英语国家概况考试复习要点
课程要点
英语国家概况考试重点复习1. p.5 英国全称和地理位置2. p.6 英国的国旗，国歌，国鸟3. p.7 美国的全称，国土，首都4. p.8 美国的国旗，国歌5. p.21 加拿大的位置，著名景点6. p.22 加拿大的天气，加拿大的经济特点（第二段3-5行）7. p.23 澳大利亚的地理位置，特点，首都和最大的城市8. p.24 澳大利亚的经济（第二段）9. p.26 新西兰的地理位置和首都，最大城市10. p.41 第一段，英国有记载的历史是什么时候开始的。
11. p.42 谁是英国海军之父，第四段12. p.43 大宪章是什么，其目的是什么，黑死病是什么，结果怎样，农民起义的意义，玫瑰之战是什么13. p.44 英国文艺复兴时期的杰出人物，英国什么时候成为世界工厂的。
14. p.45 英国的衰落是什么原因造成的15. p.49 黄金时期指的是什么时期16. p.53 Mount Rashmore上的四位雕刻人物分别是谁。
17. p.55 美洲大陆是谁发现的，英国殖民美国的时期，（整段）18. p.56 美国独立战争的导火索以及颁布独立宣言的时间，南北战争的目的及著名宣言是什么19. p.58 美国在两次世界大战开始时的态度是什么。
谁带领美国走出经济萧条。
美国战后的经济情况20. p.87 英国的政治体制是什么，女王的工作是什么21. p.88 英国的公务员是什么人，英国的国会由什么组成22. p.89 英国的下议院议员23. p.90 权利法案是什么，三权分立是什么，国会是什么机构，由什么组成（整段）24. p.91 美国总统任期，美国总统大选在什么时候，美国的司法部门是什么部门25. p.94 英国的主要政党26. p.98 美国的主要政党27. p.103 加拿大的议会（整段）28. p.104 澳大利亚的议会组成及其功能，澳大利亚的政治体制是什么29. p.106 新西兰的议会有什么特点。
英语国家概况复习重点
英语国家概况复习重点：1.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England .They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell. No Church nor god’ works could save people. The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God .These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2. The three traditions of Christmas in Britain:One is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame”, is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.3. Grammar schools It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at age 11,through an examination called "the 11-plus".Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and except many of their pupils to go on to universities.4. The BBC: The British Broadcasting Corporation. It has been the Britain’s main public service broadcaster. It currently has two TV channels.5. Quality papers: they belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of them are generally a well-educated middle class audience.6. Sinn Fein: It is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which support the IRA to fightfor the union of Ireland. The leader of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “ the Bullet and the ballot Box”. It believe that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.7. Comprehensive school: They are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practicalsubjects like cooking.8 The House of Lords:The House of Lords consists of the Lords of Spiritual, who are the archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.9. Checks and Balance:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.10. The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where abouts 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament)make and debate policy .These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.11 Boxing DayIt is a typical British tradition celebrated on the day after Christmas. People used to give Christmas gift or money to their staff or servants on this day. And now they mostly do shopping, pay visits, enjoy eating and relax.12.Independent schools are commonly called public schools which receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independence schools are not part national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through her majesty’s Inspectors of schools. These schools are restricted to students whose parents are comparatively rich.13. anglo-saxons: They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.14. Eli Whitney Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier. He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part. This contributed to the American system of mass production.15. migrant workersMany big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops. Many of th ese seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.16. They are the Primary Industry, the Secondary Industry and Tertiary Industry or service.17.“Football hooligans”reflect the violence associated with football. “Football hooligans”are supportersof rival teams. They sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town breaking windows and beating each other up.18. The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the congress on July 4 ,1776. When the people fro the 13 English colonies in Northern America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men are equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.19. the Bill of Rights in US The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.20. Three Faiths in the U.S.By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish, the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.21. LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country .It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies.It is not only the financial center of the nation,but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.22.Christmas: It is the biggest and the most popular British holiday celebrated by on December 25th each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. People usually decorate homes with evergreen plants. Christmas trees and ornament. They also exchange gifts and Christmas cards. Three typical British traditions on Christmas are: the Christmas pantomime, the Queen’s speech and the Boxing Day.23.Ggeorge Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.24. Tabloids:A tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.25. comprehensive schools:They are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.26. Home Rule: Ireland had long been dominanted by Britain, but Ireland desired for aindependent Irish state was never lost, “Home Rule” refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The home Rule bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the first World War and was supendedfor the duration of the war.27. King Arthur: He was a king of England in the fifth century and united the British and drove the Saxon back with his magical sword, Exalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends28. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statute law.29. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s e quipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designs to give the maximum output of crops and animals.30 .British constitutionBritish has no written constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts ;and conventions.31. a federal systemIt is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.32. Grammar schoolsIt is a type of secondary schools in Britain.Grammar schools select children at age 11,through an examination called "the 11-plus".Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools.These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and except many of their pupils to go on to universities.V．Questions: （5分*3= 15 分）1. What is.Puritanism?Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purity the Church of England .They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born .Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell.No Church nor godd works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in hia work or the prosperity in hia calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God'swill and establisha direct contact with God .These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2. What is the class system in British society?Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.3. Please define “absolute decline and relative decline” in the UK economy. Absolute decline means its GDP, employment rate or other economic factors are lower than those in the same period in the past, while relative decline refers to the comparison between develop countries. UK economy is still among the top of these countries.As for the reason, the UK economic history and current economic measures play important roles in that.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?—— The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; (3) the church should possess all its rights and priv ileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. What are the forces that brought about the modern development of Europe in the 16th -17th century?(1) The growth of capitalism(2) the Renaissance(3) the Religious Reformation6 What were the causes of the War of Independence?—— The economy in the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen. The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.7 Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owedto France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that.8. the functions of the British ParliamentThe main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.9. What kind of institution(部门) is the House of Lords? What role dose it play in British government?A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal，which refers to everyone else。
英语国家概况复习点2
英语国家概况复习点2Northern Ireland1. Basic information:It is often called “Ulster” and is the smallest of the four natoins (area/population)Physical feature: mostly rural, low hills, beautiful lake district in the south-west, rugged coastline, including its most famous landmark, the Giant’s CausewayEconomy: the lowest wealth per head and low living cost.Aircraft manufacturers and shipbuilders2. History(1) Political conflicts:--- 1914: The Home Rule Bill was finally passed by the British Parliament but was suspended because of theworld war1. (From 1801 to 1921, the full name of UK was “The United Kingdom of Grea t Britain and Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain. But due to Irish desires for an independent Irish state, a campaign in parliament for “Home-rule” was launched, and the Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914.)--- 1916: the Easter Rising (The rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office forcing the British to retake it by military means. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.)--- 1919: IRA (the Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting.--- The Sinn Fein party who were supporters of the Irish terrorists gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable. (a legal political party formed in1905, supporters of the Ir ish terrorists; support the IRA’s right to fight by a twin campaign, both political and military which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box” 暴力和民主手段)(2) Religious conflicts--- most Irishes are Catholics; most Britishes are Protestants--- In the 17th C., people emigrated from Scotland and Northern England to the north of Ireland. The people of this part thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. They were Protestants.(3) A partition of Ireland in 1921Faced with these conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organised a partition of Ireland. The southern 26 counties formed a free state---Ireland; the other 6 north-eastern counties remained a part of Britain ----- Northern Ireland.---Northern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont3. Troubles and solutionsThe majority, the Protestants controlled the local democratically- elected parliament and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province. Catholics found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs such as public housing. The armed conflict “troubles” developed.(1) a Civil Rights Movement(2) the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969 (the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Irish streets. They have been there ever since.)(3) IRA’s violence in the 1970s （IRA split in 1969, and a strong fac tion separated from the official IRA calling themselves “ Provisional IRA” which felt armed force was the only way to get the British out. So,this group continued the conflict for the last 30 years. And Protestants took revenge on Catholics.(4) Bloody Sunday (1972.01.30---13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march were shot dead by British soldiers. )(5) the Power-Sharing mechanism (in 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain GB/G.B. British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United KingdomThe UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically; the British Isles includes Great Britain; the whole of Ireland; and all the offshore islandsPolitically; the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis本尼维斯山the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians格兰扁山脉4.the longest river：The Severn River 塞文河The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames泰晤士河5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh内伊湖 Northern Ireland6. Backbone of England：the Pennies奔宁山脉The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人..8.Basis of Modern English raceThe earlist people known in Britain were nomads游牧者from mainland Europein the Old Stone Age旧石器时代;followed by Neolithic新石器时代 Iberians伊比利亚人 and the Beaker Folk比克人in the Bronze Age青铜器时代9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state①.established 'Old English'②.laid the foundations of the English state③. divided the country into shires④. created the 'Witan' to advise the Kingthe basis of the Cabinet10.different invadersFirst invasion—In 55 BC; Julius CaesarSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD; Emperor Claudius; final and successful Roman invasion of Britain recordedLeft—In 410; Germanic barbarian attack Rome; forcing Roman troops to leave Britain; and thus ending its occupation of the island History9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” Sir Francis Drake10. The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest 