科技英语课后习题答案
（整理后）科技英语部分课后答案
（整理后）科技英语部分课后答案第一单元第8页1. processing speed 处理速度2. user-friendly interactive graphics 用户友好的交互图形3. product cycle 产品周期4. design specification 设计规格5. design evaluation 设计评价6. 计算机辅助设计CAD7. 计算机辅助制造CAM8. 计算机辅助工程CAE9. 设计过程design process10. 制造过程production process翻译句子（考5个）1. Today’s industries cannot survive worldwide competition unlessthey introduce new products with better quality（quality, Q）, at lower cost（cost, C）, and with shorter time delivery （delivery, D）.除非能以较低的价格提供更好的质量及更短的交货时间提供新产品，否则任何企业都无法在当今的国际竞争中立足。
2.The design process starts from customers’ demands that areidentified by marketing personnel and ends with a complete description of the product, usually in the form of a drawing.设计过程始于由市场人员认定的用户需求，止于对产品的完整描述，通常用图形来表现。
3. The activities involved in the design process can be classifiedlargely as two types: synthesis and analysis.设计过程所涉及的活动大体分为两类：综合和分析4. An analysis model is derived first because the analysis subprocess is applied to the model rather than the design itself 首先要导出一个分析模型，因为分析子过程适用于该模型而非设计本身。
科技英语综合教程课后练习答案及参考译文
1.完全博弈pure conflict
2.竞争与合作competitionand cooperation
3.策略性相互作用strategic interdependence
4.囚徒困境prisoners’ dilemma
混合性策略。在一些冲突中，任何规律性的行为都会被对手发觉并利用。因而，通过采取混合性策略来迷惑对手就显的非常重要。我们可以从体育运动中找到一些典型的例子，比如足球运动中的特定情况下选择跑位还是传球，网球比赛中选择击打近网球还是底线球，博弈论都为提高洞察力和掌握混合性策略恰当的火候提供了参考。
战略性行动。博弈者可以通过运用威吓和许诺来改变其他对手对其行动的预测，从而诱使他们采取对其有利的行为或改变他们对己不利的行为。为了取得成功，威吓和许诺必须是可信的。这往往会导致出现一些问题，原因就在于当需要采取以上策略时，通常实施威吓和许诺而获益往往会付出较大的代价。博弈论研究几种提高可信度的方法，一个基本的原则就是威吓和许诺要在符合博弈者利益的前提下减少自身未来行动的自由度。通过这样的方式，博弈者可以避免自己违背承诺，或者避免产生对对手冒犯的纵容。
Translation of Text A (for reference only)
搏弈论
阿维纳什•迪克斯特&巴里•内尔巴夫
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading Reading 1Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Who is Bertrand Russell? Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. 2. What is Russell’s Paradox? Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. 3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system? At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell’s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, “Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept’s coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views. 4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox? Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level,1sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type." 5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it? Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms: a. Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical. b. Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b. c. Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1, containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties. d. Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only the subsets of S. e. Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the membersof the sets contained in S. f. Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have common members, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S. g. Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number of members. With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the “iterative” conception of a set. /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/entries/russell/ Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea. Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradox Part 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.2Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic. Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set. Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it. Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradox Para. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradox Para. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics? Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox 2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What is the basic idea of Russell’s paradox? 2) How to explain Russell’s paradox in terms of sets? 3) Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell’s paradox 4) Is Russell’s own response to the paradox workable? 5) Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory? (open) 3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text. Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type."Vocabulary and Structure31. Word-building Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once. discover— (suffix) logic— (suffix) correspond—(suffix) describe—(suffix) contradict— (suffix) symbol—(suffix) form—(suffix) develop—(suffix) able—(prefix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got to work collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery) 2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of the package.( correspondence) 3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numeric representations .( symbolic) 4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then compared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect.( equality) 5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocity of light?( contradiction) 6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________ order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical) 7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.( description) 8) The proof we now know required the_________ unknown in Fermat's time.( development) of an entire field of mathematics that was9) Williams adds that many courses in geometry, “the one high school class that demands _________ reasoning,” have already been “gutted” and are no longer proof-based.( formal) 10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditional trade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable) 2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base) 42) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition) 3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow) 4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term) 5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead) 6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way) 7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form) 8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve) 9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become) 10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence. 1) A simpleway to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed. 2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead. 3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented. 4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal5sense. 