英语语言学填空题及答案1-5章
Chapter one1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .2.The study of language as a whole is often called .3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics.4.The study of is known as semantics.5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic.9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to the language.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.答案：1.scientific study of language2.general linguistics3.sounds4.meaning5.psychology6.applications7.descriptive8.history; changes9.prior10.l angue; parole11.p rescriptive12.s poken13.w ritten14.c onducted15.t ypesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.9. Language is first ______through its sounds.10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.答案:1.phonic mediumbeled articulation phonetics3.manner of articulation; place of articulation4.the speech sounds5.allo phones6.sequential phoneme7.varying pronunciation8.orthographically represented9.perceived10.b ilabial; stops11.p honetic similarity12.o ral cavity13.t ense; lox14.s imultaneous distinctive features15.c ompound nounChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information aboutmeaning or function.3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the majorcomponents of its meaning .4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection betweentheir sound and meaning.5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a newwords are derived , or formed.6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and categorydistinct from that of its bases.7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound ,words_______.8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammerthat is concerned with ______ and ________.10.T he content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____andadverbs, are sometimes called open class words.11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always boundmorpheme.12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammaticalmakers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major waysto produce new words.14.The ways word are formed are called _______.15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be inthis category.答案：1.free form2.smallest unit of language3.core4.arbitrary5.derivational morphemes6.affixational process7.carry meaning8.words9.word formation; word structure10.n ouns; verbs; adjectives11.d o not12.i nflectional morphemes13.d erivation; compounds14.m orphological rules15.g rammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds:and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1.meaning，inflection, distribution2.XP→(specif ier)X(complement)ern the formation of sentences4.S→NP VP5.XP rule , head’s6.questions7.suffice structure8.qualifier9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.p hrases11.c oordinate structures12.a word’s complement13.m odifiers14.t ransformation15.m atrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2.3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradableantonymys, , and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of themeaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into beingby .13. Reference deals with the relationship between theelement and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of . 答案：s2.referent3.linguistic context4.native words, borrowed words5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.homophones, spelling7.specificplementary antonyms, relational opposites9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.semantic11.entails12.primary , related , coincidence13.linguistic ,non-linguistic14.J.R.Firth15.meaning。
语言学第五章语义学考研真题
Chapter Five: SemanticsI. 名词解释1.（南开大学2001，中山大学2004年考题）hyponymy考点分析：考查“上下义关系”的定义Answer: Hyponymy refers to the sense relations between a more general, more inclusive words and a more specific word. The word that is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are its hyponyms.2. (南开大学2000年考题) sense考点分析：“意义”的定义Answer: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. for example, the word dog is given the definition ―a domestic canine animal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form‖. This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word dog.3. (华南理工大学2004年考题) reference考点分析“所指/参照”的定义Answer: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. If we say ―The dog is barking‖, we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; the word dog refers to a dog known to both speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word dog in this particular situation.4.(华南理工大学204年考题) interlanguage考点分析“中介语”的定义Answer: The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. As the name suggests, interlanguage is a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language. It is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner’s native language.5.(中山大学2003年考题)error analysis考点分析：“错误分析”的定义Answer: Error analysis is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner. Here, ―error‖ refers generally to the learner’s grammatical or pragmatic misuse or misunderstanding of the target language.II. 判断正误1.（大连外国语学院2001年考题）―Kids‖and ―children‖are synonyms despite their stylistic difference考点分析：同义关系的辨别Answer: T2. (大连外国语学院2002年考题) In the following pair of sentences, Sentence (a) presupposes Sentence (b)（a）John managed to finish in time（b）John tried to finish in time.考点分析：判断句子之间有何种意义关系Answer: T3. (东南大学2003年考题)If a word has sense, it must have reference.考点分析：考查sense 和reference之间的对应关系.(Note: Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference.)Answer: F4. (上海外国语大学2000年考题) Regardless of their ethnic and cultural backgrounds, children of all colors and societies follow roughly the same route/order of language development, though they may differ in the rate of learning.考点分析：语言习得过程的普遍特点Answer: T5. (吉林大学2000年考题)Overgeneralization is a common error made by an early foreign language learner.考点分析：考查“语法规则过度概括”在什么情况下产生。
语言学试题及答案英语
