国际经济学第九版英文课后答案 第8单元
*CHAPTER 8 (Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSOUTLINE8.1 Introduction8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a TariffCase Study 8-1: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Major Developed CountriesCase Study 8-2: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Some MajorDeveloping Countries8.2a Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff8.2b Effects of a Tariff on Producer and Consumer Surplus8.2c Costs and Benefits of a TariffCase Study 8-3: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some U.S. Products Case Study 8-4: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some EU Products 8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure8.3a The Rate of Effective Protection8.3b Generalization and Evaluation of the Theory of Effective ProtectionCase Study 8-5: Rising Tariff Rates with Degree of Domestic ProcessingCase Study 8-6: Structure of Tariffs on Industrial Products in U.S., EU, Japan, and Canada8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4c The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.6 The Optimum Tariff8.6a The Meaning of the Concept and Retaliation8.6b Illustration of the Optimum Tariff and RetaliationAppendix: A8.1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large NationA8.2 Derivation of the Formula for the Rate of Effective ProtectionA8.3 The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem GraphicallyA8.4 Exception to the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem - The MetzlerParadoxA8.5 Short-run Effect of a Tariff on Factors' IncomeA8.6 Measurement of the Optimum TariffKey TermsTrade or commercial policies Consumer surplusImport tariff Rent or producer surplusExport tariff Protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff Ad valorem tariff Nominal tariffSpecific tariff Rate of effective protectionCompound tariff Domestic value addedConsumption effect of a tariff Prohibitive tariffProduction effect of a tariff Stolper-Samuelson theoremTrade effect of a tariff Metzler paradoxRevenue effect of a tariff Optimum tariffLecture Guide1.I would cover sections 1 and 2 and assign problems 1-2 in the first lecture. Themost difficult part of section 2 is the meaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus. Since a clear understanding of the meaning and measurementof consumer and producer surplus is crucial in evaluating the effect of tariffs, Iwould explain t hese concepts very carefully.2.I would then cover section 3 and assign problems 3-6 in the second lecture. Thetheory of tariff structure is also very difficult and important, and so I would alsoexplain this concept very carefully. I found that the best way to explain it is byusing the simple example used in the text of the suit with and without importedinputs.3.The rest of the chapter can be skipped without loss of continuity by thoseInstructors who do not wish to cover the general equilibrium effects of tariffs. 4.For those Instructors who wish to cover the rest of the chapter, I would take upanother two lectures to do so. I would also assign and grade problems 8-14 tomake sure that students understand the material.5.In covering section 8.4, I would pay special attention to the explanation of Figure8-5 and to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.6.In covering Section 8.6, please note that the optimum tariff can only be discussedintuitively without trade indifference curves (examined in Appendix A8.6). Answer to Problems1.a) Consumption is 70Y, production is 10Y and imports are 60Y (see Figure 1 onthe next page).b) Consumption is 60Y, production is 20Y and imports are 40Y (see Figure 1).c) The consumption effect is -10Y, the production effect is +10Y, the trade effectis -20Y and the revenue effect is $40 (see Figure 1).2. a) The consumer surplus is $245 without and $l80 with the tariff (see Figure 1).b)Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared withtheir revenues under free trade), $l5 represents the increase in production costsand another $15 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure1).c) The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $l0 (see Figure 1).3. This will increase the rate of effective protection in the nation.4. a) g = 0.4 - (0.5)(0.4) = 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2 = 40%1.0 - 0.5 0.5 0.55. a) g=60%b) g=80%c) g=0d) g=20%6. a) g=70%b) See the first paragraph of section 8.3b.7. See Figure 2.8.When Nation 1 (assumed to be a small nation) imposes an import tariff oncommodity Y, the real income of labor falls and that of capital rises.9.Py/Px rises for domestic producers and consumers. As production of Y (the K-intensive commodity) rises and that of X falls, the demand and income of K rises and that of L falls. Therefore, r rises and w falls.10.If Nation 1 were instead a large nation, then Nation 1's terms of trade rise and thereal income of L may also rise.India is more likely to restrict imports of K-intensive commodities in which India has a comparative disadvantage and this is likely to increase the return to capitaland reduce the return to labor according to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.12. See Figure 3 on the previous page.13. See Figure 4.14. a) The volume of trade may shrink to zero (the origin of offer curves).App. 1. The more elastic S H and S F are, the lower is the free trade priceof the commodity and the lower is the increase in the domesticprice of the commodity as a result of the tariff.App. 2a. The supply curve of the nation for the commodity shifts upand to the left (as with the imposition of any tax); this does not affectthe consumption of the commodity with free trade, but it reducesdomestic production and increases imports of the commodity; italso increases the revenue effect and reduces producers' surplus.b)The imposition of a tariff on imported inputs going into the domestic productionof the commodity will have no effect on the size of the protection cost ordeadweight loss.App. 3. See Figure 5 (on the next page).App. 4. See Figure 6.App. 5. Real w will fall in terms of Y and rise in terms of X. On theother hand, r eal r will rise in terms of Y and fall in terms of X. Thiscan be seen by drawing a figure similar to Figure 8-10, but with theVMPLy curve shifting upward.App. 6a. See Figure 7.c) After Nation 1 has imposed an optimum tariff and Nation 2 has retaliatedwith an optimum tariff of its own, the approximate terms of trade for Nation1 is 0.8, while the approximate terms of trade of Nation2 is 1.25.d) Nation 1's welfare declines from the reduction in the volume and in the termsof trade. Although nation 2's terms of trade are higher than under free trade,the volume of trade has shrunk so much that nation 2's welfare is also likelyto be lower than under free trade.Multiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the traded commodityb. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*d. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityc. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of the tariff*d. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increase*d. none of the above4.The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured bythe area:*a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:*a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6.Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to the rate of effectiveprotection?a. for given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is tb. for a given value of t and ti, g is larger the greater is a ic. g exceeds, is equal to or is smaller than t, as t i is smaller than, is equal to or is larger than t*d. when a i t i exceeds t, the rate of effective protection is positive7. With a i=50%, t i=0, and t=20%, g is:*a. 40%b. 20%c. 80%d. 08. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:*a. increases the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersb. reduces the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersc. increases the relative price of the import commodity for the nation as a wholed. any of the above is possible9. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:a. increases the nation's welfare*b. reduces the nation's welfarec. leaves the nation's welfare unchangedd. any of the above is possible10. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, the imposition of a tariff by a nation:a. increases the real return of the nation's abundant factor*b. increases the real return of the nation's scarce factorc. reduces the real return of the nation's scarce factord. any of the above is possible11. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation results in:a. an increase in relative price of the nation's import commodityb. an increase in the nation's production of its importable commodityc. reduces the real return of the nation's abundant factor*d. all of the above12. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation can be represented by a rotation of the: *a. nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantageb. the nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantagec. the other nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantaged. the other nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantage13. The imposition of an import tariff by a large nation:a. increases the nation's terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. may increase or reduce the nation's welfare*d. all of the above14. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. all of the above15. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%*c. 0d. depends on elasticities。
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案
