文档高效11第二版
精品文档-数字图像处理(第二版)何东建-第11章
第11章 图像编码
11.2 哈夫曼编码 11.2.1 哈夫曼编码的理论基础
根据信息论中信源编码理论，当平均码长R大于等于图像 熵H时，总可设计出一种无失真编码。当平均码长远大于图像 熵时，表明该编码方法效率很低； 当平均码长等于或很接近 于(但不大于)图像熵时，称此编码方法为最佳编码，此时不会 引起图像失真； 而当平均码长大于图像熵时，压缩比较高， 但会引起图像失真。在变长编码中，如果码字长度严格按照对 应符号出现的概率大小逆序排列，则其平均码字长度为最小， 这就是变长最佳编码定理。变长最佳编码定理是哈夫曼编码的 理论基础。
第11章 图像编码
(2) 小波编码。1989年，S.G.Mallat首次将小波变换用 于图像编码。经过小波变换后的图像具有良好的空间方向选择 性，而且是多分辨率的，能够保持原图像在各种分辨率下的精 细结构，与人的视觉特性十分吻合。
(3) 模型编码。模型编码是近年发展起来的一种很有前 途的低比特率编码方法，其基本出发点是在编、解码两端分别 建立起相同的模型，编码时利用先验模型抽取图像中的主要信 息并用模型参数的形式表示，解码时则利用所接收的模型参数 重建图像。
(2) 保真度编码, 主要利用人眼的视觉特性，在允许的 失真(Lossy)条件下或一定的保真度准则下，最大限度地压缩 图像。保真度编码可以实现较大的压缩比，主要用于数字电视 技术、静止图像通信、娱乐等方面。对于这些图像，过高的空 间分辨率和过多的灰度层次，不仅增加了数据量，而且人眼也 接收不到。因此，在编码过程中可以丢掉一些人眼不敏感的信 息，在保证一定的视觉效果条件下提高压缩比。
1.18Gb/s
20～25Mb/s
4:1:1
167Mb/s
4～8Mb/s
4:1:1
C语言程序设计基础第二版课程设计
C语言程序设计基础第二版课程设计介绍C语言是一种广泛应用的程序设计语言，具备高效性、可移植性和易学易用等特点。
C语言程序设计基础第二版是一本关于C语言的教材，以简洁明了的语言阐述了C语言的各种基本概念和应用场景。
本次课程设计旨在加深学生对C语言的理解，从而提高实际的编程能力。
通过实践演练，帮助学生掌握C语言的基本操作和常见技巧，以便在日后的编程实践中更加游刃有余。
目标本次课程设计主要目标如下：1.帮助学生深入理解C语言的语法和常用的编程技巧。
2.培养学生的编程思维，注重算法和实现。
3.提升学生的团队协作和沟通能力。
分工针对本次课程设计，将学生分为三组:1.编写单个程序的组（5人）：该组学生将负责设计和编写单个C语言程序，要求代码结构清晰，逻辑清晰，充分考虑可读性和可维护性。
2.编写多个程序的组（5人）：该组学生将负责设计和编写多个C语言程序，每个程序的功能各异，从基础的语法运用到高级操作的实现。
3.管理和协调组（3人）：该组学生将负责监督和协调整个课程设计的进程，负责程序的统一管理和排版。
要求1.每个组需要完成的程序数量不少于5个。
2.代码量不少于500行。
3.提交的代码和文档需要使用Markdown文本格式输出。
4.文档中包含程序的详细说明和对代码实现的解释，注重实用性和易读性。
5.最终产出的程序都需要经过测试和完善，确保代码的运行正确和稳定性。
6.全部源码和文档需要打包并提交。
时间进度本次课程设计的时间进度如下：1.第一周：确定分组，明确全组任务，熟悉Markdown格式。
2.第二周到第六周：分别完成单个程序和多个程序的编写，周期时间限制为一周。
3.第七周：总结经验、讨论问题、修改收尾。
参考资料1.C程序设计基础（第2版）作者：谭浩强2.《C程序设计语言》（第2版）作者：Brian W. Kernighan，DennisM. Ritchie3.C语言程序设计（第3版）作者：陈洪庆, 陈小莉结论本次课程设计旨在使学生更深入地理解C语言的基本要素和常用技巧，锻炼学生的编程思维能力和团队协作沟通能力，从而为日后的编程实践和职业规划打下坚实基础。
精品文档-天线与电波传播(第二版)(宋铮)-第11章
(11-4-5)
E EAC ECA
第11章 地面波传播
对电波在不同性质地面上的传播进行计算，所得结果对于 合理选择收发两点的地质情况具有重要意义。例如，在图114-2所示的条件下，地面波从A点出发，经混合路径到达B点， 可算出衰减因子如图11-4-3所示。由图可见，虽然总的路径是 相等的，但“海洋-干土-海洋”的路径损耗小于“干土-海洋干土”的路径损耗。因此可以把地面波的传播过程和飞机的飞 行相比拟，好像电波是从发射天线地区起飞，在离开地表面一 定高度上向接收天线方向飞行，然后在到达接收天线的区域降 落。只有在起飞和降落时，地面对飞机才起作用。这种现象称 为地面波的“起飞-着陆”效应，图11-4-4为地面波传播时的 想象图像。所以在实际工作中适当选择发射、接收天线附近的
将Pr=1kW, D=3代入式(11-3-1)
(11-3-2)
E1x
173 1 3 r(km)
A( mV/m )
３105 A V/m
r(km)
第11章 地面波传播
图11-3-1～图11-3-3中衰减因子A值已计入大地的吸收损 耗及球面地的绕射损耗。从图中可以看出，对于中波和长波， 传播距离超过100 km后，场强值急剧衰减，这主要是绕射损耗
0 0~r
第11章 地面波传播
利用边界条件, (11-2-4) (11-ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้-5)
E1z H1y
0 0~
:
E1x 0
H1y
0
E1z
E1x
~r
E1x
r j60
(11-2-6)
第11章 地面波传播 根据边界条件式(11-2-1)
(11-2-7)
E2 x
E1x
~r
修身养性、自我提升：高效工作八大技能共76页文档
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联
41、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸 收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
42、只有在人群中间，才能认识自 己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育； 而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
修身养性、自我提升：高效工作八大技能
11、获得的成功越大，就越令人高兴 。野心 是使人 勤奋的 原因， 节制使 人枯萎 。 12、不问收获，只问耕耘。如同种树 ，先有 根茎， 再有枝 叶，尔 后花实 ，好好 劳动， 不要想 太多， 那样只 会使人 胆孝懒 惰，因 为不实 践，甚 至不接 触社会 ，难道 你是野 人。(名 言网) 13、不怕，不悔(虽然只有四个字，但 常看常 新。 14、我在心里默默地为每一个人祝福 。我爱 自己， 我用清 洁与节 制来珍 惜我的 身体， 我用智 慧和知 识充实 我的头 脑。 15、这世上的一切都借希望而完成。 农夫不 会播下 一粒玉 米，如 果他不 曾希望 它长成 种籽； 单身汉 不会娶 妻，如 果他不 曾希望 有小孩 ；商人 或手艺 人不会 工作， 如果他 不曾希 望因此 而有收 益。-- 马钉路 德。
新标准高职实用综合教程(第二版)第2册教案