语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。
现代语言学前五章课后习题答案
Chapter 1 Introduction1.Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study oflanguage. 请解释以下语言学的定义:语言学是对语言的科学研究。
Linguistics investigates not any particular languagebut languages in general.Linguistic study is scientific because it is baxxxxsed on the systematic investigation of authentic language data.No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually usedformulating some hypothesesand testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.语言学研究的不是任何特定的语言，而是一般的语言。
语言研究是科学的，因为它是建立在对真实语言数据的系统研究的基础上的。
只有在语言学家做了以下三件事之后，才能得出严肃的语言学结论:观察语言的实际使用方式，提出一些假设，并用语言事实检验这些假设的正确性。
1.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?语言学的主要分支是什么?他们每个人都研究什么?Phonetics-How speech sounds are produced and classified语音学——语音是如何产生和分类的Phonology-How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning音系学——声音如何形成系统和功能来传达意义Morphology-How morphemes are combined to form words形态学——词素如何组合成单词Sytax-How morphemes and words are combined to form sentences句法学-词素和单词如何组合成句子Semantics-The study of meaning ( in abstraction)语义学——意义的研究(抽象)Pragmatics-The study of meaning in context of use语用学——在使用语境中对意义的研究Sociolinguistics-The study of language with reference to society社会语言学——研究与社会有关的语言Psycholinguistics-The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind心理语言学:研究与大脑活动有关的语言Applied Linguistics-The application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning应用语言学——语言学原理和理论在语言教学中的应用1.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?现代语言学与传统语法有何不同?Modern linguistics is descxxxxriptive;its investigations are baxxxxsed on authenticand mainly spoken language data.现代语言学是描述性的，它的研究是基于真实的，主要是口语数据。
英语语言学填空题及答案
Chapter one1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .2.The study of language as a whole is often called .3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics.4.The study of is known as semantics.5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time isa diachronic.9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to thelanguage.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.答案：1.scientific study of language2.general linguistics3.sounds4.meaning5.psychology6.applications7.descriptive8.history; changes9.priorngue; parole11.prescriptive12.spoken13.written14.conducted15.typesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.9. Language is first ______through its sounds.10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.答案:1.phonic mediumbeled articulation phonetics3.manner of articulation; place of articulation4.the speech sounds5.allo phones6.sequential phoneme7.varying pronunciation8.orthographically represented9.perceived10.bilabial; stops11.phonetic similarity12.oral cavity13.tense; lox14.simultaneous distinctive featurespound nounChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information aboutmeaning or function.3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the majorcomponents of its meaning .4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection betweentheir sound and meaning.5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a newwords are derived , or formed.6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and categorydistinct from that of its bases.7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound ,words_______.8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammerthat is concerned with ______ and ________.10.T he content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs,are sometimes called open class words.11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always boundmorpheme.12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammaticalmakers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways toproduce new words.14.The ways word are formed are called _______.15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be inthis category.答案：1.free form2.smallest unit of language3.core4.arbitrary5.derivational morphemes6.affixational process7.carry meaning8.words9.word formation; word structure10.nouns; verbs; adjectives11.do not12.inflectional morphemes13.derivation; compounds14.morphological rules15.grammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1.meaning，inflection, distribution2.XP→(specifier)X(complement)ern the formation of sentences4.S→NP VP5.XP rule , head’s6.questions7.suffice structure8.qualifier9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.phrases11.coordinate structures12.a word’s complement13.modifiers14.transformation15.matrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2.3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, ,and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by . 13. Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of .答案：s2.referent3.linguistic context4.native words, borrowed words5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.homophones, spelling7.specificplementary antonyms, relational opposites9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.semantic11.entails12.primary , related , coincidence13.linguistic ,non-linguistic14.J.R.Firth15.meaning。
(完整版)语言学练习题(附答案)Chapter1Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(章节题库 第5章 英语语言结构(Ⅱ))【圣才出品】
第5章英语语言结构（Ⅱ）Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Syntactic relations include_____,_____and_____.【答案】positional relation;relation of substitutability;relation of occurrence【解析】有三种句法关系，即（1）位置关系；（2）替代关系；（3）同现关系。
2.A_____sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word,such as“and”,“but”,“or”.【答案】coordinate【解析】并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如but,and,or这些并列连词来连接的。
3._____refers to ties and connections which exist within texts.They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）【答案】Cohesion【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。
4.A_____is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command.【答案】sentence【解析】句子在结构上是一个独立的单位，通常包括许多词用以构成一个完整的陈述，提问或者命令。
