电气图纸翻译
schematics 翻译
schematics 翻译schematics（多用复数形式）是指电气或电子设备的原理图或图纸。
它们用于表示电路的连线、元件的连接方式和工作原理，以便工程师或技术人员能够理解和设计电路。
schematics在工程领域中非常常见，尤其在电子电路设计和电路板布局方面起着重要作用。
通过阅读和理解schematics，工程师可以分析电路的功能、性能和工作原理，并进行必要的修改或优化。
以下是一些关于schematics的常见用法和中英文对照例句：1. 查看schematics（浏览原理图）：- Please review the schematics to understand the circuit connections. （请查看原理图以了解电路的连接方式。
）- The schematics clearly show the component values and connections. （原理图清晰地显示了元件的数值和连接方式。
）2. 设计schematics（设计原理图）：- The engineer is responsible for designing the schematics of the circuit. （工程师负责设计电路的原理图。
）- The software allows users to easily create and modify schematics. （该软件使用户能够轻松地创建和修改原理图。
）3. 修改schematics（修改原理图）：- We need to revise the schematics to improve the circuit's performance. （我们需要修改原理图以提高电路的性能。
）- The technician made some changes to the schematics based on the test results. （技术人员根据测试结果对原理图进行了一些修改。
电气原理图符号大全,电气原理图符号释义...
电气原理图符号大全, 电气原理图符号释义1. 电气原理图的定义和作用电气原理图是一种用来表示电路元件和其连接关系的图形化符号系统。
它使用简洁的线条和符号，将复杂的电路结构和元件功能以一种直观、易理解的方式表达出来。
电气原理图在电路设计、电路分析和电路故障排除等方面发挥着重要作用。
2. 常见电气原理图符号和释义2.1 电源符号•电池图标：代表直流电源或电池。
2.2 基本元件符号•电阻符号：表示电阻元件，用于限制电流。
•电容符号：表示电容元件，用于储存和释放电荷。
•电感符号：表示电感元件，用于储存和释放磁能。
2.3 连接符号•直线：表示两点之间的连接。
•箭头：表示一个信号的流向。
2.4 开关符号•开关符号：用于控制电路的开关状态。
2.5 传感器符号•光敏电阻符号：表示光敏电阻传感器，用于感测光线强度。
•温度传感器符号：表示温度传感器，用于感测环境温度。
•压力传感器符号：表示压力传感器，用于感测环境压力。
2.6 运算符号•比较符号：用于比较两个信号的大小关系。
2.7 功率元件符号•电源符号：表示电源。
•发电机符号：表示发电机，用于产生电能。
•电动机符号：表示电动机，用于转化电能为机械能。
2.8 信号处理符号•滤波器符号：用于滤除信号中的噪声。
•放大器符号：表示信号放大器，用于放大弱信号。
2.9 控制符号•继电器符号：表示继电器，用于电路的开关控制。
•编码器符号：表示编码器，用于将一种形式的信息转化为另一种形式。
•电路开关符号：表示电路开关，用于电路的开关控制。
3. 如何绘制电气原理图绘制电气原理图需要遵循一定的规范，以确保图示的准确性和易读性。
以下是一些绘制电气原理图的基本步骤：1.确定电路的结构和组成元件。
2.选择合适的符号来表示每个元件。
3.使用直线和箭头来表示元件之间的连接和信号流向。
4.根据电路实际情况，添加合适的注释和标记。
5.检查电路图的准确性和易读性，确保符号和连接线的连贯性。
4. 电气原理图的应用场景电气原理图广泛应用于电路设计、电路分析和电路故障排除等领域。
电气图纸翻译讲义
图纸翻译电气图纸第五页控制柜内板正面control cabinet inner frontage plate借通用件登记Borrow general part register描图tracing 校描tracing revise 旧底图总号original traced drawing No. 签字signature 日期Date标记Mark 处数Amount 更改文件号change file No. 签字signature 日期Date 设计design 标准化Standardization图样标记Drawing Mark 重量weight 比例ratio 审核audit 工艺craft 日期Date山东华力机电有限公司Shandong Huali Electromechanical Co., Ltd. , China科迈AMF20自启动内板布置图Comap AMF20 Auto-starting inner plate arrangement drawing第三页400kw 玉柴自启动控制开关柜400kW Yuchai Auto-start Control Switch CabineAMF20控制开关柜面板布置图Comap AMF20 Control Switch Cabine Plate Arrangement Drawing第一页发电机工作状态干接点Dry contact point under genset running condition模块自动模式状态干接点Dry contact point under common mode（Auto）in module control condition.机组故障报警输出干接点Dry contact point under Genset Fault alarm output condition.断路器部分SWITCH PARTS发电合闸Genset power switch on发电分闸Genset power switch off手/自动转换常开触点Manual/Auto transform opening contact point储能stored energy失压脱扣The loss of pressure trippingSA应急侧常闭触点SA emergency side closing contact point钮子开关常开点Button Switch Opening point合闸指示Switch on Indication分闸指示Switch off Indication型号model 角度angle 端子编号Terminal Number 施耐德Schneider远程Remote 就地Locally （钥匙key 两档Two Options）额定/怠速Rated /Idling机组应急/常用模式状态输出干接点Genset Emergency mode（Manual）/Common mode(Auto) condition output dry contact point 停机脉冲信号Stop genset pulse signal启动脉冲信号Start genset pulse signal发电电流检测Genset power current detection发电电压检测Genset power voltage detection断路器Switch市电电压检测City power voltage detection排风扇exhaust fan负载Load机组转速控制器（机组电调板）Genset Speed Controller执行器Actuator远程Remote 就地LocallySA自动侧常开触点SA auto side opening contact point机组部分Genset Parts机组充电机Genset DC Alternator机组启动马达Genset start motor模块程序设置Module Application Settings可编程输入Programmable input可编程输出Programmable output燃油信号Fuel signal 启动信号Starting signal 怠速控制Idle speed control 自动模式Common mode(Auto) 停机阀Shutdown Valve蜂鸣器吧v模拟量输出Analog Output油压信号Oil pressure signal水温信号Engine water temperature signal400kW 玉柴自启动400kW YUCHAI Auto-starting科迈AMF20自启动原理图Comap AMF20 Auto-starting schematic diagram第二页型号model 角度angle 端子编号Terminal Number 施耐德Schneider发电机组genset应急/常用选择开关（钥匙两档）Emergency mode（Manual）/Common mode(Auto) selective switch （KEY TWO OPTIONS）执行器Actuator发电合闸Genset power switch on储能马达Energy storage motor发电分闸Genset power switch off失压脱扣The loss of pressure tripping合闸反馈Genset power switch on feedback合闸指示Switch on Indication分闸指示Switch off IndicationFA1：科迈AMF20控制器Comap AMF20 controller控制开关柜Control Switch Cabine油压传感器Oil pressure sensor水温传感器Water Temperature Sensor燃油位传感器Fuel level Sensor油压报警开关Oil pressure alarm switch水温报警开关Water Temperature alarm switch干接点输出Dry contact point output发电工作状态干接点Dry contact point under genset running condition远程控制状态干接点Dry contact point under remote control condition故障报警状态干接点Dry contact point under genset fault alarm condition机组应急/常用模式干接点Dry contact point under Emergency mode（Manual）/Common mode(Auto)停机脉冲信号Stop genset pulse signal启动脉冲信号Starting genset pulse signal模块程序设置Module Application Settings可编程输入Programmable input可编程输出Programmable output燃油信号Fuel signal 启动信号Starting signal 怠速控制Idle speed control 自动模式Common mode(Auto) 停机阀Shutdown Valve蜂鸣器Buzzer模拟量输出Analog Output油压信号Oil pressure signal水温信号Engine water temperature signal400kW 玉柴自启动400kW YUCHAI Auto-start科迈AMF20自启动系统图Comap AMF20 Auto-start System Drawing第六页去机组接线盒To Genset Terminal Box客户接线部分Client Connection Part浮充电源火线Floating Charger Power Live Wire浮充电源零线Floating Charger Power Null Wire市电信号City Power Signal发电工作状态干接点1 Dry contact point 1 under genset running condition发电工作状态干接点2 Dry contact point 2 under genset running condition模块自动模式状态输出干接点1 Output Dry contact point 1 under Genset Common mode(Auto) condition模块自动模式状态输出干接点2 Output Dry contact point 2 under Genset Common mode(Auto) condition机组故障报警输出干接点 1 Output dry contact point 1 under Genset fault alarm condition机组故障报警输出干接点 2 Output dry contact point 2 under Genset fault alarm condition机组应急/常用模式输出干接点1 Output dry contact point 1under genset Emergency mode（Manual）/Common mode(Auto) 机组应急/常用模式输出干接点2 Output dry contact point 2 under genset Emergency mode（Manual）/Common mode(Auto) 远程启动脉冲信号输入干接点 1 Remote start genset pulse signal input dry contact point 1远程启动脉冲信号输入干接点 2 Remote start genset pulse signal input dry contact point 2.远程停机脉冲信号输入干接点1 Remote start genset pulse signal input dry contact point 1远程停机脉冲信号输入干接点 2 Remote start genset pulse signal input dry contact point 2400kW 玉柴自启动控制开关柜400kW YUCHAI Auto-start Control Switch CabineAMF20控制开关柜内板接线图Comap AMF20 Control Switch Cabine Inner Plate Wiring Drawing第七页排风扇Exhaust Fan 零线排Null Wire Copper Bar400kW 玉柴自启动控制开关柜400kW YUCHAI Auto-start Control Switch CabineMVS断路器互感器接线图MVS Switch Mutual Inductor Wiring Drawing第八页400kW 玉柴自启动机组接线盒400kW YUCHAI Auto-start Genset Wiring Box机组接线盒接线图Genset Wiring Box Wiring Drawing启动马达正极接线柱Starter motor positive terminal机壳负极接线柱Chassis negative terminal启动马达继电器线圈Starter motor relay coil电调板（转速控制器）Speed controller电调板（转速控制器）正极Speed controller positive pole转速传感器Speed Sensor油压传感器Oil pressure sensor水温传感器Water temperature sensor机壳接地Chassis earth充电机DC Alternator第四页机组故障Genset Fault 合闸指示Switch on Indication 分闸指示Switch off Indication钥匙型常用/应急转换应急侧Key Type Common mode(Auto)/ Emergency mode（Manual）Transform to Emergency mode（Manual）side （one side）钥匙型常用/应急转换常用侧Key Type Common mode(Auto)/ Emergency mode（Manual）Transform to Common mode(Auto) side （The other side）紧急停机Emergency Stop 额定/怠速Rated/Idling 启动按钮Start Button四组常闭Four Groups Normal Closed 五组常开Five Groups Normal Opening 手动侧Emergency mode（Manual）Side自动侧Common mode(Auto) side钥匙开关型常用/应急转换Key Switch Type Common mode(Auto)/ Emergency mode（Manual）Transform400kW 玉柴自启动控制开关柜400kW YUCHAI Auto-start Control Switch CabineAMF20自启动面板接线图Comap AMF20 Auto-start Faceplate Wiring Drawing。
电气英文翻译