5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways. 4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars. 2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers. 3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period. 4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red. 5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change.Reading 2 (/doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990-hor gan) Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990 1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set? This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery. 2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot? The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. 3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?6Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim. 4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery? Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim? Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C A B D2. Complete the sentences based on the text. 1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of_________________ and to a particular instance of such a set. （fractal sets） 2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that the corresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane） 3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c with z_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation） does not4) Setting z_0 equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result. （periodic point） 5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（ molecule） /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/11901033_d.html Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 迭代函数 iterative function 优先权之争 priority battle 分形特征 fractal properties7有意义 make sense 以越来越⼩的规模重复同⼀模式 patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales 混沌理论chaos theory 季刊 a quarterly journal 数学界 the mathematics community 波纹线 crisp lines 会议公报 proceedings of a conference 2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones. e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape . b. The shape can be subdivided in parts. c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity. e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmentedgeometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity. 1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c. 2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia 3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns. 4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
《科技英语》课后习题答案.doc
Main Content: UNIT 1 MATHEMATICSI.Text OrganizationParts Paragraphs Main IdeasPart One Paras. 1-3 Game theory can be defined as the science of strategywhich studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games)and conflicts in cooperative forms.Part Two Paras. 4-11 There are two distinct types of strategicinterdependence: sequential-move game andsimultaneous-move game.Part Three Paras.12-19 The typical examples of game theory are given as the basic principles such as prisoners’dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.Part Four Para. 20 The research of game theory has succeeded inillustrating strategies in situations of conflict andcooperation and it will focus on the design ofsuccessful strategy in future.nguage PointsThe games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers. (Para.1)Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a linee.g. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth. 接收、接管e.g. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover.Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (Para.2)pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)e.g. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprisee.g. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers’ exploits. That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actionsjointly. (Para.2)Paraphrase: That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together.… he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. (Para.3) anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foreseee.g. The experts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution. anticipate: v. 2) to deal with or use before proper time 预支e.g. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would always anticipate his income.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. (Para.4) Paraphrase: The key principal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.essence: n.1) the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thinge.g. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence. essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substance by taking out as much of the mass as possiblee.g. milk essence; essence of peppermint (椒薄荷、椒薄荷油) interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each otherinter-为前缀，意为between each other, 类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。
科技英语课后答案Exercise1
科技英语课后答案Exercise1Exercises 1II 翻译句子，注意“use”的词类与译法2．Use(名词) is made of electricity to run machines.=== Use of electricity is made to run machines.电（的功用）被用于驱动机械。
4．Computer have found wide use(名词)in industry.计算机在产业中找到了广泛的用途。
6．Electricity has been widely used (动词) in the modern world.电已被广泛应用于现代社会。
II 辨别句中的“to”是介词还是动词不定式的标志，并将句子译成汉语。
2．They often go to( 介词) the factory to(不定式标记)work with workers.他们经常到该厂与工人们一起劳动。
4． A magnetic field(主) is （系动词）able（形容词作表语）to (不定式标记)exert a force on an electric current.（不定式短语作状语，修饰表语）磁场能对电流施加作用力；6．The longer the wire, the greater the resistance to（介词）the electrons.线路越长，则对电子的阻碍越大。
由两个形容词比较级单句构成的主从复合句，均为倒装的主系表结构。
由原句省略is而来。
The longer is the wire, the greater is the resistance to the electrons.IV辨别句中的“it”是代词还是代替动词不定式的形式主语，并将句子译成汉语。
2． In order to improve the quality of the product, it（形式主语）is necessary to make various experiments.为了提高产品质量，进行各种实验是必要的。
科技英语部分课后练习答案
III: Text Organization
Part I (1-3):
A multibillion-dollar craft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV).
Part II (4-7): David Gump and Gary Hudson;
7.信息高速公路是一种电子通讯网络，这一网络 把所有的人互相联系起来，并可提供任意一种人 们想得到的电子通讯方式。
8.如果把管子装成这个样子，使最热的水上升，而 最冷的水流下来后返回锅炉里去，那么，锅炉中 的热水系统不用水泵就能循环，道理就在于此。
.
3
Page 52:
III: Translation
simulation are employed to study it. The nonlinear dynamic
equation of square plansifter is established based on the
Lagrange equation, and the kinematic circle law is derived
an entrepreneur with fresh ideas.
Part III (8-11): Innovative technology.
Part IV (12-14):
Viability of a new method for airlaunching spacecraft .