5._____is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while_____is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.【答案】Given information;new information【解析】已知信息是指说话者认为听话者已经知道的信息，而新信息是指说话者认为听话者不知道的信息。
英语语言学教程课后答案第五章
英语语言学教程课后答案第五章1、E-mail is _______ than express mail, so I usually email my friends. [单选题] *A. fastB. faster(正确答案)C. the fastestD. more faster2、I hope Tom will arrive _______ to attend the meeting. [单选题] *A. in timesB. on time(正确答案)C. at timesD. from time to time3、We’re proud that China _______ stronger and stronger these years. [单选题] *A. will becomeB. becameC. is becoming(正确答案)D. was becoming4、72．I really don’t know how to thank you , but for your help, I （）my lost necklace．[单选题] *A.couldn’t have found(正确答案)B.mustn’t have foundC.couldn’t findD.wouldn’t find5、______ visitors came to take photos of Hongyandong during the holiday. [单选题] *A. ThousandB. Thousand ofC. ThousandsD. Thousands of(正确答案)6、I’ve _______ a job interview today. [单选题] *A. haveB. had(正确答案)C. hasD. have gone to7、82．—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A．toB．along(正确答案)C．ofD．about8、John suggest _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. [单选题] *A not to sayB. not sayC to say notD not saying(正确答案)9、He doesn’t feel well. He has a _______ nose. [单选题] *A. runingB. rainingC. runny(正确答案)D. rainy10、His handwriting is better than _____. [单选题] *A. mine(正确答案)B. myC. ID. me11、—______ Tom play the piano?—Yes, very well. （）[单选题] *A. Can(正确答案)B. MayC. MustD. Should12、Our teacher was very happy because _______ failed the exam. [单选题] *A. somebodyB. anybodyC. nobody(正确答案)D. everybody13、We got up early this morning and took a long walk after breakfast. We walked _____ the business section of the city. [单选题] *A. amongB. betweenC. through(正确答案)D. upon14、--Do you have a _______?--Yes, I _______ at a clothes store. [单选题] *A. work; workB. work; jobC. job; jobD. job; work(正确答案)15、( ). I’m _____ in that ______ film [单选题] *A. interesting interestedB. interested interesting(正确答案)C. interested interestedD. interesting interesting16、The teachers don't make us wear a school uniform and we can wear _____ we like. [单选题] *A. anyB. thatC. asD. what(正确答案)17、Study hard, ______ you won’t pass the exam. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. butD. if18、89．The blackboard is ________ the classroom. [单选题] *A．nextB．betweenC．in front ofD．in the front of(正确答案)19、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] * A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What20、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests21、25．A watch is important in our life. It is used for ______ the time. [单选题] * A．telling (正确答案)B．sayingC．speakingD．holding22、This seat is vacant and you can take it. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 没人的(正确答案)C. 舒适的D. 前排的23、I couldn’t find Peter,_____did I know where he had gone. [单选题] *A.nor(正确答案)B.eitherC.neverD.as24、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation25、What’s your _______ for the coming new year? [单选题] *A. playB. plantC. plan(正确答案)D. plans26、We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have _____ one this month. [单选题] *A.otherB.the otherC.moreD.another(正确答案)27、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *B. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles28、The traffic jams often happen in _______ hours. [单选题] *A. lunchB. workC. leisureD. rush(正确答案)29、一Mary wants to invite you to see the movie today. 一I would rather she（B）me tomorrow. [单选题] *A.tellsB. told (正确答案)C. would tellD. had told30、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *A. explain(正确答案)B. understandD. reach。
语言学第四章习题(含答案)
第四章语法一、填空题1．时一般分为现在时、过去时和将来时。
2.划分词类的标准有功能、形态和概念意义三个。
3. 历时语法指的是从语法发展变化角度纵向地、动态地研究语法，研究的重点是某些语法现象在特定的时间过程中产生和消失的原因及规律。
4. 共时（描写）语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象角度横向地、静态地研究语法。
研究的重点是某一语法在特定空间范围内的语法表现形式和语法规则系统。
5. 个别语法指的是对个别语言语法的研究，它既包括研究一种语言的语法系统，也包括研究一种语言中与其他语言不同的语法特点，意义在于发现各种语言独特的语法现象。
6. 普遍语法指的是对人类语言的语法共性的研究，其意义在于发现人类语言中共有的语法机制。
7. 句子是由若干个词或词组按照一定规则组合成的，能表达相对完整的意义，前后有较大停顿并带有一定语气和句调的语言单位。
8. 语法规律指语法规则本身，也就是客观存在的语法，即人们说话时直觉和习惯上所遵守的某种语感。
9. 词类就是词在语法上的分类。
它指可以替换出现在语法结构某些共同组合位置上的词的类，即具有聚合关系的词的类。
10.特定的词类与词类的组合就构成了词组。
11.能够补足缺少的成分而构成主谓句，或者说需要一定的语境和上下文的补充才能表达完整意思的句子就是不完全主谓句，或叫做省略句。
12. 语法规则就是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯，不是语言学家规定的。
13.语法的组合规则和聚合规则构成一种语言的语法规则。
14.从形式上看，句子的最大特点是有语调。
15.句子按其语气可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等不同的类型。
例如“他取得了优异的成绩”是陈述句。
16.从是否能独立充当句法结构成分的角度看，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
17.语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫句法，词以下的规则叫词法。
18.我们可以根据语素在词中的不同作用把它分成构词语素和变词语素两类。
19.一个词，除去它的词尾，就是它的词干。
语言学期末考试填空题题库
Chapter 11.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is the conventionality of a language that is more worth noticing that its arbitrariness.2.In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is arbitrary.3.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection betweena particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.4.The features that define our human languages can be called design features5.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.This quality is labeled as displacement.6.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the level are composed of elements of the level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.7.Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and interpersonal functions.8. Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the metalingual function of language.9.Interpersonal function is realized by mood and modality.10.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is phatic function.11.Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called performatives12.Linguistics is usually defined as the scientific study of language.13.The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called phonetics.