英美国家概况(下)学期复习2
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
英美国家概况复习材料
英美国家概况复习材料英美国家概况复习材料1.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all mem were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.The Articles of ConfederationAfter the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government calledthe Congress. Each state had its own government, made ists own laws and handled its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. Asa result, the Articles of Confederation failed.4.The making of the US ConstitutionThe Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participate) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and ended up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called, federal laws would be made only by aCongress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up. This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.5.Industrial Revolution in AmericaAfter independence, America was principally an agricultural country. The Industrial Revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860. One key development was the introduction of the factory system. A second development was the “American system”of mass production. A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks. A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization----the bank and corporation.6.The executiveThe chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four-year term. A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951. The president can propose legislation to Congress. He can veto any bill passes by Congress. The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.7.Industrial Revolution inAmericaAfter independence, America was principle an agricultural country. The Industrial Revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860. One key development was the introduction of the factory system. A second development was the “American system” of mass production. A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks. A forth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization—the bank and corporation.8.Religious diversityFrontier America made the United States a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Many religious communities and secular utopias, experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. Many small sects and cults appear in America society all the time. They have certain tendencies in common. They regard the larger society as hopelessly corrupt. Some of them never win a large following, but some others prosper and graduate into the rank of the respectable denominations. Some non-Western religions such as Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism are also growing.9.The “ Lost Generation”In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived in Europe. They were known as the “Lost generation”. Two of the mostrepresentative writers of the “Lost Generation”were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.10.Higher educationIn America, higher education refers to education on the college level. America higher education includes four categories of institutions. They are the university, the four-year undergraduate institution ( the college) the technical training institution and the two-year or community college. Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds. Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.11.The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important spontaneous action in1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC, CORE, and SCLC struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end dis crimination12.CountercultureIn the wake of the free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture.”The counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some groups pf youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society. The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, career and success.13.Poverty as a social problemThe United States is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the United States compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the United States is a big social problem.。
英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分)
英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分）英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分）Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英语国家概况(2)课程2021年下学期期末复习指导
英语国家概况(2)课程2021年下学期期末复习指导英语国家概况（2）课程2021年下学期期末复习指导英语国家概况（2）课程是英语专业选修课程，帮助英语学习者了解和扩大有关美国、新西兰和加拿大的社会与文化的背景知识，如历史、地理、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的概况。
同时，通过有关题目的学习以及相关的配套练习，使学习者扩大词汇量、增强阅读能力，达到提高英语总体水平的目的。
为指导湖南广播电视大学英语国家概况（2）课程的考试命题和组织工作，以及帮助学生行之有效地复习好这门功课，提高教学质量，特制订期末复习指导如下。
一、备考范围和重点1.备考范围本课程的复习范围为教材《英语国家社会与文化入门》（下册），高等教育出版社，2021年6月第三版的22个教学单元，其中1-2单元是与新西兰有关的内容；3-16单元是与美国有关的内容；17-22单元是与加拿大有关的内容。
2.备考重点本课程的复习重点为教材《英语国家社会与文化入门》（下册）的第3-第16教学单元，约占期末终结考试的80%。
14个重点单元的主要内容如下：theunitedstatesofamericaunit3americanbeginningsunit4thepoliticalsystemintheunitedstatesunit5americaneconomyunit6religioninthe unitedstatesunit7americanliteratureunit8educationintheunitedstatesunit9socialmovementsofthe1960sunit10socialprobl emsintheunitedstatesunit11americanwayoflife:asearchforcrediblegeneralizationuni t12thewomen’sliber ationmovementinamericaunit13technologyinamericaunit14post-wwiiamericanforeignpolicyunit15sportsandscenicsportsinamericaunit16americanpopularculture:movieandmusic美利坚合众国部分第3单元美国起源第4单元美国的政治体制第5单元美国的经济第6单元美国的宗教第7单元美国的文学第8单元美国的教育第9单元二十世纪六十年代的社会运动第10单元美国的社会问题第11单元美国生活方式：找寻可信的简单化第12单元美国的妇女解放运动第13单元美国的技术第14单元二战后的美国外交政策第15单元美国的体育与观光体育第16单元美国的通俗文化：电影与音乐新西兰部分（1-2单元）和加拿大部分（17-22单元）约占到期末考试内容的20%，新西兰部分重点掌控第1单元国土、人民与历史和第2单元政治制度、教育与经济；加拿大部分重点掌控第17单元国土和人民，第18单元加拿大的政府和政治体制和第20单元加拿大经济。
