科技英语阅读——句子的理解
科技英语阅读段落翻译
Space explorationRobots will not only help us on this world. But will also help us explore other worlds. In fact, space exploration is one of the most promising usages for robots. Since these machines are not so susceptible to the elements that could hurt or kill people. Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold and can function without an atmosphere. Also robots have a much longer life span. So voyages to other solar systems as well as other planets would be possible. Robots could communicate with us and if something went wrong and destroyed, the space vehicle and a machine would be lost, not a human being.机器人用于空间探索机器人不仅会在这个星球上帮助我们，而且还将帮助我们探索别的星球。
实际上，空间探索就是机器人最有前途的用途之一，知识因为机器人对于机器人会使人伤亡的自然环境和条件不很敏感。
机器人能经受得住辐射，耐热又耐寒，而且能在没有大气的环境中的工作。
此外，机器人的使用寿命长得多。
因此不但可飞往别的行星，而且可飞往别的星系。
机器人可跟我们进行通信联络，要是有什么东西除了毛病，而损坏了宇宙飞行器的话，失去的是机器人而不是人。
英语阅读理解之科技说明编辑
材料归纳不易，仅供学习参考阅读理解(七)科技说明A[2019·原创]Many people hope to visit the White House in person some day in the future. But most people will never get a chance to go inside the White House, the famous home of the President of the United States.Luckily, there is a new app that can bring the White House to life for anyone with a smartphone equipped for computer programs.To experience this famous building, you just need your smartphone and a one-dollar bill.The new app is called 1600, which makes one think of the real street address of the White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, in Washington D.C.The 1600 app creates a small White House on your smartphone. After downloading(下载) it, you only need to point the camera on the phone at one dollar to start the experience.The dollar then changes into a three-dimensional(三维的) model of the White House before your eyes. It creates images having length, width and height. When the smartphone is moved around, the images of the building also change.The US former(前任的) President Barack Obama’s Press Secretary, Josh Earnest, provides explanation as part of the app. He provides lots of the historical information about the White House, talks about how the building is used today and describes some events held there.The app shows some of the changes on the White House grounds around the year. You can watch the Easter Egg Roll in spring and see a formal arrival(来访) ceremony for a foreign leader.What’s more, there is even a hidden surprise to catch if you touch on the Oval Office. That’s really cool!“We hope you enjoy and share this new way of having a look inside the White House,” Josh Earnest said.The new app is the latest way that the government has used technology as an educational tool. This time it gives people all over the world the chance to visit “The People’s House”.Michelle Obama has said the White House is also called “The People’s House” because it is a place where all people should feel welcome.1.The White House is used for .A.the Great Hall of the USB.the home of the President of the USC.the information office of the USD.the Zhongnanhai of the US2.1600 is an app that can .A.bring the White House to our lifeB.feel welcome in the White HouseC.experience the life in the White HouseD.share the new technology in education3.The underlined word “explanation” may mean in Chinese.A.解释B.辩解C.移出D.移植4.We can’t see through the app.A.the Easter Egg Roll in springB.a surprising picture of the Oval OfficeC.a formal arrival ceremony for a foreign leaderD.the changes on the White House grounds all year5.Which is WRONG about the new app according to the passage?A.It will cost us one dollar to use it.B.It can be used as an educational tool.C.It can show us a 3-D model of the White House.D.It gives us the chance to look inside the White House.B[2019·原创]Astronauts have very busy lives. Each day they are carefully planned by mission(任务) control. The 12-hour working day on the International Space Station(ISS) begins with a wake-up call. After a quick wash with a wet cloth, the crew(全体乘务员) have breakfast and run through the jobs for the day.Space stations are like large houses that need much care and attention. Much of the crew’s time is spent preparing and carrying out scientific experiments.At least two hours each day is spent on exercise. It is necessary to keep the crew healthy. In some ways, living in a space station is like being on a deserted island. A crew of two or three astronauts has to survive far from home for weeks or months.If their mission is to be a success, they have to learn to live and work together as a team. Crew members have to learn to share jobs, such as cleaning and repairs. They also have to talk about problems and discuss how to deal with them.Astronauts first feel the influence of weightlessness(失重) when the rocket engines are turned off. Straight away, they begin to float(漂浮), held down only by seatbelts. Weightlessness allows astronauts to appear superhuman strength. They can lift objects that would be far too heavy to move on the earth.Without the influence of gravity(重力), astronauts become weak. To stay fit, they have to exercise several hours each day. In a space station, there is no up or down. There is no difference between a floor and a ceiling(天花板). This can make astronauts feel sick until they get used to this strange environment.1.Astronauts on the International Space Station work for hours every day.A.8B.10C.11D.122.What is the crew’s time mainly used for?A.Exercising.B.Doing scientific experiments.C.Reading.D.Cleaning.3.What’s the meaning of the underlined word “survive” in Chinese?A.