Issue 分类总结 领导者
新编剑桥商务英语(高级)词汇总结
Module 11、quotation 引用2、self-employed 个体经商的3、resign 辞职4、apply for 申请5、lay off (生意萧条时)临时解雇，下岗6、dismiss（由于雇员本人的不好）解雇7、overtime 超时的，加班8、laser equipment激光设备9、live for the moment 活在当下10、spontaneous心血来潮，自发11、think and plan for the future为未来做打算12、take off 休假13、Entitlement Generation 养尊处优的一代14、entitle to有权利做…15、little appetite for hard work不想努力工作16、twenty-somethings二十多岁的人17、instant gratification瞬间满足18、codding parents and colleges溺爱的父母和大学19、we were spoiled by your generation我们被你们这一代宠坏了20、break our backs for you努力工作21、bury themselves in a cubicle 埋头苦干22、delegate jobs分配工作23、recruitment 招聘24、older employees员工老龄化25、senior management高级管理26、CV=resume简历27、education background教育背景28、object/key section工作目标29、certificate/license证书30、bank office后勤部门；股票或证券交易清算室31、marital status婚姻状况32、constellation星座33、Geneva日内瓦34、pilot project尝试性计划35、tackle 抓住，处理36、canton 州，行政区37、integration集成综合，取消种族隔离38、commune谈心，亲密交谈39、sign up to participate in报名参加40、call up 传唤41、under the terms of=according to根据42、quantify使…确切、数字化43、National Assembly国会44、mandatory强制的45、initiative主动性，倡议46、preconceived idea先入为主的观念47、rule out the possibility of..的可能性48、firefighter消防员49、fundraiser募捐者50、trainee investment advisor投资建设者51、（put….）on the spot在现场；故意使某人处于难堪境地52、reward报答，酬劳53、recruit招聘，新员工54、permanent post固定工作55、reluctant不愿的56、voluntary自愿的57、codding溺爱的58、paediatrics儿科学59、veteran 富有经验的人60、flipside反面，相反情况61、teleworking电子化办公62、life expectancy预期寿命63、personal summary个人情况介绍64、dynamic有活力的65、knowdegeable有知识的66、interpersonal skill人际交往技能67、software solution软件解决方案68、entrepreneur企业家69、expertise专长70、self-motivated自我激励的71、pre-course预备课程72、reference证明(人)73、covering letter附信74、ongoing持续存在的75、on one’s own initiative主动地76、job-hunt frequently不断地跳槽77、paid holiday带薪休假78、tanker邮轮79、leak泄露80、tug拖船81、publicity公众的注意82、media attention媒体关注assert oneself坚持自己的权利（意见）83、ground使搁浅，使触海底84、routine日常的，例行的85、relocate使安置于新地点86、entail需要87、feature特写88、improvise临时做/提供89、denim粗斜棉布90、stone-washed 磨砂的91、plant成套设备92、allegation断言93、toxic有毒的94、plastic coating 塑料覆盖层95、migrant worker民工96、e-waste电子垃圾97、employee loyalty 员工忠诚98、employee commitment员工敬业精神99、derive from从..中得到100、incentive鼓励101、commendation赞扬102、instrinsic内在的，本质的103、advancement提升，晋升Module 21、sales turnover/revenue营业额2、share capital股本3、market share市场份额4、number of outlets门店5、entry 网页，登录6、subsidiary子公司7、headquarter 总部8、division分部9、sale offices销售点10、be based in总部位于11、acquire/acquisition=take over收购12、merge/merge兼并13、go bankrupt破产14、after-sales services售后服务15、divest=sell off廉价出售16、close=shut down关闭17、logistic company物流公司18、organic growth内生增长19、non-organic growth非内生增长20、heap积累21、at the top of the heap=leader领导者22、blockbuster大公司23、completely=with no doubt=squarel正好24、aim at针对25、dominated主导的26、core database核心数据库27、application应用28、dig at挖苦，嘲笑29、at the heart核心30、industry行业31、innovation创新32、small-scale acquisition小型收购33、midmarket中阶市场34、since then自那以后35、kickoff（竞选等）活动开始、启动36、CA=California 37、bitter心酸的38、takeover bid竞价收购39、trying circumstance困难的境地/形势40、momentum势头lose momentum失去势头41、with class出众，优异a girl with class有出众风度的姑娘42、our heads hold high=be proud骄傲，自豪43、commentator评论家44、the way employees are rewarded奖赏方式45、tempo节奏46、throw sb.in at the deep end是某人在毫无准备的情况下做困难的事47、sum up总结48、accountable for=be responsible for对…负责49、in fairness公正地说50、paternalistic大家长式的51、wield the axe挥舞斧头，裁员52、get flak受到抨击53、territory领土53、stock brokers证券公司54、categorise分组，分类55、organisational culture企业文化56、sector行业57、crucial role关键作用58、developer开发商59、macho硬汉，男子汉气概60、devolve委派，下放61、hierarchies等级62、plodding拖拉63、bureaucracy官僚资本主义64、empower授权，许可65、job secruity工作稳定性66、measurable可测量的，重大的67、clear lines of reporting and areas of responsibility明确划分权限和职责范围68、non-financial rewards非金钱奖励69、informal relationship轻松关系70、present facts陈述事实71、speculation猜测72、post=announce宣布73、be in line with与..一致74、high street商业街75、quieter生意清闲的、清淡的76、flat生意不景气的77、retail outlets经销机构78、internet presence网络出口79、core competency核心竞争力80、market prospect市场前景81、market price市场价格82、cashflow资金流动83、profit margin利润率84、premise场所85、go out of business歇业86、go public挂牌上市87、divest使卸下88、blockbuster了不起的人89、headline头版重要新闻90、suite软件套件91、platform平台92、motto座右铭93、resigned屈从的，顺从的94、saga一长串事件95、conclusion结局96、insurance premiums保险费97、consensus一致意见98、charisma领袖气质99、one-top一站式的，提供一揽子商品（服务）的100、discreet言行谨慎的101、accessories装饰品102、profile简介103、poll 民意测验104、interpersonal skill交际能力105、time management skill时间管理能力106、problem-solving skill解决问题的能力107、customer service training 顾客服务培训108、knowledge industry知识产业109、textile industry纺织行业110、information industry信息行业111、raw material extraction industry原材料开采行业Module 31、make/receive a phone call2、issue/put out a press release3、launch/run anadvertisement 4、give/make a presentation 5、hold/attend a meeting/seminar6、produce/publish a report7、send out/circulate a memo to all concerned 9、post/put information on the internet 10、make economies节省11、elaborate复杂的，详尽的12、means of communication沟通方式13、make of理解，看待14、investment portfolio证券投资组合15、get a good point说得有道理16、utility公用事业17、crosssell交叉销售18、more….than….与其说…不如说…. 