An Integrated Skills Course 2Unit 1 Blue-Collar workersObjectives:1. Enlarge students’ vocabulary relating to Blue-Collar workers;2. Let students have some idea of personal qualities;3. Make students know how to write a note of thanks;4. Learn different usages of Modal Verbs.Focuses:1.V ocabulary: (omitted)2.Speaking: the personal qualities and the jobs of the Blue-Collar workers3.Grammar: Modal verb in English4.Practical writing: How to write a note of thanksOutline:Period 1: Warm-up Discussion; study of words and expressions in Text APeriod 2: Discussion of Text APeriod 3: Comprehensive ExercisesPeriod 4: Grammar Tips; Modal VerbsPeriod 5: Discussion of Text B and the follow-up ComprehensionPeriod 6: Practical WritingPeriod 7: Starting Out & In-class Activities (Practical Listening and Speaking Course)Period 8: Cultural Notes & After-class Activities (Practical Listening and Speaking Course)Methods:(1)Practice speaking and listening(2)Discussion(3)Presentation and role play(4) ExercisesTeaching ProceduresPeriod 1:Step 1. Warm-up Discussion (5 minutes)Ask the students to talk about the jobs and the personal qualities of the Blue-Collar workers. Question 1:Do you like Blue-collar jobs?Hint: I like blue-collar jobs because (1) the demand is huge; (2)we can get professional training and technical knowledge;and (3)the salary is good.Question 2: What will be your favourite blue-collar job and why?Hint: My favourite blue-collar job is that of a gardener, because(1) I can work outdoors and enjoythe fresh air;and(2) I can keep fit and get good pay.Step 2. Background Information (10 minutes)A blue-collar worker is a member of the working class who performs manual labor. Blue-collar work may involve skilled or unskilled, manufacturing, mining, construction, mechanical, maintenance, technical installation and many other types of physical work. Blue-collar work is often paid hourly wage-labor, although some professionals may be paid by the project or salaried. There is a wide range of payscales for such work depending upon field of specialty and experience.White-collar workers typically perform work in an office environment and may involve sitting at a computer or desk. Service workers, or pink-collar workers, make up a third type of worker. Their labor is related to customer interaction, entertainment sales or other service-oriented work.Step 3. Vocabulary in Text A (20 minutes)Ask Ss to read new words and expressions by themselves and then read the new words together. Explain the important points.1. Heartland n.the area or region where a particular set of activities or beliefs is most significant 中心地区，心脏地带Jack had a six-day bus tour around the industrial heartland of America.杰克在美国工业中心区域乘大巴旅游了六天。
（完整版）写作高级教程（第二版）参考答案
V、练习参考答案练习1I、1、the（各项均为负。
)2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。
）3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。
）4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。
）5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R 的圆周运转。
）6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。
）7、an （这是一个h参数。
）8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。
）9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。
）10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。
）11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。
）12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。
）13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。
）14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！）II、1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from’an University of Technology in 1988.3.4.5.或How much time] is required to this experiment?The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.III、1.2.Finally, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by thi smethod.3.the security ofsharing system4.5.练习2I、1. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and5. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. Its error is six parts in 1012.2. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5. Now its internal pressure is one third what it was.III、otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are usedcan be neglected.CBO4. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.