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structures of words is called morphology.15.Phonetics mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16.Semantics and pragmatics investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.17.In linguistics, syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentence.18.Pragmatics can be defines as the study of language in use.19.If a linguistics, synchronic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be prescriptive20.In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundation of a historical study.ngue refers to the abstract linguistics system shared be all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.22.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual use of this knowledge in linguistic communication.23.”A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature of arbitrariness.24.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are not mutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally transmitted25.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.Chapter 21.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one worddifferent from another in meaning, are allophones.2. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are the pharynx, mouth, and nose. six places of articulation according to Fromkin and Rodman throat,palate,palate top,teeth,lips,nose,4. Name five of English front vowels: i:, i, e, æ, a.5.The sound [p] can be described with “ voiceless, bilabial, stop”6.In the production of a velar sound, the back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate to form a kind of obstruction.7. By the position of the highest part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.8.Pitch,as a principal suprasegmental features, can be defined as the relative intensity of soundness with which a syllable is uttered.9.In English, the sound [b] has the same phonetic features as the sound [p] except the feature of voicing.10. Assimilation refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.11. The oral stops in English are b, p, d, t, g and k.12.When pitch, stress and length variation are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.1.The sound [p] can be described with " voiceless, bilabial, stop".2.The sound [b] can be described with " voiced, bilabial, stop"3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and manner of articulation.4.Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.5.The present system of the cardinal vowels derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London.6.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and manner of articulation.7.The sound /k/ can be described with “voiceless,velar,stop”.8.Narrow transcription should transcribe all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.9.Assimilation refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sounds.10.Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.11.The syllable structure in Chinese is CVC or CV or V.12.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are allophone of airstream.13.In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different phonemes and the 2 words are a minimal pair.14.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without obstruction of airstream.15.In English there are a number of diphthong,.which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.16.According to the maximal onset principle, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda17.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ -/v/.This is an example for illustrating minimal pairs.Chapter 31.Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the affixes2. On, before and together are grammatical words ---- they are words which do not take inflectional endings.3. Give the regular allomorphs of plural in English: /n/, /i:/, /s/, /z/, /iz/.4. Give the regular allomorphs of past tense in English: /iə/, /t/, /d/.5. Nouns, verbs and adjectives are context words other than function words.6. In the addition of new words, smog is a(an) blending.7.Waltz is borrowed from German.8. As a result of assimilation, the negative morpheme in imperfect and impossible is “im-”rather than “in-”.9. The linguistic term used for the common factor of a set of verbs, such as writing, wrote, written, write and writes is lexeme.10. A bound morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.1.As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones affixes.2.In traditional grammar, pronoun is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.3.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into Grammatical words and lexical words.4.The morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.5.There are 2 fields of morphology: the study of inflectional morphology and the study of derivational morphology.6.A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself7.Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.8.Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from smoke and fog.9.Back-formation”refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by detecting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.10.Word is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form.11.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix.12.Take is the lexeme of taking, taken and took.13.Bound morphemes are classified into 2 types: affix and bound root,.14.A word formed by derivation is called a derivative, and a word formed by compounding is called a compound.Chapter 41.IC is the short form of immediate constituent used in the study of syntax.2.Coordination and subordination belong to endocentric construction.4.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".5.A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a finite clause.6.IC analysis emphasizes the hierarchical structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups7.