19、call center呼叫中心20、bill enquiry账单查询21、counter-productive产生相反效果的22、depersonalise没有人情味23、commoditise使商品化24、rationlise使合理化25、transaction交易26、bank deposits银行储蓄27、cash withdrawals现金支取28、issuing of statements结单通知29、cash machine取款机30、driver动力31、high street shopping实体店购物32、start out/off开始谋业33、embrace拥抱；欣然接受34、train times火车时刻表35、Alaska阿拉斯加36、SMS=short messaging service短信37、MSN=Microsoft Service Net微软公司38、Blackberry黑莓手机39、managing director总经理40、make a request请求41、give sb.a reminder提醒某人42、make a proposal建议；订婚43、make an announcement通知44、make a demand要求45、customer charter顾客约章46、confidential机密的47、national and local calls长途与本地电话48、refund the difference退还差价49、impartial公正的50、satisfaction survey顾客满意度调查51、straightway立即，马上52、come straight back马上回来53、activate激活54、parcel delivery company包裹邮递公司55、a fish tank鱼缸56、mail order company邮购公司57、air pump气泵58、the service department服务部59、electricity company供电公司60、unsolicited未经要求的，主动提供的61、laptop computer笔记本电脑62、aquarium水族馆63、fitness club健身俱乐部64、iron熨斗65、nevertheless=still 66、consequently=so 67、owing to=because of 68、moreover=what’s more 69、following=after 70、since=because 71、besides=anyway 72、receptionist 接待人员73、doormen门卫74、existing staff现有的员工75、customer behavior 消费行为76、telephone operator接线员77、handset手机78、accredit相信，认可Module 41、aptitude能力2、altitude高度3、detour绕弯路4、dead-end street死胡同5、price competition价格战6、selling point卖点7、competitive advantage竞争优势8、emotional/perceived benefits情感利益9、added value附加值10、prospective customer潜在的顾客11、buying signal成交信号12、car dealer汽车行13、close the sale成交14、reserve the order预定15、deposit定金16、build/establish trust建立信任17、spaceship飞船18、VW大众19、suit one’s image 符合身份20、hard sell强硬销售21、deodorants除臭剂22、advertiser广告商23、march行进，行军24、ubiquity普遍存在25、digital revolution数字革命26、upsurge高潮27、in favor of支持；宁愿选择28、television viewing电视收视率29、personal video recorder technology（PVR）录像机30、medium媒体31、material影响深远的32、the sharp end激进分子33、Unilever联合利华34、Internet budget网络预算35、direct response advertising直效广告36、the consumer goods giant消费品巨头37、sponsorship赞助38、long-running持续时间长的39、make its presence felt使周围的人感觉你的重要性40、rewind倒退41、fast forwarding快进42、on demand有求必应43、search-based advertising 基于搜索的广告44、receptive乐于接受的45、huge premium巨额保费46、tune in to调整，调台47、Dancing on Ice花样滑冰48、engage针对49、catch-all包罗万象的50、holistic整体的，全面的51、tap into开发52、social networking sites交友网站53、feel compelled to do sth.情不自禁干某事54、come of age到达法定年龄、成年；到达成熟时期55、in the short term从短期来说56、creat a buzz 造势57、clip夹子，回形针58、present figures描述业绩59、roller coaster过山车60、fluctuate=go up and down=vary上下起伏61、pick up=recove=bounce 恢复62、hit=reach 63、high point=peak 64、due to=because of=owing to=down to 65、over=during=in 66、overdrive加速，赶工67、stabilish=level off 68、clear out our stock清仓69、up to=as much as 70、result in=lead to 71、pharmaceutical制药的72、forecast预计73、best-selling最畅销的74、eye contact眼神交流75、curve 曲线76、what general trend大概趋势77、per capita人均的78、connect with=relative to与…相关79、decision maker决策者80、option选用件81、reliability可靠性82、prospect可能成为主顾的人83、constraint限制，约束84、anecdote轶事，趣闻86、pushy粗鲁的，莽撞的87、payment terms支付方式88、niche专门市场89、point-of-sale销售网点90、viral marketing病毒式营销91、vehicle advertising车辆广告92、banner ads横幅广告93、broadband宽带94、media company传媒公司95、commission佣金96、across the board全面地97、blues忧郁，沮丧98、given考虑到99、slow-release（药效）缓慢的释放100、disruption扰乱101、supply chain供应链102、in reserve被留出备用103、margin利润104、palm oil棕榈油105、supply and demand供应与需求106、ingredient配料Module 51、flow chart流程图2、invoice发票；开发票3、owe money欠钱4、take out获得5、bet money on a horse赌马6、withdraw money取钱7、bank manager 银行经理8、interest rate利息9、term条款10、security担保11、save rate 存款率12、consumer confidence index消费者信心指数13、credit信贷；信用证；学分14、oversee监督15、legacy遗产，遗留物16、remortgage再次抵押17、thrillion万亿18、down-payment首次付款（首付）19、asset values(资产价值) will crash资产价值崩溃20、equity财产净值；股票；所有者权益21、negative equity负债资产22、by far最，无疑，很23、so far到达某一程度so far so good到目前为止，一切都好24、flyover立交桥25、gas-guzzling cars 滥吃狂饮26、equation方程式，影响因素27、leverage影响力28、location 地点29、seating capacity座位容量30、current cost of a ticket当前票价31、lease租约32、turnover营业额34、expenditure支出，income收入35、variable costs可变成本，fixed costs固定成本36、assets资产，liabilities负债37、gross 毛重，net净重38、current当前的，long-term长期的39、profit利润，loss 亏损40、dividends红利，retained profit留存利润41、creditor债权人，debtor 债务人42、profitable盈利的，unprofitable亏损的43、accounts payable应付账款，accounts receivable应收账款44、financial statement财务报表45、health 运营状况46、your first port of call（沿途要落脚/拜访的地方）你首先要看的是47、the accounts财务报表48、balance sheet资产负债表49、the income statement=the profit and loss accounts所得计算书50、cashflow statement现金流表51、snapshot简要说明；快照52、at a given moment=over a given period 在某一特定时期53、owe to欠54、set sth. against sth.把…与…联系起来55、current asset流动资产56、the notes to the accounts账目记录57、run the business经营58、gross profit毛利润，net profit净利润59、proverbial众所周知60、profit after tax税后利润61、calculator计算器62、the bottom line 底线63、do some sums算一算是否有钱去做….64、total revenue/turnover总收入65、operating income营业收入66、current liabilities流动负债67、starting line开办费用68、cash from operating经营产生的现金69、cash from investing 投资产生的现金70、cash from financing融资产生的现金71、net change in cash净现金流72、material costs材料成本73、administrative costs管理费用74、distribution costs运输成本75、overheads日常开支76、development costs 开发成本77、finance costs财务成本78、advertising expenditure广告花销79、free samples免费样品80、bank charges银行手续费81、vehicle insurance 车辆保险82、heating加热，供暖设备83、make reductions缩减84、car hire company汽车出租公司85、compromise妥协86、napkin纸巾87、consumer spending消费者支出88、avert挡开89、gallon加仑90、equation综合体91、multipex多剧场影剧院92、research and development expenditure研究与开发费用93、operating expenses营业费用94、manufacturing costs生产成本95、shopping mall大型购物中心96、hole漏洞97、blue-chip（股票）热门的98、hindsight事后的认识。
我的issue分类提纲
6如10/125/148/31/63/67保护野生动物119是古建筑的保护19 Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.长远与急迫（政治）10. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.31.Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities63 There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species67.Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.125 Some people claim that a nation's government should p reserve its wilderness areas in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.148 Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state.保护的好处：1.balance of ecosystem&divisity of species:a stable ecosystem will eventually benefit humans 2.坏处：1.耗钱有的居于市郊阻碍城市扩张或规划，有的占地面积太大，分布太散，保护起来成本过高2.some species are unable to adapt to environmental changes 力所不及经济发展的好处：1.民生2人类社会的发展坏处：可能破坏环境合：两者并不矛盾，要权衡经济价值和生态价值选择合适的方式来保护eco-tourism 迁入动物园也并非不可119 When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.The expansion and modernization of cities are necessary for several reasons.firstly,more and more people from rural areas desire to immigrant to cities,since living in cities means more opportunity to make money,higher quality of living standards and so on.secondly.thirdly. However,when the expansion and modernization of cities conflict with the preservation of old buildings,the government will encounter a dilemma,one where old buildings prevent to some degree the development of cities.拆不拆需要慎重考虑。