电气英文翻译电气英文翻译2011-02-06 三绕组变压器:three-columntransformerThrClnTrans双绕组变压器:double-columntransformerDblClmnTrans电容器:Capacitor并联电容器:shuntcapacitor电抗器:Reactor母线:Busbar输电线:TransmissionLine发电厂:powerplant断路器:Breaker刀闸隔脱离关:Isolator分接头:tap电动机:motor有功:activepower无功:reactivepower电流:current容量:capacity电压:voltage档位:tapposition有功损耗:reactiveloss无功损耗:activeloss功率因数:power-factor防护等级:IPcode重量毛重:GROSSWT净重:NETWT额定电压:ratedvoltage额定电流:ratedcurrent功率:power功角:power-angle电压等级:voltagegrade空载损耗:no-loadloss铁损:ironloss铜损:copperloss?赵氐缌?no-loadcurrent阻抗:impedance正序阻抗:positivesequenceimpedance负序阻抗:negativesequenceimpedance零序阻抗:zerosequenceimpedance电阻:resistor电抗:reactance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance无功负载:reactiveload或QLoad有功负载:activeloadPLoad遥测:YCtelemetering遥信:YX励磁电流转子电流:magnetizingcurrent常用的电气专业英语词汇inductionmachine感应式电机horseshoemagnet马蹄形磁铁magneticfield磁场eddycurrent涡电流right-handrule右手定则left-handrule左手定则slip转差率inductionmotor感应电动机rotatingmagneticfield旋转磁场winding绕组stator定子rotor 转子inducedcurrent感生电流time-phase时间相位excitingvoltage励磁电压solt槽lamination叠片laminatedcore叠片铁芯short-circuitingring短路环squirrelcage鼠笼rotorcore转子铁芯cast-aluminumrotor铸铝转子bronze青铜horsepower马力random-wound散绕insulation绝缘acmotor交流环电动机endring端环alloy合金coilwinding线圈绕组form-wound模绕performancecharacteristic工作特性frequency频率revolutionsperminute转/分motoring电动机驱动generating发电per-unitvalue标么值breakdowntorque极限转矩breakawayforce起步阻力overhauling检查修理wind-drivengenerator风动发电机revolutionspersecond转/秒numberofpoles极数speed-torquecurve转速力矩特性曲线plugging反向制动synchronousspeed同步转速percentage百分数locked-rotortorque锁定转子转矩full-loadtorque满载转矩primemover 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不间断电源Powerfactor功率因数Spotpowerprice实时电价Tap分接头Time-of-usetariff 分时电价Recoveryvoltage恢复电压XLPECrossLinkedPolyethylene交联聚乙烯电缆Arcreignition电弧重燃Rmsrootmeansquare均方根值Operationmechanism操动机构RFradiofrequency射频Pneumatichydraulic气动液压Rpmrevolutionperminute转/分Nameplate铭牌LANlocalareanetwork局域网Independentpoleoperation分相操作LEDlightemittingdiode发光二极管Malfunction掉灵Singledualringbus单双环形母线Shieldwire避雷线ICintegratedcircuit集成电路Creepdistance爬电距离FFTfastFouriertransform快速傅立叶变换Siliconrubber硅橡胶Telemeter遥测Compositeinsulator合成绝缘子Loadshedding甩负荷Converterinverter换流器逆变器Lateral支线Bustiebreaker母联断路器Power-flowcurrent工频续流Protectiverelaying继电保护sparkover放电Transferswitching倒闸操作Siliconcarbide碳化硅Outgoingincomingline出进线Zincoxide氧化锌PhaseLeadlag相位超前滞后Withstandtest耐压试验StaticvarcompensationSVC静止无功赔偿Dispatcher调度员FlexibleACtransmissionsystemFACTS灵活交流输电体系SupervisorycontrolanddataacquisitionSCADA监控与数据采集EMCelectromagneticcompatibility电磁兼容ISOinternationalstandardizationorganization 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数字信号处理powersystem电力体系impulsecurrent冲击电流powernetwork电力网络impulseflashover冲击闪络insulation绝缘inhomogenousfield不均匀场overvoltage过电压insulationcoordination绝缘配合aging老化internaldischarge内部放电alternatingcurrent交流电lightningstroke雷电波ACtransmissionsystem交流输电体系lightningovervoltage雷电过电压arcdischarge电弧放电lossangle媒质损耗角attachmentcoefficient附着系数magneticfield磁场attenuationfactor衰减系数meanfreepath平均自由行程anodecathode阳极阴极meanmolecularvelocity平均分子速率breakdown电击穿negativeions负离子bubblebreakdown气泡儿击穿non-destructivetesting非破坏性试验cathoderayoscilloscope阴极射线示波器non-uniformfield不均匀场cavity空穴腔partialdischarge局部放电corona电晕peakreversevoltage反向峰值电压compositeinsulation组合绝缘photoelectricemission光电发射criticalbreakdownvoltage临界击穿电压photon光量子Discharge放电phase-to-phasevoltage线电压Dielectric电媒质绝缘体polarityeffect极性效应dielectricconstant媒质常数powercapacitor电力电容dielectricloss媒质损耗quasi-uniformfield稍不均匀场directcurrent直流电radiointerference无线干扰dividerratio分压器分压比ratingofequipment设备额定值grounding接地routingtesting常规试验electricfield电场residualcapacitance残余电容electrochemicaldeterioration电化学腐化shielding屏蔽electronavalanche电子崩shortcircuittesting短路试验electronegativegas电负性气体spacecharge空间电荷epoxyresin环氧树脂streamerbreakdown流注击穿expulsiongap灭弧间隙surfacebreakdown外貌击穿fieldstrength场强sustaineddischarge自持放电fieldstress电场力switchingovervoltage操作过电压fielddistortion场畸变thermalbreakdown热击穿fieldgradient场梯度treeing树梢放电fieldemission场致发射uniformfield均匀场flashover闪络wavefronttail波头尾gaseousinsulation气体绝缘withstandvoltage耐受电压Primemover原动机Powerfactor功率因数Torque力矩Distributionautomationsystem配电网自动化体系Servomechanism伺服体系Automaticmeterreading自动抄表Boiler锅炉Armature电枢Internalcombustionengine内燃机Brush电刷Deenergize断电Commutator换向器Undergroundcable地下电缆Counteremf反电势历史上的今天: 电气专业英语一览英文全称缩写中文【A-G】2011-02-06。
电气专业英语翻译
Foundation of PLC1.1 THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITAlthough referred to as the brain of the system, the Central Processing Unit in a normal installation is the unsung hero, buried in a control cabinet, all but forgotten.1.1.1 Basic FunctionalityIn a programmable controller system, the central processing unit(CPU) provides both the heart and the brain required for successful and timely control execution. It rapidly and efficiently scans all of the system inputs, examines and solves the application logic, and updates all of the system outputs. In addition, it also gives itself a checkup each scan to ensure that its structure is still intact. In this chapter we will examine the central processing unit as it relates to the entire system. Included will be the various functional blocks in the CPU, typical scan techniques, I/O interface and memory users, power supplies, and system diagnostics.1.1.2 Typical Function Block InteractionsIn practice, the central processing unit can vary in its architecture, but consists of the basic building block structure illustrated in Fig.1.1.The processing section consists of one or more microprocessors and their associated circuitry. While it is true that some of the luxury of using microprocessors, most modern systems use either a single microprocessors such as the AMD 2903, usedin a bit slice architecture. This multiple microprocessor system to break the control system tasks into many small components which can beexecuted in parallel. The result of this approach is to achieve execution speeds that are orders of magnitude faster than their single-tasking counterparts. In addition to efficiently processing direct I/O control information and being programmable, the real advantage that microprocessor-based system have over their hardwired relay counterparts is the ability to acquire and manipulate numerical data easily. It is this attribute that makes programmable controllers the powerhouses that they are today in solving tough factory automation problems. The factory of tomorrow will run efficiently only if quality information about process needs and status of the process equipment are known on a realtimes basis. This can and will come about only if the unit level controllers, including programmable controllers, are empowered with the ability to collect, analyze, concentrate, and deliver data about the process. As the market continues to exhibit this demand, manufactures are likely to outfit their controllers with more and more variable memory, and enhanced instruction sets to perform these tasks.The memory segment shown in Fig.1.1 refers to the programmable controller‟s active storage medium. This can be either volatile or nonvolatile in design, and can be configured and used in a variety of ways for both executive program storage, with which the system executes its instructions, and application program storage, for the actual control program.The power supply shown here is used for providing sufficient electrical current for the various semiconductors and other power-consuming devices on one or more of the CPU circuit boards. It can be arranged in a number of different physical ways. It may be located in the same chassis in which the CPU boards are located, or can be mounted in a stand-alone fashion, connected externally to the CPU chassis. Depending on the particular manufacturer‟s configuration, it may also provide power for some of the I/O function, as wellas the CPU.1.1.3 Scan TechniquesBy definition and design, the programmable controller is dedicated to the continuous, repetitive task of examining the system inputs, solving the continuous, repetitive task of examining the system inputs, solving the current control logic ，and updating the system outputs. This task is referred to as scanning (sometimes called sweeping), and is accomplished in slightly different ways in each manufacturer‟s programmable controller. Since many of the variations are not material to the basic functionality of the system, we will only examine the basic varieties.Fig.1.2 shows the functional operation of a typical scan mechanism. You‟ll notice that the I/O servicing is at the end of the scan cycle, and is also an integral part of the scan timing. This type of scan is referred to