1998. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. KECK SPECK
高一英语阅读理解试题及答案
训练题五第一节：阅读理解（20 小题，共40 分）阅读以下短文，从每题所给的 A 、 B、 C、 D四个选项中选出最正确选项。
AIn today ’s world English is the most wildly used language. It is our duty tolearn English in the new situation of the reform and opening ( 改革开放 ) to the outside world. Howcan we master the English language ? I ’d like to give you some good advice.First,get interested in it. I enjoy listening to foreign friends talking when I was a child. At the same time I watched the English programme Follow Me on TV. From then on, I kept on learning English. The more I learned, the more progress Imade.Second, practice makes perfect. Many people study English very hard, but theyare very shy to speak it in public, for they are afraid of making mistakes.Remember you have to make a mistake before you can correct it. A native English speaker makes mistakes sometimes, too.Third, the beginners should be encouraged to pay attention to idioms.The English language has many idioms. For example, you should say “ He is as strong as a cow.”26.The writer wants to tell us ____________.A.the importance of learning EnglishB.the new situation of the reform and opening to the outside worldC.some good ideas on how to master EnglishD.the wide use of the English language27.If we want to learn English, we must first __________.A. show interest in itB. enjoy listening to itC. watch English programmes on TVD. practice speaking it28.When we are learning English, ____________.A. remember the mistakes and correct themB. try not to make any mistakesC. avoid mistakes before making themD. don’t be afraid of making mistakes29. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 means“_______________.”A. Remember to make a mistake before you can correct itB. You are sure to make a mistake before you can correct itC. Remember you have to make a mistake and then correct itD. You ’ll make a mistake after you can correct it30. According to the writer, what is the most important in learning English?A.Practising listening and speaking as much as possible.B.Paying attention to idioms.C. Not being shy to speak in publicD. Watching EnglishprogramsBDear Mom and Dad,I'm afraid I have some very bad news for you. I have been very naughty and theschool master is very angry with me. She is going to write to you. You must comeand take me away from here.She does not want me in the school any longer.The trouble started last night when I was smoking a cigarette in bed.As I was smoking, I heard footsteps coming towards the room. I did not want a teacher to catch me smoking,so I threw the cigarette away.Unfortunately,the cigarette fell into the waste--paper basket. It caught fire.There was a curtain near the waste-paper basket. It caught fire too. Soon thewhole room was burning. The master phoned the fire brigade. The school is a longway from the town and before the fire brigade arrived,the whole school was on fire. The master said that the fire was all my fault and I must pay for the damage.She will send you a bill for about a million dollars.I'm very sorry for this.Much loveSarah31. Why did Sarah write to his parents?A．He missed them very much for they hadn’t seen each other for a long time.B． He told his parents what he had done in school.C． He was tired of studying, and wanted to leave school.D． He thought he was old enough to help them do something.32． Where did Sarah smoke?A． in the classroom B．in the Dinning hallC． in the street D．in the dormitory33． Why was the school master angry with him?A． Because he was too naughty B．Because he was too lazyC． Because he caused a big fire D．Because he stole something from the school34． How much did he have to pay for school?A． $1,000,000 B ． ? 1,000,000C．￥ 1,000,000 D．$ 100,000 35． According to the passage, what should the students not do?A． They should not smoke, because smoking is dangerous to themB． They should not dance, because dancing would waste a lot of moneyC． They should not make friends, because making friends would take them absentD． They should not wear expensive clothes because they would waste a lot of moneyCIn February, the United States honors two great American presidents, AbrahamLincoln on February 12th, and George Washington on February 22nd. These two daysare made into one legal holiday on the third Monday in February, called Presidents ’ Day.Both presidents have been honored in different ways. George Washington is theonly president to have a state named after him. The nation ’s capital,Washington., also has his name. There are cities, towns, streets, schools, bridges, and parksnamed after both president Lincoln and president Washington. Both have famousmemorials (纪念物，纪念馆) in Washington . Their portraits (肖像) also appear on postage stamps, bills and coins. Washington’s house in Mount Vernon and Lincoln ’s home in Spring Field, Illinois, have been made into museums.Cherry pie is a traditional food for Washington’s Birthday because of a popular story about him. It is said that when he was a little boy, one day Washington cutdown his father’s favorite cherry tree.When asked by his father, he admitted his wrong doing and said,“I can not tell a lie.”36. On which day are the two presidents honored? ____A. The third day in February.B. The third Monday in February.C. The third Monday in January.D. The third Monday in March.37. When was George Washington born? ____A. On 22nd February.B. On February 22nd.C. On the third Monday in February.D. On February 12th.38.Why do Americans have Presidents’ Day on the third Monday in February?A.Because both of the presidents were born on that day.B.Because they were both made presidents on that day.C.Because people have made the birthdays of the two presidents into onelegal holiday on that day.D.The two presidents left a will to honor them on that day.39.Why do Americans have many places named after the two famous presidents?A.They want to honor their beloved presidents.B.They want the names of the places easily remembered.C.They want other countries to know that they have two famous presidents.40.Why do Americans use cherry pie as their traditional food on that day?A.They want to learn something good from the presidents.B.Washington liked eating it before his death.D.Because cherry pie is very good to eat.DThe National Dark-Sky Week (NDSW) is a week during which people all over theUnited States turn off their lights to enjoy the beauty of the night sky withoutlight pollution. This even was started by Jennifer Barlow of Midlothian, Virginiain 2003, and it is becoming more popular each year. It has been supported bythe International Dark-Sky Association, the American Astronomical Society, andthe Astronomical League.This even always occurs in April, during the week of the new moon so that thesky can be as dark as possible for the best viewing conditions.