!加精啦!ISSUE分类高频提纲
Issue 分类题库作者：孙远来源：新东方第一类：政治类：1.政治本身97. "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."195. "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."89. "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."2.政府与人民(领导与被领导的人直接的关系)：45."Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."a) Government officials have more insights and are capable to fully evaluate a specific problem in the long run. //the purchase of Alaskab) Government officials have the responsibility to form the judgment according to their evaluation of thesituation. It is just such responsibility which endow them power.c) Public will could be instrumental in forming more precise and comprehensive judgment. Different people arerepresentative of their own interest, public as a whole can have a comprehensive representation of the interest of different groupd) The fundamental of democracy require that the public view should be taken into consideration by thegovernment officials.79."Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."202."Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."a) Public opinion is instrumental for the political leaders to make a better solution.b) For the most effective leader, the public opinion should be evaluated instead of absorbed unconditionally.c) Unconditionally abandoning principle for the sake compromise, will undermine the authority of the politicalleader, thus greatly render them ineffective when carry out governmental actions.d) For the sake of maintaining authority and fulfill their responsibility, the political leader should not bend to thepublic opinion too often. Any public opinion should be thoroughly investigated before absorbed.105."The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens."142."The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."【Position】:尽管质疑权威有时候会引起社会不安定，适当的质疑有利于社会健康发展。
ISSUE分类 OK
一、概括性陈述类：1、直接表明立场并给出论据进行阐述：942, 6-9, 11, 13-17, 20-22, 24-28, 30-34, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54, 55, 59-61, 63-68, 70-72, 74-76, 81, 84-89, 92-94, 96-104, 106-117, 119-127, 130, 132, 134-136,2、对概括性陈述进行解释后，表明立场并给出论据进行阐述：74, 32, 56, 58, 77, 79, 83,3、对概括性陈述的正确性或有效性进行判断，给出论据进行阐述：712, 18, 35, 38, 52, 57, 80,4、特殊问法类型：629: 进行解释后，判断是否值得遵循，同2类50: 判断是否是有效的方法，如果不是应该采取那些其他的方法？53: 从客户角度论述“用户友好”和“用户不友好”73: 判断是否是好的建议，给出论据进行阐述，同1类62, 82：同1类二、两类进行比较类：233, 5, 10, 19, 23, 37, 40, 43, 46, 48, 69, 78, 90, 95, 105, 118, 128, 129, 131, 133, 138-140,三、“是否”做某事类：21, 137***ISSUE题目专题分类***一、Environmental Protection & Energy Protection: 61、responsibility for preserving the natural environment: 13responsibility for preventing environmental damage: 472、the way to preserve environment: 413、the response to suspected environmental hazards:(1) in light of company: 42(2) in light of government: 924、energy protection and international corporation: 2二、Architecture: 41、architecture as the reflections of societal values and attitudes: 16, 83, 97,2、the historic value of older buildings: 78三、Mass media, Information, and Entertainment: 51、whether the growth of mass media is good or not: 1392、how to obtain the information efficiently and wisely: 1083、the restriction:(1) censorship of radio and TV programs: 1(2) regulate children's access to adult material on the internet: 154、whether popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests: 54四、Success: 101、the definition of success: 62、the elements of success:(1) education as the key to success: 12, 103(2) hard work as the key to success: 49(3) focusing on the task rather than the result: 293、how to succeed:(1) in light of person: setting goals: 52(2) in light of business: conformists or non-conformists: 814、the relation of success and personal failure: 115、the relation of professional success and personal sacrifices: 396、children's growth: self-discipline vs. self-esteem: 95五、Advertising: 61、advertisements as reflections of a nation's ideas: 322、advertising as influence art: 853、advertising: appeal to emotion vs. reason: 864、should school teach consumerism because businesses use high-quality advertising tosell low-quality products: 285、whether investment in high-quality advertising can sell almost any product and service: 446、do companies and organizations have right to contact potential customers and donors whenever and however they wish: 135六、Education: 91、what should our schools teach?(1) academic skills vs. ethical & social values: 23(2) science & technology vs. art & humanities: 37(3) specialized information & techniques vs. general approach to learning: 123(4) factual information & skills vs. ethics: 1362、educational method and system:(1) educational method: distance learning vs. traditional way: 99(2) educational system:①competition: 100②unity vs. diversity: 62③highly structured environment vs. relative freedom and spontaneity: 1403、after-school education: 126七、Automation & Technology: 41、the role of automation in our lives: 202、technology and adjusting to job obsolescence: 873、technology: separate people vs. bring people together: 1154、advancements in technology and business lead to better life: 112八、Studying history: 21、the importance of studying history: 432、studying history: a waste of time? : 89九、Advice: 31、giving advice to other people: 72、"following one's instincts." is good advice or not: 733、tell people what to do, never tell people how to do: 55十、Social Problems: 