vowels
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vowels

Exercises P37-39 The Closing Diphthongs
Exercise 1:
No.13 No.14 No.15
No.16 No.17
[eI] tape bay name spade vague
[əu] toe boat nose spoke vote
[aI] tie buy night spy vice
An initial classification will divide the speech sounds in English into two broad categories: vowels and consonants. Here are two definitions of vowels:
monophthongs:单元音 ['mɔnəfθɔŋ]
① ② ③ ④
As in the production of vowels the air stream meets with no obstruction. Vowels are differentiated by the following factors: the position of the tongue the openness of the mouth the shape of the lips the length of the vowels
u & u:
P22
higher
ɔ: lower
ɔ &ɔ:
P21 P20
ɔ lowest æ & ɑ: ɑ:
Exercises P22-24 The Back Vowels
Exercise 1: Exercise 2: Exercise 3: Exercise 4: Exercise 5:
美式英语音标分类说明(内附音标学习最佳网站)

5.lingua-velar
软颚音--舌头贴着软颚发出的音。
6.glottal
声门(声带)音--自声门发出的音。
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第三 按嗓音分类(辅音):
voice 嗓音
发音: 美国英语语音
consonants 辅音
vowels 元音
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第一 按发音方法分类(辅音):
manner
(发音)方式
1.stop
爆破音--是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。
place (发音)位置
1.bilabial
双唇音--由上唇和下唇接触,使语流受阻而构成的一种辅音。
biodental
唇齿音--由唇与牙齿的咬合而发出的辅音。
3.lingua-dental
舌齿音--牙齿咬着舌头发出的音。
4.palatal
上腭音--舌头贴着上腭发出的音。
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vowels 元音 KK
monophthongs 单元音
/f/ /v/ labiodental
/θ/ /ð/ lingua-dental
/s/ /z/ lingua-alveolar
软颚音--舌头贴着软颚发出的音。
6.glottal
声门(声带)音--自声门发出的音。
--------------------------------------------------------------
第三 按嗓音分类(辅音):
voice 嗓音
发音: 美国英语语音
consonants 辅音
vowels 元音
--------------------------------------------
第一 按发音方法分类(辅音):
manner
(发音)方式
1.stop
爆破音--是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。
place (发音)位置
1.bilabial
双唇音--由上唇和下唇接触,使语流受阻而构成的一种辅音。
biodental
唇齿音--由唇与牙齿的咬合而发出的辅音。
3.lingua-dental
舌齿音--牙齿咬着舌头发出的音。
4.palatal
上腭音--舌头贴着上腭发出的音。
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vowels 元音 KK
monophthongs 单元音
/f/ /v/ labiodental
/θ/ /ð/ lingua-dental
/s/ /z/ lingua-alveolar
英语国际音标-元音部分

• Mouth Shape: Each vowel sound is associated with a specific mouth shape. Mouth position, size, and shape must be correctly maintained to produce the desired vowel sound.
word "go" is a long vowel.
Pronunciation rules in sentences
Stress and unstressed
vowels
In sentences, vowels can be stressed or unstressed. The stressed vowels are those that receive more emphasis and duration, while the unstressed vowels are those that are pronounced more briefly. For example, the stressed vowel in the sentence "I saw a cat" is the "a" in "saw", while the unstressed vowels are "i", "o", and "a" in "I", "saw", and "cat" respectively.
Long vowels are usually found at the end of a word or syllable.
word "go" is a long vowel.
Pronunciation rules in sentences
Stress and unstressed
vowels
In sentences, vowels can be stressed or unstressed. The stressed vowels are those that receive more emphasis and duration, while the unstressed vowels are those that are pronounced more briefly. For example, the stressed vowel in the sentence "I saw a cat" is the "a" in "saw", while the unstressed vowels are "i", "o", and "a" in "I", "saw", and "cat" respectively.
Long vowels are usually found at the end of a word or syllable.
vowels简介讲义

英语单元音的分类
l
Description of the vowels
根据舌高点的位置: 闭口(即舌位高)、半闭(半高)、 半开(半低)、开口(即舌位低) 根据舌位前后: 前、中、后 根据唇形: 圆唇、扁唇、常态唇(即非圆非扁唇状)
l l l l l l
Front & Central Vowels /:/ // /e/ /æ/ /:/ /ə/ high, front, unrounded vowel lower high, front, unrounded vowel mid, front, unrounded vowel low, front, unrounded vowel mid, central, unrounded vowel mid, central, unrounded vowel
2
l Diphthongs & triphthongs
II. The front-back position of the tongue – highest point of tongue (horizontal axis); III. The degree of lip rounding - lip posture
Description of the English vowels
Description of the English vowels
Three factors for the description of English vowels
l Pure vowels
I. The height of the body of the tongue – highest point of tongue (vertical axis);
Vowels