1066-1071Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January; 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William; Duke of Normandy; heard the news of Harold’s coronation; he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：It increased the process of feudalism.William established a strong monarchy in England.He introduced new ideas in laws.It brought changes in the church.The French language came along with the Normans.11.When was the feudal system established in England 封建制度Under William; the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain 1066-148512. Who signed Great Charter King John 签署大宪章13. Great Charter time; contents; natureTime: Magna Carta 1215Contents:内容A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals withouttheir consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law; the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it; by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14.The Hundred Years’ War①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453②. Countries: France and Britain③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economicThe English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.⑤.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilliantly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry V’s death in 1422; the French; encouraged by Joan of Arc; their national heroine; drove the English out of France.⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”⑦.Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death; wealth and property; thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.⑧.Effects of the war: After this war; the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.C. reestablish English language as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industryThe expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity; while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.15.The War of Roses 1455--1485①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose; so the war got such a name.③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war; for power and wealth; for the possession of the Crown④.Reason：In the Hundred Years’ War; the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss; thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups; in such a situation; the war broke out. At that time; the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI1422-1461 was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.⑤.Result:The Yorkist got complete victory; House of York 约克王朝1461-1485 but a third House; the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won descendant of Duke of Lancaster Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years; ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden; so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The English Reformation①. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body; but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and lazinessof the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.②. CourseA. By a special act by parliament ; Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534; Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.③.EffectsA.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international; the English Church was strictly national.B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.④.NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.⑤.People involvedA. Edward VI1547-1553: king after Henry Ⅷ’s deathB. “Bloody” Mary1553-1558:daughter of Catherine; reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I 1558-1603: Queen after Mary; restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentativesDistinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More; the greatest English humanist; “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare1564-1616greatest dramatist ; 37 comedies; tragedies and historiesC. poetry----Spenser; Sidney; Shakespeare & DonneD. John Milton’s Paradise Lost; 1667E. English materialism---Francis Bacon1561-1626also a statesman& an essayist18.Civil War 1642-1649内战①.Background of the war战争的背景The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie; Charles took counteraction; the war broke out.②. Groups of the warA. Roundheads--supporters of Parliamentfree farmers; tradesmen; craftsmenB. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supportersCatholics; feudal lord <West & North of England>③.Consequence1649; Charles’ army was defeated; he was beheaded; in May 1649; England was declared a Commonwealth共和政府时期.In 1653; Cromwell was made Lord Protector护国公 for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate摄政时期 and Parliament was dissolved. He became a “king”in all but name.19.The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年的光荣革命After thre e years’ struggle; the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution; the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688; the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories辉格党和保守党The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal PartyThe Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party21. The Industrial Revolution 1780-1830工业革命①.Definition 定义During the latter half of the eighteenth century; a rapid series of extensive changes began; especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changesis often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.②. Inventions发明A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769; the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785; the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764; the Spinning Jenny was inventedG. In 1814; the first successful steam locomotive③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution工业革命的后果A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.F. Two conflicting classes were born .G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry markedthe beginning of Industrial Revolution: 工业革命Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机Spinning mule 走锭细纱机Power loom 动力纺纱机Steam engine 蒸汽机H．Means of transportation交通方式canals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetI．By the middle of 19th century; the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainJ．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways1dramatically increased industrial productivity2the process of urbanization3changes in class structure4The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.Government and Politics23. constitutional monarchy; the head of state is a king or a queen.