31、crimes(1) business' social duty regarding juvenile crimes: 59(2) how to stop serious crimes: 1272、the problems caused by cars: 102十一、Historical Sites and Archeological Treasures: 21、how to protect archeological treasures- remain in the country vs. export to other country: 1062、how to protect historical sites: restrict vs. free: 138十二、Learning Society & Measuring Nation's Value: 21、learning society: observing people's leisure time vs. observing their work time: 1312、measuring a nation's value: scientific achievement vs. business success: 105十三、About Government: 51、the relationship of company and government:(1) government as a necessary burden on business: 61(2) government should not be responsible for regulating businesses and other organizations: 131 2、government's responsibility for art:(1) government's responsibility regarding the arts: 22(2) government provide funds only for the arts that reflect the values and attitudes of the majority: 1173、what should government increase spending on: 114十四、Bureaucracy: 21、government bureaucracy: 632、bureaucracy's impact in business and government: 46十五、About Human Beings: 151、what makes people impressed(1) restraint in the use of power: 4(2) rule-breaker: 742、what motivate people: self-interest and fear: 753、respecting one another's difference: 574、our saving and borrowing habits: 805、our role as citizens of the world: 40multinational corporations and global homogeneity: 656、accepting blame for hated actions and words: 887、loyalty to political parities and leaders hinders the people's ability to form their won opinion: 1198、people soon tire of the status quo: 1139、accepting or rejecting an idea: presentation vs. merit: 12210、the test for genius: 7711、immediate desires and long-term needs: 10412、man and woman:(1) meeting women's needs in workplace: 82(2) in business, men and women have learned how to share power effectively: 98十六、Relationship of Work and Personnel Life: 31、employee's personnel lives: as separate as possible from workplace: 92、should employees take work home with them: 303、how work affects our personal lives: 67十七、Leaders & Leadership: 51、power and influence: business vs. government: 242、earning respect as a leader: 333、the qualifications as a leader:(1) decision-making: 76(2) maintaining the highest ethical standards: 111(3) solving problems by simple, immediate solutions: 125十八、About Products: 51、process vs. products: 102、products liability: 663、ethical constraints in creating and marketing products: 704、informing customers about products and services: 845、manufacturing products that do not last can reduce costs and stimulate demand: 90十九、Business & Commerce: 41、the final objective of business: 582、the secret of business: 563、imposing limits on commercialism: 71improving practice unethical: refusal to buy vs. legislative action: 101二十、About Management and Business: 361、organization(1) hierarchical vs. flat: 3(2) the importance of a clear hierarchy: 142、company's goal and social duty:(1) making money vs. serving society: 18(2) profit vs. public welfare: 64, 118(3) ethical business conduct and maximizing profits: 453、recruitment:(1) hiring criteria for entry-level jobs: 19(2) accessing personality traits in hiring employees: 48(3) objective information vs. subjective interview: 1304、the factors of business:(1) location: still the key to business success: 26(2) job satisfaction and security: 27(3) short-term thinking as a business disease: 35(4) hiring capable people as a key business strategy: 25(5) is competition good for a business: 51(6) giving employees as much freedom as possible: 94(7) moving job frequently: 1245、how to improve the employee's efficiency:(1) rewarding employees: job performance and tenure: 21(2) responding to employee performance: 50(3) effects of employee incentives: 726、who are important in a company:(1) most valuable employees: efficiency vs. quality: 128(2) managers with strong leadership skills vs. managers with expertise and work experience: 133 7、the factors of efficiency:(1) workplace design and employee input: 68(2) formality in dress and behavior: 1218、the relationship of managers and employees:(1) employee's loyalty: 93(2) employees should not be asked to provide evaluation of their supervisor: 134personnel evaluation: multidirectional: 1109、teamwork and personal ability:(1) sharing decision-making: 5(2) teamwork vs. individual energy and commitment: 3610、the best way to assign work: 10711、advice of outside experts vs. advice of inside highly experienced employees: 12912、children employees: 9613、employees participate in profit-making decision: 11614、the privacy of employees:(1) access to personal information about employee: 60(2) employees should not have full access to their personal files: 10915、employees use email to express their opinions about the company: accept vs. prohibit: 137二十一、Others:1、monetary system: 82、financial gain as a factor in choosing a career: 313、time management and flexibility: 174、potential benefits of mandatory public services: 345、everyday courtesy as an endangered art: 386、user-friendly: 537、social skills as purchasable commodities: 79。
新GREissue分类提纲-leader篇-原创
1.mental 的需要，才会去欣赏艺术。
科学家的成就，资金也很多来自于人们的taxwelfare更好。
2.反：a。
well-being难以衡量。
所以比拟不公平。
有的人觉得吃饱就是好，有的人还要求精神境界的提高。
B。
还有别的很多方面，比方说城市的建设，比方说各种系统的完善，教育系统等等。
人民对政府的信任程度。
The level to which thecitizens trust the leader.3.合：是一个方面，但是还有别的。
104-107 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.1.正：1.在很多领域领导是所有人学习的对象model or idol，对人们尤其是孩子有引导作用，因为他们在人们心中是几乎完美的形象，人们选他就是因为他道德的崇高，这种情况下正：比方：校长或者其他教育机构的领导，他们面向的对象很多是孩子，孩子们的价值观很多还没有fully developed，很容易受到影响，尤其是偶像的。
所以。
2.在有些领域好的道德能够促进开展，坏的道德会造成不好。
比方political干好事业，能够为人民着想。
2.反：1.在很多行业并没有要求很高的道德，只要符合法律即可。
看中的是能力。
能力好才能将这个机构带动起来，领导的根本目的不是自己本身的个人精神的喧哗，而是整个集体利益的提升。