CHAPTER 1*(Core Chapter)INTRODUCTIONOUTLINE1.1 Importance of International EconomicsCase Study 1-1: The Dell and Other PCs Sold in the United States Are All ButAmericanCase Study 1-2: What Is an "American" Car?1.2 International Trade and The Nation's Standard of LivingCase Study 1-3: Rising Importance of International Trade to the United States 1.3 The Major U.S. Trade Partners: The Gravity Model1.4 The Subject Matter of International Economics1.5 Purpose of International Economic Theories and Policies1.6 Current International Economic Challenges1.7 The Globalization Challenge1.8 Organization and Methodology of the BookAppendix: A1.1 Basic International Trade DataA1.2 Sources of Additional International Data and InformationKey TermsInterdependence Adjustment in the balance of payments Gravity model MicroeconomicsInternational trade theory MacroeconomicsInternational trade policy Open economy macroeconomicsNew protectionism International financeForeign exchange markets GlobalizationBalance of payments Anti-globalization movementLecture Guide1. As the first chapter of the book, the general aim here is simply to define the fieldof study of international economics and its importance in today's interdependent world.The material in this chapter can be covered in two classes. I would utilize oneclass to cover Sections 1 to 4 and the second class to cover Sections 5 to 8. Iwould spend most of the second class on Section 6 on the major currentinternational economic challenges facing the United States and the world todayand to show how international economics can suggest ways to solve them. Thisshould greatly enhance students' motivation.Answer to Problems1. a) International economic problems reported in our daily newspapers are likely toinclude:•trade controversies between the United States, Europe, Japan, and China;•great volatility of exchange rates;•Increasing international competition from China and fear of job losses in the United States and other advanced countries.•structural unemployment and slow growth in Europe, and stagnation in Japan;•financial crises in emerging market economies;•restructuring problems of transition economies;•deep poverty in many developing nations in the world.b) Can result in trade restrictions or even a trade war, which reduce the volumeand the gains from trade;•discourage foreign trade and investments, and thus reduce the benefits from trade;•Can result in trade restrictions or even a trade war, which reduce the volume and the gains from trade;•reduces European and Japanese imports and the volume and the benefits from trade;•financial crises in emerging market economies could spread to the United States;•can lead to political instability, which will adversely affect the United States;•can lead to political instability in these countries - which also adversely affect the United States.c) Can result in your paying higher prices for imported products;•lead to great fluctuations in the price of imported products and cost of foreign travel;•Can lead higher prices for imported products and increases the chances that you will have to change jobs;•can lead you to support demands for trade protection in the United States;•can reduce the value of your investments (such as a stocks) in the United States;•can lead to your paying higher taxes for the United States to respond to these threats;•can result in your paying higher taxes to help these nations.2. a) Five industrial nations not mentioned are: Italy, France, Canada, Austria, andIreland.b) See Table 1A.c) Smaller nations, such as Ireland and Austria, are more interdependent than thelarger ones. Note that interdependence was measured by the percentage of thevalue of imports and exports (line 98c and 90c, respectively in IFS) to GDP (line99b).Table 1AEconomic Interdependence asMeasured by Imports and Exports*Source: International Financial Statistics(Washington, D.C., IMF, March 2006).3. a) Five developing nations not mentioned in the text are: Brazil, Pakistan,Colombia, Nepal, and Tunisia.b) See Table 1B.c) In general, the smaller the nation, the greater is its economic interdependence.Note that interdependence was measured by the percentage of the value ofimports and exports (line 98c and 90c, respectively in IFS) to GDP (line 99b).Table 1BEconomic Interdependence asMeasured by Imports and Exports*Source: International Financial Statistics(Washington, D.C., IMF, March 2006).4. Trade between the United States and Brazil is much larger than trade between theUnited States and Argentina. Since Brazil is larger and closer than Argentina, this trade does follow the predictions of the gravity model.5. a) Mankiw’s Economics (4th., 2007) includes the following microeconomicstopics:•The market forces of demand and supply;•elasticity and its application;•the theory of consumer choice;•consumers, producers, and the efficiency of markets;•the costs of production;•firms in competitive markets;•monopoly;•oligopoly;•monopolistic competition;•markets for the factors of production;•the demand for resources;b) Just as the microeconomics parts of your principles text deal with individualconsumers and firms, and with the price of individual commodities and factors of production, so do Parts One and Two of this text deal with production andconsumption of individual nations with nations with and without trade, and withthe relative price of individual commodities and factors of production.c) Mankiw’s Economi cs (4th., 2007) includes the following microeconomics topics:measuring a nation’s income and the cost of living;•production and growth;•savings investment and the financial system;•unemployment and its natural rate;•the monetary system, growth and inflation;•money growth and inflation;•open-economy macroeconomics: basic concepts;• a macroeconomic theory of the open economy;•aggregate demand and aggregate supply;•the influence of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate demand;•the short-run trade off between inflation and unemployment•five debates over macroeconomic policy.d) Just as the macroeconomics parts of your principles text deal with the aggregatelevel of savings, consumption, investment, and national income, the general price level, and monetary and fiscal policies, so do Parts Three and Four of this textdeal with the aggregate amount of imports, exports, the total international flow of resources, and the policies to affect these broad aggregates.6. a) Consumer demand theory predicts than when the price of a commodity rises(cet. par.), the quantity demanded of the commodity declines.When the price of imports rises to domestic consumers, the quantity demanded of exports can be expected to decline (if everything else remains constant).7. a) A government can reduce a budget deficit by reducing governmentexpenditures and/or increasing taxes.b) A nation can reduce or eliminate a balance of payments deficit by taxingimports and/or subsidizing exports, by borrowing more abroad or lending less toother nations, as well as by reducing the level of its national income.8. a) Nations usually impose restrictions on the free international flow of goods,services, and factors. Differences in language, customs, and laws also hamperthese international flows. In addition, international flows may involve receipts and payments in different currencies, which may change in value in relation to oneanother through time. This is to be contrasted with the interregional flow ofgoods, services, and factors, which face no such restrictions as tariffs and areconducted in terms of the same currency, usually in the same language, and under basically the same set of customs and laws.b) Both international and interregional economic relations involve the overcomingof space or distance. Indeed, they both arise from the problems created bydistance. This distinguishes them from the rest of economics, which abstractsfrom space and treats the economy as a single point in space, in which production, exchange, and consumption take place.9. We can deduce that nations benefit from voluntarily engaging in internationaltrade because if they did not gain or if they lost they could avoid those losses bysimply refusing to trade. Disagreement usually arises regarding the relativedistribution of the gains from specialization in production and trade, but this does not mean that each nation does not gain from trade.10. International trade results in lower prices for consumers but harms domesticproducers of products, which compete with imports. Often those domesticproducers that stand to lose a great deal from imports band together to pressurethe government to restrict imports. Since consumers are many and unorganizedand each individually stands to lose only very little from the import restrictions,governments often give in to the demands of producers and impose some importrestrictions. These topics are discussed in detail in Chapter 9.11. A nation can subsidize exports of the commodity to other nations until it drivesthe competing nation's industry out of business, after which it can raise its priceand benefit from its newly acquired monopoly power.Some economists and politicians in the United States have accused Japan of doing just that (i.e., of engaging in strategic trade and industrial policy at the expense of U.S. industries), but this is a very complex and controversial aspect of tradepolicy and will be examined in detail in Chapter 9.12. a) When the value of the U.S. dollar falls in relation to the currencies of othernations, imports become more expensive for Americans and so they wouldpurchase a smaller quantity of imports.b) When the value of the U.S. dollar falls in relation to the currencies of othernations, U.S. exports become chapter for foreigners and so they would purchase a greater quantity of U.S. exports.Multiple-Choice Questions1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States?*a. Coffee, tea, cocoab. steel, copper, aluminumc. petroleum, coal, natural gasd. typewriters, computers, airplanes2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of:a. the United States*b. Switzerlandc. Germanyd. England3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has:*a. grownb. diminishedc. remained unchangedd. cannot say4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by:a. the size of the nations' populationb. the percentage of its population to its GDP*c. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDPd. all of the above5. Economic interdependence is greater for:*a. small nationsb. large nationsc. developed nationsd. developing nations6. The gravity model of international trade predicts that trade between two nations is largera. the larger the two nationsb. the closer the nationsc. the more open are the two nations*d. all of the above7. International economics deals with:a. the flow of goods, services, and payments among nationsb. policies directed at regulating the flow of goods, services, and paymentsc. the effects of policies on the welfare of the nation*d. all of the above8. International trade theory refers to:*a. the microeconomic aspects of international tradeb. the macroeconomic aspects of international tradec. open economy macroeconomics or international financed. all of the above9. Which of the following is not the subject matter of international finance?a. foreign exchange marketsb. the balance of payments*c. the basis and the gains from traded. policies to adjust balance of payments disequilibria10. Economic theory:a. seeks to explain economic eventsb. seeks to predict economic eventsc. abstracts from the many detail that surrounds an economic event*d. all of the above11. Which of the following is not an assumption generally made in the study of international economics?a. two nationsb. two commodities*c. perfect international mobility of factorsd. two factors of production12. In the study of international economics:a. international trade policies are examined before the bases for tradeb. adjustment policies are discussed before the balance of paymentsc. the case of many nations is discussed before the two-nations case*d. none of the above13. International trade is similar to interregional trade in that both must overcome: *a. distance and spaceb. trade restrictionsc. differences in currenciesd. differences in monetary systems14. The opening or expansion of international trade usually affects all members of society:a. positivelyb. negatively*c. most positively but some negativelyd. most negatively but some positively15. An increase in the dollar price of a foreign currency usually:a. benefit U.S. importers*b. benefits U.S. exportersc. benefit both U.S. importers and U.S. exportersd. harms both U.S. importers and U.S. exporters16. Which of the following statements with regard to international economics is true?a. It is a relatively new field*b. it is a relatively old fieldc. most of its contributors were not economistsd. none of the above。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第9章 贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】