君主立宪制国家;国家的首脑是国王或女王..24.the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule.To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic 25.three elements of parliament议会组成The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons26.The main functions of Parliament议会的主要作用To legislateTo vote the taxation and expenditures of the governmentTo examine government policies and administrationTo debate major current political issues27.Where does the real power lie Cabinet内阁Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government28.two parties in the UK政党The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government; distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyoneThe Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privilegesJudiciary司法29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary andthe Attorney General.30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员..31. Scotland Yard伦敦警察厅: headquarter of the Metropolitan PoliceEducation32.the compulsory education义务教育Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.33.two education systemprivate schools 私立学校 public schools公学34. the oldest university：OxfordOthers35.The largest religious festival：Christmas36. The oldest newspaper：The Times37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporationthe BBCThe most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅Part Two USAThe country1. 50 states the largest; the smallest; the purchased ones50个州 Alaska—the largest 阿拉斯加州Rhode Island—the smallest 罗德岛州Texas—the largest on the mainland德克萨斯州Alaska—the purchased ones购买2. 13 colonies13个殖民地Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North AmericaDelaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚 New Jersey 新泽西Georgia 乔治亚 Connecticut康涅狄格 Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚 New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡罗来纳 Rhode Island 罗德岛3. 5 great lakes; the longest riverLake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario the longest river：the Mississippi River密西西比河4.who discovered the new continentIn 1492; Christopher Columbus; found America; a new continent instead of India.History4.Independence war1775; 13 colonies began rebellion1776; proclamation of independence1777; victory at Saratoga; the turning point of American revolution1781; surrender of Britain1783; Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nationCauses:growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people:The British government:•to bring the development of the colonies under control•to collect more taxes.•practiced unfair price policies•put into effect many taxes:The Stamp Act: 印花税法令an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercialdocuments opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766the Townshend Acts唐森德条令All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770.The 13 colonies:•wanted more power to determine their own business•opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.•The Boston Massacre波士顿大屠杀 1770•Some British solders fired at the people; killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant.•The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件•demonstration 1773 by citizens of Boston who disguised as Indians raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumpedhundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea•an example of the conflicts between the British•government and the American people. 5.Continental congressThe First Continental Congress1774 第一次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in September; 1774 before the war.•encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.•Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then.Beginning of the War•The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19; 1775.The Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in May; 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.•The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; a Virginia militia commander. The Declaration of Independence July4; 1776 独立宣言• drafted by Thomas Jefferson• adopted by the Congress on July4; 1776• declared the independence of the 13 colonies6. Civil war内战1861-1865The Situation Before the War:Two economic systems in the North and the SouthNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationThe Growth of the working classUncle Tom’s Cabinfree and slave states 1860Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.a war to abolish slaveryUnion army Vs. Confederate armySurpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness.Effect: put an end to the salve system in AmericaAftermath of the war:In south: KKKKu Klux KlanIn north: building an enterprising way of lifeIn west: cowboy7.Great depression 1930’s经济危机The stock market crash in 1929Massive unemployment; factory and mill closings; and mortgage foreclosuresA breakdown of the nati on’s entire economy8.New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” 罗斯福新政The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformAmerican Identity9.melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”熔炉/“移民国家”Reasons:①.Country was settled; built; and developed by generations of immigrants②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country.③. The most heterogeneous多种多样的 societiesInfluence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.10.Indian Reservations印第安保留地Indians’struggle and sufferings:①. first driven out of their familiar land②. either wholly or partially destroyed③. lose their land to white invaders④. lose their peaceful family & community life⑤.“Indian Reservations”Today’s Indians:①. the poorest②. lower incomes③. the highest unemployment; school dropout; and suicide rates④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy⑤. call of pan-IndianismPolitical Institutions11.Checks and balances 分权制衡12.Congress国会The legislative branch of the federal government.Congress：Senate 参议院:2年选1/3;6年House of Representatives 众议院:2年全选;2年表格对比：Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interestsRepresentatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts”Congress makes all laws.Each state has two Senators; regardless of population; and; since there are 50 states; then there are 100 senators.13.General election大选Is elected every 4 years4-year term of officeNo more than 2 full terms allowedHe must convince Congressmen; the Representatives & theSenators.14.two parties两党the American political system is dominated by two political parties:the Democratic Party民主党donkeythe Republican Party共和党elephantThe Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey; whilethe Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.15.