比方商业，一个商人的好坏在于他能不能够做大生意，能不能够洞悉市场供求关系的变化及时作出决策，而不在于道德。
只要不违法即可。
2.过度强调道德会使得办事死板，不会随机应变。
道德在一定程度上是对人能力的束缚，highest的束缚就更大了。
人们本来应该可以发挥出的，结果束缚了发挥不出，本来可以解决的问题不能解决了，本来可以做的更好的只是做的一般。
3.要分行业。
能力也是关键。
领导者有哪几种常见的类型_职场打拼
领导者有哪几种常见的类型身为领导者，要知道自己在管理什么。
不同的领导者有不同的管理风格，今天小编就给大家盘点下领导者的常见类型，大家一起来了解下吧。
领导者的类型领导力是领导者的核心能力，提升领导者的领导力对加强领导者的能力建设具有核心作用。
领导者要恰当地运用权力因素与非权力因素，树立权威使组织成员凝聚在自己周围。
领导者既要加强学习、提高素质;又要树立良好形象，加强管理。
要注重严于律己，以身作则，以领导魅力带动、影响、促进广大者组织成员改进工作，为实现共同目标而努力奋斗。
在实际工作中，要不断增强领导者的领导力，我认为可以从不断加强学习、提高个人素质、树立良好形象、切实重视管理等几个方面入手。
组织中的领导者是复数而非单数，是一群人而非一个人。
领导者的类型按不同的角度可划分为多种类型，如从制度权力的集中度，可分为集权式领导者和民主式领导者。
从创新纬度，可分为维持型领导者和创新型领导者。
1、集权式领导者所谓集权，是指领导者把管理的制度权力进行收揽的行为和过程。
因此，所谓集权式领导者，就是把管理的制度权力相对牢固地进行控制的领导者。
由于管理的制度权力是由多种权力的细则构成的，如奖励权、强制权收益的再分配权等，这就意味着对被领导者或下属而言，受控制的力度较大。
在整个组织内部，资源的流动及其效率主要取决于集权领导者对管理制度的理解和运用，同时，个人专长权和影响权是他行使上述制度权力成功与否的重要基础。
这种领导者把权力的获取和利用看成是自我人生价值的实现。
显然这种领导者的优势在于，通过完全的行政命令，管理的组织成本在其他条件不变的情况下，要低于在组织边界以外的交易成本。
这对于组织在发展初期和组织面临复杂突变的变量时，是有益处的。
但是，长期将下属视为可控制的工具，则不利于他们职业生涯的良性发展。
2、维持型领导者维持型领导者一般也称为事务型领导者。
这种领导者通过明确角色和任务要求，激励下属向着既定的目标活动，并且尽量考虑和满足下属的社会需要，通过协作活动提高下属的生产率水平。
GREIssue主体逻辑归类总结Issue题目逻辑公式全集0001
Issue 题目逻辑公式全集目录一、主题逻辑：N>M (3)二、主题逻辑：N 对M 有影响.............................................. 6..三、主题逻辑：N 应该对M 做某事............................................ 1..0四、主体逻辑：N 应该做M......................................... 1..2五、主体逻辑：N 是M.......................................... 1..6高频题目总结常见拆分方式：领域拆分N 和M 哪个重要，有两种处理方式：1.N 和M 不一样大，N or M 随便选一个进行领域拆分2.N = M很多题目中，都是我们应该做N 还是做M？一旦涉及到了这种两难的选择，就是在论证N 和M 到底谁好，就是变相的比大小1.觉得好写，我们就直接比出N 和M 的大小2.觉得不好写，我们就求证N=M科技类题目64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.科技类题目我们一般不拆machine 和technology，所以这道题目我们拆human mind 我们有情感、能力但是机器没有社会类题目4. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that nospeaker or reformer ever could.丑闻和演说家哪个更有用呢？我们需要在不同领域对丑闻和演说家进行比较哦19. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.眼前的问题和未来的问题哪个重要呢（可以一样重要，也可以其中一个更重要）在不同领域，对眼前和未来的问题进行比较43./89. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves. 快节奏的生活到底是解决的问题多，还是处理的问题多（要在不同领域进行比较哦）33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.知识让事情更容易理解，还是复杂呢？在不同的领域比较知识的力量（心理，疾病、历史等都可以）28./85./113./120./121./127./145. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.A ofB 中，B 是主体，对great nation 下定义（伟大的国家还有国际责任）领导人的成就和福利待遇谁更重要（N=M 比较好写，但是如果大家会，N>M 也可以哦）27. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.领域拆分，在不同领域，将新人和专家进行比较93. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.不同领域，到底是表象重要，还是本质重要105./106./126. Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset thane xperience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.同上152. We learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitationsrather than from enjoying our successes.（题库新增题目）N>M –我们需要比较到底从困难中还是从成功中学到的东西多重点还是解释learn 的内容是什么Academic study –从困难中能更好的知道自己哪里学的不好，进行更有针对性的学习Non-academic study—克服苦难对我们的意志品质有更好的促进作用让步：但是我们从成功也是可以学到一些东西的，不过不如从困难中学到的深刻教育类题目48./92. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.这个可以认为是N 应该对M 做某事，也可以理解成N>M,因为涉及到了两个事物的对比领域拆分：在知识习得领域，谁重要；在能力培养领域，谁重要大家看到teach，就和看到learning 一样，教或者学什么如果论述难度大，这个也可以使用程度拆分（适度依赖其中一个）51./71. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.这个和眼前问题、未来问题的思路很像哦，可以程度也可以直接领域拆分在学习领域，只关注眼前的学习成绩，会导致学习过于功利在经济领域，只追求短期的政绩和经济发展，不考虑长期的影响也不行49./76. Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.到底从谁身上学的多拆learning – 1. 和谁能学到更多的知识、 2. 和谁能学到更多的能力政治类题目5./23.117. Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 这道题目有点特殊，里面只提到了major cities，但是潜在的是和其他城市进行比较N 是大城市、M 是其他城市和地区1.政府的责任是维持平衡–N 和M 一样重要（也可以不一样重要）2.文化保护–可以写大城市保护的好，也可以写小地方保护的好，解释合理就可以3.让步60./151. Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.N：common ground M : elusive ideals 不同领域的领导人的责任是什么，和N、M 有什么关系（一）科技类1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability ofhumans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.由于我们不拆科技，所以我们这道题目拆的是ability –对能力下定义132. Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.同样的，我们不拆科技，那我们就拆分human interaction –人们交流需要满足的不同条件，可以当做是对交流的领域拆分（共同话题，沟通的途径等）（二）社会类2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. 我们要讨论社会的特点都是什么的，然后再说和大城市有什么关系N 是大城市M 是社会的特点我们拆M 22./122 Claim: The best way to understand thecharacter of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.N 是英雄的特征M 是社会的特点我们拆M在reasoning 的过程可以涉及：英雄确实可以反映社会的最高水平，正是因为如此，英雄的特征很多人都没有，所以他们并不能反映社会的特征152. The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the amount of trash they will accept from each household.N 是施加限制M 是环境问题我们可以把M 拆开，讨论环境问题的来源，然后再和N 产生联系–这道题目和human interaction 的思路很像11./99. People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. N 是behavior M 是forces 随便拆一个就好了这个我们上课讲过了哦38. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves. N 是社会组织M 是我们对自己的理解41. /144.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.N 是人们M 是一个人的伟大我们对M 进行领域拆分–讨论不同领域的人的伟大是由哪一部分的人决定的44.Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually bed iminished.N 是media scrutiny M 是英雄我们对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域的英雄和媒体审核之间的关系75./84. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.这道题和上面的思路如出一辙哦103. The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.N 是interests M 是ideas 我们把M 进行领域拆分，通过对不同领域的想法进行分析，来讨论常见事物对人们想法的影响Interests in commonplace things 是什么呢：可以理解成日常事物的有心人，把台式机变成laptop 就是一个很好的例子—关注身边的例子33. /109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.N 是knowledge ，M 是things 我们要对M 进行领域拆分34. In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.N 是contrasting points M 是progressN 对M 有影响，对M 进行领域拆分；讨论不同领域内的进步和相左观点的关系78.People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.N 是immediate situation 或者是society ，M 是attitudes对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域中，人们的态度都收到了什么了因素的影响79./ 146. Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.N 是convince 别人／M 是argument 的价值这道题目和一个人的伟大是被谁决定的逻辑很像；一场争论或辩论的价值肯定不在于说服别人，还有很多其他的意义M１. 在社会领域：争论的意义在于唤醒人们的意识，introduce 新的思想，即使别人不一定认可M２．在政治领域，争论的意义在于彰显民主108./110. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.N 是expert ，M 是workA ofB 中我们拆 B 哦 B 是主体呢（三）历史类基本所有历史类题目都是N 对M 有影响论述和拆分的思路都是雷同的，大家可以快速掌握哦9. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.N 是前人的经验，M 是contribution 在科技领域，正是借鉴了前任的经验，才有了突出的贡献–电话在政治领域，前任的经验给后人的政策制定提供了基础–新政。