as synchronous scan and is used with very fast machines that can update all of the I/O without lengthening the scan time materially. A typical scan time in a modern programmable controller ranges from 10~100 ms (milliseconds). Most controllers have a mechanism, watchdog timer, to measure the scan length each cycle and normally 150~250 ms. Referring to Fig.1.1 again, the synchronous scan contains four other actives in addition to the I/O scan. Housekeeping refers to a small number of routine chores performed by the programmable controller to ensure that its internal structure is still healthy and functioning properly. Next comes the communication windows to allow structured communications to other devices in the system, or externally. Included in this group would be the programming device, special microprocessor-based communications modules to allow ultimate communication of the programmable controller system to another intelligent device. Next in linecomes the executive routine, in which the actual base intelligence of the system is used to interpret the current control program. This interpretation is then used in the next step to solve the current control logic program. The last step of this basic scan process is to integrate the currently interpreted control logic program with the most current input statuses from the I/O scan, and to update the output statuses with the current results.The primary variation of this basic scanning technique comes from architectures that service and update I/O with a separate processor, asynchronous to the main logic solution scan. This alternative is common in systems where serial communication is used to control and update racks of remotely mounted I/O. It is also used where all of the I/O is serial, and run in multiple asynchronous scanning technique has the advantage that it allows extensive flexibility in configuring a programmable controller system for a particular application need. It has the disadvantage that while the basis scan rate maybe fast enough to suit an application, the I/O scan(s) actually be longer than the primary CPU scan. This can cause problems in a fast acting system in that the logic solution can occur with relatively “old”input data from the remote I/O channel. While this is at times bothersome, the more dramatic case involves a peculiarity of some programmable controllers in that they may allow input and output data to be updated on separate time bases, providing the possibility of “bad” logic solutions and unpredictable machine actions.As part of the basic CPU structure, a number of error checking procedures are used to maintain a high level of integrity in the communications between itself and its subsystems. This can involve both the internal subsystems, such as the memory, and so-called external subsystems, for example the I/O system. The more common error-checking schemes are outlined below. The first and most is parity. This is used on many communication link subsystems to detecterrors by examining the number of “ones” in each byte of information received, and comparing the total number in any one byte to a predetermined choice of even or odd parity. This corresponds to the total of ones in the byte summing to an even or odd number. This has the advantage of being able to detect a single-bit error, that is where a zero or one has changed state during some operation; but cannot detect two single but opposing bit changes in a byte of memory that cancel each other out and method for error checking, involves the examination of a block of memory for errors as compared to an individual word as done in parity checking. The procedure involves the adding of a single word of memory to a block that is unique to that block. Common varieties of the checksum are the Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC) and the parity check is that it more efficiently uses memory. The third error checking method that we will consider is Error Detection and Correction (EDC). It is used in the more sophisticated programmable controllers provided by a few manufacturers today. In essence it involves a number of complex error correcting codes implemented in the hardware. The Error Detecting and Correcting method has the added advantage that it can sense and correct single-bit error, while only sensing double bit errors.1.1.4 I/O ControlToday‟s modern programmable controller includes a sophisticated method to control the CPU‟s execution of the Input/Output chain. This is referred to as I/O control, or sometimes Bus control. This is actually handled in different ways, depending on the type and style of controller involved. In the small programmable controller, the I/O servicing is performed as an integral part of the primary microprocessor used to control all of the major functions. In medium and large-sized systems, it is common to include a microprocessorboard or subsystem to handle the execution of the I/O updating. This is especially important in the systems that update I/O separately, or synchronously from the main scan.Regardless of the way it is achieved, the I/O control, or updating, is performed for the same reasons. For a successful scan sequence, an accurate execution of the signal level communication to the physical Input and Output modules is required. It is then, and only then, that any changes in the I/O status can be physically updated to actuators or from the sensors.1.1.5 Memory-uses and StructureFig.1.1 shows how the programmable controller memory relates to the other functional block in the CPU. It is memory, along with a microprocessor to exercise it, that separates today‟s programmable controller from its predecessor. Current advances in memory allows both the rapid creation and efficient editing of control programs used to run the manufacturing processes. Different types of memory are used in a variety of programmable controllers for different application or design reasons. Let‟s examine some of them in detail.There are two basic memory categories used by programmable controllers, or for that matter, any microprocessor-base system. They are volatile and nonvolatile. V olatile means that the contents of the memory have no means to remain intact without an external power source connected to maintain the data integrity. Nonvolatile means of the memory remain intact without an external power supply.The segments of memory in a programmable controller system are straightforward.Application Memory. Also called logic memory, it is the section ofmemory used to store the actual control program that the controller uses to control the manufacturing process. This control program is usually created by the system user.Data Table Memory. This term collectively refers to the variable (register) memory, and the input /output status or image tables. The variable memory contains timer and counter values, along with any data used in mathematical calculations performed by the application program. The I/O image tables contain, as the name suggests, a representation of the actual input/output point status, either on or off.Executive. Also called firmware (or just firmware), this section of memory contains the base intelligence of the system. The executive program supervises the basis chores of the programmable controller system including communications with subsystems, control program interpretation and execution, CPU diagnostics, and other housekeeping tasks included in every scan.Scratch Pad. This is a temporary memory area used by the system to store the step-by-step and interim results obtained through some calculations. In some systems, the scratch pad memory contains the programmable controller statistics, such as memory size, amount used, and any active diagnostic flags set. Various segments of the programmable controller use different memory types to accomplish different design or application purposes. Below .we shall examine a sample of memory types, and contrast their use in programmable controllers.Read Only Memory (ROM). This memory was