练习3I、1. This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknownquantity.3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.6. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] the equation, we obtained the following expression..3. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. This computer is very good in performance.5. These waves travel only in one direction.III、th of October.4. V5. They will to internationalmobile communication.otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are usedcan be neglected.CBO7.练习4I、1. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in the chapters which follow.4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. The answer to this problem looks correct.9. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. These charges can interact with other charges present.14. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]2. The resistance of a conductor depends on the material which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.练习5I、ways which follow.ground.kII、multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.III、R o.6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、not.练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、radars.robot.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, this phenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、s4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、is easy 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.6. The results obtained values. […are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、2. Not only temperature and but thewould like to express our . Smith for his great help.练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.6. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on/round an iron core.7. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,”the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle.III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set of equations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as IV、1.voltage.2.3. A4.5.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.5. These two resistors should be selected/chosen so that the transistor can operate normally.6. The body is in such a state that it can do work.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was thethe fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account. III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systems to intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signals.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.4. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.5. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts. III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、1. The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2. Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8. We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、1. The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3. The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.9. These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built.10. The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0o C.III、1. As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2. As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.the same effect as is produced by those forces together.such differential equations as occur in physics.5. This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.7. This current is, as predicted, very small,8. First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、3. Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、2. This paper presents a method an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.3. of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is[A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.]an RF amplifier, a mixer, an IF amplifier, an A/D converter, etc.etc.”的黑点重合在一起了）with the curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have; 10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14. be; 15. leakII、1. Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3. It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.4. It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once.5. Without semiconductors, satellite communications would be impossible.6. We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.7. The requirement that energy (should) be conserved must be satisfied.8. Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.III、1. It was this scientist who/that discovered this phenomenon a century ago.3. The speed with which sound waves move through a medium depend on the properties of the medium.4. It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used.5. This property we call inertia.IV、1. The author is engaged in the teachingvision, image processing and recognition.2. Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.3. Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time tointerest to communications engineers.5. The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.练习13II、1. By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across thebattery when there is no flow of current.2. In the table below/which follows are listed various parameters of familiar computers.3. An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods.4. Only when x = 8, does this equation hold/apply.5. Of particular importance/Especially important are the two concepts which follow.6. Such a set we call the mathematical system.7. Rarely does one know this function with precision.8. This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.9. Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted/explained.10. By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a wire.II、1. The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.2. It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor.3. In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention.4. This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volt.5. The cathode, when heated, emits electrons.6. Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium.7. If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.8. The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor.III、1. An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device.2. The magnetic field is the space around a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force.3. This leads to the battery voltage in the model of 500 mV.4. This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.5. This is responsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water that falls on the land.6. The question now arises how these unknowns can be determined.7. It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.8. The assumption has been made that the pressure always remains constant during the test.IV、1. The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.2. The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.3. A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.4. Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by)5. Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder6. Analysis of the ability of a quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad environment练习14I、1.then; Next2.while3.of course4.However5.In general; while6.Hence7.In fact8.For instance9.but; However; namely [that is]10.InsteadII、It has been observed that bodies do not change their state of rest or motion until some other body forces them to do it. It is known form experiment that a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless a force is applied to make it move.A book lying on a table stays there unless a force is applied to move it. It is alsoknown that any body, once (it is) in motion, will continue to move because of its inertia. To stop it a force must be applied by any other body.III、1. An analysis of the EMI spectrum the input of the SMPS and itsperformance of the system is an improved system is presented.4. In this way, the area of an antenna site may be reduced to one-third that of the conventional one.satisfy the conditions of Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.6练习15I、Semiconductors are a substance whose conductivity lies/comes/is between that of conductors and that of non-conductors. Common examples are silicon and germanium./Silicon and germanium are in common use. Semiconductorsconductivity. Therefore/Thus/So/As a result,for automatically counting parts on conveying beltspurposes.II、ξ1 andη3.very quickly.3. The features of this new algorithm are simplicity and objectivity.4. It deserves to be further studied which nonlinear function should be selected.of the system was conducted at a factory in Hong Kong with练习16I、1．This paper presents a new temperature-measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles.2. This point remains to be further studied.3. In the previous section, we dealt with the composition of a computer.4. It follows from this experiment that volume is inversely proportional to pressure.II、1. This new method has many advantages over those available/over the existing ones.2. The variation of pressure with temperature is obvious.3. We can determine the response of the device to frequency.4. This paper deals with the effect/influence/impact of EM waves on/upon human bodies.5. This paper presents initial researches on fluids.III、1. Two other parameters are also very important.2. This section introduces four additional/added kinds of instrument.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. We shall adopt a new set of parameters here.5. This technology has reached the advanced world level.6. Major theoretical developments in the 20th century are presented in this paper.IV、1. This cable has an approximate length of 20 meters/a length of approximately 20 meters.2. These pipes have an average length of slightly/a little/a bit under/less than 5 meters.3. Light has a speed through water of 224 million meters per second.4. Any other sea does not have as high a salt content as the Dead Sea (does).5. This force has a torque arm of zero.6. These forms have the advantage that it is easy to see how the results are affected by changing the angles.V、1. some distilled water2. the unknown substances3. man-made satellites4. amplitude-modulated signals5. chromium-plated steel6. the new racing cars7. freely falling bodies8. blue-lined paper9. an acute-angled triangle10. a wide-toothed sawVI、1. This method requires a much smaller amount of computation than that one (does).2. This device consumes much less energy that that one (does).3. We should use as simple a structure as possible.4. We have obtained satisfactory/satisfying results.5. Body A possesses more potential energy than body B.6. This fluorescent screen displays clearer pictures than that one.VII、1. …… because of fairly low conductivity of the skin.2. At temperatures greater than 80o C, …….3. At/For/With constant pressure, …….4. At/On/After the completion of all tests on the unit, …….5. For/With small values of ω, ……VIII、1. Operation