英美国家概况下册课后答案
英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案63. What was the unique American phenomenon? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?63. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds.… Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world.… The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions.…64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?64. New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?65. the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?66. The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments remain intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of worship, speech and press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights.67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the newnation of the United States at the time?67. The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owed to France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that.68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?68. The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court.69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?69. If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?70. In order to invest, individuals do not have to have a great deal of money: they can buy just a small portion of a business—called a share. The business of buying and selling shares in enterprises has become so big that offices have had to be set up where the selling of shares, or stock , can take place. These places, located in many cities in the United States and around the world, are called stock exchanges. The best-known is perhaps the New York Stock Exchange, located in the Wall Street area of New York City, the nation's largest city and a major business center. 71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?71. Continuous immigration.72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historicalnecessity in the United States?72. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however, that, as The Declaration of Independence states, "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights," and that "the laws of Nature and Nature's God" entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion. The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?73. In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a belief in God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead.74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?74. First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law. Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?75. The questing of the American people has indeed been a drama of many parts. In one way or another, however, it has always been a "pursuit of happiness". American literature is the continuous narrative of that pursuit.76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad? 76. Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast. He grew up in a small town on the banks of the Mississippi River and received only a basic public school education. He began working in a printer's shop when he was still a boy, and this experience led to a series of newspaper jobs in the Midwest and the West. Twain was a new voice, an original genius, a man of the people, and he quickly won readers.77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?77. Americans have a strong tendency to educate their children about major public concerns—problems such as environmental pollution, nuclearissues, neighborhood crime and drugs. Responding to public pressure, boards of education in different areas often add courses on various relevant issues to the elementary and secondary school curriculum. 78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?78. The "Lost Generation" is a term used to describe the generation of young men and women who came to maturity in the 20s. Some of them fought in World War I. They became disgusted with war and disillusioned with the post-war society. They shared the same sense of dislocation, rootlessness and disillusionment.79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.79. The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.80. What does an American student learn?80. American students pass through several levels of schooling—and thus, several curricula—on their way to a high school diploma. They attend: Elementary School, Secondary School, high school.81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?81. The Civil Rights Movement, Youth Anti-war Movement, Women’s Liberation movement and etc.82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?82. Although these segregation laws were illegal under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, the US government would not declare the Southern laws unconstitutional until there were cases brought in federal courts. The civil rights movement began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organizations to make the protests successful. Long before the students in Greensboro, North Carolina began their sit-ins, there were many others who protested the segregation laws.83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?83. The women activities were most in the civil rights and anti-war movements before. They believed the male leaders of these movements werediscriminating against women in the movement just like White’s discrimination against black men. They became known as