one of the first commercially variable nonvolatile memory types used in microprocessor-based system. ROM get its name from the fact that the memory can be read from (information extracted), but cannot be written into (information placed in). A number of manufacturers of programmable controllers use ROM memory tostore the executive programs. This is because it normally to store the executive programs. This is because it normally requires no adjustment or editing once the system is shipped from the manufacturer. ROM is rarely, if ever, used as application memory, and cannot be used as data table or scratch pad memory because it cannot be updated with data from the operation of the programmable controller execution.Random Access Memory (RAM). This is a volatile memory, but has the advantage over ROM of being capable of being written to as well as read from. It is for this reason that it is sometimes called read/write memory. Any location within the memory can be accessible. Because it is volatile, the memory contents will be lost if power is lost. With a properly designed battery backup system, RAM can retain its current contents during large controllers are normally expandable from one memory size to their maximum size. Small controllers are normally are normally fixed in their memory size. Size of the memory capacity must be examined relative to the word size (8 bit or 16 bit) and utilization. While it is clear that twice the information can be stored in a 16 bit word than in an 8 bit byte, it may not be immediately clear that some controllers utilize memory more efficiently than others. For example, a normally open contact and its associated reference address (e.g. Input 1), may use in 8 bit each for storage. Combined, they consume one 16 bit word. Some controllers may use more memory than this for these instructions or others. In a large program, these inefficiencies can build on each other to cause a poor utilization of the system memory. A careful analysis of the various programmable controller models is required to 20%~40% of memory size to be specified to allow for modifications and later expansion. This analysis, combined with knowledge of the application needs, will allow for an intelligent choice of programmable controller.The memory of a programmable controller is organized in what is called a memory map. This segments, through a process known as partitioning, the memory into functional units. All manufactures use a slightly different technique in designing their controller‟s memory map. Some have variable partitions while others are fixed. All, however, are designed to segment the following functional areas:Executive program(s)Scratch padInput/output image tablesData tablesApplication programWe will now elaborate, in overview fashion on each of the memory map segments. As noted earlier, some controllers offer the user the flexibility (sometimes considered a constraint) of being able to vary the partitions within the memory map. This, in essence, allows the user or system builder to customize the sizes of the application, data table, and other memory segments to suit the particular application. Other controllers offer a preconfigured system, making assumptions about appropriate sizes for the various memory segments and their associated partitions. This eliminates the need for the user to deal with this sometimes confusing operation. As the architecture of programmable controllers continues to evolve, it is likely that the variable partition method will gain favorable momentum. This is likely because it accommodates a wider variety of operating systems and application programs since it can be tailored more effectively. This more flexible future may manufactures with special application software to accomplish an industry specific solution.Executive. This is the basic intelligence of the programmable controller. It allows any application program instructions to be interpreted and acted upon. Itis transparent to the user and is almost never considered to be included in the manufacturers rated memory sizes.Scratch Pad. Also transparent to the user, this memory allows interim computations and some system configuration parameters to be established.Input/output Image Tables. This is one of the most basic and straightforward segments in the memory map. This section of memory contains a stored representation of both the internal and external I/O …points.‟An internal point is an input or output that is used only in an internal control logic process, and is not directly associated with the physical I/O modules. An external point is one that is directly associated or mapped to a physical I/O module, which in turn is physically connected to a sensor or actuator. These tables of the I/O are accessible and viewed by the programming device and some other programmable controller peripherals. They can then be observed or manipulated directly for program creation, editing, or later troubleshooting after the system has been installed. This memory segment is normally partitioned to some default value corresponding to the maximum I/O capacity of the programmable controller. The view seen on the programming device screen is the most current information on the status of the I/O, as it changes the application program instructions and real world environment.Data Tables. Sometimes called the register tables, this segment of system memory contains the variable references used in the execution of the application program. Formatted in 16 bit words (8 bit in older systems), this word include storage of timer and counter accumulated values, in some cases timer and counter preset values, variable storage references for mathematical functions, storage of analog values converted to digital, storage of BCD or ASCⅡinformation, and so on. This segment, in controllers that allow it, is sized by the user to trade-off application program size.Application Program. This segment contains the actual ladder logic control program. Hence it is sometimes called the logic memory section. Again variable in size for some systems, it is created, edited, and later viewed during operation with the help of the programming device using contacts, coils, and other references, and then is converted to machine level code for use by the central processing unit. There are many techniques and devices to accomplish this task.可编程序控制器(PLC)的基础1.1 中央处理单元虽然被称为大脑的系统、中央处理单元在一个正常的安装是无名英雄，被埋在一个控制柜,几乎被忘记了。
电气自动化专业英语全文翻译
电气自动化专业英语全文翻译第一部分:电子技术第一章电子测量仪表电子技术人员使用许多不同类型的测量仪器.一些工作需要精确测量面另一些工作只需粗略估计rough estimates.有些仪器被使用be used to仅仅solely是确定线路是否完整.最常用的测量测试仪表有:电压测试仪voltage testers,电压表voltmeters,欧姆表ammeters, ohmmeters 连续性测试仪continuity testers,兆欧表megohmmeters,瓦特表wattmeters还有瓦特小时表所有测量电值的表基本上都是电流表. 他们测量或是比较通过他们的电流值. 这些仪表可以被校准calibrate并且设计了不同的量程scale,以便to读出期望的数值.1.1 安全预防safety precaution仪表的正确连接对于使用者的安全预防和仪表的正确维护是非常重要的. 仪表的结构construction和操作的基本知识能帮助使用者按安全工作程序safe working order来对他们正确连接和维护.许多仪表被设计的只能用于直流或只能用于交流,而其它的则可交替使用interchangeably.注意:每种仪表只能用来测量符合设计要求的电流类型. 如果用在不正确的电流类型中可能对仪表有危险并且可能对使用者引起伤害.许多仪表被设计成are constructed to只能测量很低的数值,还有些能测量非常大的数值.警告: 仪表不允许超过它的额定rated最大值maximum limit. 不允许被测的实际数值超过exceed仪表最大允许值的要求再强调也不过分overemphasized.超过最大值对指针indicating needle有伤害,有害于interfere正确校准proper calibration,并且在某种情况下and in some instances 能引起仪表爆炸explode造成result in对作用者的伤害.许多仪表装备了are equippedwith过载保护over correct protection.然而,通常情况下电流大于仪表设计的限定仍然是危险的hazardous.1.2 基本仪表的结构和操作许多仪表是根据电磁相互作用electromagnetic interaction的原理动作的.这种相互作用是通过流过导体的电流引起的(导体放置在永久磁铁permanent magnet的磁极poles之间) .这种类型的仪表专门适合于is suit for直流电direct current.不管什么时候电流流过导体, 磁力magnetic force总会围绕导体形成is developed. 磁力是由在永久磁铁力的作用下起反应react的电流引起.这就引起指针的移动.导体可以制成线圈coil,放置在永久磁铁磁极之间的枢钮(pivot 中心)上.线圈通过两个螺旋型spiral弹簧springs连在仪器的端子上.这些弹簧提供了与偏差成正比proportional的恢复力deflection.当没有电流通过时,弹簧使指针回复到零.表的量程被设计来指明被测量的电流值.线圈的移动(或者是指针的偏移)与线圈的电流值成正比.如果必须要测量一个大于线圈能安全负载的电流,仪表要包含旁路bypass circuit 或者分流器shunt.分流器被容纳在仪表盒内或者连接到外部.例子一个仪表被设计成最大量程scale是10A.线圈能安全负载0.001A,那分流器必须被设计成能负载9.999A.当时.001A 流过线圈时指针指示10A.图1.1(A)说明了一个永久磁铁类型仪表.图1.1(B)显示了一个外部分流器连接到仪表端子上. 永久磁铁类型仪表可以被用作安培表或者电压表. 