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.8.Syntactic relations include positional relation, relation of substitutability,relation of co-occurrence. three of SVO languages:English, Chinese, French2.IC is the short from of immediate constituent used in the study of syntax.3.The category of case is prominent in the grammar of Latin, with six distinctions of nominative vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and ablative.4.The generative approach to linguistics refers to the theory originated with the American linguist Norm Chomsky, who published his book Syntactic Structures in 1957.5.When the affirmative sentence “Jack sold his linguistics textbooks to Jill after the final examination” is transformed into “When did Jack sell his linguistics textbooks to Jill?”,three transformational rules are applied. They are Do -insertion, Subject-aux Inversion and Wh-movement.6.The sentence “It was John who wore his best suit to the dance last night.” is called a cleft sentence by traditional grammarians.7.Exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb+object) construction, and connective(be complement)construction.8.According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able to generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.Chapter 51.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection betweena particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.2.Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents:argument and predicate3.The sense relation between “A lent a book to B” and “B borrowed a book from A” is synonymy4.Antonyms like ”husband” vs. ”wife” are converse antonyms.5. Terms like ”desk” and ”stool” are hyponyms of the term “furniture”.6.According to D. Leech, conceptual meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.7.We use the term presupposition to refer to the relation between the following two sentences:A. Jack‟s bike needs repairing.B. Jack has a bike.8.The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined the principle of compositionality.9. Inspired by the medieval grammarians, Ogden and Richard (1923) present the classic“semantic triangle” in their book The Meaning of Meaning.Chapter 61.Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.2.According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.3.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain,called the cerebral cortex4.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemispheres, one on the right and one on the left.5.Brain arterialization is genetically programmed, but takes time to develop,6.In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.7.The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite arbitrary.8.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought assub-vocal speech as overt thought.9.Because language differs in many ways, Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background. This notion is called linguistic relativity.10.Psycholinguists consider that the first language is acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the critical period of the first language acquisition.11. The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two aspects: linguistic determinism and linguistic reality.12. The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition, whose process features that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input.13.Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain.14.Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of overgeneralization16.Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.17.According to critical period hypothesis, in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around 12or 13 years), and is due to biological development.Chapter 71.Idiolect refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking.2.We witnessed a change in language teaching in the middle of the 1970s when Hymes’ theory of communicative competence was introduced into the field as an antagonism to the traditional philosophy in language teaching.3.The social group isolated for study is any given study is called the speech community.4.Speech variety refers to any distinguishable from of speech used by speaker or group of speakers.5.From the sociolinguistic perspective,a speech variety is no more than a dialectual variety of a language.nguage standardization is also called language planning.7.Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background,etc.8.Stylistic variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.9.A reginal dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or official language of a country.10.Variety is a neutral term, and it can be used instead of regional or official dialect, or pidgin.11.Sociolinguistics is a multidisciplinary research field focusing on the relationship between language and society.12.The differences between men and women’s language can be traced to many biological, psychological and social reasons.13.The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situation.14.Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.15.A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.16.Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background.第1章语言1.Arbitrariness使得它有可能创造和语言的规约，使学习吃力的语言。
《英语语言学概论》配套练习题（二）（判断题）