第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学一、概念题1．约束（binding）答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。
约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。
按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。
按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。
2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade）答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。
现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。
虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。
如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。
3．集体行动（collective action）答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。
如果某项活动或者福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。
因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。
集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。
这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案解析第7单元
CHAPTER 7ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADEOUTLINE7.1 Introduction7.2 Growth of Factors of Production7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem7.3 Technical Progress7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production FrontierCase Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and RegionsCase Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and WelfareCase Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, Technological Change, and Improvements in Efficiency7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare7.5b Immiserizing Growth7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and TradeCase Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both NationsCase Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries or RegionsCase Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial NationsAppendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski TheoremA7.2 Growth with Factor ImmobilityA7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical ProgressKey TermsComparative statics Antitrade production and consumptionDynamic analysis Neutral production and consumption Balanced growth Normal goodsRybczynski theorem Inferior goodsLabor-saving technical progress Terms-of-trade effectCapital-saving technical progress Wealth effectProtrade production and consumption Immiserizing growthLecture Guide1.This is not a core chapter and it is one of the most challenging chapters ininternational tradetheory. It is included for more advanced students and for completeness.2.If I were to cover this chapter, I would present two sections in each of threelectures.Time permitting, I would, otherwise cover Sections 1 and 2, paying special attention to theRybczynski theorem.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) See Figure 2c) See Figure 3.2. See Figure 4.3. a) See Figure 5.b) See Figure 6.c) See Figure 7.4. Compare Figure 5 to Figure 1.Compare Figure 6 to Figure 3. Note that the two production frontiers have the same verticalor Y intercept in Figure 6 but a different vertical or Y intercept in Figure 3.Compare Figure 7 to Figure 2. Note that the two production frontiers have the samehorizontal or X intercept in Figure 7 but a different horizontal or X intercept in Figure 2.5. See Figure 8 on page 66.6. See Figure 9.7. See Figure 10.8. See Figure 11.9. See Figure 12.10. See Figure 13 on page 67.11. See Figure 14.12. See Figure 15.13.The United States has become the most competitive economy in the worldsince the early1990’s while the data in Table 7.3 refers to the 1965-1990 period.14.The data in Table 7.4 seem to indicate that China had a comparativeadvantage in capital-intensive commodities and a comparative disadvantage in unskilled-labor intensive commodities in 1973. This was very likely due to the many trade restrictions and subsidies, which distorted the comparative advantage of China. Its truecomparative advantage became evident by 1993 after China had started to liberalize its economy.App. 1a. See Figure 16.1b. For production and consumption to actually occur at the new equilibrium point after the doubling of K in Nation 2, we must assume either than commodity X is inferior or that Nation 2 is too small to affect the relative commodity prices at which it trades.1c. Px/Py must rise (i.e., Py/Px must fall) as a result of growth only.Px/Py will fall even more with trade.1. If the supply of capital increases in Nation 1 in the production of commodity Yonly, the VMPLy curve shifts up, and w rises in both industries. Some labor shiftsto the production of Y, the output of Y rises and the output of X falls, r falls, andPx/Py is likely to rise.2. Capital investments tend to increase real wages because they raise the K/L ratio and the productivity of labor. Technical progress tends to increase K/L and real wages if it is L-saving and to reduce K/L and real wages if it is K-saving.Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityb. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityc. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*d. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:a. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityc. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityd. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityc. increases the output of both commoditiesd. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:a. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityb. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*c. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityd. any of the above6.Technical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionatelymore than theproductivity of K is called:*a. capital savingb. labor savingc. neutrald. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:a. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentb. does not affect the output of Xc. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*d. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of traded. all of the above9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above10.If, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more aftergrowth, then thenation's terms of trade can be expected to:*a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the above11. A proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than ofcapital is likelyto result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports:a. the K-intensive commodity*b. the L-intensive commodityc. either commodityd. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*a. may reduce the nation's welfareb. will reduce the nation's welfarec. will increase the nation's welfared. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. increases the nation's welfareb. improves the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:a. reduces the volume of trade*b. increases the volume of tradec. leaves the volume of trade unchangedd. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*a. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Ab. will increase the terms of trade of Nation Ac. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Bd. any of the aboveADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE1.Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef andcomputer chips with the following costs:United States Germany(dollars) (marks)Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?b)In which commodity does the United States have a comparativecost advantage?What about Germany?c)What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the UnitedStates and Germany for each computer chip traded?d)How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit ofbeef is exchanged for 3 chips?Ans. a) In the United States:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.In Germany:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect to Germany, while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.c)The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United Statesand Germany for each unit of beef that the United States exports is2C < 1B < 4Cd) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beef traded.2.Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology butdifferent factor endowments and tastes, (2) two commodities (X and Y) produced under increasing costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade. Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation, and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stops expanding.)Ans.: See Figure 1 on page 74.Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and different community indifference maps. With these, they will usually endup with different relative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial trade possible.In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=P A in autarky,while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=P A'. Since P A < P A',Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization inproduction proceeds until point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at which P B=P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals the quantity demanded for import. Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC of X for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of both X and Y and lies on a higher community indifference curve. Nation 2 starts at A' in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and by exchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceeds A').At Px/Py=P B=P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2 wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B=P B' is the equilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets.3.Draw a figure showing: (1) in Panel A a nation's demand and supplycurve for A traded commodity and the nation's excess supply of the commodity, (2) in Panel C the trade partner's demand and supply curve for the same traded commodity and its excess demand for the commodity, and (3) in Panel B the supply and demand for the quantity traded of the commodity, its equilibrium price, and why aprice above or below the equilibrium price will not persist. At any other price, QD QS, and P will change to P2.Ans. See Figure 2 on page 74.The equilibrium relative commodity price for commodity X (the tradedcommodityexported by Nation 1 and imported by Nation 2) is P2 and theequilibrium quantityof commodity X traded is Q2.4.a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between twonations.b) What are some of the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is based?c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factor prices?Ans. a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastes between two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology results in a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unless neutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a difference in relative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between the two nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated into a difference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is the immediate cause of trade.b) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theory – asopposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a given percentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes or demand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference in relative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relative commodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the international difference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted is that the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for international trade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an important corollary, it adds that under highly restrictive assumptions, trade will completely eliminate the pretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors among nations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however, trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolute f actor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does say something very useful on how trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.5. consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity)and less of commodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India, commodity X is textiles, and commodity Y is food. Starting from the no-trade equilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlin model, trace the effect of this change in tastes on India's(a) relative commodity prices and demand for food and textiles,(b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade.(d) Do you expect international trade to lead to the completeequalization of relative commodity and factor prices between India and the United States? Why?Ans. a. The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India's indifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangent to the steeper segment ofIndia's production frontier (because of increasing opportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will causethe pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.b. The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domestic producers in India to shift labor and capital from the production of food to the production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food, the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At thesame time, as the demand for food falls, the demand for and thus the price of capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive, producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of both textiles and food.Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles, India still remains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to a nation such as the United States. However, the pretrade difference in the relative price of textiles between India and the United States is nowsomewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result the volume of trade required to equalize relative commodity prices and hence factor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export a smaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for the relative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized.Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the United States is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., with a smaller volume of trade).c. Since many of the assumptions required for the completeequalization of relative commodity and factor pricesdo not hold in the real world, great differences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages inIndia and the United States. Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce these differences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must be considered to analyze the effect of trade on the differences in the relative and absolutecommodity and factor prices between India and the United States.5.(a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to beextended.(b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade modelcan be extended.(c) Explain what is meant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generally correct, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.(b)The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade mode can be explained by(1) economies of scale,(2) intra-industry trade, and(3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.(c)Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products(such as cars,typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broadproduct group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiatedproducts.。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版 课后习题答案
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
人教版新目标英语九级unit8单元知识点小结及练习附答案演示教学
Unit 8 It must belong to Carla.短语归纳1. belong to… 属于…2. hair band 发带3. go to/attend a concert 参加音乐会4. in the music hall 在音乐大厅5. something valuable/unusual 贵重/不寻常的东西6. something strange 奇怪的事情7. at the picnic 在野餐时8. the rest of.... 其余的……9. pick it up 捡起，拾起10. each other=one another 互相，彼此11. nothing much 没什么（事）12. go to a picnic=go for a picnic 去野餐13. anything else 其它的东西14. be interviewed by... 被…采访15. strange noises 奇怪的16. outside our window 在我们的窗外17. next-door neighbor 隔壁邻居18. at first 首先，起初19. run away 逃走20. feel uneasy 感到不安21. have no idea=don't know 不知道22. a long period of time 很长一段时间23. have fun doing sth. 做某事开心24. create fear制造恐惧25. There must be …doing sth.一定有…在做某事26. cough a lot 咳得厉害27. run after 追赶28. run to do sth. 跑着去做某事29. must be dreaming 一定在做梦30. run for exercise 跑步锻炼31. make a movie 拍电影32. wear a suit 穿西服/套装33. express a difference / result 表达差异/ 结果34. add information 添加信息35. at the same time 同时36. a rock circle 一个石头圈37. most famous historical places 最著名的历史名胜38. a group of… 一群… 39. a bit late 有点晚儿40. communicate with ...与……交流41. so many centuries ago许多世纪前42. point out 指出43. put together 放在一起44. in a certain way 以某种方式45. on midsummer's morning 在仲夏的上午46.shine directly into… 直接照进…47. the center of ... ……的中心48. move up 上升，提升49. the position of... …的位置50. burial place 墓地51. a place to honor ancestors祭拜祖先的地方52. celebrate a victory over an enemy庆祝战胜敌人用法集萃1. belong to 属于（=be）It must belong to Carla. = It must be Carla's.※练一练① The notebook must be my friend's.（同义句）The notebook must __________ _______ my friend.② The book must be Jim's.（否定句）The book _________ ________ Jim's.③ The book on the chair must belong to ________. Her name is on the cover.A. herB. hersC. sheD. him2. attend a concert参加音乐会（go to concert 去听音乐会）【比较应用】attend主要指以观众或听众的身份参加婚礼，丧礼，会议或讲座或上课。
国际经济学课程学习题集与参考答案
国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界围的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界围实现资源的最佳配置。
(完整word版)国际经济学第九版英文课后答案 第7单元
CHAPTER 7ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADEOUTLINE7.1 Introduction7.2 Growth of Factors of Production7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem7.3 Technical Progress7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production FrontierCase Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and Regions Case Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and WelfareCase Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, TechnologicalChange, and Improvements in Efficiency7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare7.5b Immiserizing Growth7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and TradeCase Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both NationsCase Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries or RegionsCase Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial NationsAppendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski TheoremA7.2 Growth with Factor ImmobilityA7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical ProgressKey TermsComparative statics Antitrade production and consumptionDynamic analysis Neutral production and consumptionBalanced growth Normal goodsRybczynski theorem Inferior goodsLabor-saving technical progress Terms-of-trade effectCapital-saving technical progress Wealth effectProtrade production and consumption Immiserizing growthLecture Guide1.This is not a core chapter and it is one of the most challenging chapters in international tradetheory. It is included for more advanced students and for completeness.2.If I were to cover this chapter, I would present two sections in each of three lectures.Time permitting, I would, otherwise cover Sections 1 and 2, paying special attention to the Rybczynski theorem.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) See Figure 2c) See Figure 3.2. See Figure 4.3. a) See Figure 5.b) See Figure 6.c) See Figure 7.4. Compare Figure 5 to Figure 1.Compare Figure 6 to Figure 3. Note that the two production frontiers have the same vertical or Y intercept in Figure 6 but a different vertical or Y intercept in Figure 3.Compare Figure 7 to Figure 2. Note that the two production frontiers have the samehorizontal or X intercept in Figure 7 but a different horizontal or X intercept in Figure 2.5. See Figure 8 on page 66.6. See Figure 9.7. See Figure 10.8. See Figure 11.9. See Figure 12.10. See Figure 13 on page 67.11. See Figure 14.12. See Figure 15.13.The United States has become the most competitive economy in the world since the early1990’s while the data in Table 7.3 refers to the 1965-1990 period.14.The data in Table 7.4 seem to indicate that China had a comparative advantage incapital-intensive commodities and a comparative disadvantage in unskilled-labor intensive commodities in 1973. This was very likely due to the many trade restrictions and subsidies, which distorted the comparative advantage of China.Its true comparative advantage became evident by 1993 after China had started to liberalize its economy.App. 1a. See Figure 16.1b. For production and consumption to actually occur at the newequilibrium point after the doubling of K in Nation 2, we mustassume either than commodity X is inferior or that Nation 2 is toosmall to affect the relative commodity prices at which it trades.1c. Px/Py must rise (i.e., Py/Px must fall) as a result of growth only.Px/Py will fall even more with trade.1. If the supply of capital increases in Nation 1 in the production of commodity Yonly, the VMPLy curve shifts up, and w rises in both industries. Some labor shifts to the production of Y, the output of Y rises and the output of X falls, r falls, and Px/Py is likely to rise.2. Capital investments tend to increase real wages because they raise the K/L ratioand the productivity of labor. Technical progress tends to increase K/L and realwages if it is L-saving and to reduce K/L and real wages if it is K-saving. Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityb. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityc. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*d. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:a. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityc. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityd. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityc. increases the output of both commoditiesd. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:a. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityb. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*c. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityd. any of the above6.Technical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionately more than the productivity of K is called:*a. capital savingb. labor savingc. neutrald. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:a. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentb. does not affect the output of Xc. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*d. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of traded. all of the above9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above10.If, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more after growth, then the nation's terms of trade can be expected to:*a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the above11. A proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than of capital is likely to result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports:a. the K-intensive commodity*b. the L-intensive commodityc. either commodityd. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*a. may reduce the nation's welfareb. will reduce the nation's welfarec. will increase the nation's welfared. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. increases the nation's welfareb. improves the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:a. reduces the volume of trade*b. increases the volume of tradec. leaves the volume of trade unchangedd. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*a. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Ab. will increase the terms of trade of Nation Ac. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Bd. any of the aboveADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE1.Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef and computer chipswith the following costs:United States Germany(dollars) (marks)Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?b)In which commodity does the United States have a comparative cost advantage?What about Germany?c)What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States andGermany for each computer chip traded?d)How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit of beef isexchanged for 3 chips?Ans. a) In the United States:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.In Germany:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect toGermany, while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.c)The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germanyfor each unit of beef that the United States exports is2C < 1B < 4Cd) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beeftraded.2.Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology but differentfactor endowments and tastes, (2) two commodities (X and Y) produced under increasing costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade. Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation,and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stops expanding.)Ans.: See Figure 1 on page 74.Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and different community indifference maps. With these, they will usually end up with different relative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial trade possible.In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=P A in autarky, while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=P A'. Since P A < P A',Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization inproduction proceeds until point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at which P B=P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals the quantity demanded for import. Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC of X for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of both X and Y and lies on a higher community indifference curve. Nation 2 starts at A' in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and by exchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceeds A').At Px/Py=P B=P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2 wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B=P B'is the equilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets.3.Draw a figure showing: (1) in Panel A a nation's demand and supply curve for Atraded commodity and the nation's excess supply of the commodity, (2) in Panel C the trade partner's demand and supply curve for the same traded commodity and its excess demand for the commodity, and (3) in Panel B the supply and demand for the quantity traded of the commodity, its equilibrium price, and why a price above or below the equilibrium price will not persist. At any other price, QD QS, and P will change to P2.Ans. See Figure 2 on page 74.The equilibrium relative commodity price for commodity X (the traded commodityexported by Nation 1 and imported by Nation 2) is P2 and the equilibrium quantityof commodity X traded is Q2.4.a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between two nations.b) What are some of the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory isbased?c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factorprices?Ans. a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastes between two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology results in a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unless neutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a difference in relative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between the two nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated into a difference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is the immediate cause of trade.b) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theory – asopposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a given percentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes or demand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference in relative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relative commodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the international difference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted is that the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for international trade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export thecommodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an important corollary, it adds that under highly restrictive assumptions, trade will completely eliminate the pretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors among nations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however, trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolute factor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does say something very useful on how trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.5. consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity) and less ofcommodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India, commodity X is textiles, and commodity Y is food. Starting from the no-trade equilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlin model, trace the effect of this change in tastes on India's(a) relative commodity prices and demand for food and textiles,(b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade.(d) Do you expect international trade to lead to the complete equalization ofrelative commodity and factor prices between India and the United States?Why?Ans. a. The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India's indifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangentto the steeper segment of India's production frontier (because of increasingopportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will causethe pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.b. The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domesticproducers in India to shift labor and capital from the production of food tothe production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food,the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At thesame time, as the demand for food falls, the demand for and thus the priceof capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive,producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of bothtextiles and food.Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles,India still remains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to anation such as the United States. However, the pretrade difference in therelative price of textiles between India and the United States is nowsomewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result thevolume of trade required to equalize relative commodity prices and hencefactor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export asmaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for therelative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized.Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the UnitedStates is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., witha smaller volume of trade).c. Since many of the assumptions required for the complete equalization ofrelative commodity and factor prices do not hold in the real world, greatdifferences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages inIndia and the United States. Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce thesedifferences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must beconsidered to analyze the effect of trade on the differences in the relative andabsolute commodity and factor prices between India and the United States.5.(a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended.(b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model can beextended.(c) Explain what is meant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generally correct, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.(b)The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade modecan be explained by(1) economies of scale,(2) intra-industry trade, and(3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.(c)Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products (such as cars,typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broad product group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiated products.。
《国际经济学》第八章
Methods of import-license importdistribution
Import-license auction The government gets (almost all of) area c, in the form of auction revenues. Fixed favoritism In this case the importers lucky enough to receive the import licenses will get area c. Resource-using application With resource-using procedures, some or all of area c is turned into a loss to society by wasting productive resources.