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the onlyorgan which has the power to interpret the Constitution最高法院唯一有权解释宪法Educationpulsory education义务教育Elementary初等 and secondary中等 education—the basis of publiceducation; free and compulsory; 12 gradesOne academic year—from September through JuneDifferent divisions of school systems:elementary school—one through eighthigh school—next four yearselementary school—one through sixjunior high school—seven through ninesenior high school—ten through twelveHigher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. 高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 163617.list some famous universites in America; are they public or private The oldest one isIvy League—including eight universities Brown; Columbia; Cornell; Dartmouth;Harvard; Pennsylvania; Princeton; and Yale MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院Harvard is the oldest one.Others18.the typical American festival isNew Year’s Day新年 Epiphany显现节;主显节Lent四旬斋 Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日St. Valentine's Day情人节 Easter复活节 Thanksgiving Halloween万圣节 Washington's Birthday华盛顿诞辰日Lincoln's Birthday林肯纪念日 President's Day总统纪念日19.Independence Day 美国独立纪念日Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday.The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776; the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S.We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies.On July 4; 1776; John Hancock; Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin; well-known patriots; declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.。
英语国家概况重点整理
英语国家概况重点整理第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。
Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name ―England‖ and ―English‖.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in theage of Elisabeth I.16. The ―Glorious Revolution‖ was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called ―spinning Jenny‖.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------ CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the ―Spinning Jenny‖珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”re fers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las Vegas Hoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise GoldenGate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ―melting pot‖, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is called American culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term ―melting pot‖. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how mu ch the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of ―a nation on the wheel‖.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball Champion American Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and /doc/495986337.html, bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK? David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work? No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
英语国家概况复习纲要
英语国家概况复习纲要I.Term Explanations.1. British Isles2. British Commonwealth3. Highland Zone4. Lowland Zone5. Domesday Book6. Black Death7. Greater London8. Indo-European Language Family9. Stonehenge 10. Julius Caesar 11. Hadrian’s Wall 12. King Arthur 13. Gunpowder Plot 14. Great Fire of London 15. Protestantism16. Constitutional Monarchy 17. Parliament 18. Prime Minister19. Cabinet20. The Great Lakes 21. Western Myth22. The Pilgrim Fathers 23. American Revolution 24. Civil War25. Cold War26. Hispanics 27. W ASP 28. Ethnic Minorities 29. Gold Rush30. The New World31. Federalism 32. Separation of Powers 33. General Election34. Public Schools/Universities 35. Bilingual EducationII. Simple Questions.1.What is the United Kingdom geographically and politically composedof?2.Why can’t the term “English” be used to address all the people of theUK?3.What are the two major natural regions in the UK? What does eachzone consist of ?4.How does the weather in the UK affect British life?5.What patterns of settlement and immigration has the UK demonstratedin history?6.How has English language evolved in history? Why is it said that it isimportant to the UK’s class structure?7.What are the Celtic languages? Are they still living?8.What are the key elements in “Britishness” that the citizens of the UKshare?9.Who were the main foreign invaders of Britain at different times inBritish history? What contributions have they respectively made to the British culture, or what impacts have they had?10.What was the social background for the Reformation to take place inEngland?11.What major achievement did the Elizabethan era witness?12.How did the UK Parliament come into being? How did the majorpolitical parties evolve?13.How did Christianity emerge and develop in English society? Whatrole has it played throughout English history?14.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed form the mid-18thcentury to the mid-19th century and beyond? How has it impactedBritish society?15.What are the characteristics of the British Constitution?16.What are the functions of Parliament? How does the law-makingprocess work?17.What is the most pronounced feature of the United States in terms ofits geography?18.What are the characteristics of “Middle America”, geographically,culturally, and politically?19.What makes the Northeast stand out as a unique cultural region?20.In terms of cultural geography, what is the image of the Midwest inthe American mind?21.How did the South and the North differ from each other in theireconomic development before the Civil War?22.What were the main reasons that made the United States the world’sleading industrial power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?23.What were the chief causes of the Great Depression? Did the NewDeal solve the problems brought about by the Depression? Why or Why not?24.In your opinion, why did the United States end its isolationist policyand adopt, instead, and interventionist policy in international affairs after World War II?25.Why is the United States called “a nation of immigrants”?26.What kind of discrimination do minority people nowadays face in theUnited States, now that no formal or legal discrimination exists in the land? In what forms does discrimination against ethnic minorities show itself?27.What kind of life do Native Americans live on the “IndianReservations”? Why do they live there?28.The United States is one of the youngest nations in the world, and yetit has the world’s oldest written constitution in force. Why is that?29.What does federalism mean in American politics?30.How often is the general election held, and how often is the midtermelection held in the U.S.?31.。
英语国家概况复习内容
