现代英语词汇学概论5精品PPT课件
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Chapter 5 大学语言学概论第5章ppt课件
• It is also called ideational theory（观念论）.
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2. Linguistic model of the
conceptualist view
• SEMANTIC TRIANGLE • THOUGHT/REFERENCE
• 1. 形式与意义直接相关 ，用实线连接。意义通过 符号形式来表达，形式是 语义的载体。
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1. Definition
• Contextualism（语境论）： is a view
concerning meaning which holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. According to this view, one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
• 2. 意义是在各观事物的 基础上概括而成的，是客 观事物在头脑中的概括反 映，两者也有直接联系， 用实线连接。
• 3. 形式和所指之间没有
SYMBOL/FORM REFERENT 必然的联系，故而两者间
用虚线连接，所以同一事
(Ogden and Richards 1923: 物可以用不同的形式来表
• Or what is exactly meant by “thinking of a concept”?
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6. Question
• What do you think of when you hear or see the words:
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2. Linguistic model of the
conceptualist view
• SEMANTIC TRIANGLE • THOUGHT/REFERENCE
• 1. 形式与意义直接相关 ，用实线连接。意义通过 符号形式来表达，形式是 语义的载体。
2021/4/19
2021/4/19
1. Definition
• Contextualism（语境论）： is a view
concerning meaning which holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. According to this view, one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
• 2. 意义是在各观事物的 基础上概括而成的，是客 观事物在头脑中的概括反 映，两者也有直接联系， 用实线连接。
• 3. 形式和所指之间没有
SYMBOL/FORM REFERENT 必然的联系，故而两者间
用虚线连接，所以同一事
(Ogden and Richards 1923: 物可以用不同的形式来表
• Or what is exactly meant by “thinking of a concept”?
2021/4/19
6. Question
• What do you think of when you hear or see the words:
现代英语词汇学概论构词法省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
sound-proof 滴水不漏
water-tight 密封，不漏气
air-tight
没膝深 knee-deep
齐肩高 shoulder-high
终生 lifelong
晶莹剔透 Crycle-clear
苦乐参半 bittersweet
谈论话题 talked-about topic
杜撰故事 made-up story
e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone
autocracy = auto [构词成份] + cracy (suffix)
hydrography = hydro [构词成份] + graphy (suffix)
telephone = tele [构词成份] + phone (suffix)
From the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes.
undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root)
desired: desire (root, stem or base)
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3.2 Compounding 复合构词法
Questions: 1. What is compounding? 2. What are the relative criteria of a
water-tight 密封，不漏气
air-tight
没膝深 knee-deep
齐肩高 shoulder-high
终生 lifelong
晶莹剔透 Crycle-clear
苦乐参半 bittersweet
谈论话题 talked-about topic
杜撰故事 made-up story
e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone
autocracy = auto [构词成份] + cracy (suffix)
hydrography = hydro [构词成份] + graphy (suffix)
telephone = tele [构词成份] + phone (suffix)
From the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes.
undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root)
desired: desire (root, stem or base)
5/86
3.2 Compounding 复合构词法
Questions: 1. What is compounding? 2. What are the relative criteria of a
现代英语词汇学概论chapter5
• E.g. ‘go, goes, went, gone, going’ possess different grammatical meaning. But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.
– bow-wow or woof-woof , miaow , baa-baa moo , roar, coo, hiss, hum , quack; 阿嚏！ 布谷！boom, crack, clang , clash, bang, rumble
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• Morphological motivation
-- Eric Partridge
7
Conventionality
Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense/meaning. • Conventionality: the arbitrariness between a sound and its meaning. • Most words in any human language conventional. e.g. English house French mansion
词的理据（motivation）指的是事物和现象获得名称的依据，说明词 义与事物或现象的命名之间的关系。
9
• Motivation can arise in three major ways
– Phonetic motivation – Morphological motivation – Semantic motivation
– bow-wow or woof-woof , miaow , baa-baa moo , roar, coo, hiss, hum , quack; 阿嚏！ 布谷！boom, crack, clang , clash, bang, rumble
11
• Morphological motivation
-- Eric Partridge
7
Conventionality
Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense/meaning. • Conventionality: the arbitrariness between a sound and its meaning. • Most words in any human language conventional. e.g. English house French mansion
词的理据（motivation）指的是事物和现象获得名称的依据，说明词 义与事物或现象的命名之间的关系。
9
• Motivation can arise in three major ways
– Phonetic motivation – Morphological motivation – Semantic motivation
英语词汇学精品PPT课件
-- from Linguistics in Language Teaching. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.，1972: 111 (Wilkinson)
9
About the course
ORIENTATION
10
1.1 Aims of the course
– Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
16
• What is a word?
– The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
– Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
12
1.3 Arrangements
• Oral Presentation
– Group of 4-5 for ONE CHAPTER – One group each week
• Essay
– A short essay about the relevant topic(s) – 3 weeks before the end of the course
13
1.4 Grade
• Oral presentation • Short essay • Final exam
14
An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology
9
About the course
ORIENTATION
10
1.1 Aims of the course
– Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
16
• What is a word?
– The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
– Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
12
1.3 Arrangements
• Oral Presentation
– Group of 4-5 for ONE CHAPTER – One group each week
• Essay
– A short essay about the relevant topic(s) – 3 weeks before the end of the course
13
1.4 Grade
• Oral presentation • Short essay • Final exam
14
An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一)词素（Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
英语词汇学第5章课件
5. 3.1. Grammatical and Lexical Meaning
2. The same word may have different grammatical meaning:
forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting
5. 3.1. Grammatical and Lexical Meaning
different types of meaning.
5. 3.1. Grammatical and Lexical Meaning
Grammatical meaning Examples: --singular and plural meaning of nouns --tense meaning of verbs and their
The figurative meaning is suggested by the literal meaning.
5. 2. 4. Etymological Motivation
Examples:
pen = feather → quill pen → any writing tool 笔=bamboo + hair → modern writing tool quisling = Quisling → traitor braille = Braille → language for the blind
Concept is beyond language. It is the result of human cognition,
reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
5. 1. 1. Concept
现代英语词汇学概论5
B. Lexical meaning
3. social or stylistic meaning the criterion of formality: formal, neutral and informal
B. Lexical meaning
4. affective meaning appreciatory (apprec.), derogatory (derog.)
Advantages of componential analysis Enable us to have an exact knowledge of the conceptual meaning of a word Help us to choose the right word or collocation e.g. Five students elapsed. Five years elapsed. Elapse: vi. fml. (of time) pass by
Motivation
Motivation: there is the connection between word-symbol and its sense Phonetic motivation Morphological motivation Semantic motivation
Phonetic motivation: pronunciation suggests the meaning, including echoic words or onomatopoeic words E.g. woof-woof the woof-woof of a dog miaow the miaow of a cat roar the roar of a lion bang the bang of a door
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How are the sound and meaning of words related?
How are the sound and meaning of words related?
Two ways: 1. Conventionality
(约定俗成) 2. Motivation
(有理可据)
Conventionality
E.g. a stony heart the leg of a table
What is the relationship between the sound-symbol and its sense?
1. Conventionality (约定俗成) Most words are conventional.
A. Grammatical meaning
2. inflectional paradigm seasons of a year
一年四季 the poles
南北两极 “I bought it,” said Becky, in a voice trembling with
emotion; “I went to see if I could be of any use to my kind friends. I have never parted with that picture--- I never will.” “是我把它买下的。那时候我去看了看到底有没有法子 帮帮我的好朋友们。我一直把这幅画好好藏着-----我 以后也要把它好好藏着。”
Conventional or arbitrary
Arbitrary: adj. decided by or based on
chance or personal opinion rather than facts or reason. Conventional or arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the soundsymbol and its sense.
