大学计算机-1

Chapter 1OverviewInformation Technology, The Internet, and YouReferences •Douglas E. Comer, Essentials of Computer Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2004•Gary B. Shelly, Essential Introduction to Computers, Sixth Edition, Course Technology, 2005•M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture (3rd edition), Beijing: Tsinghua University Press，1998References (continued) •Douglas E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets (3rd edition), Beijing：Tsinghua University Press •Gary B. Shelly, MS Windows XP: Brief Concepts and Techniques, Course Technology•Gary B. Shelly, Microsoft Office 2003: Introductory Concepts and Techniques, Premium Edition, CourseTechnologyReferences (for Chinese Students)•杨有安等，大学计算机基础，北京：人民邮电出版社，2010年09月•电脑报•Douglas E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets(5rd edition), Prentice Hall, 2009Software Suggested(English Version)•MS-DOS•Windows XP•Windows 7•Office 2007 (or 2010or 2003)•Other UtilitiesWebsites Suggested •/ (ZDNet) Information resources for IT professionals•/ (Computer Hope's free computer help)•/ (PC Magazine - Computer, Software, Hardware and Electronics Reviews,Downloads, News and Opinion)Websites Suggested (Chinese) •/ (太平洋电脑网) •/ (中关村在线) •/ (小熊在线武汉站) •/ (中关村在线湖北站)•/ (电脑报）•/ （天极Yesky）Websites Suggested •Search Engines:–Google: /–Bing: –Yahoo: –Baidu (百度): /–AltaVista：/–Excite: /Overview •Users and professionals •Computer literate and computer competent •Information systems •Hardware•SoftwareOverview (continued) •Computer systems •Connectivity and InternetUsers•Be ready for the job market•Use computers for work and personal tasksDifferentiation •Computer Professionals–expertise and/or a minimum of a two-yeartechnical degree–industry uses many names•programmer, engineer, systems analyst•network and database administratorsComputer Literate vs. Competent •Computer literacy–understanding what a computer is and what it can do•Computer competency–using skills to meet information needs and improve productivityCompetency•Skill mastery covered:–terms–functions–usesComputer Information Systems •Hardware•Software•Data and information•People•Procedures•CommunicationsPeople•Most important component of computer system •Follow procedures–using documentation, reference guides, and user guides–guides are primarily available as electronic help files and Internet help desksComputer Hardware• 4 categories–System unit–Input/output–Secondary storage–communicationsSystem Unit•Also known as system cabinet or chassis–Contains electronic components•Two important components:–Microprocessor–Memory (also known as primary storage or random access memory)System Unit (continued)Input•Keyboard•Mouse•Scanner•MicrophoneOutput Hardware •Hardcopy output–graphics–letters•Softcopy output–monitor–audio•music from MP3 for exampleSecondary Storage Hardware •Permanent or nonvolatile–magnetic disks: hard disks, floppy disks, USB flash memory disk–optical storage (optical disks)–tapeCommunications Hardware •Facilitate networks–Modems, Network Interface Card–hubs and other components of a networkComputer Software •System software–communication with hardware–resource management–facilitates communication among application programsSuch as DOS, Windows, OS/2Macintosh Operating System,Unix,Linux, etc.Computer Software •Applications software–benefits or assists the userSuch as Word Processing,Desktop Publishing,Payroll Processing,Animation, etc.Types of ComputersSupercomputers•The fastest and highest-capacity computers •Used in weather forecast and analysis, oil exploration, aircraft design, mathematical research, and so on. •Supercomputers have hundreds to thousands of processors and can perform trillions of calculations per second.Mainframe computers •Mainframe computers are less powerful than supercomputers, but they are still fast, mid- tolarge-size, large-capacity machines. •Mainframe computers are used by many banks, airlines, insurance companies, and universities. •Mainframe computers also have many processors.Minicomputers•Also known as midrange computers, minicomputers are desk-sized machines.•Medium-sized companies or departments of larger companies typically use them for specific purposes. •For example, production departments useminicomputers to monitor certain manufacturingprocesses and assembly-line operations.Microcomputers•Also called personal computers (PCs), microcomputers are small computers that can fit next to desk or on adesktop.•Microcomputers are now found in most businesses.They are either used as stand-alone machines orconnected to a network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN).•Whatever computers' size, speed, and capacity, all computers operate according to similar principles.Computer Generations •Please refer to The Evolution of the Computer AgeConnectivity and The Internet •Connecting devices forcommunication•voice, data, multimedia–foundation for information age•E-mail–send and receive messagesover a networkConnectivity and The Internet (continued)•E-mail–send and receive messagesover a networkConnectivity and The Internet (continued) •Instant Messaging–Instant messaging (IM) allows two or more people to contact each other via direct, livecommunication. To use instant messaging, youregister with an instant messaging server and thenspecify a list of friends. Whenever you connect tothe Internet, special software informs yourmessaging server that you are online. In response,the server will notify you if any of your friends areonline. At the same time, it notifies your friendsthat you are online. You can then send messagesdirectly back and forth to one another.– e.g., MSN, QQConnectivity and The Internet (continued) •One of the fastest-growing uses of the Internet is social networking, or connecting individuals to one another.While many social networking sites support a widerange of activities, there are three broad categories:reuniting, friend-of-a-friend, and common interest.Connectivity and The Internet (continued) •Blogs, Microblogs, and Wikis–Many individuals create personal Web sites, called Web logs or blogs, to keep in touch with friendsand family.–A wiki is a Web site specially designed to allow visitors to fill in missing information or correctinaccuracies.Blog creation siteWikipediaConnectivity and The Internet (continued) •Databases–for research and job prospects •Telecommuting–Working at home or on the road–Communicating with the office through phone, fax, and/or computer•On-line shopping and E-commerceMS-DOS•The basic functions of an operating system are as follows:–File management–Working with the Files–Configuration of your working environmentMS-DOS (Continued)DOS Usage:•Learn to use the following commands:• A. DISKCOPY: Copies the contents of one floppy diskto another.• B. FORMAT: Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS. • C. CHKDSK: Checks a disk and displays a status report.MS-DOS (Continued)• D. COPY: Copies one or more files to another location. • E. TYPE: Displays the contents of text files.• F. REN: Renames a file/directory or files/directories. •G. DEL: Deletes one or more files.MS-DOS (Continued)•H. DATE: Displays or sets the date.•I. TIME: Displays or sets the system time.•J. LABEL: Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.•K. PROMPT: Changes the Windows command prompt. •L. MD: Creates a directory. CD: Displays the name of or changes the current directory. RD: Removes (deletes)a directory.MS-DOS (Continued)•The information about these MS-DOS commands can be found in my supplement materials, you can also getmore detailed descriptions through ENTERING a certain COMMAND followed by “/?” in MS-DOS mode.。