休养B.苦思C.生存D.调查4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.Astronauts need to work as a team.B.Weightlessness makes astronauts become strong.C.There are up and down in a space station.D.Astronauts exercise one hour each day.5.What’s the best title for the passage?A.Astronauts’ lives in the space stationB.The influence of weightlessnessC.How to live in the space stationD.How to exercise in the space stationC [2019·原创]In order to make drivers keep their hands on the wheel and their eyes on the road, a new Japanese smartphone app offers free coffee to drivers who don’t check their phones for at least 100 kilometers.In the last 3 years, there have been 443,691 traffic accidents in a town of Japan, and 50,101 deaths happened because of using smartphones while driving. So a Japanese company invented a new app which could give drivers some rewards if they didn’t check their phones while driving. By doing this, it can greatlyreduce the number of traffic accidents.Toyota(丰田) Motor Corporation, Komeda Co. Ltd and KDDI Corporation have worked together to create this driving app. It uses the phone’s gyro(陀螺仪) sensor to sense the tilt(倾斜) of the cars. And it can use GPS to figure out the number of kilometers a driver has traveled with the smartphone facing down.When the app finds that the smartphone has not been used for at least 100 kilometers, it will reward the driver with a cup of iced coffee. The reward can be earned for every 100 kilometers without checking the phone.Toyota says that this is the first smartphone app that can help solve the problems of driving safety. This app has been used since September 20th, 2016, and it is available for both iOS and Android systems. Up to now, it has only worked in Japan.1.Lots of traffic accidents have happened in Japan because the drivers while driving.A.drink coffeeB.talk with othersC.listen to musice their smartphones2.The smartphone app is made to .A.reward the driversB.make sure traffic safetyC.check the driving speedD.improve air pollution3. has the same meaning as the underlined words “figure out”.A.Find outB.Work outC.Try outD.Give out4.The drivers can get as a reward if they drive without using their smartphones for at least 100 kilometers.A.a box of beerB.a glass of milkC.a bottle of waterD.a cup of iced coffee5.Which is WRONG about the new app according to the passage?A.The smartphone app can be used only in Japan forever.B.The smartphone app can sense the tilt of the cars.C.Three companies worked together to create this driving app.D.IOS and Android systems can use the smartphone app.参考答案A [主旨大意] 本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍的是一款能够观看白宫内景的应用软件,同时也介绍了通过该软件能够在白宫看到的内容。
科技英语阅读翻译
（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.(2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have revived an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe.(3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable”right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.(4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything.(5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.（1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.（2）Now the cosmological constant is one of the leading theories of why the universe is blowing up like a balloon at ever-increasing speed.（3）That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because the popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.（4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.（1）But Russell ( and independently, Ernst Zermelo ) noticed that x = {a: a is not in a} leads to a contradiction in the same way as the description of the collection of barbers.（2）An analogy is the siren of an ambulance that changes pitch as it moves toward you, then passes you and heads the other way — its waves are first compressed, then stretched.（3）It’s the older members — those who could join only after it opened membership in 2006 to workplace networks, then to anyone — who are adjusting to a new value system that prizes self-expression over reticence. （4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won’t get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.（1）For example, we can describe the collection of numbers 4, 5 and 6 by saying that x is the collection of integers, represented by n, which are greater than 3 and less than 7.（2）Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.（3）Among members, a Law of Amiable Inclusiveness seems to be revealing itself: over time, many are deciding that the easiest path is to routinely accept “friend requests”, completing a sequence begun when one member seeks to designate another as a Facebook friend.（4）The area between the QB’s head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.（5）After waiting another 45 minutes and finding that the panel still hadn’t failed, the team gave up and stopped the experiment, secure in the knowledge that the material had performed beyond the requirements of building regulations.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%) 1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping awayprivacy protections, but because the popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates theprivate from the public.3. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendlystraw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.4. The premise on which the technology is based is that geneticinformation[1], encoded by DNA and arranged in the form of genes, is a resource that can be manipulated in various ways to achieve certain goals in both pure and applied science and medicine.5. Many people are working towards trying to make cities more sustainable. A sustainable city offers a good quality of life tocurrent residents but doesn’t reduce the opportunities for future residents to enjoy.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies[1] away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.3. When the distinction blurs between one’s few close friends and the many who are not, it seems pointless to distinguish between private and public.4. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.5. Engineers in the future will work at the extremes of very large and very small systems that require greater knowledge andcoordination of multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering across greater distances and timeframesPart III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. To explain the puzzling findings, some scientists have received an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe.2. Telecommuting workers and traveling executives alike could use QB( so named because it is the next in line after the company’s prototype QA bot ) as a virtual extension of themselves, allowing them to attend meetings, tour facilities or perform walk-throughs of real estate properties, all while controlling the robot from a computer keyboard.3. Research had developed to the point where progress was being hampered by technical constraints, as the elegant experiments that had helped to decipher the genetic code could not be extended to investigate the gene in more detail.4. The ideas that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at all other times, has been a central tenet of science, ever since Laplace’s time.5. Nuclear power’s prominence as a major ene rgy source will continue over the next several decades, according to new projections made by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which has just published a new report, Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power for the period up to 2030.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. For a smallish two-bed roomed house with one largeopen-plan kitchen/dinner, that doesn’t particularly cheapgiven that straw is supposed to be inexpensive, and you’dstill have to buy the plot and dig the foundations.2. Combined with advances in CAD systems, it will be possible formechanical engineers to collaborate in immersive interactive environments where they can design collaboratively, testhypotheses, run models and simulations and observe theircreations in three dimensions much as an engineer canobserve a car being built with their colleagues on the shopfloor.3. Although it is unclear if the capacity for remote operation willjustify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes itstechnology will appeal to a new generation of workers whoexpect to be in contact at all times and in all places,4. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping awayprivacy protections, but because the popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates theprivate from the public.5. Because gravity draws mass together, most experts expected to find that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of ballooning, or perhaps that the rate was staying about the same.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit likeanti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale. 2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometers per hour make the robot mobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms. The area between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are living longer, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in thenumber of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, e.g. from Poland[1]which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smaller households, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit likeanti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale. 2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motorwith a top speed of five kilometers per hour make the robotmobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle orquad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms. The areabetween the QB's head and base consists of a length oftelescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand astall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greaterdemand for housing. People are living longer, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, e.g. from Poland[1]which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smaller households, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusinga description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of setsof numbers.2. That’s not becaus e Facebook is hell-bent on stripping awayprivacy protections, but because the popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of allthings personal, dissolving the line that separates the privatefrom the public.3. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makesit more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms.4. The straw bales, it turns out, are all packed tightly inside a series ofprefabricated rectangular wooden wall frames, which are thenlime-rendered, dried and finally slotted together like giant Lego pieces, called ModCell panels.5. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more peopleare choosing to live on the edge of urban areas - with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation.。