“It is my wish that people could see the night sky without other light in thesky as our ancestors (先人) saw it hundreds of years ago,” explains Barlow.Since it only lasts a week and not everyone in the country will take part init, how will the National Dark-Sky Week reduce light pollution? The main goal ofNDSW is to increase awareness (意识) of the harmful effects of light pollution. Itis not possible for all of the light pollution in this part of the world to disappear. However, it is possible to make a small difference in the quality of the night sky. Another goal of this even is to promote (促使) the use of better lighting systemsthat direct light toward the ground instead of up into the sky.Jennifer Barlow states,“The night sky is a gift of such beauty that it should not be polluted by wasted light.In this way, our children will not lose touch with the wonder of our universe.”41. This passage is mainly about ______________.A. better lighting systemsB. the beauty of the night skyC. the harm of light pollutionD. the National Dark-Sky Week42. Which of the following statements about the National Dark-Sky Week is WRONG?A. It is becoming more and more popular in America.B. The event was started in 2003 by Jennifer Barlow.C. The event takes place in the first week of every April.D. American people are supposed to turn off their lights during that week.43. What is Jennifer Barlow’s wish?A. That light would be directed up into the sky.B. That the sky would always be as dark as possible.C. That people could see the night sky without light pollution as our ancestorsdid.D. That people could spend time enjoying the beauty of the sky every night.44. We can infer from the underlined（划线的）sentence in Paragraph 4 that____________.A. many people in America hate this event45.What is the main goal of the National Dark-Sky Week?A.To promote the use of better lighting systems.B.To help people realize the harm of light pollution.C.To cause all the light pollution in America to disappear.D. To help young children enjoy the wonder of our universe.第二节信息般配（5小题，共10分）46. Dear Molly,I have a problem. My parents are always talking to me about studying.They want me to study harder so I can go to a good school. I know studying is very important,but my parents put too much pressure on me. How can I explain to my parentsthat I need some free time?------ Overworked 47. Dear Molly,My best friend Tony is a nice young man, but he has a bad habit. He is always late. No matter where he is going or what he is doing, he is never on time. Oncehe turned up thirty minutes late for a meeting! What can I do to break him ofthis bad habit?------ Worried48. Dear Molly,I have a new roommate named Louis. He is a good friend of mine, but he isdriving me crazy because he is very untidy. He leaves his dirty clothes everywhere, and he never makes his bed. I am extremely neat. What can I do?---- Unhappy 49. Dear Molly,My cousin plays computer games a lot and he keeps on talking to meabout various games. I don ’t ha ve any interest at all, but I find it difficult to stophim without hurting his feelings. Would you kindly give me some advice?----- Shy50. Dear Molly,I ’m feeling upset these days because the result of my last English examwas not as goo d as I had expected. My teacher comforted me, saying“Don’t worry. You can do better next time.” But I’m still feeling bad. I need your help.----DisappointedA: Dear xx,As I see it, you have three choices. You can find a new flat for yourself, make him find a new one, or have a talk with him and see if you could both be alittle less extreme in your attitudes towards housekeeping. I would suggestyou start with the third.B: Dear xx,Molly You could try talking to him about the importance of being on time. Ifit doesn’t work,one trick you can try is to ask him to set his clock 15 minutes ahead. You could also tell him that something starts 15minutes or more beforeit really starts.Molly C: Dear xx,This is a commonproblem for people of your age. Tell your parents how you feel. Let them know you respect them. Maybe you can make a deal with them. Forexample, ask them for one day off each week to do what you want to do.Molly D: Dear xx,Next time when he begins talking, you might interrupt him with a smile,saying“That ’s interesting, to do some reading now.E:Dear xx, but I hope you understand this is my time to relax. I need ” He may sense your unwillingness and sto p talking.Molly“Be yourself” is the best solution. If I were you, I’d tell him to leaveme alone. At least tell him,“That was hurtful. Please don’t say things likethat to me. I’m a football fan and like watching football games. I can make myown decision.”Molly F: Dear xx,Scores are important for students, but you don ’t have to care too much aboutthe result of one test. You are learning. Maybe it is more important tofind out why you failed to achieve your goal. Try to do better next time.Molly参照答案26-30 CADBA31-35 BDCAA36-40 BBCAA41-45 DCCBB46-50 CBADF。
2021高考英语 阅读理解精英练习题(11)
最新高考英语阅读理解精英练习题（11）及答案阅读理解EWhat is the color of the universe? Astronomers had not answered this question until two months ago. That is when two American astronomers reported on their study of all the light in the universe. They said that the universe would appear to the human eyes to be a light greenish color.Karl Glazebrook and Ivan Baldry of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, reported their finding in January. They presented the research at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society. They said that finding the color of the universe was not part of their more serious scientific research. They did it for fun.However, earlier this month, the scientists admitted making a mistake. They said their finding was much more colorful than it should have been. They now say the light from our universe is closer to white. It is more like a milky or creamy white color.Their study attempted to show what people might see if they could observe the universe from far away. The scientists found the average color by combining light from about two-hundred-thousand star systems. Their information came from an observatory in New South Wales, Australia.The scientists gave a number value to the colors of the different star systems. Then they added the numbers together and found the average measurement. The scientists used this average to identify the color of the universe. They said it was a very pretty light green. Many newspapers and television stations reported their finding.Other scientists and color engineers attempted to reproduce the result. Mark Fairchild of the Rochester Institute discovered a mistake in the computer software program used by the Johns Hopkins scientists.When the mistake was corrected, the results changed. The new color of the universe is much less colorful. It is very close to white.17.The color of the universe is _______.A．