III. Term Explanation1、Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is preferred by the educated and is widely used in the media and taught at schools. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.2、Bill of Rights (in U.S.)When the Constitution was first drawn up in 1787, nothing was mentioned about the rights of individuals. Then , in 1791, the first 10 amendments were created. This is the well-known Bill of Rights, which guarantees freedom of religion, speech and the press, the right of peaceful assembly and petition, the right to keep and bear arms, and freedom against unreasonable search and seizure, among others. Altogether, 27 amendments have been added to the Constitution since 1789.3、Thanksgiving DayThanksgiving is celebrated in the U.S. on the fourth Thursday in November and became an official holiday in 1863. In 1620, when the Pilgrims first arrived, they had met a very cold winter and many of them died. Native Americans showed them how to plant crops, so next year they had a good harvest. They held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans for helping them survive the harsh winter. Today people celebrate Thanksgiving to remember the early days. The most important part of the celebration is a traditional dinner with foods that come from North American. 4、Norman ConquestOn September 27, 1066, William crossed the English Channel with a formidable army. On October 14, 1066, William and his army defeated the English army, killing Harold at the battle of Hastings. On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey. It is believed that the Norman Conquest of England marked the establishment of feudalism in England.5.British ParliamentIt includes three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It is the Supreme law-making authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its functions include: to draft new laws; to scrutinize the actions of the goverment;to influence future government policy.6. Lost generationAfter World War I，many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. F.scott Fitzgerald and Erbest Hemingway are the spokensmen for the Lost Generation,whichrefers to the yong American writers caught up in the war and cut off from the old values, yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilzation has gone mad.7. Melting potItIt meant that as immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States, their old ways of life melt away and they became part of the American culture.However,the melting pot metaphor was doomed to lose its credibility because its anglophilic values no longer held for the majority of the American people.8.RenaissanceThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama.9.the Commonwealth of NationsThe Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements, It has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth(1991)10.A-levelA-level means General Certificate of Education Advanced Level.the A Level—is an academic qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education.The qualification is generally studied for over two years and split into two parts, with one part studied in each year.IV. Questions and discussions.1.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?In the early days of World War II, the U.S. government adopted a sit-on-the-fence policy. The American capitalists wanted to continue their profitable trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors. Therefore, they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When American entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, American greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.2.How is the American President voted into office?Each party holds its national convention every four year to choose a candidate for the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided in two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.3.How does an American university choose its applicants?In American, there is no annual college entrance examination. College applicants are chosen on the basis of :a) their high school records. Once a student has reached high school, they are very conscious of the need to obtain good marks on their schoolwork if they wish to go on to a competitive university. b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) the impression they make during interview at the university; d) their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Of all the high school graduates, more than 60% continue college after graduation.4.What were the major causes of Britain’s relative economic decline in the postwar period?for several reasons:first,britain suffered great losses in the two world war and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. second, the era of the british empire was over. india and other british colonies, which provided raw material and large market fot british goods, gained their independence. third, britain was forced to mainrain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s.fourth,britain had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN security council. finally,britain failed to invest in industry after world war II whereas ote competitors like germany and japan caught up with britain by investing in the most modern equipment and means of priduction.5.Elaborate the rise and fall of the British Empire.Colonization of Newfoundland in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, India and many small states in the West Indies. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included about a quarter of the global popu lation and a quarter of the world’s landmass. Before World War I, Britain was the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered a great loss of its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas in vestment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence as a resultof World War II, which inevitably led to the fall of the British Empire.6. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s more, the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British IslesBritish Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, and all the offshore islandsPolitically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