issue文章分类整理
一）培养年轻人重在合作意识or 竞争意识？
We can see competition everywhere in our daily lives. Such as in the Olympic Games, where the athletes from all over the world competite together for their honor and dreams. For governmental officials, political leaders must promulgate some beneficial policies for the normal citizens in order to win voters' support. The competition among the different factions and parties facilitates a healthy development for the whole nation.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
领导者70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."Position: Limiting the term of leadership is an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives.A. When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.B. A new leadership usually has greater initiative and would bring in new ideas.C. However, in private areas such as business it might not be so necessary to limit the term of leadership.1.though creativity is emphasized ubiquitously in study, business, research, and thought, we should adopt is selectively.2.new things always have many rejections in its application, and is not always on the right track. In the transformation of the leadership, efficiency of the enterprises will surely deteriorate and profit will decrease. It is a big challenge for any enterprises. In case the transform fails, it is disastrous to the enterprise.3.if such trend permeate in the society, there are bound to be irretrievable loss and destruction.4.we should adopt the creativity selectively, tailoring it to our flavor and condition.Position: The surest way to success for all enterprises should be anaylized respectively instead of just considering the revitalization of leadership as the only channel.1, Leaders in power in various fields have their strongs and wesknesses. Those who accumulate experience and prosper and even gain public suppot or those who benefit the society in their utmost, deserve respect and promotion.2, The success of an enterprise is decided by many factors such as economical environment, political stability and international relationships.3, Although an revitalization of leadership does bring some benefits , it is only one , not necessarily right , channel.4, From a broad point of view, we can reasonably plan for the future and success of an enterprise.(1)to great existence, if one cannot see the concrete example that the aging and ossifying leadship will undermine the profession patently and greatly, one can deduce i t from the general principle. for example. so some thing shoule be done, some rule institute, some example set.(2)but new leadship not mean to permute the preceding wholely, beside supplant the original one there are still divergent approach to attain such goal,such as . on the other hand, why it must 5 years that the origin one have to step down? longer or shorter? how about 8 or 10(3) and remaim the preceding leadship can conserve the stable in the main policy and the sequence. it will disturb the proper rhymer, and it would demand more or less quitea long time to put all the worlk in the right place.(4)according all the outline it is immeience to remedy and prevent the leadship ossify and age, but we can adop a more moderate way.Position:1. Those in power for several years are generally old and their physical conditions become worse and worse. It's unwise to be still in power if they are likely less capable to deal with mass of matters.2. Another problem also should be considered: young and talent people who are excellent enough to fit the position don't have the opportunities to make achievements if the old are still rooted.3. However, power men have much more experience than those young. They often represent their surprisingly wise and diplomatic capabilities when dealing with tough problems, which rare happens on young men.4. The credit, repute and public support are also considerable factors. New leadership are less experienced and need a comparative long period to be adapted to the society.1. beginning2.1 a person in a position too long will either get tired of his work, or make misdeed. Need new one bring vigor into the profession. absolute power leads to absolute depravation2.2 give change to those who are more compatible for the job.2.3 period for tenure of the office should take discretion.3. to get a better result, it is better to let leaders abdicate.Protean as the world represents and situation changes continuously, after a relative stable period, leaders should abdicate and new one is required to supple the vacant position.Protean as the world represents and situation changes continuously, after a relative stable period, leaders should abdicate and new one is required to supple the vacant position.When one is appointed to a new department, ambitious and aggressive as he/she is, the ardour fills in heart of the one’s, earnest he/she will be and the spirit will i nfect others. Thus, a benign vogue is formed which boost the group to go in an exiting cycle. With the zeal vanishing, as the leader is too familiar with his/her work and with the different types relationship built, it is hard to keep disinterest for the leader. Inevitable, discontent will come out and internal contradictory will emerge thus efficiency will descend. The result what I have stated is just refer to those who are decent, for leaderswho can’t deny snare situation will be more serious. A famous aphorism that