close to white B．black C．blue D．light greenish18.The two scientists found the color of the universe by _______.A．combining light from about 200,000 star systemsB．observing at an observatory in IndiaC．making long-term scientific researchD．using computer software programs19.Who found the true color of the universe?A．Karl Glazebrook. B．Ivan Baldry. C．Mark Fairchild D．Johns Hopkins..20.This passage mainly tells us _______.A．what the color of the universe isB．the light from our universe is a light greenish colorC．the new color of the universe is much more colorfulD．the finding of the color of the universe is difficult17----20、ADCA第二节：根据对话内容，从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
部分中学物理类英文期刊缩写名称
参考文献所引用期刊常采用缩写名称. 下面列出了一些物理类论文所引用期刊, 其标准的缩写名称由黑体表示.Acta Chim ica Sin ica (化学学报)Acta Crystallogr aphicaActa Cytol ogicaActa Crystallogr aphica, Sect ion A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General CrystallographyActa Crystallogr aphica, Sect ion B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal ChemistryActa Phys icaActa Phys ica-Chim ica Sin ica (物理化学学报)Acta Phys ica AustriacaActa Phys ica Pol onicaActa Phys ica Sin ica-Ch inese Ed ition (物理学报)AcusticaAdv ances in Appl ied Mech anicsAdv ances in At omic and Mol ecular Phys icsAdv ances in Chem ical Phys icsAdv ances in Magn etic Reson anceAdv ances in Phys icsAdv ances in Quantum Chem istryAIP Conf erence Proc eedingsAkust icheskii Zh urnal [Sov iet Phys ics--- Acoust ics]Am erican J ournal of Phys icsAnal ytical Chem istryAnn als of Fluid Dyn amicsAnn als of Math ematicsAnn als of Phys ics (N ew Y ork)Annu al Rev iew of Nucl ear Sci enceAppl ied Opt icsAppl ied Phys ics Lett ersAppl ied Spectrosc opyAstron omical J ournalAstron omy and Astrophys icsAstrophys ical J ournalAstrophys ical J ournal, Lett ers to the EditorAstrophys ical J ournal, Suppl ement Ser iesAstrophys ical Lett ersAt omic Data and Nucl ear Data TablesAust ralian J ournal of Phys icsBell Syst em Tech nical J ournalBiogr aphical Mem oir s of Fell ows of the R oyal Soc ietyBiochem istryBiol ogy Lett ersBr itish J ournal of Appl ied Phys icsBull etin of the Acad emy of Sci ences of the USSR, Phys ical Ser ies (translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya)Bull etin of the Am erican Astron omical Soc ietyBull etin of The Am erican Phys ical Soc ietyBull etin of the Astron omical Inst itutes of the Neth erlandsBull etin of the Chem ical Soc iety of J a p a nCan adian J ournal of Chem istryCan adian J ournal of Phys icsCan adian J ournal of Res earchChem ical J ournal of Chin ese U niversity (高等学校化学学报)Chem ical Phys icsChem ical Phys ics Lett ersChem ical Rev iewsChin ese Chem istry Lett ersChin ese J ournal of Chem istry (化学学报)Chin ese J ournal of Chem istry Phys ics (化学物理学报)Chin ese J ournal of Phys icsChin ese J ournal of Struct ural Chem istry (结构化学学报)Chin ese Phys icsChin ese Phys ics Lett ersChin ese Sci ence Bull etin (科学通报)Comments on Astrophys ics and Space Phys icsComments on At omic and Mol ecular Phys icsComments on Nucl ear and Part icle Phys icsComments on Plasma Phys ics and Controlled FusionComments on Solid State Phys icsCommun ications in Math ematical Phys icsCommun ications in Theor etical Phys icsCommun ications on Pure and Appl ied Math ematicsComput er Phys ics Commun icationsCryogenicsCzech oslovak J ournal of Phys icsDiscuss ions of the Faraday Soc ietyEarth and Planet ary Sci ence Lett ersElectron ics Lett ersExperientiaFields and QuantaFound ations of Phys icsHelv etica Chim ica ActaHelv etica Phys ica ActaHigh Temp erature ( USSR) (translation of Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur)IBM J ournal of Res earch and Dev elopmentIcarusIEEE J ournal of Quantum Electron icsIEEE Trans actions on Antennas and Propag ationIEEE Trans actions on Electron DevicesIEEE Trans actions on Inf ormation TheoryIEEE Trans actions on Instrum entation and Meas urementIEEE Trans actions on Magn eticsIEEE Trans actions on Microwave Theory and Tech niquesIEEE Trans actions on Nucl ear Sci enceIEEE Trans actions on Sonics and Ultrason icsInd ustrial and Eng ineering Chem istryInfrared Phys icsInorg anic Chem istryInorg anic Mater ials ( USSR) (translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Neorganicheskie Materialy) Instrum ents and Exp erimental Tech niques ( USSR) (translation of Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta) Int ernational J ournal of Magn etismInt ernational J ournal of Quantum Chem istryInt ernational J ournal of Quantum Chem istry, Part 1Int ernational J ournal of Quantum Chem istry, Part 2Int ernational J ournal of Theor etical Phys icsJ a p a n ese J ournal of Appl ied Phys icsJ a p a n ese J ournal of Phys icsJETP Lett ers (translation of Pis'ma v Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki)J ournal de Chim ie Phys iqueJ ournal de Phys ique ( Paris)J ournal de Phys ique et le RadiumJ ournal of Appl ied Crystallogr aphyJ ournal of Appl ied Phys icsJ ournal of Appl ied Spectrosc opy ( USSR) (translation of Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii)J ournal of Atmos pheric and Terr estrial Phys icsJ ournal of Atmos pheric Sci encesJ ournal of At omic and Mol ecular Phys ics (原子与分子物理学报)J ournal of Chem ical Phys icsJ ournal of Comput ational Phys icsJ ournal of Cryst al GrowthJ ournal of Fluid Mech anicsJ ournal of Geophys ical Res earchJ ournal of High Energy Phys icsJ ournal of Inorg anic and Nucl ear Chem istryJ ournal of Low Temp erature Phys icsJ ournal of Lumin escenceJ ournal of Macromol ecular Sci ence, [Part B] Phys icsJ ournal of Math ematical Phys icsJ ournal of Mol ecular Spectrosc opyJ ournal of Non-Cryst alline SolidsJ ournal of Nucl ear EnergyJ ournal of Nucl ear Energy, Part C: Plasma Physics, Accelerators, Thermonuclear ResearchJ ournal of Nucl ear Mater ialsJ ournal of Phys ical and Chem ical Ref erence DataJ ournal of Phys ical Chem istryJ ournal of Phys ics A: General PhysicsJ ournal of Phys ics and Chem istry of SolidsJ ournal of Phys ics B: At omic, Mol ecular and Opt ical Phys icsJ ournal of Phys ics: Cond ensed MatterJ ournal of Phys ics D: Appl ied Phys icsJ ournal of Phys ics E: Scientific InstrumentsJ ournal of Phys ics F: Metal PhysicsJ ournal of Phys ics ( Moscow)J ournal of Plasma Phys icsJ ournal of Polym er Sci enceJ ournal of Polym er Sci ence, Polym er Lett ers Ed itionJ ournal of Polym er Sci ence, Polym er Phys ics Ed itionJ ournal of Quant itative Spectrosc opy & Radiat ive TransferJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ardsJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards, Sect ion A: Physics and ChemistryJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards, Sect ion B: Mathematical SciencesJ ournal of Res earch of the Nat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards, Sect ion C: Engineering and Instrumentation J ournal of Sci entific Instrum entsJ ournal of Sound and Vib rationJ ournal of Speech and Hear ing Disord ersJ ournal of Speech and Hear ing Res earchJ ournal of Stat istical Phys icsJ ournal of the Acoust ical Soc iety of Am ericaJ ournal of the Am erican Ceram ic Soc ietyJ ournal of the Am erican Chem ical Soc ietyJ ournal of the Am erican Inst itute of Electr ical Eng ineersJ ournal of the Audio Eng ineering Soc ietyJ ournal of the Chem ical Soc ietyJ ournal of the Electrochem ical Soc ietyJ ournal of the Mech anics and Phys ics of SolidsJ ournal of the Opt ical Soc iety of Am ericaJ ournal of the Phys ical Soc iety of J a p a nJ ournal of the R oyal Soc iety InterfaceJ ournal of Vac uum Sci ence and Technol ogyMater ials Res earch Bull etinMed ical Phys icsMem oirs of the R oyal Astron omical Soc ietyMol ecular Cryst als and Liq uid Cryst alsMol ecular Phys icsMon thly Not ices of the R oyal Astron omical Soc ietyNat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards ( U.S.), Circ ularNat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards ( U.S.), Misc ellaneous Publ icationNat iona l Bur eau of Stand ards ( U.S.), Spec ial Publ icationNature( London)Notes and Rec ords of the R oyal Soc ietyNucl ear Data, Sect ion ANucl ear Data, Sect ion BNucl ear FusionNucl ear Instrum entsNucl ear Instrum ents & MethodsNucl ear Phys icsNucl ear Phys ics ANucl ear Phys ics BNucl ear Sci ence and Eng ineeringOpt ica ActaOpt ics and Spectrosc opy ( USSR) (translation of Optika i Spektroskopiya)Opt ics Commun icationsOpt ics Lett ersOpt ics NewsOptik( Stuttgart)Philips Res earch Rep ortsPhilos ophical Mag azinePhil osophical Trans actions of the R oyal Soc iety of LondonPhil osophical Trans actions of the R oyal Soc iety A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Phil osophical Trans actions of the R oyal Soc iety B: Biological SciencesPhys ical Rev iewPhys ical Rev iew A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical PhysicsPhys ical Rev iew B: Solid StatePhys ical Rev iew C: Nuclear PhysicsPhys ical Rev iew D: Particles and FieldsPhys ical Rev iew E: Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary TopicsPhys ical Rev iew Lett ersPhys ical Rev iew S pecial T opics - Accel erators and Beams (close up ST, without periods)Phys ica Status SolidiPhys ica Status Solidi A: Applied ResearchPhys ica Status Solidi B: Basic ResearchPhysica( Utrecht)Phys ics and Chem istry of SolidsPhys ics Lett ersPhys ics Lett ers APhys ics Lett ers BPhysics( N ew Y ork)Phys ics of FluidsPhys ics of Met als and Mettalogr aphy ( USSR) (translation of Fizika Metallov i Metallovedenie) Phys ics Teach erPhys ics TodayPlasma Phys icsProc eedings of the Cambridge Philos ophical Soc ietyProc eedings of the IEEEProc eedings of the IREProc eedings of the Nat iona l Acad emy of Sci ences of the U nited S tates of A mericaProc eedings of the Phys ical Soc iety, LondonProc eedings of the Phys ical Soc iety, London, Sect ion AProc eedings of the Phys ical Soc iety, London, Sect ion BProc eedings of the R oyal Soc iety of LondonProc eedings of the R oyal Soc iety A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering SciencesProc eedings of the R oyal Soc iety B: Biological SciencesProg ress of Theor etical Phys icsPubl ications of the Astron omical Soc iety of the Pac ificRadiat ion Eff ectsRadiologyRadio Sci enceRCA Rev iewRep orts on Prog ress in Phys icsRev iew of Sci entific Instrum entsRev iew of Mod ern Phys icsRuss ian J ournal of Phys ical Chem istry (translation of Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii)ScienceSci entific Am ericanSci ence in China Ser ies G (中国科学G辑)Sol ar Phys icsSolid State Commun icationsSolid-State Electron icsSpectrochim ica ActaSpectrochim ica Acta, Part A: Molecular SpectroscopySpectrochim ica Acta, Part B: Atomic SpectroscopySurf ace Sci enceTetrahedronTheor etica Chim ica ActaThin Solid FilmsTrans actions of the Am erican Crystallogr aphic Assoc iationTrans actions of the Am erican Geophys ical UnionTrans actions of the Am erican Inst itute of Min ing, Metall urgical and Pet roleum Eng ineers Trans actions of the Am erican Nucl ear Soc ietyTrans actions of the Am erican Soc iety for Met alsTrans actions of the Am erican Soc iety of Mech anical Eng ineersTrans actions of the Br itish Ceram ic Soc ietyTrans actions of the Faraday Soc ietyTrans actions of the Metall urgical Soc iety of AIMETrans actions of the Soc iety of Rheol ogyUltrasonicsZ eitschrift für Anal ytische Chem ieZ eitschrift für Angew andte Phys ikZ eitschrift für Anorg anische und Allg emeine Chem ieZ eitschrift für Astrophys ikZ eitschrift für Elektrochem ieZ eitschrift für Kristallogr aphie, Kristallgeom etrie, Kristallphys ik, Kristallchem ieZ eitschrift für Metallk un d eZ eitschrift für Naturforsch ungZ eitschrift für Naturforsch ung, Teil A: Physik, Physikalische Chemie, KosmophysikZ eitschrift für Phys ikZ eitschrift für Phys ik A: Atoms and NucleiZ eitschrift für Phys ik B: Condensed Matter and QuantaZ eitschrift für Phys ik C: Particles and FieldsZ eitschrift für Phys ikalisch- Chem ische Materialforsch ungZ eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie, Abt eilung A: Chemische Thermodynamik, Kinetik, Elektrochemie, EigenschaftslehreZ eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie, Abt eilung B: Chemie der Elementarprozesse, Aufbau der Materie Z eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie ( Frankfurt am Main)Z eitschrift für Phys ikalische Chem ie (Leipzig)。
新核心大学英语B版读写教程2册 Unit 4
Task 2 Surfing and Reporting
Task 3 Watching and Retelling
Task 4 Vocabulary Preview
Unit 4 》Part I 》Task 1
Task 1 Brainstorming
1. Discuss the pictures above with your partner and make a list of no less than 10 words to discuss information security. 2. What films have you seen about hackers? Can you name some of them?