CHAPTER 8
NONTARIFF BARRIERS TO IMPORTS AND PUSHING EXPORTS
Import quotas
The import quota specifies that only a certain physical amount of the good will be allowed into the country during the time period, usually one year.
VERs is a barrier in which the importing country government coerces the foreign exporting country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its exports to this country. The export restraint usually requires that foreign exporting firms act like a cartel, restricting sales and raising prices.
国际经济学作业答案-第八章经典.doc
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade PolicyMultiple Choice Questions1. Specific tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas.(e) None of the above.Answer: B2. Ad valorem tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in ads in industry publications.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas(e) None of the above.Answer: C3. The excess supply curve of a product we (H) import from foreign countries (F) increases as(a) excess demand of country H increases.(b) excess demand of country F increases.(c) excess supply of country H increases.(d) excess supply of country F increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D4. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariffin country H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: EChapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 93 5. If a good is imported into (small) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff Incountry H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and does not affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: B6. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff in countryH in the presence of the Metzler Paradox,(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: C7. The effective rate of protection measures(a) the “true” ad valorum value of a tariff.(b) the quota equivalent value of a tariff.(c) the efficiency with which the tariff is collected at the customhouse.(d) the protection given by the tariff to domestic value added.(e) None of the above.Answer: D8. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift from domesticallyproduced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in thecomputer industry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: A9. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but the government then adds hitherto nonexistent tariffson imported semi-conductor components, then the effective rate of protection in the computerindustry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: B10. If a small country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: B11. If a large country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: E12. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight (triangle) losses. These are(a) production and consumption distortion effects.(b) redistribution effects.(c) revenue effects(d) efficiency effects.(e) None of the above.Answer: E13. Suppose the United States eliminates its tariff on ball bearings used in producing exports. Ballbearing prices in the United States would be expected to(a) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(b) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(c) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(d) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C14. A specific tariff provides home producers more protection when(a) the home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive products.(b) it is applied to a commodity with many grade variations.(c) the home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changes.(d) it is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary products.(e) None of the above.Answer: A精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 9315. A lower tariff on imported steel would most likely benefit(a) foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers.(b) domestic manufacturers of steel.(c) domestic consumers of steel.(d) workers in the steel industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: C16. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country dutyfree, this generally results in a(an)(a) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.(b) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.(c) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(d) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(e) None of the above.Answer: B17. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed significant economic justificationhas been the(a) cheap foreign labor argument.(b) infant industry argument.(c) even playing field argument.(d) balance of payments argument(e) domestic living standard argument.Answer: B18. The main redistribution effect of a tariff is the transfer of income from(a) domestic producers to domestic buyers.(b) domestic buyers to domestic producers.(c) domestic producers to domestic government.(d) domestic government to domestic consumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B19. The principle benefit of tariff protection goes to(a) domestic consumers of the good produced.(b) foreign consumers of the good produced.(c) domestic producers of the good produced.(d) foreign producers of the good produced.(e) None of the above.Answer: C20. As globalization tends to increase the proportion of imported inputs relative to domestically suppliedcomponents,(a) the nominal tariff automatically increases.(b) the rate of (effective) protection automatically decreases.(c) the nominal tariff automatically decreases.(d) the rate of (effective) protection automatically increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D21. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariffrate and a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?(a) Import tariff(b) Voluntary exports restraint(c) Tariff quota(d) Ad valorum tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: C22. Should the home country be “large” relative to its trade partners, its imposition of a tariff on importswould lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of the trade rectangle exceed the sum of the(a) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.(b) protective effect plus revenue effect.(c) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.(d) protective distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.(e) None of the above.Answer: D23. A problem encountered when implementing an “infant industry” tariff is that(a) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariff.(b) the industry may never “mature.”(c) most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.(d) the tariff may hurt the industry’s domestic sales.(e) None of the above.Answer: B24. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product?(a) Specific tariff(b) Ad valorem tariff(c) Nominal tariff(d) Effective protection tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: B精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 9325. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: A26. A tax of 20 percent per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: B27. Which type of tariff is forbidden in the United States on Constitutional grounds?(a) Import tariff(b) Export tariff(c) Specific tariff(d) Prohibitive tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. The deadweight loss of a tariff(a) is a social loss because it promotes inefficient use of national resources.(b) is a social loss because it reduces the revenue of the government.(c) is not a social loss because it merely redistributes revenue from one sector to another.(d) is not a social loss bacuase it is paid for by rich corporations.(e) None of the above.Answer: A29. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they(a) improve the terms of trade of foreign nations.(b) protect jobs and reduce unemployment.(c) promote growth and development of young industries.(d) prevent over-dependence of a country on only a few industries.(e) None of the above.Answer: A30. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by(a) consumers lobbying for export tariffs.(b) consumers lobbying for import tariffs.(c) consumers lobbying for lower import tariffs.(d) producers lobbying for export tariffs.(e) producers lobbying for import tariffs.Answer: E31. A policy of tariff reduction in the computer industry is(a) in the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of computer producing regionsof the country.(b) in the interest of United States as a whole but not in the interest of computer producing regionsof the country.(c) not in the interest of the United States as a whole but in the interests of computer producingregions of the country.(d) not in the interest of the United States as a whole and not in the interests of computer consumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B32. The fact that industrialized countries levy very low or no tariff on raw materials and semi processedgoods(a) helps developing countries export manufactured products.(b) has no effect on developing country exports.(c) hurts developing country efforts to export manufactured goods.(d) hurts developing country efforts to export raw materials.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. The Metzler Paradox(a) explains why the United States uses both specific and ad valorum tariffs.(b) explains why the United States uses many none-tariff barriers to imports.(c) refers to the fact that the United States exported labor-intensive goods.(d) is not considered to be of practical application in the real world.