《英语语言学概论》配套练习题（二）（判断题）Chapter 1 An Introduction to Linguistics1. Duality is one of the charateristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.2. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.3. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.5. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.6. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.7. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.8. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.Chapter 2 Phonology1. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. Sound [p] in the word “spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modificaiton to acquire the quality of a speech sound.4. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.5. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.6. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.7. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.8. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. Chapter 3 Morphology1. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.2. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.3. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all infletional affixes are removed.4. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.5.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion.6. The word, whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomapoeia.7. Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.8. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.Chapter 4 Syntax1. Application of the transformational rules yields deep strucutre.2. Move-a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in grammatical strings.3. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronounn.4. A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence.5. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures.6. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of diacourse.7. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.8. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.Chapter 5 Semantics1.Interrogative and imperative sentences do not have truth value.2.The raltionship between “human body” and “face/nose” is hyponymy.ponential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into menaing components, called semantic features.4.One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.5.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy.6.“Either it is raining here or it isn’t raining here” is empirically true.7.Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.8.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. Chapter 6 Pragmatics1.If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.2. A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.3.When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.4.The utterance meaning of the sentence variees with the context in which it is uttered.5.While conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not always observe these maxims strictly.6.Inviting, suggesting, warnign, ordering are instances of commissives.7.Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and thehearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implications arise.8.Of three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind of speech is identical with the speaker’s intention.Chapter 7 Language Change1.Pre-Indo-European languages are not attested whereas Proto-Indo-Europeanlanguages are attested.2.Some modern words come from the morphological change of the Old English. Forinstance, move comes form movement and teach comes from teachable.3.With the semantic broadening or narrowing, the meaning of a word is beingchanged constantly, although with one generation such difference is hardly obvious.4.The sentence I hate thee not was considered normal form of negation in OldEnglish.5.Both Chinese and Japanese have a logographic writing system; English and Greekhave an alphabetic writing system.6.In Old English, the affixation of the prefix Y an- to an adjective would change theword into a causative verb.7.In 1200, the official language in England was Old English.8.All case forms of Old English nouns have been lost in Modern English.9.In Old English, a verb precedes the subject instead of following it. Chapter 8 Language and Society10.In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situatio nsknown as domains.11.A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety ofthat language.12.A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.13.When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he isconverting one mode of thinking into the other.14.Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language.15.According to the strong version of the Sapir-Shorf hypothesis, speaker’sperceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.16.The sentences “He crazy”and “He be sick all the time”are both acceptible inblack English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous of black English.17.There are words of more or less the same menaing used in different regionaldialects.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisitionnguage use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation.2.In linguistic study, linguists first work out a theory about language structure, then, test it with language facts.3.Formal instruction hardly affects the natural route of SLA.4.If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind of language exposure and chances to interact with language input, they will acquire the native-like competence in the target language.5.Phonologically slower rate of delivery is an example of conversational modification.6.Children’s grammar develops gradually until it becomes exactly the adult’s grammar.7.Foreinger talk is always ungrammatical.8.Learners with different first languages would learn a second language in differnet ways.Chapter 12 Language and Brain1. The right ear advantage (REA) is true no matter whether people have the left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance.2. In general, the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.3. The left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere.4. Although the age at which children will pass through a given stage can vary significantly from child to child, the particular sequence of stages seems to be the same for all children acquiring a given language.5. At the multiword stage, simple prepositions, especially those that indicate positions such as “in”, “on” and “up”, begin to turn up in children’s speech.6. Children acquiring their first language simply beyond the critical age are hardly successful, such as the case of “Genie.”7. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.8. Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written.。