usetheglossarybelowasareferenceintricate??ntr?k?t复杂的难懂的surpasss??p?s超过胜过unit4partitask3pp超过胜过visionary?v???n?ri空想家梦想者trigonometry?tr???n?m?tri三角multiplication?m?lt?pli?kei??n乘法运算toilt??l苦干费力地做monotonouslym??n?t?n?sli单调地astronomical??str??n?m?kl天文学的unit4partitask3ourworldisincreasinglyfilledwithcountlesswondersthatwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutonemachinethecomputer
Unit 4omputers, Charles Babbage. Charles Babbage demonstrated his brilliance in mathematics 9) ___________________________________ while attending Trinity College in Cambridge . In 1820, Babbage was checking the accuracy of calculations made for royal astronomical society and kept finding errors. 10) He __ reasoned ____________________________________ that a machine can be constructed that would calculate the tables and directly print the results. He called the machine the difference engine. He drew up plans for a section of the device and had it built with his own funds in 1822.
介绍古登堡的英文作文
介绍古登堡的英文作文Geophysicist, seismologist.Jew.Born in Germany, he moved to the United States in 1930.In 1908, he joined the University of Gottingen in Germany and received his doctorate in philosophy in 1911.He served as a professor at Freiburg University, a professor of Geophysics and meteorology at the California State Institute of Technology, and the head of the Pasadena Earthquake Research Institute.Gutenberg is a fellow of the American Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a Fellow of the American Geological Society.He has also served as a trustee and president of the American Earthquake Society.In 1953, he won the 15th William. Boe Medal.The main resultsThe ground pulsation source is deeply studied.In 1914, the presence of the core was indicated, and the core interface (later named the Gutenberg discontinuity) was determined near 2,900 ㎞underground.The low speed layer (Gutenberg low layer) at 100-200㎞underground was determined.He worked with the American seismologist Kert to derive an improved seismic walking curve, created the Richter scale, and determined the quantitative relationship between magnitude, energy, seismic intensity, and acceleration.In 1945, he formally defined surface wave magnitude Ms and bulk wave magnitude Mb, extending the Richter-defined regional magnitude scale to far and deep source earthquakes.Personal workGutenberg, in Europe, wrote the Geophysics Textbook and edited the famous Geophysics Integration.In 1939 and 1951, Gutenberg twice edited and published the book "The Structure within the Earth".In 1959, his later years book "Internal Earth Physics" was published in 1959.In 1941, his paper, "Earthquake Activity on Earth,", was first published, with several additions, a special book in 1949 and a second edition in 1954.。
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• Geochemistry Division of the American Chemical Society（美国化学学 会地球化学分会） • Human Frontier Science Program （人类前沿科学项目） • International Centre for Diffraction Data（国际衍射数据中心 ） • IEEE Computer Society（美国电子电气工程师学会计算机分会） • The Institute of Electrical Engineering （电机工程学会） • The Institute of Noise Control Engineering （噪音控制工程学会） • IS&T - The Society for Imaging Science & Technology（影像科学和技 术学会 ） • Laser Institute of America（美国激光研究所 ） • National Institute of Standards and Technology（美国标准与技术研究 院） • Physics Essays Publication （物理论文集） • The Society for Information Display（信息显示学会 ） • The Society of Exploration Geophysicists（地球物理学家学会） • The Society of Rheology（流变学学会 ） • SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering（国际光学学会） • The Tire Society（轮胎学会）
国际著名岩土类SCIEI期刊中英文简介
国际著名岩⼟类SCIEI期刊中英⽂简介国际著名岩⼟⼒学、⼯程地质学报（期刊）索引国际著名岩⼟⼒学、⼯程地质学报（期刊）索引(转载)国际著名岩⼟⼒学、⼯程地质学报（期刊）索引1.《Engineering Geology》——An International Journal, Elsevier------------《⼯程地质》——国际学报2.《The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology》，U.K.---------------------《⼯程地质季刊学报》3.《News Journal, International Society for Rock Mechanics》-----------《国际岩⽯⼒学学会信息学报》4.《International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences》---------《国际岩⽯⼒学与矿业科学学报》（包括岩⼟⼒学⽂摘）5.《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》----------------------------《岩⽯⼒学与岩⽯⼯程》6.《Felsbau》[G.]---------------------------------《岩⽯⼒学》，奥地利地质⼒学学会(AGG)主办7. Geomechnik and Tunnelbau (G.)——Geomechanics and Tunnelling---------------《地质⼒学与隧道⼯程》——奥地利地质⼒学学会（ACC）主办8.《GEOTECHNIGUE》-------------------------------------《岩⼟⼒学》，英国⼟⽊⼯程师学会ICE主办9.《Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering》(formerly Journal of Geotechnical Engineering)-----------岩⼟⼯程与环境岩⼟⼯程学报》，改版前称《岩⼟⼯程学报》，美国⼟⽊⼯程师学会ASCE主办。
听力测试 Unit two
听力测试Unit twoSection A1.A) he didn’t expect there would be so many booksB) four books are a lot to borrow from the libraryC) he wasn’t sure she counted all her booksD) he would like to return books for her2. A）he has arranged to take the exam next yearB）he is pleased, since the woman offered to help himC）he has reason to be happy, despite the examD）he actually did very well in the exam3. A）at a service station B）on a hill C）in an emergency room D）in a parking lot4. A）because Tom applied for a job B）because Tom was preferred to othersC）because Tom wanted other jobs D）because Tom was so unlucky5. A）to clean the yard B）to weed the yardC）to hire a gardener D）to work in the flowerbeds6. A）12 dollars B）36 dollars C）24 dollars D）16 dollars7. A）happy B）afraid C）surprised D）optimistic8. A）because the show is not clear enoughB）because the show is too complicated to understandC）because the room is lack of air, she can’t breatheD）because the room is full of appreciators9. A）an alternative use of fuel oilB）a way to make fuel oil less pollutingC）a new