当量程被设计成指示电流并且内阻internal resistance保持最小时, 这个表可以作为安培表用. 当量程被设计成指示电压, 内阻相对relatively高一些时, 这个表可以用来测量电压值.注意:不管如何设计,指针移动的距离取决于线圈的电流值.为了让这类表用在交流电中,在设计时必须作微小的改动.整流器rectifier可以把交流变成直流电. 整流器合并incorporate进仪表中并且量程要指示出正确的交流电压值. 整流器类型的仪表不能用于直流电中并且它一般被设计成电压表.如图1.2,电测力计electrodynamometer是另一种能用于交流电alternating current的既能作安培表也能作电压表的仪器.它由两个固定线圈stationary coils和一个移动线圈movable coil构成consist of. 这三个线圈通过两个螺旋型spiral弹簧串联in series with在一起. 这个弹簧支撑住移动线圈.当电流流行性过线圈时移动线圈顺时针方向in clockwise direction移动.电测力计因为属永久磁铁型仪表it is in permanent magnet-type meters, 量程不是均匀分布的the scale is not divided uniformly. 作用在动线圈上的力根据流过该线圈的电流平方the square of the current flowing through the coil来变化vary with.有必要在量程开始比量程结束分割的密一点.分割点之间距离越大, 仪表的读数越精确.争取strive for 精确的读值an accurate reading是重要的.移动叶片moving-vane结构是仪表的另一种类型.电流流过线圈引起cause两个铁片iron stripes(叶片)磁化to become magnetized.一个叶片是可动的,另一个是固定的sationary.在两个叶片间的磁的作用引起可动叶片扭转turn.移动的数值取决于线圈的电流值.警告:所有描述的取决于磁力作用的仪器,都不要放置在另一个磁性物质附近.它的磁力可能对引起仪表故障或者导致测量值不准确.1.3 测量仪器的使用电压表a voltmeter是设计来is designed to测量measure电路applied a current的电压electrical pressure或者通过元器件across a component的压降voltage drop. 电压表必须与被测量的电路或元器件并联in parallel with.1.3.1 压力检验计(电压检测计)交-直流电压检验计是一种相当粗糙crude但对电工electrician来说很有用的仪器.这种仪器指示电压的近似值.更常见类型指示的电压值如下:AC,110,220,440,550V,DC,125,250,600V. 许多这种仪器也指示indicate直流电的极性polarity.那就是说(i.e=that is)电路中的导体是阳性positively(正)的还是阴性negatively(负) .电压检验计通常用来检验check公共电压common voltages,识别identify接地导体grounded conductor,检查to check for被炸毁的保险丝blown fuses,区分distinguish AC 和DC. 电压检验计很小很坚固rugged,比一般的电压表average voltmeter容易携带和保存.图1.31.4 描述了depict用电压检验计检查保险丝的用法methods.为了确定电路或系统中的导体接地, 把测试仪连接在导体和已建立的地之间. 如果测试仪指示了一个电压值,导体没有接地.对每一个导体重复这个步骤continue this procedure直到until零电压zero voltage出现is indicated(见图1.5) .为了确定任意两个导体间的近似电压值,把测试仪连接在导体之间.警告:要认真读并遵守电压检验计提供supplied的说明书instructions.1.3.2 电压表电压表比电压检验计测量更精确. 因为电压表与被测量的电路或元件并联, 必须有相对高一点的电阻. 内阻要保证通过仪表的电流最小. 流过仪表的电流越小, 对电路特性electrical characteristics的影响effect越小.仪表的灵敏度sensitivity用符号O/V 表示is stated.这个数值越高仪表的质量越好.高灵敏度可使电路特性的改变减到最小.电工使用的仪表精确度在95%到98%之间.这个精确度范围对大多数应用是满意的.然而, 电力工作者力求strive to obtain最精确的可能读数是重要的. 一个精确读数可以在仪表盘上显示standing directly in front of the meter face也可以直接读出来.如果在指针后面有镜子,调整视线的角度直到指针在镜子中看不到映象.如要更精确可以使用数字表.电压表有与电压检验计同样的应用. 电压表比电压检验计更精确. 因而, 也支持更多的应用. 例如,如果一个建筑物的供电电压低于正常值slightly below normal,电压表能指示出这个问题.电压表也用来确定馈电线on feeder和支线电路导体branch circuit conductors的压降值voltage drop.电压表有时有不只一个量程. 选择一个能更精确测量的量程很重要. 选择器开关范围达到这个目的.注意:开始用一个适当的高一点的量程,然后逐渐降低到在限定范围之内的最低量程.设定选择器开关在可用的最低量程上能使读数达到最精确.使用仪表之前,要检查仪表确保指针指在零上.在仪表盘下面有一个调整螺钉an adjustment screw.一个轻微的扭动就能使指针偏移.扭转调整螺钉使指针对准零线.当在DC 中使用电压表时,保持maintain正确proper的极性是很重要的.大多数的直流电源和仪表都用颜色标记color coded极性polarity.红色指示阳极,黑色指示阴极.如果电路和元件的极性未知,触一下端子的导线leads观察observing指针indicating needle.如果指针犹豫着试图attempts to摆动,仪表导线连接就要颠倒一下be reversed.警告:不要让仪表连接反的极性polarity reversed.1.3.3 安培表安培表是用来测量电路或部分电路的电流数量的. 他与被测电路元件串联连接. 仪表的电阻必须非常低这样不会影响restrict流过电路的电流. 当测量很灵敏的设备的电流, 安培表电流的轻微改变可能会引起设备的故障.安培表象电压表一样, 也有一个调零的调整螺钉. 许多仪表也有镜子帮助assist使用者保证读数精确in obtaining an accurate reading.安培表常用来找出过载或者开路.他们也用来平衡线路的负荷loads on multiwire circuits 和确定故障位置malfunctions.安培表总是与被测电路或元件串联连接.如果使用在DC 下要检查极性.图 1.6(A)显示了安培表测量电路的电流.图 1.6(B)显示的是AC 安培表.Chap2 固体功率器件的基本原理2.1 引言(绪论) 本章将集中讨论固态功率器件或功率半导体器件,并且只研究它们在采用相控(电压控制) 或频率控制(速度控制)的三相交流鼠笼式感应电机的功率电路中的应用.2.2 固态功率器件有五种用于固体交流电机控制中的功率元器件: (1) 二极管(2) 晶闸管(例如:可控硅整流器SCR) (3) 电子晶体管(4) 门极可关断晶闸管(GTO) (5) 双向可控硅晶闸管SCR 和双向可控硅一般用于相位控制(相控) .各种二极管,晶闸管SCR,电子晶体管,门极可关断晶闸管的联合体用于频控.这些器件的共性是:利用硅晶体形成的薄片构成P-N 结的各种组合.对二极管,SCR, GTO 一般P 结叫正极N 结叫负极;相应的电子晶体管叫集电极和发射极.这些器件的区别在于导通和关断的方法及电流和电压的容量. 让我们根据他们的参数简单看一下这些元器件. 2.2.1 二极管图 2.1 显示了一个二极管,左边部分显示的是在硅晶体中的一个PN 结,右边显示的是二极管的原理图符号. 当P 相对于N 是正时,由于节上有一个相当低的压降,前向电流开始流动.当极性相反时, 只有一个极小的反向漏电流流动.这些用图 2.2 阐明.前向电压通常大约有1V,不受电流额定值的影响. 二极管正向导通电流的额定值取决于其尺寸和设计, 而这二者是根据器件散热的要求来确定的,以保证器件不超过最大结温(通常为200C) . 反向击穿电压是二极管的另一个重要参数. 它的值更取决于二极管的内部设计而不是它的物理尺寸. 注意:一个二极管只有当加上正向电压时才会正向导通.它没有任何固有(内在的)的方法控制导通的电流和电压值. 二极管主要用在交流电路中作整流器,这意味着它们把AC 整流成DC,同时产生的直流电流和电压值没有固有的控制方法.单二极管可用额定值到4800A 和最大反向电压1200V, 2000A 最大反向电压4400V. 2.2.2 晶闸管图 2.3 显示了晶闸管(一般也叫可控硅)的PN 结排列和它的原理图符号.注意这不同的结从正到负是PNPN,还有一个门极连到了内部的P 层. 如果没有连门极,并且阳极加反向电压,从正极到负极就没有电流通过.这是因为内部P 结由于未通电而工作在阻断电路.这种情况对于正向阻断状态也是正确的.然而,当阳极是正的并且正信号作用到门上,则电流将从正极一直流向负极即使门极没有正信号. 换言之, 门极能打开晶闸管但不能关断它. 关断晶闸管的唯一方法是通过外部方式在正极强加上一个零电流. 因此在前向导通只能通过强加零电流停止方面, 晶闸管与二极管是相似的.然而,晶闸管与二极管在如何启动前向导通方面是不同的. (1)阳极是正(2)门时刻是正.这个特性暗指了术语"可控硅" . 图 2.4 阐明了晶闸管的稳态伏安特性.注意反向电压和反向泄漏电流的形状与二极管的很相似.反向电压导通时比二极管的高,通常有 1.4V.阻断状态也有一个极小的前向泄漏电流. 在二极管中,稳态电流值是由器件的性能和底座(散热器)散发的热量确定的.晶闸管的最大结温比二极管要低,大约在125C.这意味着在同样的额定电流下,加上 1.4V 的前向压降,晶闸管比二极管的前向压降大的多.单晶闸管可用额定值在最大反向电压2200V 超过2000A,在在最大反向电压4000V 超过1400A. 2.2.3 电子晶体管(电子管) 图2.5 列出了一个典型功率电子管的结排列,原理符号图和伏安特性.如果集电极为正, 除非在基电极和发射极间有电流才有电流从集电极到发射极. 与晶闸管比较, 只有在基极有电流时, 电子管没有从集电极到发射极的自锁电流. 基极开路, 集电极到发射极将阻断电流. 功率电子管与晶闸管在控制前向导通的启动时相似. 它与晶闸管不同的地方在于它能控制关断和交流电机频率控制所必需的换向. 注意伏安特性没有显示反向特性.一般的,一个反向分流二极管连在发射极和集电极之间, 以保护电子管受反向电压伤害.功率电子管的可用额定值是最高反向电压1000V400A. 2.2.4 门极可关断晶闸管GTO 图 2.6 显示了GTO 的原理符号.GTO 与晶闸管的相似处在于PNPN 结的排列和前向电流的操作.如果阳极是正的,导体的启动是通过作用在门上的正脉冲.然而硅片和结是利用特殊特性设计的,所以即使阳极保持正值,加到门上的强负电流作用迫使前向电流阻断.GTO 常用的瞬间额定值是PRV1200V2400A.2.2.5 双向可控硅图2.7 显示了双向可控硅的原理符号图.一个双向可控硅由一个特殊的晶闸管包(包含前向和反向晶闸管)组成,它的操作由一个门极控制.他们常用在调光器电路中或者作为继电器的开关, 这样截止态下很小的泄漏电流不会引起其它控制器的误操作. 随着增加电流容量可控硅的可用性使他们用于交流电机的相位控制中. 2.3 功率半导体容量功率器件在稳态交流电机马力范围大于600V 时如何用,用在哪里摘要显示在表 2.1 中. 马力额定值基于没有并联的器件. 2.4 功率半导体的物理特性在物理特性条件下,有三类最常用的功率半导体: (1)栓接式(2)薄片或冰球式(3)绝缘散热器类型.他们的共同特征是需要与其它器件有物理联系.这器件叫散热器,为了保持结温在设计值内把内部热量散发出去.散热器吸收结的热量通过散热片,轮片(螺旋桨叶片) 或者液体冷却剂发散出去.液体冷却剂几乎从不用于600V 级的固态交流电动机控制中,而且也不包含在我们的讨论中. 这三类功率半导体的不同在于它们如何安装, 他们如何与散热器连接. 2.4.1 栓接式螺纹部分可能是PN 结的一部分,或者是与有源电子部分电子绝缘.在任一种情况下,螺纹部分常常插入散热器的螺纹孔. 栓接式器件在小马力额定值下常用来作为直接功率控制器件, 在大马力额定值下常用来作为辅助保护器件.在后一种情况下,它们常直接安装在较大器件使用的散热器上,如冰球式设计. 2.4.2 冰球式器件典型冰球式功率器件可能是二极管, 可控硅或GTO. 尺寸范围直径从近似25MM 到100MM. 每一个平坦的面即不是P 也不是N 结.热传递和导电从这表面产生.冰球式器件典型安装是联接铝型材的散热器.特别的箝位电路,联接绝缘混合剂和扭矩扳手都是需要的,用来确定光热传递和电导率. 由于栓接式和冰球式器件的散热器都能传递电流, 他们必须与机械底托电子绝缘. 轮片能加到散热器上增加热量排放并且增大固定负荷状态的完成. 由于散热器能在同样电压水平下作为功率器件, 冰球式和栓接式的固态AC 电动机控制必须通过附件(外壳)供给.附件(外壳)必须有合适的通风口或热交换器使得热量能散发.它不会用在放在安全封套中的用法,例如象NEMA12 的密封盒或相似的外围物. 2.4.3 绝缘散热器件绝缘散热器功率器件可能是二极管,可控硅,GTO,三极管或双向可控硅.单个的包包含器件的联合体,在内部以线加固.区别的特征是术语"绝缘散热器" .有一个铝底盘在每个包下面.这个底板与功率器件之间是导热并绝缘的.结的大部分热量传给了铝盘.这个底板依次安装在第二个更大的散热底板上.这个更大的散热底板在对面有鳍状表面. 绝缘散热器的设计使它自己是个完全封闭的设计. 他们也有经过预包装的已经内部加固过的复合器件的优点. 他们的缺点是通过底部安装的底板散热的能力有限, 所以固定负荷状态必须小于开放的散热器—安装在冰球式器件上. 尽管如此, 绝缘散热器在一般应用和器件容量的使用上迅速增长. 在较高的左上角的排列是唯一的, 同样它联合了有所有封闭设计的绝缘散热器概念的冰球式的优点(例如,易替换,易互换) .它也被恰当的称为"开放块状"模式. 2.5 换流在深入的讨论实际的固态交流电机的控制之前, 将换流的概念和种类阐述清楚是必要的. 换流的不同类型指所有讨论的固态电动机控制. 换流是功率半导体器件中负载电流被截止或停止流动或转换到另一回路的过程. 有以下三种换流方式: (1)自然或线电压换流(2)负载换流和(3)强制换流. 2.5.1 自然或线换流图 2.8 显示了功率半导体电路把AC 转换成DC.这个列举chap 3 模拟电子3.1 介绍3.1.1 模拟和数字电子的对比我们已经研究了晶体管和二极管作为开关设备怎样处理被以数字形式描述的信息(数字信息) .数字电子象用电力控制开关那样使用晶体管: 晶体管被饱和或者切断.动态区域只是从一个状态到另一个状态的过渡. 对比起来, 模拟电子取决于晶体管和其他类型放大器的动态区域. 希腊词根"analog" 意味着" 以一定的比例" ,在这里表示信息被编码成与被描述的量(被表达量) 成正比的电信号. 在图 3.1 中我们的信息是某种音乐,是乐器的激励和回响自然发起(引起) .被传播出的声音在于空气分子的有规则的运动并且被最好作为声波理解. 在话筒(扩音器)的振动膜里的这些产生的运动,依次产生一个电信号.电信号的变化与声波成比例(在电信号方面的变化是声波的成比例表现) .电信号被通过电子放大,即利用输入放大器的交流电能将信号的功率放大. 放大器的输出驱动一个录音磁头并且在磁盘上产生波浪状的槽沟. 如果整个系统是好的,空气的一切声变将被记录在磁盘上,当记录被通过一个相似的系统播放时,信号通过一个扬声器作为声音能量再传播出来,结果原始音乐被如实的再现了. 基于模拟原则的电子系统形成一类重要的电子仪器. 收音机和电视的广播是模拟系统的典型例子,许多电子仪器也是模拟系统,它们的应用包括偏差检测(应变计量器) ,运动控制(测速机)和温度测量(热电耦) .许多电子仪器---电压表,欧姆表,安培表和示波器利用了模拟技术,至少部分利用了模拟技术. 在数字电子计算机被发展之前,模拟计算机一直使用.在模拟计算机中,微分方程里的未知量被用电信号来模拟. 这些信号被用电子的方法积分,比例变换和求和以获得方程的解,比起解析或数值运算的求解方法要容易一些. 3.1.2 本章的主要内容模拟技术广泛地运用频域的观点.我们首先扩大我们的频域的概念包括周期,非周期和随机信号. 我们将看到大多数模拟信号和过程可以被表示为频域. 我们将介绍频谱的概念, 也就是,用同时存在的很多频率来表达一个信号.带宽(频宽)(频谱的宽度) 在频域上将与时间域上的信息率有关. 频域的这个被阐述的概念也帮助我们区分线和非线性的模拟设备的影响. 线性电路被显示有"滤波器" 的能力而不需要频率组件.对比起来,新频率可以被象二极管和晶体管那样的非线性的设备产生.这种性能允许我们通过调幅和调频调制技术在频域上转换模拟信号, 这种调制技术已被公开广泛地使用公用和私人通信系统. 作为一个例子我们将描述一台调幅收音机的操作. 下面我们研究一下反馈的概念, 在模拟系统中通过反馈可以交换到象线性或者更宽的带宽那样合乎需要的质量. 如果没有反馈, 象音频放大器或者电视接收机那样的模拟系统最多提供了一个糟糕的性能. 理解反馈的好处可以提供正确评价模拟电子中运算放大器的很多用途的基础(提高对模拟电子中运算放大器的很多用途的认识) . 运算放大器(简写OP amps) 是模拟电路的基本组成部分,正如NOR 或非和NAND 与非门电路是数字电路的基本单元一样. 我们将介绍一些运算放大器一般应用, 以在模拟计算机里的他们的用途来结束. 3.2 运算放大器电路3.2.1 介绍(1) 运算放大器的重要性.运算放大器是一个在受负反馈控制的高增益的电子放大器,用来在模拟电路中完成很多运算功能.这样的放大器最初被发展完成运算,例如在模拟计算机里为微分方程的求解的积分和求和. 运算放大器的应用被增加了, 直到目前为止, 大多数模拟电子电路基于运算放大器技术.例如,你需要一个放大器获得10 倍的增益,便利, 可靠性, 费用考虑将确定使用一个运算放大器. 因此, 运算放大器形成模拟电路的基本构件, 正如NOR 或非和NAND 与非门电路是数字电路的基本单元一样. (2) 运算放大器模型典型的特性.