absolute power leads to absolute depravation repeals shortness of leaders staying long in a profession from this aspect.Meanwhile, even the leader keeps rectitude and he/she was competent with his occupation, however, if the leader stays in the profession infinitely, other one who in the beginning years was not as excellent as the leader, in the later years has been keeping on trying and now is more suitable for the position has no chance to be promote. It is not equal for the more diligent person and also contradicts Market economic laws which require optimize allocation of resource, including labor resource. In the antithesis, if the leader can assume more important assignment, and if he/she is confined in the limited circle, also it is a waste of gifts of the leader and it is unfair for him/her.T o reach the most effective for all the member of society and make full use of resource, leaders should abdicate when expiration of his/her term in office falls according to relevant laws that corresponding economic rules. Length of the period for the leader in the position should be decided in concrete circumstance, arbitrarily circumscribe it to 5 years will court trouble in the later years, some such as manager of a small company should be substituted in less than 5 years while the presidential election should be hold 4 years a time at least to ensure stability of the country.Definitely, system of leader replacement should be built and advantages of it are obvious. Only through this form, can all people enjoy equal citizen right and the society can create the most value. Thus, keeping on executing this policy in any profession—business, politics, education, government—is impeachable and rational.As a frequently discussed issue in the enterprise,the abdication of elder leader and subsequently accession of new bellwether have been an spiny problem and thus give rise of an enduring debate. Which viewpoint should we hold out? Answer of this question depends on our overall and reasonble analysis and understanding in this issue. That is, if the old leader should resign and let the new bellwether take the post thoroughly rely on the definite situation that happens. That is,the different condition may give birth to fully disparate and even opposite result. I will provide the concrete and detailed analysis as the following.On the one hand,we first should pay attention to the possible benefit from the abdication of old leader. For instance,the accession of new leader instead of old may brings new idea ,spirit,method and regulation ,which subsequently mybe contribute to the development and pefection of the enterprise. For instance, many famous company ,such as IBM,MICROSOFT,and INTEL,ever got into the plight due to mismanagement ,or corruption,or erroneous policy. These corporation finally replace the leader with the new bellwether in order to get rid of the quandary and revive. As a result,mostly the company make a resurgence and even burgeon for a long time, whichprimarily result from the fresh and correct idea , system and practice brought by new leader. Therefore,from these cases,we naturally get a illumination that in a troublesome and even formidable situation,appointing a new leader may be a reasonble and effectual measure for reviving the enterprise.On the other hand,as a complement,we must consider if the so-called reform by substituting old for new leader is certainly beneficial to the enterprise. In some cases,the plight of enterprise is not brought out by the leader,but some other factors. For instance, the government formulate a new economic policy which involves the product made by a company and contains some new terms disadvantageous to that company. Thus,for a long time,the sale of product is sobad that gradually the enterprise falls into a predicament.So,how can we ascribe this to the leader? in turn,we all should realize it is not the responsibility of leader,but just a chance. In this situation,substituting the leader for new personmay be not a reasonble and effctual measure since it can't overcome the difficulty caused by the government. Besides this,other possibility may influence on the development of enterprise and sometimes lead to a predicament.Through the detailed and objective analysis presented above,we here can make a conclusion that replacing the old leader with new is not always a suitableand efficient measure for reviving the enterprise,which commonly depends on specific condition and situation.We are enjoying a very bright future as fast advancing technology centers in a world in which society calling out increasingly loudly for change and creativity. Transmutation is valued more heavily than it has ever been. Affected by the beneficial change of the technology, people are applying change ubiquitously to thoughts, science, education and even leadership. While admitting that the urge for change is conducive to everything, I don’t think people’s extreme and indiscriminate application in leadership, demanding those in power should step down after five years, is not as wise and advisable as they do in science, though or education.The reason contribute to people’s appeal to require anyone in power step down after five years is their presupposition that frequent change in leadership can bring the enterprise the precious merit: creativity. Creativity by nature means, the creative mind which can free our though from the trammel of tradition and bring refreshment to our ideas. However, it doesn’t follow that frequent change in anything—leadership included—is necessary and an insurance of creativity. Furthermore, creativity alone in itself is not sufficient and predominant in an efficient and outstanding leadership. There are other elements say