the "women's liberation" group, or "women's lib", used radical tactics and received a great deal of bad publicity. This group found strong support among large numbers of young activists from other organizations.84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.84. For example, the racial discrimination, sex discrimination, class structure, etc.85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?85. Poverty in the United States does not simply mean that the poor do not live quite as well as other citizens. It means many old people eating dog and cat food to supplement their diets. It means malnutrition and deprivation for hundreds of thousands of children. It means greater susceptibility to disease, to alcoholism, to victimization by criminals, and to mental disorders. It often means unstable marriages, slum housing, illiteracy, ignorance, inadequate medical facilities, and shortened life expectancy. Poverty can mean low self-esteem, despair, and stunting of human potential.86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.86. A technology is a system of practices, often involving a physical device that accomplishes some result desired by some influential segments of society: government planners, military leaders, businessmen, or evena large proportion of citizen consumers.87. When are the American football matches held?87. The late summer (preseason), the fall (regular season), and the winter until late in January (post-season, or play off time ). All this culminates in the Super Bowl to decide the champion team for the year.88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?88. It is a uniquely American contribution to the arts. No other art form, painting, fiction, poetry, has had a distinctive American contribution as has jazz music. Composers around the world during the twentieth century found inspiration in early American jazz.89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?89. But Armstrong himself left Chicago in 1924 for New York with his new wife, Lil Hardin, to play with Fletcher Henderson's orchestra. Armstrong organized, with the help of his wife, several of his friends into therecording groups known as the Hot Five and the Hot Seven to make a justly Hot Five Dancing in the Roaring Twenties famous series of recordings for the Okeh Recording company. At this time, 1926, Armstrong also recorded his famous "scat singing", vocalizing nonsense syllables in tune with the music. Armstrong continued to play and record during the 1930's, both in America and in Europe. With the New Orleans revival in the late 1940's and with his motion picture appearances, particularly with the popular Bing Crosby, Armstrong once again shone brightly as America's foremost jazz musician.90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?90. It has a lively and rich culture, with many world famous actors, pop stars and writers. In annual "quality of life" surveys produced by the United Nation each year, Canada regularly is rated as having the best standard of living in the world because of its health care, education, clean environment, social welfare, and so on.91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?91. In Modern literature, Canadian nationhood was no longer in doubt from an outside perspective, but from the inside the nature of that nation and the strength of its institutions remained somewhat in question. Ethnic, region and gender were the topics Canadian literature investigated in a process of self-analysis.92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.92. As a former British colony, Canada's system of government was based on the British system of parliamentary democracy. This is often referred to as “Westminst er—style” democracy, named after the British House of Commons. Like other former colonies like New Zealand and Australia, many Canadian laws, political practices and customs were brought from the "Old Country" and adapted to the different conditions of the new country. At first glance, the similarity between British and Canadian political conditions are great; but when you look more closely, you can see important differences which have arisen from the experience of governing a huge but sparsely populated country.93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system? 93. Through most of the 20th century, federal political power has been held by either the Liberal Party or by the Progressive Conservatives. Since 1900, the Liberals have spent about 66 years in power, compared to the Conservative Party's record of about 30 years in government. With the system so dominated by these two parties, the party that was not in power always formed the official opposition to the government. But neither of these parties were popular throughout the whole country. The western provinces preferred more socialist—oriented policies and seldom elected a Liberal to represent them, so during the many years of Liberal government,they had very little influence on national policy, since only a handful of MPs belonged to the most powerful parties. Quebec experienced the same thing during periods of Conservative rule, since it seldom voted Conservative.94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?94. This introduction opens with one of the things that makes Canada distinctively different—a welcome to Canada in the two official languages of English and French. This is our first clue as to what makes Canada special. If people outside of Canada are a little bit confused about what Canada is, the same is also true for Canadians.95. How do you