治风险来自于东道国未来政治变化的不确定性，和东道国政府对外国企业未来利益损害的不确定性。
它一般包括四类：总体政局风险，所有权/控制风险，经营风险，转移风险。
经营风险：它产生于企业对东道国政府控制性惩罚认识的不确定性。
它主要表现在对生产、销售、财务等经营职能方面的限制。
转移风险：它主要产生于对东道国政府限制经营所得和资本的汇出认识的不确定性。
转移风险还包括货币贬值的风险。
成文法：它源于罗马法制，它又称大陆法，最重要的特点是以法典为第一法律渊源，成文法系国家的司法不是依据法院以前的裁决，同样的条文，可能产生解释上的偏差。
习惯法：它又称不成文法或普通法。
它源于英国的法律体系，原属于英国殖民地的国家的法律体系都属习惯法系，最重要的特点是以传统导向为主，重视习惯和案例，过去案例的判决理由，对以后的案件有约束力，即所谓的先例原则。
仲裁：仲裁是比协调或调解更为正式化的解决争端的办法。
仲裁一般可以避免诉讼的缺点，裁决快、费用省。
过程秘密并且不存在敌意行为，对商誉没有破坏性影响。
2.营销是世界范围的活动，不应区分什么中国营销、法国营销等。
你同意这种观点吗？为什么？答：不同意。
营销确实存在一般性的原则，在运用这些原则时，由于各国政治经济法律等情况的不同，应该灵活运用。
在国际层面实现最优的营销组合，不仅要确保产品满足东道国文化的要求,另外一个重要因素在于东道国对市场的法律倾向，以及规制商业行为的无数法律法规。
3.试举例说明东道国政府外贸政策对国际营销的影响？答：可以以印度的外贸政策为例，以对营销组合的影响展开论述，该国在许多行业的贸易保护主义对国际市场竞争者造成了极大影响。
4.试举例说明国内法律对国际营销有何影响？答：可以以中国政府限制稀土出口政策对我国相关行业造成的影响为例。
5.有哪些类型的国际法律，它们对国际营销有何影响？答：保护消费者利益的立法，国际营销者必须保证其生产产品的质量，并承担对其生产或出售的产品所应承担的责任，保护消费者的合法权益；保护生产制造者和销售者的立法，国际营销者可以获得知识产权等方面的保护；保护公平竞争的立法，对国际营销者在竞争中的权力和要遵守的义务做了规定；调整国际间经济贸易行为的立法，决定了国际竞争者如何进入以及在东道国开展活动，发生纠纷时如何解决。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
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1.解释下列概念：
政治风险：政治风险来自于东道国未来政治变化的不确定性，和东道国政府对外国企业未来利益损害的不确定性。
它一般包括四类：总体政局风险，所有权/控制风险，经营风险，转移风险。
经营风险：它产生于企业对东道国政府控制性惩罚认识的不确定性。
它主要表现在对生产、销售、财务等经营职能方面的限制。
转移风险：它主要产生于对东道国政府限制经营所得和资本的汇出认识的不确定性。
转移风险还包括货币贬值的风险。
成文法：它源于罗马法制，它又称大陆法，最重要的特点是以法典为第一法律渊源，成文法系国家的司法不是依据法院以前的裁决，同样的条文，可能产生解释上的偏差。
习惯法：它又称不成文法或普通法。
它源于英国的法律体系，原属于英国殖民地的国家的法律体系都属习惯法系，最重要的特点是以传统导向为主，重视习惯和案例，过去案例的判决理由，对以后的案件有约束力，即所谓的先例原则。
仲裁：仲裁是比协调或调解更为正式化的解决争端的办法。
仲裁一般可以避免诉讼的缺点，裁决快、费用省。
过程秘密并且不存在敌意行为，对商誉没有破坏性影响。
2.营销是世界范围的活动，不应区分什么中国营销、法国营销等。
你同意这种观点吗？为什么？
答：不同意。
营销确实存在一般性的原则，在运用这些原则时，由于各国政治经济法律等情况的不同，应该灵活运用。
在国际层面实现最优的营销组合，不仅要确保产品满足东道国文化的要求,另外一个重要因素在于东道国对市场的法律倾向，以及规制商业行为的无数法律法规。
3.试举例说明东道国政府外贸政策对国际营销的影响？
答：可以以印度的外贸政策为例，以对营销组合的影响展开论述，该国在许多行业的贸易保护主义对国际市场竞争者造成了极大影响。
4.试举例说明国内法律对国际营销有何影响？
答：可以以中国政府限制稀土出口政策对我国相关行业造成的影响为例。
5.有哪些类型的国际法律，它们对国际营销有何影响？
答：保护消费者利益的立法，国际营销者必须保证其生产产品的质量，并承担对其生产或出售的产品所应承担的责任，保护消费者的合法权益；保护生产制造者和销售者的立法，国际营销者可以获得知识产权等方面的保护；保护公平竞争的立法，对国际营销者在竞争中的权力和要遵守的义务做了规定；调整国际间经济贸易行为的立法，决定了国际竞争者如何进入以及在东道国开展活动，发生纠纷时如何解决。
6.各东道国法律对企业国际营销产生何种影响？
答：当在东道国市场制定一个产品策略时，该国对进口限制、品牌及商标以及知识产权保护等方面的法律会对产品策略造成影响；当企业在东道国市场制定产品价格策略时，必须调查是否有法律机制能够使过程复杂化；企业要在东道国制定产品分销策略，亦应考虑法律的因素；当企业在东道国制定产品促销策略时，应该考虑其法律系统是否会影响其在该国将特定产品信息传递给目标受众。
7.在国际市场中，是否存在一些国际通用的行为规则？当这些规则与当地的法律发生冲突时，应该怎样进行选择？
答：确实存在这样一些通用的行为规则，比如公平竞争及产权保护等。
当这些规则与当地的法律发生冲突时，如何冲突来源于价值观文化层面，且对企业影响较小时，可以选择尊重东道国习俗及法律；当冲突给企业带来巨大影响不能妥协时如知识产权侵犯，可以采取诸如协调或调停问题、仲裁问题、诉讼这些方式来解决。
案例问题提示：
1.拉丁美洲国家政治法律环境，尤其政治风险对药物制造商有何影响？
答：可结合xx对国际营销的影响答题。
2.你认为乔治亚应如何解决在拉丁美洲市场上作广告的问题？
答：结合教材内容中各国关于促销法律的影响和案例内容，言之成理即可。