2015大学英语四级阅读理解技巧-仔细阅读篇
大学英语四级Reading介绍及答题技巧
答题技巧
二、长篇阅读部分
总结：在提炼关键词的过程中，先找“特殊词汇”，因为特殊词汇容易 快速定位，定位之后再结合题干中的信息实词，就可以很快锁定答案; 在题干 没有“特殊词汇”的情况下，可充分挖掘承载题干信息的动词、名词、形容词 及其相关短语，用它们来进行定位。在有些情况下，还需要从语法角度分析句 子，提取关键词。“吃透”题干准确判断关键词、中心词至关重要。采用由易 到难的解题策略, 可以提升大家的解题信心。对于那些答题线索较少的题目， 可留在最后再解答。在解答这类较难的题目时，可快速阅读原文中仍未选过的 段落的主题句通常为第一句、第二句或最后一句，然后根据段落大意与题干中 的细节信息进行匹配。
（ 1 ）承载题干主要信息的名词、形容词、动词短语等。如 diploma, shortage, beneficial, incline to 等；
（ 2 ）四级高频词汇及其派生词。比如: inevitability, globalization, innovative，possibility等，它们通常是文中对应信息词的变体。
答题技巧
二、长篇阅读部分
长篇阅读的四个步骤：
第三步，回文定位。根据题干中的关键词，迅速在文章中找出与题干信息 相关的内容。
第四步，分析定位句。一旦发现与题干关键字“有交集”的内容,立即在段 落中画出，然后综合题干信息判断其是否为对应段落。一般情况下，如果题目 是对文章的同义转述、概括总结等，就可初步判定为答案。保险起见，可以再 延伸略读一下段落的前后意群、直至完全确定答案。注意，有时候确定答案时 还需要结合本段落主旨句或作者的观点态度句。
答题技巧四：分解对应
分解对应四分法：快速将问题分解成4个部分(主A 谓B 宾C+其他D)，与 原文进行对比。
英语四级答题技巧仔细阅读篇
英语四级答题技巧：仔细阅读篇2015年英语四级答题技巧：仔细阅读篇考生做2015年英语四级模拟试题时，做阅读题时，采用什么答题技巧呢？欢迎大家阅读下文：一、仔细阅读题型简介要求考生阅读三篇短文。
两篇为单项选择题型的短文理解测试，一篇为选词填空或简答题。
但从2007年6月以来的考试全部考查的是选词填空而没有考查简答题。
仔细阅读理解部分测试考生在不同层面上的阅读能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推理判断及根据上下文推测词义等。
本题型要求考生在阅读完一篇300～350个单词左右的文章后解答5个以单项选择题形式进行考查的题目。
其所考查的内容一般不会是从文章能直接找到答案的，而需要考生运用自己的语言知识、逻辑知识等进行推敲和加深理解。
这种题型可以考查任何层次、全局性、细节性的内容。
虽然提供4个答案供考生进行选择，但干扰项大多具有迷惑性，这就要求考生对所读文章内容达到真正的理解。
二、解题步骤第一步，读问题，划出标志词或关键词快速浏览题目，对5个题目有大概印象以便阅读时有侧重点。
一般来说，对于本身已经明确其考查内容的题目，标志词和关键词是比较容易找到的，只看一下题干即可，而对于那些并没有出现标志词和关键词的题目，如：The author suggests that，可以在解答试题时浏览选项作出解答第二步，略读文章在略读中，首先阅读第一段，因为第一段通常会告诉我们作者将要讨论的话题。
然后阅读下面各段的第一句话，以对每个段落的内容有大概的了解，然后再阅读最后一段，以帮助我们对文章内容进行概括，或了解作者的评价、态度等。
第三步，解答试题根据试题中的标志词和关键词，找到试题在文章中对应的句子，并对其进行仔细阅读，然后对比四个选项，选出正确答案。
三、题型分类及解题技巧根据大学英语阅读理解测试能力的要求，阅读理解的试题类型可以分为以下五大类：主旨题、细节题、语义题、推理题和观点态度题。
通过对历年大学英语四级试题的分析，阅读理解部分五类题型所占比重分别为：细节题占60%左右，主旨题和推理题各占15%左右，语义题和观点态度题各占5%左右。
2015年英语四级阅读练习及答案(1)
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
People's tastes in recreation differ widely. At a recent festival of pop-music in the Isle of Wight, crowds of teenagers flocked to listen to their favorite singers and musicians. They went with single railway tickets and slept in the open, a very risky thing to do in the climate of Britain, even in August. They were packed together like sardines for four days. There were innumerable thieves, a gang ofroughstried several times to break things up, and police were everywhere. At the end of the festival many young fans found themselves broke, with no moneyleft,andthey had difficulty in getting back home. Most people would consider these conditions a nightmare of discomfort; the fans appeared to enjoy it all enormously.