understand "multiculturalism"?95. Officially, Canada refers to itself as "multicultural". This was an idea born during the debate on bilingualism and biculturalism in the 1960s when a Royal Commission was set up to examine relations between French and English Canada. Organized ethnic communities demanded that their heritages also be acknowledged. Politicians noted that one—third of Canadians were neither English nor French and thus invented the idea of a multicultural society within a bilingual framework and provided money to help different ethnic groups retain their identities.96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?96. As a prominent member of Canada's Ukrainian community remarked: There is no longer any excuse for anyone in this country to be ashamed of his cultural background. Canada is a multicultural society. The days of Anglo-Saxon dominance are gone.97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?97. One area of Canadian influence is the world economy. By actively building up a strong domestic economy, Canadian policy-makers succeeded in creating a wealthy country which wields an amount of economic power in the international arena that is surprising for a country that is so small in terms of its population. Canada, along with the US, France, Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Japan, is a member of the Group of 7, the world's leading economies. Membership of the Group of 7 gives Canada significant prestige and influence in the international system.98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?98. In the past, agricultural exports have been very important to the Canadian economy: before World War I, 50 per cent of Canada's exports were agricultural; this fell to 40 per cent after World War II. But in recent years there has been a dramatic drop, and now they comprise less than 10 per cent of Canada's total exports. Furthermore, it has become cheaper in many cases to import foodstuffs rather than to produce such items domestically. For example, it makes more geographical sense forEasterners to buy their vegetables from neighbouring American states rather than shipping similar products from western Canada. The conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement also displaced inefficient Canadian farmers, who used to rely on government subsidies to remain productive.99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?99. The idea that there is such a thing as "American" or "British", or in this case, "Canadian" literature suggests another question: what makes this literature different from those other nations' literatures. a concern with "simple" survival in the face of hostile elements—a reflection of the dangerous natural world in which Canadians find themselves, with huge distances to cross to get help, endless forests to get lost in, hard winters to freeze in, wild animals to attack them. Just surviving in these conditions was a full—time job for Canadians, native or settler, prior to this century.This idea can extend to concern with "cultural" survival in a variety of ways: the attempt to maintain a Canadian identity in the first place that does not disappear into a weak version of the old colonial power's (Britain's); the dogged persistence of native Canadian peoples to maintain their distinctive cultures against overwhelming European dominance; the assertive survival of a French-Canadian identity in Quebec after the English had conquered the French in Canada; the survival of any kind of overall Canadian identity while troubled by these internal differences, and while being flooded from outside by the culture of their huge neighbour to the south: the USA. In all these ways the Canadian identity is under threat and perhaps defined by that threat, so that "survival" may indeed be a useful idea with which to approach Canada and Canadian literature.100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role?100. Because of its geography, Canada has sometimes been described as being "indefensible". As a result, Canada has had to find different ways of ensuring its security. Because of its military vulnerability, Canadian policy-makers have had a great interest in promoting peace and cooperation among nations. For this reason, Canada has always played an active role in international organizations like the United Nations, the Commonwealth (the political grouping of former British colonies and dominions), and La Francophonie (an informal group of countries and regions with French as their mother tongue). It makes strong contributions to UN peacekeeping missions, works hard to resolve disputes between countries using diplomatic means, has a large development aid program, and is a major player in the world economy.101. what was British EmpireThe British Empire was the biggest in history and had global power. It lasted for a century and had 458 million people. (Approximately a quarter of the population) it took up 36.7 million km2 (14.2 million square miles) about a quarter of the earths total land area. At the peak of its power, it was often said that: 'The sun never sets on the British Empire' because the span across the globe insured the sun always shone on at least one or several countries that belonged to it.。
英语国家概况课程下学期期末复习指导
英语国家简况（1）课程2018年下学期期末复习指导英语国家简况（1）课程是英语专业专科选修课程，帮助学生了解和扩大有关英国、爱尔兰和澳大利亚的社会与文化的背景知识，如历史、地理、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的简况。
同时，通过有关题目的学习以及相关的配套练习，使学生扩大词汇量、增强阅读能力，达到提高英语总体水平的目的。
为指导湖南广播电视大学英语国家简况（1）课程的考试命题和组织工作，以及帮助学生行之有效地复习好这门功课，提高教案质量，特制订期末复习指导如下。