科技英语阅读试题及答案
科技英语阅读试题及答案一、阅读理解阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。
A New Era in Space ExplorationThe exploration of space has always been a fascinating endeavor for humanity. With the recent advancements in technology, we are now entering a new era of space exploration. Private companies are taking the lead, and the cost of launching satellites and sending payloads into space has significantly decreased. This has opened up opportunities for a wider range of scientific research and commercial applications.1. What is the main theme of the passage?A. The cost of space explorationB. The role of private companies in space explorationC. The history of space explorationD. The new era of space exploration2. According to the passage, what has changed in the field of space exploration?A. The number of countries involvedB. The type of technology usedC. The leadership of government agenciesD. The cost and accessibility3. What does the author suggest about the future of space exploration?A. It will be limited to government projectsB. It will be more expensiveC. It will involve more scientific research and commercial applicationsD. It will be less technologically advanced4. What is the significance of the phrase "taking the lead"in the context of the passage?A. It refers to the government's role in space explorationB. It indicates that private companies are now leading the wayC. It suggests that the cost of space exploration is increasingD. It implies that technology is becoming less important5. What can be inferred from the passage about the impact of the new era of space exploration?A. It will lead to a decrease in scientific researchB. It will result in fewer commercial applicationsC. It will make space exploration more accessibleD. It will limit the opportunities for technological advancements答案：1. D2. D3. C4. B5. C二、词汇理解Read the following sentences and choose the best word to fill in the blanks.6. The development of new materials has _______ theefficiency of many electronic devices.A. enhancedB. reducedC. maintainedD. limited7. Scientists are constantly _______ new methods to study the universe.A. discoveringB. forgettingC. ignoringD. dismissing8. The use of renewable energy sources has _______ the reliance on fossil fuels.A. increasedB. decreasedC. stabilizedD. intensified9. The _______ of artificial intelligence in various fields has revolutionized the way we work and live.A. integrationB. disintegrationC. limitationD. prohibition10. The _______ of the project was delayed due to unexpected technical issues.A. implementationB. terminationC. initiationD. culmination答案：6. A7. A8. B9. A10. A三、完形填空Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the options provided.In recent years, the field of robotics has seen a remarkable _______ (11) in its capabilities. This is largely due to the _______ (12) of advanced sensors and artificial intelligence. Robots are now capable of performing complex tasks that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans. However, there are concerns about the _______ (13) of job displacementas robots become more proficient.11. A. increaseB. decreaseC. stagnationD. fluctuation12. A. integrationB. exclusionC. obsolescenceD. abandonment13. A. possibilityB. impossibilityC. inevitabilityD. uncertainty答案：11. A12. A13. A四、翻译Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese.14. The breakthrough in nanotechnology has paved the way for the development of new medical treatments.15. The application of blockchain technology is not limitedto financial services; it has the potential to transform various industries.答案：14. 纳米技术的重大突破为新医疗方法的发展铺平了道路。
科技英语阅读与翻译资料句子翻译
Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。
For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。
It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器。
The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。
A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。
科技英语阅读、翻译与写作
3.长句
大量使用长句和复合句，严密表达事物之间的逻辑关系
Since the molecules of a gas are much too far from each other to repel or attract each other, it is very easy to compress a gas, while a solid or liquid is almost incompressible, because the repulsions of the electrical charges of which its atoms are made up are far stronger than any force we can apply.
so high that the substance decomposes at its
atmospheric boiling point or the vaporization
temperature cannot easily be reached by steam heat.
To distill such a material, either to free it from
nonvolatile impurities or to separate it into fractions
of differing boiling point, the distillation temperature
must be lowered to a point where the liquid can be
2.谓语动词的语态
科技英语阅读
1、我们对器件参数进行了初步的分析,其
结果令人满意。 An initial analysis of the device parameters have been made with satisfactory results.
2、电子与原子核的大小大致相同,其直
径大约为10-12厘米。
An electron is about as large as a nucleus. its diameter being about 10-12 cm.
现多个分句并列或复合句中从句套从句的现象。
同时还频繁使用祈使句、句型、动词非谓语形 式等,从而达到表述上的清楚 (cleaness)、简 洁(conciseness)、准确(exactness)。若使用 过多的简单句,会使逻辑关系不紧密,文章读起 来单调乏味。但物极必反,句子不能过长,否则 会使读者阅读起来很费劲,可能导致使读者不 得要领。总之,论文中的句子结构应多样化,长 短句兼有。
本文讨论了现代通讯的基本原理。
The fundamental principles of modern communication are discussed in this paper.
1、我们使用了几种简单的介质试验
(dielectric test)目标。 2、所得结果表明，上诉公式适用于各种
本文提出了一种新的计算机辅助设
计的方法。
A new computer-aided design method is presented in this paper.