method for locating underground oilD）a new source of fuel oil10. A）to produce a gas containing carbon and hydrogenB）to remove impurities from methanolC）to heat the reactorsD）to prevent dangerous gases from forming11. A）it hasn’t been fully tested B）it’s quite expensiveC）it uses up scarce minerals D）the gas it produces is harmful to the environment 12. A）he will go to the library to find more informationB）he will go to the class with the womanC）he will turn to his own professor for help D）he will go to the Anderson Hall13. A）ages B）only a few minutes C）quite long D）half an hour14. A）he met with an old friend B）the exchange rate was changing rapidlyC）the computer system was broken at that moment D）a foreigner started talking to him 15. A）coffee B）both snack and drink C）mineral water D）some snackSection B16. A）the Lower Forty-eight B）the Mainland C）the East Coast D）New England17. A）Alaska and Hawaii B）Washington and OregonC）New York State and Ohio D）Western Texas and California18. A）the sections of U.S. B）the history of the U.S.C）the traveling in the U.S. D）the other names of the U.S.19. A）he believes that history professors are poorly preparedB）he believes that most students are lazyC）he believes that professor fail to present facts in an interesting wayD）he believes that most students feel that history is a waste of time20. A）in Boston B）in Concord C）in Lexington D）in Britain21. A）that the British were retreating to the Charles RiverB）that the British would attack by seaC）that the British were willing to sign a declaration of independenceD）that the British had won the first two battles of the Revolution22. A）training given to music therapists B）how music prevents diseaseC）studies on the benefits of music D）how musicians create music23. A）to relive tension B）to control brain seizuresC）to prevent heat disease D）in place of physical therapy24. A）they like to have music in the operating roomB）they solved problems better while listening to music they likedC）they preferred classical musicD）they performed better when they used headphones25. A）it increased students’ white blood cell countB）it increased some students’ energy levelC）it released a natural painkiller in some students’ bodiesD）it improved the students’ ability to play musical instrumentsSection CAs you begin your study of heavens, you may feel that the odds of your making any impact on the field of (26) are impossibly low. But in fact important (27)can come from students’ work. You may have heard from the media that the examples of one of the most illusive objects in the (28) ------the Brown Dwarf, were found by a 27-year-old student Clare Briadger. Scientists all over the world had been searching for more than 50 years and yet the (29) was made by someone still in (30)school, when Ms. Briadger (31) a paper at the meeting of the American Astronomical Society, her talk was for me the (32) of the meeting. There was (33) agreement that what she had found was indeed the illusive Brown Dwarf. (34)while others spent their time studying what shows up big and bright in the heavens, Briadger searched for the small and faint.(35) .She sometimes worked 100 hours in a single week, then finally she was able to isolate a number of points that seemed to be actual Brown Dwarf. (36).。
美国芝加哥大学出版社University of Chicago Press
3. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology (Print 0899-823X Online 1559-6834)《感染控制及医院流行病学杂志》1980年创刊，每年出版12期。美国卫生保健流行病学会会刊。刊载医院或保健机构传染病控制及流行病学方面的原始论文。2005年影响因子：2.413
8. The Astronomical Journal (Print 0004-6256 Online 1538-3881)该期刊扩展了类星体、银河系、，残留超新星以及星际介质的研究范围、是对传统天文学研究的补充。同时还强调了评论性的文章和一般分期的简略刊物，该期刊还吸引了许多影响深远的学术文章。美国芝加哥大学出版社和美国天文学协会共同出版。2005年影响因子：5.377
11. The Journal of Geology (Print 0022-1376 Online 1537-5269)本期刊致力于地质学原理的研究，目前正出版的内容与地球物理学，地球化学，沉积学，地形学，岩石学，版块构造论，建筑地质学，矿物学和行星科学方面有关，该期刊的内容包括从月球内部的成分，到化石发展的电脑模型。2005年影响因子：1.839
5. Physiological & Biochemical Zoology (Print 1522-2152 Online 1537-5293)本期刊为您介绍了环境适应症候群，比较生理学和生物化学方面的研究。受到业内人士认可的初期性研究包括：体温调节、呼吸、循环、渗透、离子调节、环境适应论、进化生理、代谢生理以及生物化学。2005年影响因子：2.145
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The Astrophysical Journal,508:L81–L83,1998November20᭧1998.The American Astronomical Society.All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A.KECK SPECKLE IMAGING OF THE WHITE DWARF G29-38:NO BROWN DWARF COMPANION DETECTED Marc J.Kuchner,Christopher D.Koresko,and Michael E.Brown1Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena,CA91125;mjk@Received1998August13;accepted1998September18;published1998October12ABSTRACTThe white dwarf Giclas29-38has attracted much attention on account of its large infrared excess and thesuggestion that excess might be due to a companion brown dwarf.We observed this object using speckleinterferometry at the Keck telescope,obtaining diffraction-limited resolution(55mas)at the K band,and foundit unresolved.Assuming that the entire K-band excess is attributable to a single pointlike companion,we placean upper limit on the binary separation of30mas,or0.42AU at the star’s distance of14.1pc.This result,combined with astroseismological data and other images of G29-38,supports the hypothesis that the source ofthe near-infrared excess is not a cool companion but a dust cloud.Subject headings:binaries:general—circumstellar matter—stars:individual(G29-38)—stars:low-mass,brown dwarfs—white dwarfs1.INTRODUCTIONZuckerman&Becklin(1987)discovered that the white dwarf Giclas29-38has a large infrared excess and proposed that the excess could be due to a brown dwarf companion.This suggestion inspired discussion of brown dwarfs as white dwarf companions(Stringfellow,Black,&Bodenheimer1990),os-cillating brown dwarfs(Marley,Lunine,&Hubbard1990),and other possible cool companions that could explain the excess (Greenstein1988).Later photometry by Tokunaga,Becklin,& Zuckerman(1990)and Telesco,Joy,&Sisk(1990)suggested that the10m m excess greatly exceeds that expected from a brown dwarf companion,leading to the interpretation that the mid-infrared excess originates from a cloud of circumstellar dust.However,new data from ISOCAM(Chary,Zuckerman, &Becklin1998)show that the7and15m m excesses are in agreement with a1000K blackbodyfit to the excess at other wavelengths.The source of the infrared excess of G29-38re-mains uncertain.Direct searches for a companion have produced mixed re-sults.Tokunaga et al.