现代英语词汇学概论
Lexicology
Chapter 5
Word meaning and Semantic Features
Chapter 5
5.1 Conventionality and Motivation 5.2 Main Types of Word Meaning 5.3 Componential Analysis and
E.g. woof-woof
the woof-woof of a dog miaow
the miaow of a cat roar
the roar of a lion bang
the bang of a door
Morphological motivation: there is a direct connection between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.
Being a child, he can’t understand what he just said. He never dreams of being a superstar.
____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A. The girl to be educated C. The girl educated B. The girl’s being educated D. The girl was educated
Motivation
Motivation: there is the connection between word-symbol and its sense
Phonetic motivation Morphological motivation Semantic motivation
Phonetic motivation: pronunciation suggests the meaning, including echoic words or onomatopoeic words
B. Lexical meaning 1. denotative meaning 2. connotative meaningห้องสมุดไป่ตู้3. social or stylistic meaning 4. affective meaning
back
A. Grammatical meaning
1. word-class: The word-class determines the position that a word normally occupies in a sentence e.g.
E.g. anticancer kilogram good-looking daydream
Semantic motivation: The figurative meaning can be understood by those who know the literal meaning.
2. Motivation (有理可据)
back
5.2 Types of Word Meaning
Types of Word Meaning: A. Grammatical meaning B. Lexical meaning
Types of Word Meaning
A. Grammatical meaning 1. word-class 2. inflectional paradigm
Semantic Features
5.1 The relationship between the sound-symbol and its sense
Questions: 1. What is the relationship between the
sound-symbol and its sense?
How are the sound and meaning of words related?
Two ways: 1. Conventionality
(约定俗成) 2. Motivation
(有理可据)
Conventionality
E.g. a stony heart the leg of a table
What is the relationship between the sound-symbol and its sense?
1. Conventionality (约定俗成) Most words are conventional.
A. Grammatical meaning
2. inflectional paradigm seasons of a year
一年四季 the poles
南北两极 “I bought it,” said Becky, in a voice trembling with
emotion; “I went to see if I could be of any use to my kind friends. I have never parted with that picture--- I never will.” “是我把它买下的。那时候我去看了看到底有没有法子 帮帮我的好朋友们。我一直把这幅画好好藏着-----我 以后也要把它好好藏着。”
Conventional or arbitrary
Arbitrary: adj. decided by or based on
chance or personal opinion rather than facts or reason. Conventional or arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the soundsymbol and its sense.
现代英语词汇学概论
Lexicology
Chapter 5
Word meaning and Semantic Features
Chapter 5
5.1 Conventionality and Motivation 5.2 Main Types of Word Meaning 5.3 Componential Analysis and
E.g. woof-woof
the woof-woof of a dog miaow
the miaow of a cat roar
the roar of a lion bang
the bang of a door
Morphological motivation: there is a direct connection between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.
Being a child, he can’t understand what he just said. He never dreams of being a superstar.
____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A. The girl to be educated C. The girl educated B. The girl’s being educated D. The girl was educated
Motivation
Motivation: there is the connection between word-symbol and its sense
Phonetic motivation Morphological motivation Semantic motivation
Phonetic motivation: pronunciation suggests the meaning, including echoic words or onomatopoeic words
B. Lexical meaning 1. denotative meaning 2. connotative meaningห้องสมุดไป่ตู้3. social or stylistic meaning 4. affective meaning
back
A. Grammatical meaning
1. word-class: The word-class determines the position that a word normally occupies in a sentence e.g.
E.g. anticancer kilogram good-looking daydream
Semantic motivation: The figurative meaning can be understood by those who know the literal meaning.
2. Motivation (有理可据)
back
5.2 Types of Word Meaning
Types of Word Meaning: A. Grammatical meaning B. Lexical meaning
Types of Word Meaning
A. Grammatical meaning 1. word-class 2. inflectional paradigm
Semantic Features
5.1 The relationship between the sound-symbol and its sense
Questions: 1. What is the relationship between the
sound-symbol and its sense?