clairvoyance, wisdom, persistence, honesty, morality which are more important, or at least as important as creativity. If too frequent the change of leadership was and too much emphasize laid upon creativity, the essences that listed above would be largely lost and the leadership centers in creativity would be surly inunsteadiness. And wh at’s more, can anyone argue seriously that the change in leadership will definitely bring the enterprise a creative mind?Further put, new things always have many rejections in its germinal application and are not always on the right track. Leadership is not the abnormality. In the transformation of the leadership, efficiency of the enterprises will be inevitably impaired and profit will decrease. In case the transform fails, it is disastrous and detrimental to the existence and development of the enterprise.The end of the so-called frequent change and urge for revitalization is to pursue the prosperity of the enterprise. On condition that the extant leadership has contributed and is going to contribute more to the enterprise’s prosperous development, wh ere does the motive of change in leadership exist? Roosevelt, the 16th president of the U.S and the only one in history elected for 4 terms, can serve as the solid example to substantiate the point above. Why people granted him 4 four times of presidency, spanning 12 year that absolutely surpass the five years alleged by many people? Let’s get to fundamentals to see what he has done in his presidency: developed reforms and projects known as the New Deal which drag Americans out of the bog of economic recession; lead Americans to conquer the notorious fascism in the Second World War. It is due to his sagacious leadership that Americans granted him 4 four times of presidency and venerated him as the 3rd greatest president in history, ranking only after Washington and Lincoln. From this illustration we can see the traditional perspective of valuing the leadership is by its efficiency and contribution, not merely the presumably frequency alleged by many people.In conclusion, the allege of people in leadership nowadays and indiscriminate change of leaders is preposterous and precarious to not only the enterprise but the society as a whole. The change for leadership should be evaluated comprehensively, including efficiency and contributions and wisdom and clairvoyance, not narrowly circumscribed in the so-called and alleged revitalization of creativity.Agree:1. long-term leadership will lead to arrogance of the leader and rigidity of enterprise2. by introducting periodic leadership and proper competitive mechanism, the enterprise can keep running lively3. over-frequent changing of leader will distract the enterprise and bring instabilityIt’s emotionally natural that people incline to sticking to a successful and charismatic leader rather than to mercilessly replace him/her with a new one after a limited period of time. It turns out that, however, such good wishes do not promise precipitated results. Long-term leadership often leads to either the degrade of the enterprise or degeneration of the leader itself.Unfortunate but true, there is no individual of this world flawless. Great success, fame and wealth, awe and respection from subordinates can all addle an initially wise andcool-minded leader. The availability of long-term leadership makes things worse by granting these leaders sufficient time and power to abuse success. And the veneration and admiration from staff fail to warn leaders against self-righteousness before the whole thing goes out of control. Though sometimes things are not that bad, and the long-term leadership does to some extent manage to keep the enterprise in stability, it does not follow that the enterprise benefits from it anyway. Actually, the so-called stability is a veiled rigidity, which dominates with the inevitable limitation of its leader. Things are quite different when periodic leadership is introduced. By maintaining proper competative mechanism, the enterprise is always able to be repleted with fresh blood and new leading ideologies. Newly emerged leaders bring new way of leading and managing, and they are more likely to keep in better touch with time as well. In order to gain recognition and authority, new leaders tend to avoid the shortcomings of their predecessors and bring more welfare to staffs. On the other hand, staffs are also encouraged to work more actively for promotion. This compulsory shift in leadership effectively invigorates the enterprise and consequently drives it for bigger success. Five years’s period is proper for average leadership. Longer term will ossify the enterprise while shorter one may call it under instability. It takes time for new leaders to get familiar with position as well as the running of the enterprise, and their new ideas might not take effect as soon as employed. And the competition for leadership, if carried out too frequently, will also distract the enterprise from its routine jobs. It is hard to imagine that promising staffs can concentrate on their work for the enterprise rather than go all out for courting support from subordinates and appreciation from senirors. Anyway, enterprises differenciate from each other in nature and it is absurd to set an inflexible term to everyone of them categorically. The decision factors should include the average time for any new policy to take effect, evolution of the enterprise in society and so forth.Neither absolute stability nor rash alternation will lead to the success of any enterprise. In order to keep relatively stable composition and at the same time preventing it from any rigidity, enterprises should work out proper term for leadership to ensure their success.------------------------------。