(1988)imaged G29-38at the H and K bands and limited the extent of the source to a diameter of400 mas or5.64AU.Tokunaga et al.(1988)and Tokunaga et al. (1990)took near-infrared spectra of the object and found no evidence for absorption features due to a brown dwarf.Haas &Leinert(1990)took slit scans of G29-38in1988and found a north-south extension at the K band that was wellfit by a binary model with aflux ratio of1:1and a separation of mas(AU).However,when Haas&Lie-230ע40 3.24ע0.56nert repeated their observations the following year under better seeing conditions,the object appeared unextended.C.Shelton, E.E.Becklin,&B.Zuckerman(1998,private communication; hereafter SBZ)took slit scans of G29-38in the J and K bands at the Lick3m telescope in1989October to look for the centroid shift that would arise if,as the photometry suggests, the hypothetical cool companion is brighter in K and the white dwarf is brighter in J.They did not see this effect.They place an upper limit of40mas(0.56AU)on the north-south binary separation and an upper limit of120mas(1.69AU)on the east-west separation.Attempts tofind the radial velocity signature of a companion 1Alfred P.Sloan Research Fellow.to G29-38have also proven frustrating.Barnbaum&Zuck-erman(1992)combined their own spectroscopy with radial velocity data by Graham et al.(1990),Graham,Reid,&Rich (1991,private communication reported in Barnbaum&Zuck-erman1992),Liebert&Saffer(1989,private communication reported in Graham et al.1990)and Liebert,Saffer,&Pila-chowski(1989)and reported a probable radial velocity vari-ation with a period of11.2months and an amplitude of10 km sϪ1.Kleinman et al.(1994),however,argued,based on extensive astroseismological observations,that the radial ve-locity variation due to a binary companion must be less than ע0.65km sϪ1assuming a∼1yr period.Hoping tofind another clue to the mystery of the infrared excess,we imaged G29-38at the K band on the10m W.M.Keck telescope using speckle interferometry to search for a resolved companion at the diffraction limit.2.OBSERVATIONSWe imaged G29-38at the K band with the near-infrared camera(NIRC)(Matthews&Soifer1994)on the W.M.Keck telescope on1997December15.The seeing was extraordinary;we used0.5s integrations and saw aboutfive speckles and a diffraction-limited core.We took12sets of100frames of G29-38.Among observations of G29-38we interspersed observa-tions of two nearby,presumably unresolved calibrator stars (S23291ϩ0515and S23292ϩ0521),which we observed in the same manner as G29-38,for a total of six sets of calibrator frames.We used a version of the speckle reduction software described in Koresko et al.(1991)adapted for use with NIRC.We chose a pixel subframe centered on the object128#128and constructed pixel sky frames from the corners128#128of the pixel NIRC images.From each set of object 256#256and sky frames,we computed a power spectrum and a bi-spectrum and reconstructed Fourier phases and amplitudes.We divided the Fourier components from each target set by the Fourier components from a few different calibrator sets to cor-rect for the telescope-aperture transfer function and in this way assembled18calibrated images and18calibrated power spectra.Figure1shows the mean of the images,compared to a simulated image of a point source—the Fourier transform of the apodizing function(a Gaussian times a Hanning function)L81L82KUCHNER,KORESKO,&BROWN Vol.508Fig.1.—Reconstructed K -band speckle image of G29-38compared to a synthesized image of a point source.Both are normalized so that their inten-sities range from 0to 1and have contour levels of 0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,and 0.9.G29-38isunresolved.Fig.2.—Azimuthally averaged spatial power spectrum of G29-38compared to simulated azimuthally averaged power spectra of a binary with a flux ratio equal to G29-38’s K -band excess.The error bars represent 1j variations among the 18object-calibrator pairs.If G29-38were a binary with this K -band flux ratio and the separation were larger than 30mas,we would have detected the companion.used to synthesize the speckle images.The plate scale is 20.57mas pixel Ϫ1.Figure 2shows the azimuthal average of the ar-ithmetic mean of the calibrated power spectra,where we nor-malized each power spectrum by dividing it by the geometric mean of the first 15data points after the zero-frequency com-ponent.The error bars represent the 1j variations among the 18power spectra.The l /D diffraction limit of Keck at the K band is 55mas.The noise increases at high frequencies because the power in the images decreases near the diffraction limit.The low-frequency spike probably occurs because of seeing noise,the change in seeing between observations of G29-38and observations of the calibrators.Because the final image closely resembles a point source and the power spectrum is consistent with a constant—the power spectrum of a d -func-tion—we conclude that we did