大学英语四级考试解题攻略——阅读篇
大学英语四级考试解题攻略——阅读篇大学英语四级考试题中，阅读题（Reading Comprehension）分为：一，快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning），限时15分钟完成；二，仔细阅读（Reading in Depth），25分钟完成，该题又分为Section A：选词填空（十五选十），Section B常规阅读（两篇）。
此题最大的特点就是题量大、时间短，因此掌握阅读题的解题技巧就成了该题的解题关键所在。
一、快速阅读（Skimm ing and Scanning）快速阅读理解要求考生在15分钟的时间里，阅读一篇长1000字左右，多达十段的文章，然后回答十个问题。
前七个要求回答“（Y）对”、“（N）错”、“（NG）原文未提及”，后三个问题属于补全句子。
具体方法是：第一，采用略读法（Skimming）读文章。
所谓略读法，就是有意地忽略一些字词、句子或段落，略读不是略去某些词不读，而是指不可以逐字逐词地阅读。
要抓住关键词，阅读句群，把握整体意思。
在一个句子里，最关键的是主语、谓语、宾语，其他的成分都是用来补充主、谓、宾的附加成分。
在使用略读法时，要省去各种细节的知识，如数字、公式、时间、地点、人物年龄等；要注意故事的主要情节，抓住中心意思。
在方法上，阅读时可以跳跃某些句子，但要注意关键词、关键段落和问题。
第二，利用寻读法（Scanning）寻找答案，也就是先看选项后看文章，即带着问题回到文章中寻找答案，分析题干和选项，确定信息词，当找到了所需要的信息时，要立即停下来。
然后，再慢慢地细读包含所需信息的那一行或那一句，确定答案。
第三，按顺序做题，找文章信息词。
快速阅读由于篇幅较长，所以出题人一般不会打乱出题顺序。
因此，考生应该严格按照出题顺序来做题。
一般第一题到文章前面找答案，最后一题到文章后半部分找答案。
信号词常用来连接细节或是强调内容，并可完成段落的转换，暗示读者下文要讲的内容，标志出作者要提出一个新的思想或者观点，或者是作者要对所论述的观点举例说明，或者要详细论述同一观点。
2015年6月英语四六级阅读理解答案
四级第二套Section CPassage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educatedwell-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.The world is facing an astonishing rise in the of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity(长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slowereconomic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are failing among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer.The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)areputting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have abandoned policies that used Xto retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期生命),combined with the replace- Xpension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive that the preceding generation. Technological charge may well reinforce that shift; the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.57.What is happening in the workforce in rich countriesA.Younger people are replacing the elderly.B.Well-educated people tend to work longer.C.Unemployment rates are rising year after year.D.People with no collage degree do not easily find work.【答案】B58.What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poorA.Longer life expectancies.B.A rapid technological advance.C.Profound changes in the workforce.D.A growing number of the well-educated.【答案】B59.What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the experience of the 20th centuryA.Economic growth will slow down.ernment budgets will increase.C.More people will try to pursue higher education.D.There will be more competition in the job market.【答案】A60.What is the result of policy changes in European countriesA.Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.B.Morepeople have to receive in-service training.C.Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.D.Peoplemay be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from pension plans.【答案】C61.What is characteristic of work in the 21st centuryputers will do more complicated work.B.More will be the educated young.C.Most jobs to be done will be creative ones.D.Skills are highly valued regardless of age.【答案】DPassage TwoQuestions 62 to 65 are based on the following passage.Some of the world's most sign significant problems hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world's major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice, wheat, corn and soyabeans(大豆). They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world's most populous(人口多的)countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.Second,yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soyabeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soyabeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that "we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world."The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has argued. Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert(回返)to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.62.What does the author try to draw attention toA.Food riots and hunger in the world.B.The decline of the grain yield growth.C.News headlines in the leading media.D.The food supply in populous countries.【答案】B63.Why does the author mention India and China in particularA.Their self-sufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.B.Their food yields have begun to decrease sharply in recent years.C.Their big populations are causing worldwide concerns.D.Their food self-sufficiency has been taken for granted.【答案】A64.What does the new study by the two universities say about recent crop improvement effortsA.They fail to produce the same remarkable results as before the 1980s.B.They contribute a lot to the improvement of human food production.C.They play a major role in guaranteeing the food security of the world.D.they focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains.【答案】D65.What does the Food and Agriculture Organisation say about world food production in the coming decadesA.The growing population will greatly increase the pressure on world food supplies.B.The optimistic prediction about food production should be viewed with caution.C.The slowdown of the growth in yields of major food crops will be reversed.D.The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.【答案】D66.How does the author view the argument of the Food and Agriculture OrganisationA.It is built on the findings of a new study.B.It is based on a doubtful assumption.C.It is backed by strong evidence.D.It is open to further discussion.【答案】B四级第一套Section CPassage OneQuestion 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.If you think a high-factor sunscreen(防晒霜)keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong. Research in this week's Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas(黑瘤)and delays their occurrence, it can't prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun. Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreenis in reducing melanomas—the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer. A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed. A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didn't have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats, long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection. This study said other forms of sun protection—not sunscreen—seemed most beneficial. The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it's not entirely reliable. But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.Many people also don't use sunscreen properly-applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long. It is sunburn that is most worrying-recent shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australianfigures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on(抹上)sunscreen and slap on a hat.57.【题干】What is people's common expectation of a high-factor sunscreenA.It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.B.It will protect them from sunburn.C.It will keep their skin smooth and fair.D.It will work for people of any skin color.【答案】B58.【题干】What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreenA.It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.B.It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.C.It is ineffective with long-term exposure.D.It is ineffective for people with fair skin.【答案】C59.【题干】What do we learn from the 2011Australian studyof 1,621 peopleA.Sunscreen should be applied alongside other protection measures.B.High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen.C.Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good.D.Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.【答案】D60.【题干】What does the author say about the second Australian studyA.It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection.B.It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen.C.It is not based on direct observation of the subjects.D.It confirms the results of the first Australian study.【答案】D61.【题干】What does the author suggest to reduce melanomaratesing both covering up and sunscreen.B.Staying in the shade whenever possible.ing covering up instead of sunscreen.D.Applying the right amount of sunscreen.【答案】APassage TwoQuestions 62 to 65are based on the following passage.Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Overthe next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity(长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay hasrisen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.62.【题干】What is happening in the workforce in rich countriesA.Younger people are replacing the elderly.B.Well-educated people tend to work longer.C.Unemployment rates are rising year after year.D.People with no college degree do not easily find work.【答案】B63.【题干】What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poorA.Longer life expectancies.B.Profound changes in the workforce.C.A rapid technological advance.D.A growing number of the well-educated.【答案】C64.【题干】What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th centuryA.Economic growth will slow down.ernment budgets will increase.C.More people will try to pursue higher education.D.There will be more competition in the job market. 【答案】A65.【题干】What is the result of policy changes in European countriesA.Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.B.More people have to receive in-service training.C.Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.D.People may be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from pension plans.【答案】C66.【题干】What is characteristic of work in the 21st centuryputers will do more complicated work.B.More will be taken by the educated young.C.Most jobs to be done will be creative ones.D.Skills are highly valued regardless of age.【答案】D四级卷三56. C) The decline of the grain yield growth.57. A) Their self-sufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.58.D) They focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains.59. D) The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.60. B) It is based on a doubtful assumption.61. A)More men taking an extended parental leave.62. C) Their number is too small to make a difference。
大学英语四级仔细阅读训练与答案
I don’t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement—jobs, research papers, awards—was viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I don’t study sociology or political theory.Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women’s college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don’t dismiss those concerns. Still, I don’t tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that’s a sight worth talking about.62. Why doesn’t the author want to talk a bout being a woman scientist again?A) She feels unhappy working in male-dominated fields.B) She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.C) She is not good at telling stories of the kind.D) She finds space research more important.63. From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author’s failures to ________.A) the very fact that she is a womanB) her involvement in gender politicsC) her over-confidence as a female astrophysicistD) the burden she bears in a male-dominated society64. What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph.D. and post-doctoral research?A) Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.B) Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circle.C) Peop le’s stereotyped attitude toward female scientists.D) Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurtured.65. Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class?A) Female students no longer have to bother about gender issues.B) Her students’ performance has brought back her confidence.C) Her female students can do just as well as male students.D) More female students are pursuing science than before.66. What does the image the author presents to her students suggest?A) Women students needn’t have the concerns of her generation.B) Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.C) Women can balance a career in science and having a family.D) Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.62. D 63. A 64. C 65.D 66. CBy almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. In just a few years, 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning (DL), and among the larger schools, it’s close to 90 percent. If you doubt the popularityof the trend, you probably haven’t heard of the University of Phoenix.It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. Itenrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignment, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. Generally speaking, face-to-face communication with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.The attraction for students might at first seem obvious. Primarily, there’s the convenience promised by cour ses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas (睡衣). But figuresindicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. While dropout rate for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for online students is 35 percent. Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup. In a survey conducted for Cornell, the DL division of Cornell University,less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course.Clearly, from the schools’ perspective, there’s a lot of money to be saved. Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software, most DL courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded (升级) systems. The more students who enroll in a course but don’t come to campus, themore school saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots. And, while there’s evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of reasons, they won’t be paid any more, and might well be paid less.57. What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix?A) All its courses are offered online.B) Its online courses are of the best quality.C) It boasts the largest number of students on campusD) Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree.58.According to the passage , distance learning is basically characterized by_____A) a considerable flexibility in its academic requirementsB) the great diversity of students’ academic backgroundsC) a minimum or total absence of face-to-face instructionD) the casual relationship between students and professors59. Many students take Internet -based courses mainly because they can_____A) earn their academic degrees with much less effortB) save a great deal on traveling and boarding expensesC) select courses from various colleges and universitiesD) work on the required courses whenever and wherever60. What accounts for the high drop-out rates for online students?A) There is no strict control over the academic standards of the courses.B) The evaluation system used by online universities is inherently weak.C) There is no mechanism to ensure that they make the required effort.D) Lack of classroom interaction reduces the effectiveness of instruction.61. According to the passage, universities show great enthusiasm for DL programs for the purpose of_____A) building up their reputationB) cutting down on their expensesC) upgrading their teaching facilitiesD) providing convenience for student57. A. All its courses are offered online.58. C. a minimum or total absence of face-to-face instruction.59. D. work on the required courses whenever and wherever.60. C. There is no mechanism to ensure that they make the required effort.61. B. cutting down on their expenses.。
12月英语四级长篇阅读真题及答案
12月英语四级长篇阅读真题及答案2015年12月英语四级长篇阅读真题及答案ThePerfect EssayA) Looking back on too many yearsof education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t. Her expectations were highimpossibly so. She was an English teacher. She was also my mother.B) When good students turn in anessay, they dream of their instructor returning it to them in exactly the samecondition, save for a single word added in the margin of the final page:”Flawless.” This dream came true for me one afternoon in the ninth grade. Ofcourse, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I wasonly slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of14. Obviously, I did what any professional writer would do; I hurried off tospread the good news. I didn’t get very far. The first person I told was mymother.C) My mother, who is just shy offive feet tall, is normally incredibly soft-spoken, but on the rare occasionwhen she got angry, she was terrifying. I am not sure if she was more upset bymy hubris(得意忘形) or by the fact that my Englishteacher had let my ego get so out of hand. In any event, my mother and her redpen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be. At the time, I amsure she thought she was teaching me about mechanics, transitions(过渡), structure, style and voice. But what I learned, and what stuckwith me through my time teaching writing at Harvard, was a deeper lesson aboutthe nature of creative criticism.D) Fist off, it hurts. Genuinecriticism, the type that leaves alasting mark on you as a writer, also leavesan existential imprint(印记) on you asa person. I have heard people say that a writer should never take criticismpersonally. I say that we should never listen to these people.E) Criticism, at its best, isdeeply personal, and gets to the heart of why we write the way we do. Theintimate nature of genuine criticism implies something about who is able togive it, namely, someone who knows you well enough