2、科技论文中时态的使用
由于科技论文侧重叙述科技内容，很
少涉及动作发生的时间，所以，大量
使用一般现在时态。其次，是一般将
Unit 1：科技英语阅读方法及翻译技巧(一)：名词化结构
e.g.acute bacterial peritonitis急性细菌性腹膜炎
3.由动词派生的名词化结构 （1）定义：由实义动词派生的名词搭配介词短语构 成。
（2）句法功能：主语、宾语、介词宾语
e.g.
the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies固体排水原理 the building of these giant iron and steel works那些 巨大的钢铁构筑物
laser noise amplitude modulation激光噪音调幅
2.复合名词化结构 （1）定义：由一个中心名词和形容词、名词、副词、 分词及介词短语等多个前置或后置修饰语构成。
（2）阅读技巧：确定中心名词——> 确 定 中 心 词 与 修饰语的逻辑关系
（3）特点：意义越具体、物质性越强、与中心词关 系越密切的修饰词离中心词越近
•科技英语阅读方法（一）
名词化结构
名词化结构
大量使用名词化结构是科技英语最突出的特点之一。 使用名词化结构的优点： -客观 -强调动作的客体而非动作本身 -简洁：可以代替同位语从句等较长的句子结构
名词化结构的类型
1.单纯名词化结构 （1）定义：由一个或者多个名词修饰一个中心名词 构成的名词化结构。 （2）阅读技巧：确定中心名词——> 确 定 修 饰 词 和 中心名字的关系 e.g. water purification system净水系统
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During the work of boring, all the excavated material must be brought out through the narrow confines of the bore itself, and in preserving the line of his bore， which he must do with the most minute accuracy, the engineer is deprived of any means of checking his position by reference to external objects, as he can do with any surface line．
分析：该句是一个主从复合句。主句的谓语是由 and连接的两个并列结构：were buried…sand和 were transformed…fossil—fuels; that now yield their bound energies to man是定语从句修饰the deposits of fossil—fuels。
分析：该句的主干为the structural design itself includes．． ．Tasks.。the design of the structure和the analysis of this structure为tasks的两个同位语，前一个同位语后有一个定语 从句in which．．．settled， 后一个同位语由介词短语 by mathematical or graphical methods or both和不定式短语to work out how．．．来修饰。
理解：结构设计本身包含着两个不同的任务：(1) 设计结 构，即确定主要构件的尺寸和位置；(2)分析结构，用数学法 或图解法或二者兼用来进行，以便在构件选定后计算出各荷 载通过结构的情况。
1．拨开枝权，找出句子主干，明确句子结构，抓住中心 内容； 2．变长为短，区分主从句及修饰成分，理清句子各层次 的意思； 3．分析理解各层意思之间的逻辑关系。
The bending moments, shear and axial forces, and deflections of reinforced concrete frames at any stage of loading from zero to ultimate load can be determined analytically using the conditions of static equilibrium and geometric compatibility, if the moment—curvature relationships of the sections are known．
分析：该句为并列复合句。句子主干为all the excavated material must be brought out…and…the engineer is deprived of．．．and 并列的后一个句子带有两个定语从句， which引导的从句修饰前面的preserving the line of his bore; as 引导的从句修饰前面的checking his position by reference to external objects。
分析：这是一个主从复合句。句子主干为The bending…to ultimate can be determined…，if引导 条件从句，主句较长，主句的主语为the bending moments…from zero to ultimate load，在主句中 using…geometric compatibility为状语，修饰主句动 词can be determined。
理解：在掘进工作中，所有掘出的土石都必须通过洞身的 狭窄通道运出来。工程师必须以最高的精密度来保证洞的走 向。在这一方面，与地面线路施工不同．工程师是无法参照 外部物体来检验他的位置的。
Untold numbers of organisms in past geological periods were buried beneath silt and sand, and, in the absence of oxygen, were transformed by heat, pressure, and time into the deposits of fossil-fuels-coal, petroleum and natural gas-that now yield their bound energies to man．
科技英语阅读——句子的理解
科技英语是一种重要的英语文体，与其他文体的英语在语言 结构方面并无本质的区别。由于科技英语讲究以严谨的推理 和准确的叙述来表达多重密切相关的概念，这样就会增加一 些修饰性、限制性的成分，使得句子结构变得十分复杂。因 此，要正确地理解英语科技文章的长句，必须首先分析理解 原文的句法结构。一般可以按照下面三个步骤来进行分析。
理解：在过去的地质时期，无数的生物体埋藏在淤 泥和沙粒之下。在缺氧的环境下，由于长时期温度 和压力的影响而转化成为矿物燃料：煤、石油和天 然气。这些燃料现在为人类产生各种各样的结合能。
The structural design itself includes two different tasks, the design of the structure, in which the sizes and locations of the main members are settled, and the analysis of this structure by mathematical or graphical methods or both, to work out how the loads pass through the structure with the particular members chosen．