Part V (15-18): Win money from NASA and
from stabilization condition. By using MSC.Patran/Nastran,
西电科技英语课后题答案
1矮米特博士2001年毕业于哈佛大学Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 20012李教授1988年在西安理工大学获得机械工程博士学位Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’an University of Technology in 1988.3现在我们转向讨论一下局与网Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4 BAINBRIDGE质谱仪是与光谱仪一样重要的仪器The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer.5做这个实验需要多长时间How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment?6压力的增加总会引起体积的减少。
An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume7图2-5画出了式2-2所表示的情况。
Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8电感的单位是亨利The unit of inductance is the henry.9该电路由一个电池。
一个电感和一个电容器组成This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.10试计算在A B C三点处的电场。
Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.11这颗卫星用于美国与英国法国意大利之间的通信This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.12我们假设该天线是垂直的其损耗为零We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.13第6 7 8章论述传输线Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.14其误差为千亿分之六Its error is six parts in 1012.15这台计算机所储存的信息比那台多2倍。
科技英语阅读课后答案
科技英语阅读课后答案【篇一：科技英语阅读习题答案汇总】tions: reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) facebook allows anyone who declares themselves to be aged 13 or older to become amember of the website.2) the websites membership was initially limited by the founders to harvard students, but wasexpanded to other colleges in the boston area, the ivy league, and stanford university.3) facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies,including apple inc. and microsoft.4) the media often compares facebook to myspace, but one significant difference between thetwo websites is the level of customization.5) the patent may encourage facebook to pursue action against websites that violate the patent,which may potentially include websites such as twitter.4. directions: change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) network security has become a major concern for organizations and individuals.2) for these reasons, making an operating system ready and available is helpful.3) the security policy development process may also involve the identification of protection.4) rather, it is a brief description of a number of important product features, such as the input method, network connectivity, operating system, and database capabilities.5) while formulating the interview plan, designers should work closely with project stakeholders who have access to users.unit 43. directions:1) given that robots generally lack muscles, they cant rely on muscle memory (the trickthat allows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking or breathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.2) for autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have toaccommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.3) one way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety ofsensors positioned near its ―legs‖ a nd identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report sunday in nature physics.4) some scientists rely on small neural circuits called central pattern generators (cpg) tocreate walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.5) bernstein center for computational neuroscience researcher poramate manoonpongand max planck institute for dynamics and self-organization researcher marc timme are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one cpg that can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.4. directions: change the following sentences into the passive-voice ones. 1) a novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimentalphilosophy).2) the search to unders tand people’s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimentalphilosophers).3) this is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science—experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.4) just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number ofresearchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.5) how people think about the mind can be better understood by by studying how peoplethink about three different types of abstract entities.unit 7 genetic engineering2. directions: complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. change the form ifnecessary.1) restriction enzyme is an endonuclease that cuts dna at sites defined by its recognition sequence.dna限制内切酶是一种酸内切酶，它能够在其识别序列指定的部位切割dna。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Main Content: UNIT 1 MATHEMATICSI.Text OrganizationParts Paragraphs Main IdeasPart One Paras. 1-3 Game theory can be defined as the science of strategywhich studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games)and conflicts in cooperative forms.Part Two Paras. 4-11 There are two distinct types of strategicinterdependence: sequential-move game andsimultaneous-move game.Part Three Paras.12-19 The typical examples of game theory are given as the basic principles such as prisoners’dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.Part Four Para. 20 The research of game theory has succeeded inillustrating strategies in situations of conflict andcooperation and it will focus on the design ofsuccessful strategy in future.nguage PointsThe games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers.Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a line. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth. 接收、接管. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover.Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others). The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprise. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers’ exploits. That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actionsjointly.Paraphrase: That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together.… he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans.anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foresee. The experts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution. anticipate: v. 2) to deal with or use before proper time 预支. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would always anticipate his income.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. Paraphrase: The key principal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.essence: the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thing. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence. essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substance by taking out as much of the mass as possible. milk essence; essence of peppermint (椒薄荷、椒薄荷油) interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each otherinter-为前缀，意为between each other, 类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。
A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back.Paraphrase: A commonly-applied rule for a participant in a sequential game is to anticipate and think logically in turn.reason: v. to form or try to reach conclusions by connected thought; to think out. (1) Man’s ability to reason makes him different from the animal. (2) I reason in this way about the matter.In principle, any sequential game that ends after a finite sequence of moves…finite: a. limited; having bounds. The petroleum supply is finite for humankind.infinite: a. without limits; having no bounds; (number that cannot be calculated). infinite space.In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of reasoning forsequential games.… in ignorance of the others’ current actions.ignorance: n. being lacking of knowledge or uninformed. The manager was offended by the ignorance of his plans.The logical circle is squared …square the circle: to attempt sth. impossible 做（似乎是）不可能的事When we say that an outcome is an equilibrium, there is no presumption that each person’s privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result. Paraphrase: When we mention that game result is an equilibrium, there is no assurance that each player’s best choice will lead to the best effect for all the players.此句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句，主句there is no presumption 中又包含一个同位语从句that each person’s privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result，修饰presumption。