一、复习范围和重点1. 复习范围本课程的复习范围为教材《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上册），高等教育出版社，2018年6月第三版的20个教案单元，其中1-10单元是与英国有关的内容；11-14单元是与爱尔兰共和国有关的内容；15-20单元是与澳大利亚有关的内容。
2. 复习重点本课程的复习重点为教材《英语国家社会与文化入门》的第1-第10教案单元，约占期末终结考试的80%。
10个重点单元的主要内容如下：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUnit 01 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IUnit 02 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IIUnit 03 The Government of the United KingdomUnit 04 Politics, Class and RaceUnit 05 The UK EconomyUnit 06 British LiteratureUnit 07 British Education SystemUnit 08 British Foreign RelationsUnit 09 British MediaUnit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国部分第1单元英国简要介绍（I）第2单元英国简要介绍（II）第3单元英国政府第4单元政治、阶级和种族第5单元英国经济第6单元英国文学第7单元英国教育体制第8单元英国外交关系第9单元英国媒体第10单元英国的体育、假日和节日爱尔兰共和国部分（11-14单元）和澳大利亚部分（15-20单元）约占期末考试内容的20%，爱尔兰共和国部分重点掌握第11单元国土、人民和历史，第12单元政治和经济，澳大利亚部分重点掌握第15单元土地和梦想的人民和第20单元从种族主义到多元文化。
英美概况复习资料
英美概况复习资料英美概况复习资料英美两国是世界上最具影响力的国家之一，它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都有着重要的地位。
本文将从多个角度对英美概况进行复习，并对两国的历史、地理、社会制度、文化等方面进行探讨。
一、历史概述英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其历史可以追溯到公元前1世纪的罗马帝国时期。
英国曾经是一个强大的殖民帝国，统治过世界各地的殖民地。
而美国则是一个相对年轻的国家，于1776年宣布独立，脱离英国的统治。
美国的历史主要分为殖民地时期、独立战争、内战、工业革命等阶段。
二、地理概况英国位于欧洲西北部，包括大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。
它与法国隔海相望，是欧洲大陆最接近英国的国家。
英国的地理特点是多山丘陵，河流众多，气候温和多雨。
美国则位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。
美国是一个拥有广袤土地的国家，地形多样，包括大平原、沙漠、山脉等。
美国的气候多样，从亚热带到寒带都有涵盖。
三、政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，女王是国家元首，但实际上的政治权力掌握在议会手中。
英国的政府体系是议会制，分为上议院和下议院。
英国的政治制度稳定，尊重法治，实行民主选举。
美国则是一个联邦共和制国家，总统是国家元首，政权分为行政、立法和司法三个独立的分支。
美国的政治制度强调权力分立和制衡，选举制度比较复杂，包括总统选举、国会选举等。
四、经济概况英国是一个发达的资本主义国家，拥有高度发达的市场经济体系。
它是世界上最早实行工业化的国家之一，拥有强大的金融、服务业和制造业。
英国是欧洲最大的金融中心之一，伦敦证券交易所是世界上最大的证券交易所之一。
美国是世界上最大的经济体，也是全球最发达的资本主义国家之一。
美国拥有强大的科技、金融、制造业等产业，是全球创新和科技领域的领导者。
五、文化特点英美两国都有着丰富多样的文化传统。
英国文化以莎士比亚、英国文学、音乐、戏剧等为代表，具有浓厚的历史底蕴和文化内涵。
英国人崇尚礼仪和传统，喜欢喝茶、看足球等。
(完整word版)英美国家概况复习资料(word文档良心出品)
英美国家概况期末复习考试题型说明：10个简答题和5个论述题。
一．简答题1. What is the full name of the U.K.?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What are the two components of the British Parliament?They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.3. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War Ⅱ?Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.4. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?The three functions are : to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.5. In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.6. What are the three categories of Shakespeare’s plays and their representatives?Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: comedy, tragedy and historical play. The representatives of his comedies include A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night. His major historical plays include Richard III, Henry IV and Antony and Cleopatra. His great tragedies are represented by Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet.7. What were Nixon's well-known contributions during his presidency?Nixon made three well-known contributions:a) brought the Vietnam War to a close;b) reestablishing U.S. relations with China;c) negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the former Soviet Union.8. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. Constitution?One is "check and balances". The other is that the powers of the central government and the power of state governments are specified.9. 说出三个英国的节日Christmas, Easter and "Trooping the color"二．论述题1. What are the characteristics of English literature in the 20th century?English literature in the 20th century can be roughly divided into two periods: Modernism and Postmodernism. Modernism prevailed before the Second World War, It can be viewed as a deliberate departure from tradition and is characterized by the use of innovative forms of expression. Modernist writing seems unorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action form the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of all-knowing, impersonal narrator .After World War II, postmodernism begins. Postmodernism differs in some ways from Modernism. Modernism, for example, tends to present a fragmented view of human subjectivity, but present that fragmentation as somethingtragic, something to be lamented as a loss. Postmodernism does not lament the idea of fragmentation but rather celebrates it .Modernists look for buried meaning below confusing surfaces, while postmodernists abandon that search, However, there are still many postwar writers who continue traditional themes.2. Why is the United States regarded as a "melting pot" and a "salad"?The United States "is not merely a nation but a nation of nations". The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America was described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups were combined into one culture. Recently, Americans have been called a "salad" in that people of different races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously but at the same time keep their distinct culture and custom.3. What was the cause of the American Civil War?