典型的运算放大器是利用十多个晶体管,几个二极管和很多电阻器的一个复杂的晶体管放大器. 这样的放大器被在半导体芯片上批量生产并且售价少于 1 美元一个.这些部件是可靠,耐用的,并且在他们的电子特性接近理想. 图 3.2 显示一台运算放大器的基本特性和符号.有两个输入电压u+和u _ ,用大的电压增益差分放大, 通常达105 - 106. 输入电阻R 也很大, K -100 M 欧. 100 输出电阻Ro 很小, 10-100 欧. 放大器经常用正极(+ Ucc) 和负极(-Ucc) 电源提供直流电源. 对这个情况来说,输出电压在供电电压之间,- Ucc<Uo<+ Ucc. 有时一个电源接地( 即,"-Ucc" =0). 这样的话输出电压在0<Uo<+ Ucc 之间.电源连接很少被画进电路图,可以认为运算放大器和合适的电源连结起来.因此运算放大器接近一个理想的电压放大器,有高的输入电阻,低的输出抵抗和高的增益. 高增益通过使用强大的负反馈变为其他有用的特征.负反馈的全部好处被运算放大器电路利用了. 对那些早在这章里列举, 我们将为运算放大器电路还增加 3 个好处: 低扩张性, 便于设计,和简单的构造. (3) 这节的内容.我们首先分析两个普通运算放大器应用,反相和同相放大器.我们通过一个简单而有效对任何运算放大器电路使用的一种方法,推导出这些放大器的增益. 我们然后讨论有源滤波器.这是有(带了)增加了频率响应的电容器的运算放大器.然后我们简单讨论模拟计算机,以讨论运算放大器的一些非线性的应用来结束. 3.2.2 运算放大器(1) 反相放大器. 反相放大器,用图 3.3 显示,使用一个运算放大器和两个电阻. 运算放大器的输入是地(零信号) ; 负(-) 电源连接输入信号(通过Ri) 并且(通过RF) 反馈到输出信号.在下列讨论中容易混淆的是我们必须同时谈到两个放大器.运算放大器是在负反馈放大器里形成放大要素的一种放大器, 负反馈放大器包含运算放大器加上相关电阻. 为了减少混乱,我们保留术语" 放大器" 只用在反馈放大器的总体上.运算放大器绝不是一个放大器;而被叫为运算放大器.例如,如果我们对放大器提及输入电流,我们指通过R1 的电流,并非进运算放大器的电流. 我们在图里能求出 3.3 反相放大器的增益,通过求解基本的电路法则(KCL 和KVL) 或者通过试图把电路分成主要放大器和反馈系统模块.不过,我们将提出另一方法,这种方法基于运算放大器增益很高,接近无限.在如下内容里,我们将给一般的假设,这可提供给任何运算放大器电路;然后我们将把特定假设用于目前的电路.因此,我们将建立反相放大器的增益和输入电阻. (1) 我们假定输出表现良好不试图达到无限.因此我们假定负反馈使放大器稳定, 因此适度的输入电压产生适度的输出电压.如果电源是+ 10 和-10 V,例如,那些输出必须位于这些有限值之间. (2)因此,运算放大器的输入电压非常小,基本上零,因为它是输出电压除以运算放大器的大的电压增益U+-U _ =0 = 》U+= U _ 例如,如果lUol<10 V 并且A= l05, 然后我u+ u _ l<10 /lOs = 100 UV. 因此对任何运算放大器电路通常u + 和u _ 在100 uV 或更少内相等. 对在图3.3 的反相放大器来说, u+接地; 因此,u _ =0. 从而,放大器的输入电流将为Ui-u _ Ui 见(3.1) il = Ri ~ R 1 (3) 因为u+=u _ 并且Ri 很大,进入放大器的+极和-极的运算放大器的输入电流将非常小,基本上零见(3.2) 例如, Ri = 100 k, {i _ }<10-4 /lOs = 10-9 A. 对于反相放大器,公式(3.2) 暗示输入端的电流I 流过RF, 如图。
工程术语翻译
图面电气用图例符号graphical symbol for electrical apparatus室内配线用符号graphical symbol of interior wiring diagram for arctectical plans单线图single line diagram电力分布图power distribution map总接线图overall connection diagrm顺序接线图,原理图(1)sequence diagrm(2)scematica diagrm盘后接线图panel back connection diagrm装置内部接线图device inside connection diagrm连锁框图inter lock block diagrm继电气整定一缆表relay setting schedule电机一缆表motor schedule危险区域图hazardous area plan防爆设备一缆表list of explosion protection for electrical equipment in hazardous areas 电气设备布置图electrical equipment layout电气设备布置一缆表electrical equipment schedule单元配制图unit arrangment电动机控制中心柜表control center cabinet unit schedule主电缆布置图main cable rout plan配线布置图wiring layout电缆布置详图detail drawing for cable arrangment电缆支架布置图cable rack layout电缆一缆表cable schedule接地线布置图(1)grounding layout(2)earthing layout照明回路一缆表lighting panel board circuit schedule照明灯具一缆表lighting fixture schedule通信系统布置图communication system layout火警系统布置图fire alarm system layput电气工程典型祥图typical detail drawing for electrical work外形尺寸图outline dimention drawing端子箱祥图terminal box detail drawing电气材料一缆表list of construction material for electrical work电气一般直流direct current交流alternating current脉动电流pulsating current电功率electric power电功效率(1)active power(2)effective power频率frequency市电频率(1)power frequency(2)commerical power高次谐波higher harmonics有效值,effective value最大值maximum value峰值crest value按扭push button平均值mean value波形系数wave-form factor失真率distortion sequence相位phase相序phase sequence效率efficiency损失loss功率因素power factor功率因素补偿power factor improvement 接线方式connection中性点neutral point中性线neutral line配电线路方式distribution line system电压voltage低压low voltage高压high voltage特别高压extral-high voltage超高压ultra-high voltage标准电压standard votage公称电压nominal voltage最高电压maximum voltage额定电压rated voltage线电压line voltage相电压phase voltage外加电压applied voltage对地电压line to ground voltage终端电压terminal voltage剩余电压residual voltage反常电压abnormal voltage冲击电压impulse votage电涌电压surge voltage开闭异常电压switching abnormal voltage 接触电压touch voltage阶跃电压step voltage绝缘强度dielectric strength漏电距离creepage distance电压调节,稳压voltage regulation电压降voltage drop瞬间电压降voltage dip电流current额定电流rated current许用电流allowable current启动电流starting current冲浪,浪涌rush current短路电流short-circuit current接地电流groung fault current激磁电流exciting current充电电力网charging current放电电流discharging current短时电流short-time current断路电流(1)interrupting current(2)breaking current 断路时间(1)interrupting time (2)breakig time接通电流making current接通时间making time操作时间operating time启动时间starting time阻抗电压impedance voltage负荷burden导体conductor半导体semiconductor绝缘体(1)insulator(2)insulating material电阻resistance电阻率(1)resistivity(2)specfic resistance内阻internal resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance磁感应magnetic induction电磁力electromagnetic force电磁感应electromagneticinduction电感inductance静电static electrcity静电力electrostatic force静电感应electrostatic induction电容capacitance感应干扰electrical interference effect气体放电gaseous discharge无照电流dark current火花放电spark discharge电晕放电corona discharge电弧放电arc discharge辉光放电glow discharge集肤效应skin effect电蚀electrohytic corrosion电防护,阴极保护cathodic protection触电electric shock漏电leak配电所swich yard功率通量线路power flow输电power transmission输电线transmission line输电系统transmission system输电端sending end输电电压transmission voltage输电端电压sending end voltage交叉换位transposion受电(1)power receiving(2)power reception 接收端receiving end受电电压receving voltage配电power distribution配电线distribution line干线main line支线branch line电源线feeder配电系统distribution system配电电压distribution voltage模拟母线mimic bus母线(1)bus(2)busbar接地母线grounding bus责任分界点responsibility transfer point用电户electric power consumer最大需用电力maximum load最大电负荷(1)_maximum load(2)maximum power 电消耗power consumption安装负荷install load需用率demand factor负荷率load factor盐腐salt contamination停电(1)power failure(2)service interruption 接地故障(1)ground fault(2)earth fault断线breaking of wire短路short circuit过载电流overcurrent过载电压overvoltage欠压undervoltage带电电线hot-line电气设备电气设备electrical equipment直流发电机d-c generator交流发电机a-c generator同步发电机synchronous generator感应发电机induction generator发电机generator发电机电动机generator motor直流电机d-c motor同步电动机synchronous motor感应电动机induction motor鼠笼式感应电动机squirrel-cage induction motor绕线感应电动机wound-rotor induction motor交流整流式电动机a-c commutator motor转子rotor定子stator电枢armature整流子commutator磁场field励磁excitation励磁电流exciting current励磁机exciter阻尼线圈(1)damper winding(2)amortisseur winding同步synchronism同步速度sychronous speed牵入pul-in牵出pul-out同步化synchronization震动hunting启动starting启动电流starting current启动时间stearting time启动器stator启动变阻箱starting rheostart启动补偿器(1)starting compenstaor(2)auto-transformer starter 直接启动direct-on line starting星三角启动star-delta starting补偿器启动(1)starting compenstaor(2)auto-transformer starter 部分绕阻启动part-winding starting电抗器启动reactor starting短路环shading coil旋转方向direction of rotation满负载速度full-load speed变速电动机(1)variable speed motor(2)adjustable speed motor速度调节装置speed control eqipment 转距torque满负荷转距full-load torque转距速度曲线torque-speed curve 反向制动plugging发电制动dynamic braking 再生制动regenerative braking 微动inching短路系数short-circuit ratio 轴承电压shaft voltage涡流cross current回转磁场revolving magnetic filed 磁场中心magnetic center轴向间隙end play推力thrust轴承bearing机座号frame number外壳enclosure变压器transformer匝数比turn ratio最大效率maxmum efficiency 极性polarity保油箱conservator接地屏蔽grounded shield抽头转换开关 4454tap changer滑线调压器slide voltage regulator 交流不停电电源装备（UPS ）电动发电机组motor-generator set 蓄电池（1）storaye battery（2）accumulator铅蓄电池lead-acid battery 碱性蓄电池alkaline battery 放电率discharge rate放电终了电压final discharge rate 充电器battery charger初充电initial charger浮充电floating charger 均匀充电equalizing charger 整流器rectifier静电电容器（1）power capacitor（2）static condenser电感式调压器induction voltage regulator （2）non-breaking a-c power supply system（1）uninterruptibie a-c power supply自动调压器automatic voltage regulator自动同步机selsyn配电板switchboard封闭式配电盘metal-enclosed switch board单元封闭式配电盘 unit metal -rncosed swittchbozrd开启式配电盘open type switch board密封配电盘cubicle铠装配电盘metarclad swith board负荷中心柜load center cubicle电力中心柜power center cubilic电动机控制中心柜（1）.control center cubicle（2）.motor control center拼式配电盘mosaic switchboard照光配电盘luminted switchboard配电板pannel grouped to form a switchboard盘后配线panels back wiring配电板 1.distruution bord2.pannel board开关装置switchgear断路器circuit breaker(CB)控制＼运行保持holding复位、重复reset设定setting释放release脱离drop-out励磁energized跳闸energized中断、切断（1）interruption（2）.interrupting（3）breaking断路（1）disconnecting（2）isolating继电器relay延时继电器time relay控制开关control switch接点、触点contact指示灯pilot lamp试验端子testing terminal运行、操作、运转running operating working关闭closing自清理作用（1）self-cleaning effect（2）self-wiping effect反跳（1）chattering（2）bouncing潜动creeping浮动、漂浮floating熔合触点welding