not resolve G29-38.3.DISCUSSIONThe K -band flux of G29-38is mJy;2.05mJy 5.46ע0.15of this is in excess of Greenstein’s (1988)white dwarf model (Tokunaga,Becklin,&Zuckerman 1990).We computed the power spectrum of a binary system consisting of a Greenstein white dwarf and a pointlike companion that supplies all of the excess flux.The only free parameter for this binary model is the angular separation of the components.We fit the model to the observed power spectrum and derive a best-fit binary sep-aration of 20mas.The maximum deviation of the power spec-trum from a straight line,however,is consistent with typical deviations due to time variations of the atmosphere-telescope point-spread function.In Figure 2,we compare the 20mas model with the observed power spectrum and a model with the same flux ratio but a 30mas separation.The latter model is marginally inconsistent with our observations,so we report 30mas as an upper limit to the binary separation.At G29-38’s distance of 14.1pc (Tokunaga et al.1990),30mas corresponds to a transverse separation of 0.42AU.As-suming that G29-38is 0.61M ,(Bergeron et al.1995),a 0.06M ,brown dwarf orbiting the star at 0.42AU would have a period of about 0.33yr and would create a reflex motion in G29-38that would have been detectable to Kleinman et al.(1994)if the orbit were inclined more than 10Њfrom face-on.The statistical likelihood of an inclination ≤10Њis 1.5%.Closer orbits would be easier to detect from reflex motion.Perhaps a brown dwarf orbits G29-38with a long period that would be hard to identify in reflex motion,and the brown dwarf happened to pass in front of the star or behind it when we observed it on 1997December 15.For instance,Kleinmanet al.(1994)saw a long-term trend in their radial velocity data that could be interpreted as a companion with an ∼8yr period causing radial velocity variations on the order of 0.8km s Ϫ1.Such a companion would have a semimajor axis of ∼3.4AU.If the orbit had a semimajor axis a and were edge-on,the fraction of the time the that brown dwarf would spend in the region in which we could not resolve it is ∼;for AU,there is a less than Ϫ1(2/p )sin (0.42AU/a )a ϭ3.48%chance that the brown dwarf would have been hidden from us.Since SBZ also missed the hypothetical edge-on brown dwarf in 1989as it passed close to the star,we find this scenario unlikely.A companion in an eccentric orbit is easier to detect from reflex motion than a companion in a circular orbit with the same semimajor axis.Therefore,such a companion would have to be farther away from the star on average for Kleinman et al.(1994)to have missed it,making it even more unlikely that it would have been hidden from us,Haas &Lienert (1990),and SBZ.A companion in an eccentric,face-on orbit would spend relatively little time close to the star and probably would not have been missed by both us and SBZ.The infrared excess may represent thermal radiation from a cloud of dust rather than a cool companion (Zuckerman &Becklin 1987).We can place no constraints on the concentration or geometry of such a cloud.Dust radiating thermally at 1–15m m heated by radiation from the white dwarf alone would be far too close to the star (less than 10Ϫ3AU)for us to resolve.4.CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that the infrared excess of G29-38is not due to a single orbiting companion.If there were a single com-panion producing the excess,it would have to orbit almost face-on and closer than 0.4AU;or it could orbit roughly edge on,with a period of several years,in such a way that it happened to appear at a minimum angular separation from the star in 1997December when we observed it and in the fall of 1989when Haas &Lienert (1990)and SBZ observed it.Either case is highly improbable.This result supports the hypothesis thatNo.1,1998KECK SPECKLE IMAGING OF G29-38L83source of the near-infrared excess is not a cool companion but a dust cloud(Zuckerman&Becklin1987;Wickramasinghe, Hoyle,&Al-Mufti1987;Graham et al.1990;Koester,Prov-encal,&Shipman1997).We thank Eugene Chiang,Chris Clemens,Michelle Creech-Eakman,Peter Goldreich,and Ben Zuckerman for inspiration and helpful discussions.The observations reported here were obtained at the W.M.Keck Observatory,which is operated by the California Association for Research in Astronomy,a sci-entific partnership among California Institute of Technology, the University of California,and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.It was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M.Keck Foundation.REFERENCESBarnbaum,C.,&Zuckerman,B.1992,ApJ,396,L31Bergeron,P.,Wesemael,F.,Lamontagne,R.,Fontaine,G.,Saffer,R.A.,& Allard,N.F.1995,449,258Chary,R.,Zuckerman,B.,&Becklin,E.E.1998,in preparation Graham,J.R.,McCarthy,J.K.,Reid,I.N.,&Rich,R.M.1990,ApJ,357, L21Greenstein,J.L.1988,AJ,95,1494Haas,M.,&Leinert,C.1990,A&A,230,87Kleinman,S.J.,et al.1994,ApJ,436,875Koester,D.,Provencal,J.,&Shipman,H.L.1997,A&A,230,L57 Koresko,C.D.,Beckwith,S.V.,Ghez,A.M.,Matthews,K.,&Neugebauer, G.1991,AJ,102,2073Liebert,J.,Saffer,R.A.,&Pilachowski,C.A.1989,AJ,97,182 Marley,M.S.,Lunine J.I.,&Hubbard,W.B.1990,ApJ,348,L37 Matthews,K.,&Soifer,B.T.1994,Infrared Astronomy with Arrays:The Next Generation,ed.I.McLean(Dordrecht:Kluwer),239 Stringfellow,G.,Black,D.C.,&Bodenheimer,P.1990,ApJ,349,L59 Telesco,C.M.,Joy,M.,&Sisk,C.1990,ApJ,358,L17Tokunaga,A.T.,Becklin,E.E.,&Zuckerman,B.1990,ApJ,358,L21 Tokunaga,A.T.,Hodapp,K.-W.,Becklin,E.E.,Cruikshank,D.P.,Rigler,M., Toomey,D.,Brown,R.H.,&Zuckerman,B.1988,ApJ,332,L71 Wickramasinghe,N.C.,Hoyle,F.,&Al-Mufti,S.1987,Ap&SS,143,193 Zuckerman,B.,&Becklin,E.E.1987,Nature,330,138。