to show you how your mentallife is getting in the way of good writing. Conveniently, they are also thepeople who care enough to see you through this painful realization. For me ittook the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I wasnot able to produce anything for three years.F) Franz Kafka once said:” Writingis utter solitude(独处), the descentinto the cold abyss(深渊) ofoneself. “My mother’s criticism had shown me that Kafka is right about the coldabyss, and when you make the introspective (内省的) decent that writing requires you are out always pleased by whatyou find.” But, in the years that followed, her sustained tutoring suggestedthat Kafka might be wrong about the solitude. I was lucky enough to find acritic and teacher who was willing to make the journey of writing with me. “Itis a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objectionsagainst another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a betterin its place is a work extremely troublesome.” I am sure I wrote essays in thelater years of high school without my mother’s guidance, but I can’t recallthem. What I remember, however, is how we took up the “extremely troublesome”work of ongoing criticism.G) There are two ways to interpretPlutarch when he suggests that a critic should be able to produce “a better inits place.” Ina straightforward sense, he could mean that a critic must bemore talented than the artist she critiques(评论). My mother was well covered on this count. But perhaps Plutarch issuggesting something slightly different, something a bit closer to MarcusCicero’s claim that one should “criticize by creation, not by finding fault.”Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better onthis own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almostalways meaningful.H) My mother said she would helpme with my writing, but fist I had myself. For each assignment, I was write thebest essay I could. Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes, so ifshe found any—the type I could have found on my own—I had to start fromscratch. From scratch. Once the essay was “flawless,” she would take an eveningto walk me through my errors. That was when true criticism, the type thatchanged me as a person, began.I) She criticized me when Iincluded little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures ofspeech. “Writers can’t bluff(虚张声势) theirway through ignorance.” T hat was news to me—I would need to find another way tostructure my daily existence.J) She trimmed back my flowerylanguage, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value ofrestraint in expression. “John,” she almost whispered. I learned in to hearher:”I can’t hear you when you shout at me.” So I stopped shouting andbluffing, and slowly my writing improved.K) Somewhere along the way I setaside my hopes of writing that flawless essay. But perhaps I missed somethingimportant in my mother’s lessons about creativity and perfection. Perhaps thepoint of writing the flawless essay was not to give up, but tonever willinglyfinish. Whitman repeatedly reworded “Song of Myself” between 1855 and 1891.Repeatedly. We do our absolute best wiry a piece of writing, and come as closeas we can to the ideal. And, for the time being, we settle. In critique,however, we are forced to depart, to give up the perfection we thought we hadachieved for the chance of being even a little bit better. This is the lesson Itook from my mother. If perfection were possible, it would not be motivating.46. The author was advised against theimproper use of figures of speech.47. The author’s mother taught him avaluable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.48. A writer should polish his writingrepeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.49. Writers may experience periods of timein their life when they just can’t produce anything.50. The author was not much surprised whenhis school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.51. Criticizing someone’s speech is said tobe easier than coming up with a better one.52. The author looks upon his mother as hismost demanding and caring instructor.53. The criticism the author received fromhis mother changed him as a person.54. The author gradually improved hiswriting by avoiding fact language.55. Constructive criticism gives an authora good start to improve his writing.参考答案46. I，根据关键信息“figures of speech”定位到I段，原文中该词组前面的形容词是“irrelevant”，和句中的“improper”为同义替换关系。
2015年12月大学英语四级阅读真题及答案(一套)
2015年12月大学英语四级阅读真题及答案（一套）答案：GMBOI，DFJHNICKEB，FAHJGABACC，CBADDGMBOI，DFJHNICKEB，FAHJGABACC，CBADD2015年12月四级考试如期进行。
从笔者拿到的套题的阅读部分来看，整体难度适中，较往年趋于平稳。
选词填空部分(关于《children s cognitive abilities儿童认知能力》)首先从选项设计上看，四大词性(名、动、形、副)考查数量分布均匀(3233)，不确定形式(Ving 和Ved)共4个，另外只有advocate一个词属于一词多性的情况，相对选项设计总体难度属于中等偏易。
再看文章部分，谈论的是关于儿童认知(children s cognitive abilities)方面的知识的话题，属于小冷门，但文章语言表达适中，且短句占主体，平衡了话题生僻对考试带来的解题障碍。
其中cognitive还给出了中文注解，也正好应验了我们反复强调的中文重要性的应试知识要点。
同时，空格设置处的词性相对比较容易判断，例如，名词前给出了单复数的区别的代词those作为提示，又例如，非谓语动词只考查了一个正在进行时，而做后置定语或状语的高难度应用本篇没有涉及。
段落匹配部分(The Perfect Essay)首先看备选的十个小标题，均无长难句，同时出现大量重复信息，例如除了与文章title 本身密切相关的essay ，flaw，flawless，perfection以外，还有mother，criticism，从而能顺利预测出文章谈及的是通过母亲的有建设性的批评，提升作者的写作能力。
这也是我们要求的先题后文解决段落匹配的技巧。
从长文章的段落设计上看，一共11段(K)，属于段落数量适中的情况，也为匹配选择降低难度。
但对于所谓长阅读文章只看开头结尾的谬论，用真题再次给予回击，十道匹配中至少3题涉及段落中间部分，2题涉及对全段进行总结。
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选词填空7 长篇阅读13 仔细阅读20
5%
10%
20%
一、题型分析
命题规律： 1. 主旨或大意 2. 特定信息 3. 结构 4. 隐含观点 5. 重要词语的意思
考试题型：6种
1. 主旨题 2. 细节题 3. 结构题 4. 推理题 5. 词汇题 6. 态度题
二、解题技巧
解题步骤：题干关键词---题型---原文定位 核心技巧：关键词+同义替换
3. 结构题
2）针对作者思路的推断 考查点：推测作者对所测试短文或前或后 可能涉及的内容的思路。 解题关键：把握文章体裁及论述或叙述的 方法。 论述文：一般到特殊/特殊到一般； 叙述文或说明文：时空发展顺序及分类原 则。特别注意：文章的第一句和最后一句。
3. 结构题
提问方式： What does the paragraph preceding (following) this one probably discuss? The paragraph preceding (following) this may ______.