beyond this hyperbola will result in diode power dissipation in excess of its maximum rating of 1W.2. Inclusion of the meter circuit in the feedback path minimizes the effects of diode nonlinearities on circuit performance.3. Differentiation of this equation gives the following expression.4. A temperature rise of 50o C/A rise in/of temperature by 50o C would damage the device.5. The large size of the resistor makes it possible to neglect it.6. Limited space allows only a brief discussion of quartz-crystal technology. IX、1. This fraction is rationalized by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate.2. The addition of two complex numbers is accomplished by separately adding the real and imaginary parts.3. The/Its solution is accomplished by first finding out I1.4. These three parameters are related by the following equation.5. V is related to t by Eq. (1–1).X、This paper presents a new design method, with emphasis on the guidelines of thought for its derivation. It has many advantages over those available [the existing ones]. Finally [Lastly], Its application is illustrated with an example. XI、1. Fig. 3 shows a transmission line with a length of I and a characteristic impedance of 500 Ω.2. Although there are many ways to produce random numbers, the procedure for producing them is quite complicated.3. As is known, when one reads a Chinese character, he or she does not consider every detail in it.4. The Hash algorithm is a scheme by which data of any length can be compressed into data of a fixed length.5. The number of times this value occurs in the observations is given in the first column.练习17I、1. （略）2. David J. Minot attended the University of California, Berkeley, CA. from 1994 – 1998. He earned the BS degree in botany there in 1998, and the M. Eng. Degree in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2000. Since 2004 he has been working towards the Ph.D.degree in computer science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.In 1998 he served as a teaching assistant at the University of California. From 2000 to 2001 he was with the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. His research interests concentrate on the development of software.II、This device can identify whether an IC functions properly or not and it can determine the type of an unknown chip. It can test as many as more than 700 kinds of IC. It is characterized by easy operation, high testing speed and great portability. Its price is only about one-third that of the imported product of its kind/the same kind.III、1. It is important how the transmitting antenna pattern is determined./What is important is how to determine the transmitting antenna pattern.2. δandδe can be obtained from Eqs. (3) and (4).3. There are two factors controlling the diffusive signal process: (1) the diffusive signal, which can be a brightness signal or a motion-matching signal;(2) the position of the diffusive signal, which determines where the diffusive process starts.4. The following concept is one of the basic principles on which the neural system is based.5. A method to increase the accuracy of range alignment by applying the forward-backward linear prediction is presented.练习18I、1. Frequency is defined as the rate at which something occurs./By frequency is meant the rate at which something happens.2. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.3. Elasticity is defined as the tendency of an object to return to its original state after being deformed./By elastic ity is meant the tendency ….4. An isosceles triangle is a triangle/one having two equal sides/having two。
0课后测试- Word中的快速高效功能介绍