of contact烧毁（1）burning（2）burn-out连续运行continous duty短时间运行short-time duty间歇运行intermittent duty周期运行、定期运行periodic duty操作系数operating factor连续运行定额continous rating短时间运行定额short time rating接地（1）grounding（美）（2）earthing（英）静电接地保护grounding for static-electricity protection 避雷接地grounding for lightning protection系统接地system grounding有效接地系统effectively grounding连续接地inter-connected grounding接地母线grounding bus/busbar接地回路grounding circuit接地阻抗（1）grounding resistance（2）resistance to ground接地装置grounding device中性点接地装置neutral grounding device接地导体（线）grounded conductor避雷针（器）（1）lightning rod（美）（2）lightning preventer（英）架空地线overhead ground wire雷(1)lightning(2)thunder雷击lightning stroke照明照明（1）lighting（2）illumination照明器具（1）lighting fixture（2）luminaire（3）lighting fitting光源luminous source光通量luminous flux光强度luminous intensity照度（1）illuminance（2）intensity of illumination辉度luminance光强度分布曲线（1）luminous intensity distribution curve（2）light distribution curve等照度曲线（1）isoluxcurve（2）isophoto curve照度标准（1）standard level of illumination（2）standard illumination intensity照明利用率（1）coefficient of utilization（2）utilization factor维修率maintenance factor房号指示room index作业面working plane发光率(1)luminaire efficiency(2)light output ratio of fitting光照效率(1)efficiency of luminous source(2)lumincus efficiency of lamp复色性color rendering properties荧光luminescence电加热electric heating电阻加热resistance heating电弧加热arc heating感应加热induction heating电感加热dielectric heating红外线加热infrared radiation heating管线电伴热electric heating of piping line绝缘电线sheathed wire电炉electric furnace通信系统(1)intercommunication system(2)communication system清淅度(1)articulation(2)percent articulation可懂度(1)intelligibility percent(2)interlligility噪音、杂音noise听觉范围auditory sensation area音强sound intensity音压等级sound pressure噪音等级（1）sound pressure level（2）noise level响度（1）sound level（2）loudness level输出声音功率sound power of source功率等级power level增益gain信噪比signal-to-noise ratio周波特性frequency characterisitic方向特性directivity characteristic阻抗匹配impedance matching衰减器attenuator放大器amplifier电话（1）telephone(2)telephony电话机telephone set电话交换机（1）telephone exchange（2）telephone exchanger内部交换机private branch-exchange(PBX)内部中转台attendant board分散式中转系统subscriber-attended PABX system电话中转器（1）telephone repeater（2）repeater局内线指示箱trunk line indication box夜间转送装置night transfer set自动寻呼交换机public address system传呼系统automatic exchange with public addressing function（1）paging system（2）paging equipment听筒handset音箱、喇叭（1）speaker（2）loud speaker按钮式对讲机press-to-talk-conversation电话会议conference talk对讲机interphone计时系统clock system工业用电视industrial television (ITV)监视器（1）monitor television（2）picture monitor无线通讯设备（1）radio communication equipment（2）wireless communication equipment固定台fixed station移动台mobile station天线antennaaerial发射机transmitter接收机receiver收发机transmitter-receiver无线话筒wireless microphone调制modulation解调demodulation选择性selectivity灵敏性sensitivity保真度fidelity配线材料电线（1）electric wire（2）wire绝缘电线insulated wire聚氯乙烯绝缘电线polyvinyl-chloride insulated wirethermoplastic-covered wire户外用聚氯乙烯绝缘电线outdoor weather-proof polyvinylchloride insulated wire (OW-WIRE)架空滑触线trolley wire软导线cord导线载面积conductor cross-section area心线core电缆（1）cable（2）electric cable电视摄像机television camera护套sheath铠装armor橡皮绝缘线（1）cabtyre cable（2）flexible tough cable无机绝缘电缆mineral insulated cable铝合槽电缆combined duct cable屏蔽电缆（1）shielded cable（2）screened cable充油电缆oil-filled cable电缆头（1）cable head（2）cable pot-head电缆沟cable trench电缆槽cable trengh电缆管cable duct电缆支架、托架（1）cable rack（2）cable tray地下槽工（1）floor duct（2）underfloor duct电线管raceway悬缆线messenger wire导线管conduit tube钢性金属电线管rigid steel conduit铝电线管aluminum conduit硬塑料管hard polyvinyl chloride conduit 柔性电线管flexible conduit电线管附件(1)conduit fitting(2)condulets接线箱junction box穿线哈盒pull box地盒floor box插座盒outlet box插座receptaclesocket outlet压线板crimp terminal夹紧端子compression terminal铜管端子copper pipe terminal夹紧接线端子clamp terminal夹板cleat绝缘胶带adhesive tape子粘胶带self-bonding tape紧固线binding wiretie wire绝缘膏compound绝缘子insulator电气施工配线材料wiring暗配线concealed wiring明配线（1）exposed wiring电缆配线cable laying地下线路underground line地上线路on-ground line架高线路pipe stand line架空线路overhead line接头connectionjoint端头处理terminationcable end treatment铝热焊thermit welding母线槽配线工作bus duct wiring work绝缘子架线工作insulator-supported wiring work 测定,试验接地电阻试验grounding resistance testearth resistance test绝缘电阻试验insulation resistancedielectric strength testhigh-voltage withstand test极性测试polarity checking test绝缘油试验insulation oil checking test温度上升实验tempterature rise test继电器实验relay checking test机构动作实验mechanism operating test动作顺序试验sequence testverification of operational function旋转方向测试check of direction of rotation无负荷实验no-load test负荷实验actual loading test导通实验continuity test导电实验energizing test点灯实验lighting on-off test精度等级accurary class精度precision双功率表法two-wattmeter method电压等级fall- of- potential method仪用变压器instrument transformer分流器shunt增倍器multiplier电流互感器current transformer (ct)零序电流互感器zero-phase sequence current transformer (ZCT)电压互感器potentical transformervoltage transformer探测线圈search coil动圈式仪表moving coil type meter电力测功仪electrodynamometer type meter广角式测量仪wide angle type meter扩展刻度表extended seale电流表ameter电压表voltmeter电子电压表electronic voltmeter功率表wattmeter电度表watt-hour meterintegrating power meter最大需用量表maximum demand meter功率因素表power-factor meter频率表frequency meter磁通量表fluxmeter电流计galvanometer电位差计potentionmeter单臂(惠斯登)电桥wheatstone bridge双电桥double bridge交流电桥a-c bridge接地电阻计grounding-resistance meterearth -resistance meter兆欧表insulation resistance metermegger耐电压实验器withstand voltage tester绝缘油耐压实验器withstand voltage tester for insulation oil介质损耗仪dielectric loss tangent meter继电器实验仪relay tester电路测试仪(1)circuit tester(2)tester电路电流计line current meter相序指示器phase rotation indicator周波计数器cycle counter频闪仪strobcscope测速骑tachometer照度计illumination meter表图面仪表盘布置图instrument arrangement on panel模拟盘尺寸图flow plan for graphic panel仪表供电及接地系统图instrument power supply &grounding diagram联锁系统图interlock block diagram仪表回路图instrument loop diagram仪表导压管联结图instrument pressure piping hook-up仪表蒸气伴热联结图instrument steam tracing hook-up分析仪器管联结图analyzer piping hook-up控制室内仪表盘布置图layout of instrument panel in control room控制室内管线布置图layout of instrument wiring &piping in control room 仪表主电缆桥架布置图layout of instrument main cable duct仪表主电缆敷设图layout of instrument main cable仪表布线图layout of instrument wiring仪表空气配管图(信号)l ayout of instrument air piping-signal air仪表空气配管图(空气)l ayout of instrument air piping-supply air仪表共用工程管线图layout of utility piping for instrument仪表接地布置图grounding layout for instrument现场仪表布置图plot plan of field instrument仪表配管\配线区域划分图key plan for instrument layout drawing仪表安装图typical drawing for instrumentation field work预制件制作图typical drawing for instrumentation fabrication仪表管线连接端子图instrument wiring tubing connection listinstrument wiring tubing connection list in control room 控制室内管线连接端子表仪表施工材料表material list for instrument模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signal反馈控制feedback control前馈控制feedforword control串级控制cascade control超驰控制override control分配控制bath control顺序控制sequence control比例控制proportional control action积分控制integral control action微分控制derivative control action两位式控制on-off control action正作用direct action反作用reverse action报警装置annunciatior连锁系统interlock system巡回检测器data logger演算器scanner力平衡computing element位移平衡force balance变送器transmitter仪表保温伴热一缆表heating schedule仪表设备一缆表instrument schedule热电偶thermocuple热电阻resistance thermometer bulb温度计保护管thermowell双金属温度计reference junction冷端cold junction熔断burn-out补偿导线extension wire孔板orifice园心孔板concentric orifice偏心孔板eccentric orifice圆块孔板segmental orifice文丘里管venturi tube流量喷嘴blow nozzle取压方式orifice taps法兰取压flange taps1D，1/2D取压1D and 1/2D taps角接取压corner taps毕托管pitot tube面积式流量计variable area flow meter容积式流量计positive displacement flow meter 透平流量计turbine meter电磁流量计magnetic flow meter压力开关pressure switch差压变送器differential pressure transmitter 压力计manometer玻璃管液位计tublear type gage glass反射式玻璃板液位计reflex type gage glass透光式液位计through-vision type gage glass 浮子式液位计displacer控制阀和安全阀saunders 阀门saunders valve自力式阀门self-acting control valve阀门定位器valve positioner分程split range故障保持failure lock阀门流量特性曲线flow characteristic of valve幅度变化范围rangeabilityCV值CV value阀门驱动器valve actuator安全阀safety valve微启式low lift全启式high lift直通式full