3. 结构题
考查点：文章结构的理解 出题形式：三种 1) 例证型 提问方式：
The author provides in Line… （Paragraph…）an example in order to …
How does the author illustrate the idea of … ?
2) 因果关系题（cause and effect） 考查点：因果关系。 出题方式：The main reason for ...
is… Which of the following may lead to ...?
解题技巧：题干→因果关系词（原文）。
2. 细节题
3) 指代题（pronoun） 考查点：代词的指代关系；对句子结构和
4. 推理题
题干标志词：infer（inference），imply （implication），suggest（suggestion）， conclude（conclusion），assume（assumption） 等。其典型的提问方式有：
4. 推理题
考查点：字面意思或已知信息→言外之意。 推理范围：全文内容/某一段落/作者某一 观点
难度：最大，从原文中直接找到答案（×） 本质：细节题
4. 推理题
解题技巧： 1. 关键词：题干（关键词）→原文；选项
（题干中无关键词）→原文 2. 推理：围绕文章主题/段落主题。选项与
原文：同义替换，意思一样（非表达方式 一模一样） 3. 选项：直接描述；观点绝对化（×）
1. 主旨题
2）主题词：各段首句相加：共有词汇；问题 相加：重复词汇
(2) 选项: 片面性/绝对性/细节性。（×） 如all, completely, only, absolutely, definitely等
(3) 选项: 意义相近性，其中之一为干扰项。 (4) 做题顺序： 最后
2. 细节题
考查点： 具体事实及信息→中心思想（文章或 段落）；
特点：比重最大，比较简单，易得分 核心技巧：关键词+同义替换 出题形式： 多样 1) according 类型 考查点：理解和判断：具体内容和事实（如时间、
地点或事件）。 出题方式：如: According to the passage /
first paragraph, …
2. 细节题
解题技巧：关键词（题目/选项）→对应词 （周围）→答案。
逻辑关系的理解。（偶尔） 出题形式：直观。如：The pronoun “it”
（para. 3, line 2）refers to ______. 解题技巧：返回原文往前找就近的核心名
词
2. ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้节题
细节题干扰项5字特点： 反：相反 无：不存在 混：张冠李戴 偏：片面性 变：改变原文中的词义/指代功能。
1.主旨题
考查点：短文主题或中心思想 出题形式:多变. 一般包括main idea; main topic;
purpose or best title等。如： 1) The main (central) idea of this passage is
______. 2) The passage is mainly about ______. 3) The main purpose of this passage is ______. 4) The best title for this passage is ______. 5) What conclusion can be drawn from the
passage? 6) The subject or topic of the passage is
______.
1. 主旨题
解题技巧：
(1) 选项: 概括性/结论性。（√ ）关键： 主题。
1）主题句： 首句或首段(转折词)； 首段末 句 （转折或总结）；二段开始 （转折或 总结）；段首和段尾前后呼应句。结论性/ 转折性关键词：如 conclusion, therefore, as a result, thus, so, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, most important of all, but , however, rather , yet等
The author develops his main idea by ______.
3. 结构题
解题技巧：体现中心思想；答案位置：有 规律，例子周围总结性语言。 注意标志词： 1. 先总结，后举例：提示词为 for example ，for instance 等 2. 先举例，后总结：提示词为thus , therefore, in conclusion, as a result
阅读理解
Section C: 仔细阅读
答题顺序及时间
作文（30分钟） 听力（30分钟） 选词填空（7分钟）
在答题纸1上作答, 完成后交答题纸1.剩 下题目在答卡2上作 答.
阅读40分钟 共130分钟
长篇阅读（13分钟）
翻译（30分钟）
深度阅读（20分钟）
阅读理解时间与分值
阅读理解(40mins) 35%