(e) None of the above.Answer: D34. The Metzler Paradox(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when an Optimal Tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: C精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 9335. An Optimal Tariff(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when a tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: E36. An Optimal Tariff is considered unlikely to be observed in the real world because of(a) The Metzler Paradox.(b) it is practically impossible to define optimality in trade policy terms.(c) the likelihood of foreign repercussions.(d) real countries are considered to be “small” in the world trade context.(e) None of the above.Answer: C37. In an inflationary environment, then over time(a) A specific tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an ad valorum tariff.(b) An ad valorum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff(c) An optimum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an escalating tariff(d) A tariff quota will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B38. The imposition of tariffs will help a nation attain which of the following goals?(a) Decreased domestic consumer prices(b) Increased domestic employment(c) Increased amount and variety of goods available for consumers(d) Increased competition between domestic and foreign producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E39. Tariff rates on products imported into the U.S.(a) have dropped substantially over the past 50 years.(b) were prohibited by the constitution(c) reached an all time high in 2002.(d) have risen steadily since 1920(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A40. What is a true statement concerning the imposition in the U.S. of a tariff on steel?(a) It lowers the price of cheese domestically(b) It raises the price of cheese internationally(c) It raises revenue for the government(d) It will always result in retaliation from abroad(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C41. An important difference between tariffs and quotas is that tariffs(a) raise the price of the good(b) generate tax revenue for the government(c) stimulate international trade(d) help domestic producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: BEssay Questions1. Economic theory in general, and trade theory in particular are replete with equivalencies. Forexample, it is argued that for any specific tariff one can find an equivalent ad valorum tariff; and that for any quota one can calculate a tariff equivalent. Discuss conditions or situations under which a specific and an ad valorum tariff are not equivalent. Discuss conditions or situations when a tariff and a quota are not equivalent.Answer: E.g., during a period of price inflation, an ad valorum tariff would become increasingly more effective. The government does not receive any of the quota revenues, unless theimport licenses are sold or auctioned.2. The Metzler Paradox is a special case of the optimum tariff concept. Discuss this assertion. Wouldthe optimum tariff tend to be a high one or a low one in the case where this paradox exists? What conditions would be needed in the international ma rkets for a country’s exports for this paradox to exist? Why do you suppose empirical support for the existence of this paradox has not beenforthcoming to date?Answer: The Metzler Paradox describes an unlikely situation in which the imposition of a tariff not only improves a country’s welfare, but also improves that of its domestic consumers. Ifthis paradox were present then the magnitude of the optimum tariff would tend to be large,since the welfare decreasing decrease in imports is not present in this case (the importsactually increase, as world prices drastically drop). The Metzler Paradox could occur onlyif the foreign offer curves are inelastic. It is not likely to be observed because tradeelasticities tend to be relatively large. Also, were it to exist, its activation by a largecountry would tend to evoke foreign retaliation.3. Some argue that tariffs always hurt the imposing country’s economic welfare, and are typicallydesigned to shift resources from one sector to another, protected or preferred one, within aneconomy. Find and discuss a counterexample to this argument.Answer: The optimum tariff is theoretically a first-best trade policy.精选Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 93 4. The effective rate of protection is a weighted average of nominal tariffs and tariffs on importedinputs. It has been noted that in most industrialized countries, the nominal tariffs on raw materials or intermediate components or products are lower than on final-stage products meant for final markets.Why would countries design their tariff structures in this manner? Who tends to be helped, and who is harmed by this cascading tariff structure?Answer: The cascading tariff structure is probably the result of systematic lobbying on the part of manufacturing interests and lobbies to lower costs of production (in terms of importedinputs). The end result is in fact to create effective rates of protection for downstream, orfinal manufacturing processes that are often much higher than nominal tariffs on theseproducts. An important group, which is hurt by this are exporters of raw materials andcomponents in developing countries.5. The two deadweight triangles are the Consumption distortion and Production distortion losses. It iseasy to understand why the Consumption distortion constitutes a loss for society. After all it raises the prices of goods to consumers, and even causes some consumers to drop out of the marketaltogether. It seems paradoxical that the Production distortion is considered an equivalent burden on society. After all, in this case, profits increase, and additional production (with its associatedemployment) comes on line. This would seem to be an offset rather than an addition to the burden or loss borne by society. Explain why the Production distortion is indeed a loss to society, and what is wrong with the logic that leads to the apparent paradox.Answer: The Production Distortion represents an inefficient shift of society’s resources to producea good, which it could not sell profitably at world prices. Since (with full employmentassumed) these resources were formerly used to produce export goods, which couldcompete profitably, the net result is a loss in real income to the country.6. It is argued that a tariff may help promote employment in a single industry, but is not likely to helpemployment in general. Discuss.Answer: A general tariff on all imports is equivalent to a depreciation in the value of the country’s currency. It would raise the prices of all imports, and have a considerable income effect.This income effect will have a negative effect on total consumption of the import-competing sector (as well as the exportables and non-tradables). In addition, underconditions of a flexible exchange rate regime (assuming the Marshal-Lerner Conditionshold) it will lower the supply of the country’s currency in the foreign exchange market,and hence cause an appreciation of the currency. This will harm the country’s exports, andnegatively affect this sector’s employment.Quantitative/Graphing Problemsconsume?Answer: 602. In the absence of trade what is the country’s consumer plus producer surplus?Answer: $180, $1803. With free trade and no tariffs, what is the quantity of Widgets imported?Answer: 1004. With a specific tariff of $3 per unit, what is the quantity of Widget imports?Answer: 805. The loss of Consumer Surplus due to the tariff equalsAnswer: $2306. The lowest specific tariff which would be considered prohibitive isAnswer: $5精选。
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第3单元
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第3单元*CHAPTER 3(Core Chapter)THE STANDARD THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE OUTLINE3.1 Introduction3.2 The Production Frontier with Increasing Costs3.2a Illustration of Increasing Costs3.2b The Marginal Rate of Transformation3.2c Reason for Increasing Opportunity Costs and Different Production Frontiers3.3 Community Indifference Curves3.3a Illustration of Community Indifference Curves3.3b The Marginal Rate of Substitution3.3c Some Difficulties with Community Indifference Curves3.4 Equilibrium in Isolation3.4a Illustration of Equilibrium in Isolation3.4b Equilibrium Relative Commodity Prices and Comparative AdvantageCase 3-1: Revealed Comparative Advantage of the United States,the European Union, and Japan3.5 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs3.5a Illustration of the Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs3.5b Equilibrium Relative Commodity Prices with Trade3.5c Incomplete SpecializationCase Study 3-2: Specialization and Export Concentration inSelected Countries3.5d Small Country Case with Increasing Costs3.5e The Gains from Exchange and from SpecializationCase Study 3-3: Job Losses in High U.S. Import-Competing IndustriesCase Study 3-4: International Trade and Deindustrialization in the United States,the European Union, and Japan3.6 Trade Based on Differences in TastesAPPENDIX: A3.1 Production Functions, Isoquants, Isocosts and EquilibriumA3.2 Production Theory with Two Nations, Two Commodities and Two FactorsA3.3 Derivation of the Edgeworth Box Diagram and Production FrontiersA3.4 Some Important ConclusionsKey TermsIncreasing opportunity costs Revealed comparative advantage Marginal rate of transformation (MRT) Equilibrium relative commodity price with tradeCommunity indifference curves Incomplete specialization Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) Gains from exchange Autarky Gains from specializationEquilibrium relative commodity price in isolation Deindustrialization Lecture Guide1. In the first lecture of Chapter 3, I would cover Sections 1, 2, and3. Section 2 can becovered quickly, except for 2b, which requires careful explanation because of its subsequentimportance. Careful explanation is also required for 3b. I would assign Problems 1 and 2.2. In the second lecture, I would cover Sections 4, 5a, and 5b. Thisis the basic trade modeland it is essential for the student to master it completely. To this end, I would assign andgrade Problems 3 and 4.3. In the third lecture, I would cover the remainder of the chapter.The topics here representelaborations of the basic trade model. I would assign problems 5, 6, and 7 and go overproblem 7 in class even though its answer is also in the back of the book. I would make theAppendices optional for those students in the class who have had intermediate micro theory.