bore valve弛放阀relief valve设定压力set pressure累积压力accumulation超压over pressure其它全模拟盘full-graphic panel半模拟盘semi-graphic panel操作柜console panel仪表盘安装形式flush mount工业用气象色谱仪process gas chromatograph红外线分析仪infrared conductivity analyzer热导分析仪sampling system采样系统miniature valve微型阀门air filter regulator空气过滤减压器3-valve manifold 三阀组seal pot隔离罐condensate pot冷凝罐drain pot排放罐siphon pipe虹吸管siphon tube脉动阻尼器pulsation dampener 接线箱junction box隔板bulkhead支座管pipe stanchion底座channel base分析计量analyzer shed升压继电器booster relay记录仪trend recorder辅助继电器pilot relay计算机机系统情报处理自动化设计automated design计算机辅助设计computer aided design数据处理data processing (dp)电子数据处理electronic data processing远距离通信处理teleprocessing在线系统on-line system时间共享系统time-sharing system(TSS)数据输入系统data entry system远距离作业输入remote job entry计算机网络computer network主计算机host computer智能终端intelligent terminal人机通信man-machine communication交互系统interactive system会话系统conversational system模拟simulation命令语言command language图象处理image treatment硬件hardware关键字keyword双精度double procision记录record域field文件file数据集data sheet主文件master file文件管理file management列colum溢出overflow计算机语言机器语言machine language汇编语言assemble language编译compilation源语言source language问题指向语言problem-oriented languageCOBOL common business-oriented languageFORRTRAN formula translating systemPL/1programming language程序库progrm library子程序subroutine文件终止符end-of-file异常终止码abnormal end code后台处理background processing前台处理foregroung processing在线实时处理on-line real time processing数据库data base数据库管理系统data base mangemant system数据库管理员datas base administrator数据独立data independence数据保密datd security主语言host languge数据操作语言data manipulation language数据描述语言datda description language终端用户语言end user language计算机处理口令password树结构tree structure网络结构network strcture卡片读入机card reader绘图机plotter行打印机line printerCRT显示装置cathode-ray tube display unit文学文字识别optical character display unit字符显示character display大规模集成电路large scale integrated circuit芯片chip氧化铁半导体metal oxide semiconductor总线bus自动扫描仪auto-scanner光标cursor数字化仪digitizer光笔light pen单板机micro commputer只读存储器red-only memory随机存储器random access memory (ram)微处理器microprocessor接口interface处理性能化throughput追历时间turnaround time响应时间repense time断点,检测点check point检测debug转储dump硬拷备hard copy要求request登率log on故障安全系统fail-safe存取方式access method顺序存取sequential access随时存取random access批处理batch processing多道处理multiprocessing多道程序处理multiprogromming位bit字节byte字符character字word实用程序utility routing算法algorithm框图block digram流程图flow chart高效编程技术improved programing technologies 操作系统operating system作业job作业控制语言job control language编类程序cataloged procedure编类数据集cataloged data procdure连接编辑器linkage editor装载摸块load module目标摸块object module区域region资源分配resource allocation图解schem中央处理器central proccessing unit(CPU）外围设备peripheral equipment终端设备terminal equipment操作台console输入输出设备input/output unit通道channel主存储器main memory集成电路内存IC memory磁盘存储器disc storage磁带机magnetic tape unit卡片穿孔机card punch。
[全]电路仿真软件CADe_SIMU的电气元件符号翻译
![[全]电路仿真软件CADe_SIMU的电气元件符号翻译](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1c8e45bfb84ae45c3a358c6f.png)
电路仿真软件CADe_SIMU的电气元件符号翻译
随便点击红色方框中的区域
输入4962，就可以进入画图界面
这样就进入了画图及仿真页面，可以点上面的放大镜大点，图纸默认是横版A4大小，下面我重点讲每个符号代表什么元件。
后面的序号跟这个序号是一致的
一、总菜单总共有11个符号，就是红框框里面的。
分别代表1交直流电源、2熔断器和断路器、3自动开关和热继电器、4接触器主触点、5交直流电机、6电子元器件、7接触器及热继电器辅助触点、8按钮开关、9接近开关及其它、10线圈及输出、11导线及电缆。
1、交直流电源
各类电源
2、熔断器和断路器
熔断器和断路器3、自动开关和热继电器
自动开关和热继电器4、接触器主触点
接触器的主触头5、交直流电机
根据需要选择电机6、电子元器件
电阻、变频器、整流桥7、接触器及热继电器辅助触点
各种辅助触点
8按钮、手动开关
按钮及热继电器触点
9接近开关及其它
还没使用，翻译过来再更新文章。
10线圈及输出
线圈及输出
11导线及电缆
各种导线，地线用绿色的虚线，接线要用节点。
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1电缆沟及接地点图CABLE HOLE DRAWINGgalvanized steely pipe 1/2"galvanized steely pipe 3—1 1/4 ”2电气布置图6.6kV电气主接线图6.6 kV the main electrical wiring drawing 1＃机组高压柜1 # set high voltage cabinet2＃机组高压柜2 ＃ set high voltage cabinet新增高压柜Add high voltage cabinet新增干式降压变压器Dry step-down transformer新增干式升压变压器Add dry type transformer booster发电机PT1柜Generator PT1 cabinet发电机PT2柜Generator PT2 cabinet发电机进线柜Generator input line cabinet母线PT柜Bus PT cabinet馈线柜1(去电站）Feeder cabinet 1 （to power station）压缩机电源进线柜Compressor power input line cabinet压缩机电源柜1Compressor power cabinet 1压缩机电源柜2Compressor power cabinet 2备用柴油发电机进线柜1spare diesel generator input line cabinet 1 预留1Spare 1母联柜1Bus coupler cabinet 1母联柜2Bus coupler cabinet 2预留2Spare 2压缩机电源柜3Compressor power cabinet 3厂用变柜Factory transformer cabinet压缩机电源备用柜Compressor power spare cabinet备用柴油发电机进线柜2spare diesel generator input line cabinet 2 馈线柜2（去电站）Feeder cabinet 2 （to power station)软启动柜DLT—RQ接触器柜1Contactor cabinet 1接触器柜2Contactor cabinet 2接触器柜3Contactor cabinet 3配电间power distribution room控制间Control room无功补偿柜Reactive compensation cabinetD128。
43.4950机组6.6kV系统单线图The 6.6 kV system single line diagram发电机同期元件安装在燃机控制柜，发电机保护（含转子保护）装在发电机进线及母线PT 柜的仪表室内，线路保护装在发电机出线柜仪表室内。
Generator synchronizing devices are installed in gas turbine control cabinet, generator protection (including the rotor protection） are installed in generator input line and bus PT of cabinet of instrument indoor, line protection is installed generator outout line cabinet instrument indoor.励磁调节Excitation regulation高/低频保护High/low frequency protection差动保护differential protection过电压保护Over Voltage Protection转子接地保护rotor earth fault protection失磁保护lossof field protection负序过流保护Negative sequence over current protection定子95％接地保护95％ of the stator ground fault protection过负荷保护Overload protection复合电压启动过流保护Composite voltage start over current protectionD128。
43。
4850发电机同期回路原理图Generator synchronizing circuit principle diagram同期选择开关Choose switch in the same period合闸指示灯Close brake lights分闸指示灯Break—brake indicator同期闭锁开关Closure switch in the same periodD128.43。
4851发电机进线柜端子接线图Generator input line cabinet terminal wiring diagram 断路器操作回路Operating circuit breaker断路器合闸回路The breaker loop断路器跳闸回路Trip circuit breaker自动准同期Automatic Synchronized System同期柜指示Synchronized cabinet indication同期选择信号Selection signals in the same periodD128。
44。
49531#机组高压开关柜排列图1 ＃ unit high—voltage switchgear arrangment diagramD128.44。
49542＃机组高压开关柜排列图2 # unit high-voltage switchgear arrangment diagramD128.43.4810发电机出线、中性间原理图Generator output、neutral cabinet principle diagram去发电机保护（在发电机进线柜、母线PT柜仪表室）To generator protection (in generator bus line cabinet PT ark instrument roomD128。
43。
4811发电机出线、中性间端子图Generator output、neutral cabinet terminal wiring diagramD128。
43。
4951机组6。
6kV主接线图1＃ 6.6 kV the main electrical wiring drawing真空断路器VD4—12/Vacuum circuit breaker VD4—12高压熔断器high—voltage fuse电流互感器LZZBJ9—10Current transformer LZZBJ9-10电压互感器JDZX—6.6KVCurrent transformer LZZBJ9—10接地开关earthed switch过电压保护器the overvoltage protector消谐电阻器LXQ零序电流互感器zero sequence current transformer发电机差动保护装置Generator differential protection device 发电机后备保护装置Backup generator protection device线路保护装置line protective devices带电显示器EVI—R电磁锁electromagnetic lockD128.43。
4800发电机PT1柜原理图Generator PT1 cabinet principle diagram 备用接点spare contact手车试验位置Hand trolley testing position手车工作位置Hand trolley working position电压互感器二次回路The secondary circuit voltage transformer测量回路Measuring Circuit励磁调节回路Excitation adjusting Circuit发电机保护回路Generator protection circuit传感器Sensor空气开关air—break switch温控Thermal Control Circuit温湿度控制器Digital temperature controllers and humidity controllers D128.43。
4801发电机PT1柜端子图Generator PT1 cabinet terminal diagramD128.43.4802发电机PT2柜原理图Generator PT2 cabinet principle diagramD128.43。
4803发电机PT2柜端子图Generator PT12 cabinet terminal diagramD128.43。
4804发电机进线柜原理图Generator input line cabinet principle diagram后备保护back—up protection出口断路器GCB跳灭磁开关break out magnetic switch机组停机Shutdown发电机后备保护出口功能Backup generator protection export function发电机机端差动CT断线The power generation conveying rate differential CT disconnected 失电告警Lose electric alarming小母线Miniature bus检修状态Condition Based Maintenance外部复归External return失磁保护lossof field protection负序过流Negative flow sequence对称过负荷Over load symmetry复压过流compound voltage over—current频率异常Frequency anomaly定子接地Stator ground fault t转子接地rotor ground fault储能回路Energy storage loop储能指示Energy storage instructions 逆功率Reverse powerGPS对时GPS time setting485接口485 interface面板标志Panel sign手柄方向Handle direction预备合闸Prepare on远方Remote就地local弹簧未储能Spring not energy storage 合位指示灯Close an indicator合闸闭锁回路Close brake atresia loopD128。