(可能该题考简答)The issue of slavery was the focus of American politics, economics and cultural life by the mid-19th century.The southern planters needed a large number of laborers to manage their plantations and they regarded the black slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What's more, the Northerners demanded a law protecting tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads, but the Southerners were strongly against it and advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the Civil War.4. How is a President voted into office in America? What are your ideas about the American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches, and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaign. However, the election can not solve the social and economic problems as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.5. How did the U.S. Constitution lay groundwork for America's economic development?The U.S. Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation, was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20th century.6. What are the characteristics of American writing during the Romantic period?During the Romantic period, most of the American writings placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions, and they displayed an increasing attention to the psychic state of their characters, They celebrated America’s landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, endless prairies, streams and vast oceans. The Romantic writers had a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man.。
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选择题1、The modern American economy progressed from colonial economy to farming economy，and eventually ，to industrial economy。
现代美国经济进展从殖民地经济到农场经济，终于，工业经济2、Chartered companies were NOT granted the diplomatic authority by the British King or Queen。
特许公司不是发放外交权力被英国王或女王。
3、President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society”by introducing various programs like the following except Unemployment Pension。
约翰逊总统希图建造一个“大社会”由介绍各个的方案喜欢下面除失业养老金。
4、The following statements are all true except Agribusinesses maintain a balanced pattern between agricultural imports and exports.下面声明是所有真只是农业综合企业保持一个平衡模式在农业之间进口和出口。
5，American Motors is not one of the three giants in the American automobile industry。
美国汽车不是之一三个巨人在美国汽车业6，At present，U.S. exports account for 10% of the world’s total. 目前，u。
s。
出口说明10原因%的世界的总。
7,higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard university。
更高现行美国教育体制首先哈佛大学的创建8,Of the following，decide which student to enroll is Not the responsibility of the board of trustees in U.S. institutions .的下面，决定哪个学生注册不是责任的理事会在u。
s。
机构。
9、To get a bachelor’s degree ,all undergraduate students are required to do the following except working for communities。
得到学士学位，所有本科生被要求做下面除工作社会10. Of the following universities, Massachusetts institute of technology has NOT cultivated any American Presidents yet. 的下面大学，麻省理工学院还未培育任何美国总统过。
11, Los Angeles Times is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk。
洛杉矶时报被出售尤其帮或中上阶层，它有一个声誉而它的严重态度，伟大的体积。
12，The National Day of the United States falls on July 4th.国庆节地点状语落到七月4。
13,Of the following writers ，Benjamin Franklin & Jonathan Edwards are from the colonial and revolutionary periods。
的下面作家，本杰明·富兰克林爱德华滋从移民和革命家期间。
14, Of the following , Nature is NOT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work .的下面，性质不是霍桑的作品。
15.Of the following writers , Herman Melville is NOT included in the group of naturalists .下面作家，赫尔曼·梅尔维尔不包括在组的博物学家。
16,F.Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is The Great Gatsby ,and its theme is about the American Dream.f。
scott菲茨杰拉德的最好的小说伟大的盖茨比，它的主题对美国梦。
17,Of the following books , The Sound and the Fury is NOT written by Ernest Hemingway.的下面书，喧哗与骚动不是写被海明威。
18. Canada became the world's fourth largest industrial nation (after world war II) . 加拿大成为世界的第四最大工业国(在第二次世界大战)后。
19. The Liberal government led by Mackenzie King did the following to lay the foundations of the Canadian welfare state except (introducing health insurance ) . 自由党政府领导由马更些王做下面外行的的基础的加拿大人福利国家除(介绍健康保险)。
20. Pierre Trudeau retired from his post as head of the government and party leader partly because (he had not been able to reverse the declining economic trend )特鲁多退休他的职位作为政府的头像，党的的领导人部分地因为(他还未能相反的拒绝经济趋势)21.(The Meech Lake Accord )recognized Quebec as a "distinct society ". (达成米治湖协议)承认魁北克省由于一个"不同的社会"。
22.Martin's Liberal government tried to do the following but to (give the Quebec City sovereignty ). 马丁的自由派的政府尝试做下面但(给魁北克市主权)。
23. In each province, a Lieutenant Governor represents the British Crown. 在每个省，一个副州长代表英国冠。
24.The influence of the New Democratic Party has declined gradually in Parliament in today’s Canada.影响的新民主党慢慢下降了在议会在今日的加拿大。
25.If applicants meet the basic requirements for an immigrant they need to do the following except applying for citizenship. if申请人满足基本要求对一个移民他们需要做某事下面除申请公民权。
26.Canada’s three largest trading partners include the following except Mexico.加拿大的三最大贸易伙伴包括下面除了墨西哥。
27.Canberra is Australia’s capital.27。
canberra是澳大利亚的资本。
28.Britain’s first permanent colony was founded in 1788.28。
britain的第一永久的殖民地被创立1788年。
29.The Commonwealth of Australia was established in 1901.29。
the澳大利亚联邦被成立于1901。
30.The first time that Australia developed a foreign policy independent of Britain was during the Great Depression of the 1930s.第一次那个澳大利亚开发一个外交政策独立英国中的大萧条1930s。
31.The movement to gain recognition of Aboriginal rights was started in the 1960s.31。
the 运动土著的获得认可权利被开始1960s。
32.The following were all aspects of the economic reforms which tookplace between 1983 and 1996 except enlarging the scale of the mining industry.下面各方面的经济改革——发生在1983之间，1996除放大规模的矿业。
33.Australia ranks 53rd in terms of population through it is the sixth largest country in the word.33。
australia级53rd在条款人口通过它第六最大国家在字。
34.Australia’s economy depends largely on foreign trade.澳大利亚的经济依靠主要地在外贸。
35.As an ideal place for investments , Australia’s foreign capital mainly comes from Japan and the United States.35。
as一个理想的地方为投资，澳大利亚的外国资本主要地来自日本，美国。