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) The slope of the transformation curve increases as the nationproduces more of X anddecreases as the nation produces more of Y. These reflect increasing opportunity costs asthe nation produces more of X or Y.2. a) See Figure 2.We have drawn community indifference curves as downward or negatively sloped becauseas the community consumes more of X it will have to give up some of Y to remain onthe same indifference curve.b)The slope measures how much of Y the nation can give up byconsuming one more unitof X and still remain at the same level of satisfaction; the slope declines because the moreof X and the less of Y the nation is left with, the less satisfaction it receives fromadditional units of X and the more satisfaction it receives from each retained unit of Y.c) III > II to the right of the intersection, while II > III to the left.This is inconsistent because an indifference curve should show a given level of satisfaction.Thus, indifference curves cannot cross.3. a) See Figure 3 on page 22.b) Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y.c) If the relative commodity price line has equal slope in both nations.4. a) See Figure 4.b) Nation 1 gains by the amount by which point E is to the right andabove point A andNation 2 by the excess of E' over A'. Nation 1 gains more from trade because the relativeprice of X with trade differs more from its pretrade price than for Nation 2.5. a) See Figure 5. In Figure 5, S refers to Nation 1's supplycurve of exports of commodity X, while D refers to Nation 2's demand curve for Nation 1's exports of commodity X. D and S intersect at point E, determining the equilibrium P B=Px/Py=1 and the equilibrium quantity of exports of 60X.b) At Px/Py=1 1/2 there is an excess supply of exports of R'R=30Xand Px/Py falls towardequilibrium Px/Py=1.c) At Px/Py=1/2, there is an excess demand of exports of HH'=80X and Px/Py risestoward Px/Py=1.6. The Figure in Problem 5 is consistent with Figure 3-4 in the text.From the left panel ofFigure 3-4, we see that Nation 1 supplies no exports of commodity X at Px/Py=1/4 (pointA). This corresponds with the vertical or price intercept of Nation 1's supply curve ofexports of commodity X (point A).The left panel of Figure 3-4 also shows that at Px/Py=1, Nation 1 is willing to export 60X(point E). The same is shown by Nation 1's supply curve of exports of commodity X.The other points on Nation 1's supply curve of exports in the figure of Problem 5 can alsobe derived from the left panel of Figure 3-4, but this is shown in Chapter 4 with offercurves.Nation 2's demand curve for Nation 1's exports ofcommodity X could be derived from theright panel of Figure 3-4, as shown in Chapter 4. What is important isthat we can use theD and S figure in Problem 5 to explain why the equilibrium relative commodity price withtrade is Px/Py=1 and why the equilibrium quantity traded of commodity X is 60 units inFigure 3-4.7. See Figure 6 on page 24.The small nation will move from A to B in production, exports X in exchange for Y so asto reach point E > A.8. a) The small nation specializes in the production of commodityX only until its opportunitycost and relative price of X equals P W. This usually occurs before the small nation hasbecome completely specialized in production.b) Under constant costs, specialization is always complete for the small nation.9. a) See Figure 7.b) See Figure 8.10. If the two community indifference curves had also been identical in Problem 9 the relativecommodity prices would also have been the same in both nations in the absence of trade andno mutually beneficial trade would be possible11. If production frontiers are identical and the communityindifference curves different in thetwo nations, but we have constant opportunity costs, there would be no mutually beneficialtrade possible between the two nations12. See Figure 1113. It is true that Mexico's wages are much lower than U.S. wages (about one fifth), but laborproductivity is much higher in the United States and so labor costs are not necessarilyhigher than in Mexico. In any event, trade can still be based on comparative advantage.App. 1. See Figure 12Commodity X is the L-intensive commodity in Nation 2 (as in Nation 1) because the production contract curve bulges toward the L- axis or is everywhere to the left of the diagonal.App. 2. Since L and K are released from the production of X in a higher ratio than are absorbed in the production of Y, wages fall in Nation 2. This leads to the substitution of L for K in the production of X and Y, so that the K/L ratio falls in the production of both commodities.Multiple-Choice Questions1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that thenation incursincreasing opportunity costs in the production of:a. commodity X onlyb. commodity Y only*c. both commoditiesd. neither commodity2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:a. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of Xb. the opportunity cost of Xc. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production*d. all of the above3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:*a. technology differs among nationsb. factors of production are not homogeneousc. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the production of all commoditiesd. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that are less and less suited in the production of the commodity4. Community indifference curves:a. are negatively slopedb. are convex to the originc. should not cross*d. all of the above5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:a. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still remain on the same indifference curve*b. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curvec. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a higher indifference curved. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a higher indifference curve6. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the MRS of X for Y?a. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curveb. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curvec. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curve*d. all of the above7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is true?a. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curvesb. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysis*c. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can be overcome by the application of the compensation principled. all of the above.8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation?*a. It consumes inside its production frontierb. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with its production frontierc. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontierd. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:a. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity Yb. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity X*c. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity Yd. none of the above10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:a. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exports*b. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/Pyc. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exportsd. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with tradea. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at equilibriumb. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than at equilibriumc. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Py*d. all of the above12. With free trade under increasing costs:a. neither nation will specialize completely in productionb. at least one nation will consume above its production frontierc. a small nation will always gain from trade*d. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is false?a.The gains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and the gains from specializationb. gains from exchange result even without specialization*c. gains from specialization result even without exchanged. none of the above14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains fromspecialization are always:a. greaterb. smallerc. equal*d. we cannot say without additional information15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:a. equal but tastes are notb. different but tastes are the samec. different and tastes are also different*d. the same and tastes are also the same.。