8.Basis of Modern English race?The earlist people known in Britain were nomads（游牧者）from mainland Europe in the Old Stone Age（旧石器时代）,followed by Neolithic（新石器时代）Iberians （伊比利亚人) and the Beaker Folk(比克人）in the Bronze Age（青铜器时代）9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state?①.established 'Old English'②.laid the foundations of the English state③. divided the country into shires④. created the 'Witan' to advise the King(the basis of the Cabinet)10.different invaders?First invasion—In 55 BC, Julius CaesarSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain (recorded)Left—In 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, forcing Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending its occupation of the islandHistory9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” ? Sir Francis Drake10. The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest (1066-1071)Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January, 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the news of Harold’s coronation, he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England becauseEdward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：❖It increased the process of feudalism.❖William established a strong monarchy in England.❖He introduced new ideas in laws.❖It brought changes in the church.❖The French language came along with the Normans.11.When was the feudal system established in England?（封建制度）Under William, the feudal system was completely established.Medieval Britain (1066-1485)12. Who signed Great Charter? King John （签署大宪章）13. Great Charter (time, contents, nature)Time: Magna Carta 1215Contents:（内容）A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals without their consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14.The Hundred Years’ War①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453②. Countries: France and Britain③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economicThe English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.⑤.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilliantly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry V’s death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France.⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”⑦.Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death, wealth and property, thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.⑧.Effects of the war:After this war, the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.C. reestablish English (language) as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industry(The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.)15.The War of Roses (1455--1485)①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose, so the war got such a name.③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war, for power and wealth, for the possession of the Crown④.Reason：In the Hundred Years’ War, the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss, thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups, in such a situation, the war broke out. At that time, the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI(1422-1461) was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.⑤.Result:The Yorkist got complete victory, House of York 约克王朝(1461-1485) but a third House, the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won (descendant of Duke of Lancaster)Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years, ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden, so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The English Reformation①. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body, but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and laziness of the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.②. CourseA. By a special act by parliament , Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534, Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.③.EffectsA.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international, the English Church was strictly national.B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.④.NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and theremnants of feudalism on the other.⑤.People involvedA. Edward VI(1547-1553): king after Henry Ⅷ’s deathB. “Bloody” M ary(1553-1558):daughter of Catherine, reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I (1558-1603): Queen after Mary, restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentatives? Distinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More, the greatest English humanist, “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)greatest dramatist , 37 comedies, tragedies and historiesC. poetry----Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare & DonneD. John Milton’s Paradise Lost, 1667E. English materialism---Francis Bacon(1561-1626)also a statesman& an essayist18.Civil War (1642-1649)（内战）①.Background of the war（战争的背景）The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie, Charles took counteraction, the war broke out.②. Groups of the warA. Roundheads--supporters of Parliamentfree farmers; tradesmen; craftsmenB. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supportersCatholics; feudal lord <West & North of England>③.Consequence1649, Charles’army was defeated, he was beheaded; in May 1649, England was declared a Commonwealth（共和政府时期）.In 1653, Cromwell was made Lord Protector（护国公）for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate（摄政时期）and Parliament was dissolved. He became a“king”in all but name.19.The Glorious Revolution of 1688（1688年的光荣革命）After three years’ struggle, the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution, the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688, the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories（辉格党和保守党）The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal PartyThe Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party21. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)（工业革命）①.Definition （定义）During the latter half of the eighteenth century, a rapid series of extensive changes began, especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changes is often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.②. Inventions（发明）A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769, the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785, the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764, the Spinning Jenny was inventedG. In 1814, the first successful steam locomotive③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution（工业革命的后果）A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.F. Two conflicting classes were born .G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: （工业革命）▪Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机▪Spinning mule 走锭细纱机▪Power loom 动力纺纱机▪Steam engine 蒸汽机H．Means of transportation（交通方式）▪canals were dug to ship goods▪the locomotive invented in 1814▪the first railway completed in 1825▪large merchant fleetI．By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainJ．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways（1）dramatically increased industrial productivity（2）the process of urbanization（3）changes in class structure（4）The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.Government and Politics23. constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen.君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。