课后测试-Word中的快速高效功能介绍单选题1. 在Word文档中，精细调整页边距的最佳方法是：正确答案：【alt】键加拖拽鼠标2. 要想选中整个Word文档中的内容，可以在左边界（）击。
正确答案：三3. 关于Word文档中的双击，下列说法错误的是：正确答案：双击标尺是打开页面布局4. 利用【插入】菜单插入“日期和时间”时，第一步是：正确答案：选择语言5. 在Word文档中，通过【插入】方式插进来的图片是：正确答案：嵌入型6. 在Office2007或者Office2010的新版本中，自动更正要点左上角的office按钮→word选项→（）→自动更正选项。
正确答案：校对7. 下列选项中，不能用于自定义快捷键的是：正确答案：F18. 在Word文档中，查找和替换的快捷键是：正确答案：【ctrl】键加字母H9. 在安装Office时，最佳的安装方式是：正确答案：最大安装10. 在Word中，手动换行符是【shift】键加：正确答案：【enter】键判断题11. 在Word软件的空白文档中，可以在光标任意双击的地方进行书写。
此种说法：正确答案：正确12. 在Excel和Word中，设置中文大写的方法是一致的。
此种说法：正确答案：错误13. 利用图文集是将固定的图形、图片、文字等插入Word中的最好方法。
此种说法：正确答案：正确14. 域在Word中其实就是一个函数代码。
此种说法：正确答案：正确15. 在Word中，如果是普通文本的符号，要利用三个wingdings、一个webdings去找；如果是其他的图标，要用子集分类去找。
此种说法：正确答案：错误。
需求工程项目前景与范围文档
实验报告□实践报告□课程名称：软件需求工程实验名称：订餐系统项目前景与范围文档实验地点：太原理工大学虎峪校区专业班级：软件工程1417学号：2014005993 学生姓名：曹旭清指导教师：王建珍2017年5月3日1.业务需求1.1应用背景××是某个大学城的一家餐厅，经营几年，已经初具规模，但是一直以来，该店收益都不能令人满意，经营规模也没有得到提升。
从餐厅开始营业以来，该店在经营管理方面一直存在诸多问题，而且都没有得到很好解决；比如顾客的订餐电话杂乱，导致接线员工作繁忙，不能很好的完成工作；同时需要一位会计需要对顾客顾客的订餐时间、地址等信息都要进行手动排序，来达到优化送货员的服务的目的。
该餐厅对于顾客的资料信息没有储存，甚至连每次的订单以及用户信息记录都被随意抛弃；导致接线员在接到“老客户”时候每次都要重新记录有关信息，这样很不利于增加本店的回头客的迫切需要，另外当顾客向接线员询问一些建议时，接线员不知道如何去推荐也不知道该推荐些什么食物；送货员在送货完成进行交易时需要顾客使用现金支付，而且没有其他任何更加方便的支付手段，所以送货员身边还要带零钱，导致送货员工作效率不高；对于账单结算，本店只能通过会计的手工进行，这样不仅容易出错而且又费时间；现在，经理想要扩大经营范围，但是一番实施之后，发现愿意加盟连锁的并不多；经理自己也不能很好的解释原因；最近一段时间，该店顾客数量在逐渐减少，这是一个令人担忧的状况，员工们也讨论过，但是都不能给出具体的原因，有可能是宣传力度不够，也有可能是食物质量问题，还有可能是本店的服务不到位，或者其他原因；甚至每种问题都存在。
前段时间，经理了解到现代企业都有着自己的软件管理系统，能大幅度提高企业管理效率和质量；于是经理借鉴和参考这样的模式，决定为为该餐厅添加一个管理系统，希望能通过这样的软件系统，尽可能多的解决餐厅面临的问题，同时帮助提高餐厅的管理水平，获得更多的收益。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
材料十一：
关于高效课堂我们明天的路在何方？
高效课堂是开放的课堂，需要不断创新、不断发展。
那么，高效课堂的未来究竟是怎样的，我们应该从哪些方面拓展创新路径呢？
1从理念到行动，回归教育规律
“我们学校的升学率在全省是最高的，如果课改，升学率降低了怎么办？”许多学校面对课改都会提出这类问题，进而就是“不敢改”“不愿改”。
所有的改革都是艰难的、痛苦的，甚至是残酷的。
我们曾经多少次寄托于所谓“循序渐进”的改良？但结果往往是“夜郎自大”和“故步自封”。
实际上，课改最重要的不是创新，而是回归。
课改要回归教育的原点——回归教育规律、回归学生身心发展规律、回归课堂教学规律、回归学科知识建构规律。
如果不彻底抛弃那些违背教育规律的做法，课改必将举步维艰。
谈起理念，许多校长都头头是道，许多教师也明明白白。
比如，“自主、合作、探究”，大家都非常认同，但一到实践，又有多少遵照这种理念进行课堂教学的教师呢？我们的教育不缺理念，缺的是行动——用来诠释理念的行动。
“想到的要说到，说到的要做到，做到的要见到”，从理念到行动应该遵循如下逻辑：有了理念问目标，有了目标问流程，有了流程问工具，有了工具问执行，有了执行问评价，有了评价问使用。
2从知本到能本，关注创新实践
人不是知识的容器。
学知识是为了增长能力，从知识本位向能力本位转型是素质教育的应有之义。
最近发布的《国务院关于深化考试招生制度改革的实施意见》明确提出：“依据高校人才选拔要求和国家课程标准，科学设计命题内容，增强基础性、综合性，着重考查学生独立思考和运用所学知识分析问题、解决问题的能力。
”
从知识转向能力，绝不是说知识不重要，而是说课堂不能仅仅停留在知识传递的层面，更要强调知识的应用。
具体来说，就是加强知识与生命、知识与生活、知识与时代、知识与社会的联系，通过这4个联系培养学生的创新精神和实践能力。
判断课堂究竟是知识本位还是能力本位并不难——如果课堂追求“做题”，那就一定是知识本位，说穿了就是应试本位；如果课堂回归了“问题”，那就是能力本位，也就是我们向往的素质本位。
3从课堂到课程，走向学生自主
高效课堂紧紧抓住课堂这一核心，致力于课堂转型。
但是，如果仅仅着眼于课堂，只能解决“怎么学”的问题，推动从“被动学”到“主动学”的转变。
课改的深化必然会涉及“学什么”的问题。
究竟什么是课程？“课”就是主题，“程”就是有序。
重建课程意识、投身课程创新，这是教师智慧生存的方式。
应该如何进行课程创新呢？可以重点关注“四
个领域”“四个类型”“四个层次”。
四个领域。
课程要满足学生的多元发展需求，需要有一个相对完整的内容模型，至少应该包括人文领域、科技领域、艺术领域、健康领域。
如果说课堂学习内容是学生的“规定动作”，那么，开发校本课程体系就是给学生提供“自选动作”。
四个类型。
课程应该包括分层课程、分类课程、综合课程、特需课程。
分类课程尊重学生的差异性，可以让学生根据自己的实际情况走班选课；分类课程要打破单元、年级界限，对教材进行重组，从而让教材更适应学生的认知规律；综合课程主要指跨学科的研究性学习课程；特需课程可以满足学生的特别需求。
四个层次。
就校本课程开发而言，主要有以下几个层次：一是校本课程，以学校为主体研发的课程；二是班本课程，以班级为主体研发的课程；三是师本课程，以教师为主体研发的课程；四是生本课程，以学生为主体研发的课程。
学生是课程开发的生力军，放手让学生自主研发课程，实现“我的课程我做主”，这将是新课改的另一重境界。
4从课内到课外，建设书香校园
课本是学生的主要学习内容，但如果学生眼里只有课本，那学习就成了一件单调而乏味的事情。
对于学校而言，一个缺乏书香味的学校会给人浅薄的感觉。
如何让校园充满书香？我认为应该有6个保障：一是目标保障，需要构建分学段、分年级的阅读目标系统；二是时间保障，应该积极创造条件，增加学生的阅读时间；三是课程保障，在校本课程开发中，把阅读作为重要课程内容；四是制度保障，建立“周读一诗、月读一刊、季读一书”等有助于阅读的制度；五是活动保障，比如荐书活动、晒书活动、聊书活动、画书活动、唱书活动、演书活动等；六是评价保障，尝试把阅读纳入学生和教师的综合考评之中。
5从传统到现代，重视技术变革
高效课堂作为现代课堂的一种类型，在“互联网+”时代，必须有现代技术给予支撑。
现代技术的核心是信息技术，但需要特别警惕的是，信息技术也是需要使用者的，使用者的教育教学理念决定了信息技术的使用效果。
因此，高效课堂必须坚持“课改理念”“课堂模式”“学科课程”“信息技术”的捆绑式转型，通过信息技术，实现课堂理念、课堂模式、学科课程同步有效的整合。
目前来看，信息技术在课堂中的应用主要有3种模式：班班通，每个班级都配备多媒体设备；组组通，每个小组配备一台电脑；人人通，每个学生配备笔记本电脑或平板电脑。
信息技术下的“云笔记”“云展示”“云作业”“云互动”“云生成”“云评价”等，正在打破班级、学校、地域的界限，创造划时代的学习方式。
感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。