a™
a
Front vowels
i y I Y e P E { œ a ” High front unrounded High front rounded Lowered high front unrounded Lowered high front rounded Higher mid front unrounded Higher mid front rounded Lower mid front unrounded Lower mid front rounded Raised low front unrounded Low front unrounded (IPA value of symbol) Low front rounded
Additional vowel symbols? • The cardinal vowel system does not include any central vowel prototypes - additional symbols (and auditory types) are required for these. • Separate phonetic symbols are also useful for some frequently encountered or ‘politically important’ vowel sounds that are different from cardinal qualities. • Each symbol represents vowels produced in a particular area of the ‘vowel space’.
Cardinal Vowels recorded by Jones in 1965 when he was 75.
英语原音分类练习English Vowels

/ ɪə / ear tear dear really idea cheer beer /a period of fear / beer is dear
/ eə / air pair wear tear care share there / Wherever there's oppression,there's resistance.
Three Central Vowels
/ ʌ / up cup some dose come double couple /just for fun /blood for blood
/ ɜ:/ sir bird nurse church her term search / It's the early bird that catches the worm.
/ aʊ/ now cow power out mouth south / about flowers / a thousand mountains
/ ɔɪ / boy toy joy voice noise loyal royal /join the boys / the voice of joy
/ əʊ/ oh go show low boat coat old cold / so cold / no hope / a hole in the coat
/ aɪ / tie die ride life fly try neither either / my eyes / Great minds think alike.
English Vowels
Four Front Vowels
/ i: / be me he see deed breeze eat neat please / a team leader / a piece of lean meat
/ eə / air pair wear tear care share there / Wherever there's oppression,there's resistance.
Three Central Vowels
/ ʌ / up cup some dose come double couple /just for fun /blood for blood
/ ɜ:/ sir bird nurse church her term search / It's the early bird that catches the worm.
/ aʊ/ now cow power out mouth south / about flowers / a thousand mountains
/ ɔɪ / boy toy joy voice noise loyal royal /join the boys / the voice of joy
/ əʊ/ oh go show low boat coat old cold / so cold / no hope / a hole in the coat
/ aɪ / tie die ride life fly try neither either / my eyes / Great minds think alike.
English Vowels
Four Front Vowels
/ i: / be me he see deed breeze eat neat please / a team leader / a piece of lean meat
Vowels 音标
• 上述八个元音称作主要定位元音(primary cardinal vowels),即用舌的前部但不圆唇的发音, 从高到低依次排列为[i]、[e]、[]和[a];用舌的后 部产生的元音从低到高依次排列为[]、[]、[o]和 [u],其中[]为非圆唇音,其余三个为圆唇音。这八 个元音可依次用1--8来表示。 • 在主要元音位置保持不变的基础上,如果改变舌的 形状,又能产生一个元音类的次要(secondary) 系列,即次要定位元音(secondary cardinal vowels)。其中,前元音由非圆唇变为圆唇,从高 到低分别生成[y],[],[]和[];在后元音中, []是对应于5号基本元音[]的圆唇音,[],[]和 []则分别对应于6,7,8号基本元音[],[o]和[u], 为非圆唇音。如图3–5所示:
• 从声音的共振作用看,共振腔或曲或直对共 振频率的影响不不大,成年男子的共振腔, 从声源处的声带开始,到声腔的终端双唇为 止,共约17厘米(成年女子略短一些)。 • 人们可以把这段距离比作一端封闭、一端开 放的管子,封闭的一端为声带,气流通过声 带时引发声带颤动,产生声带音,而后进入 这条管子,声带音在管子里发生共振,从管 子的开放一端释放出去,这样就形成了元音。 管子形状不同,起到的作用也不同,生成的 元音音质也就不同。图1是汉语普通话[]和 []的舌位图示:
Unit 3 Vowels
3.1 语音概述 3.2 国际音标 3.3 元音系统 3.4 英语元音 3.5 汉语元音
3.1 语音概述
• 话语成分总是构成于若干不断变化的最小音段 (segment)。根据发音动作的不同状态,人们把 这些最小的音段分为开放型和封闭型。开放型音段 指的是气流经过喉腔、咽腔、口腔和唇腔时,声腔 通道完全处于开放的状态,气流没有任何阻碍,能 够顺利通过。封闭型音段指的是声腔通道某一部分 封闭,气流受阻,不能畅通。在话语结构中,“开 放型音段和封闭型音段总是交替出现,形成音质各 不相同的、连续不断的最小音段”。 • 一般说来,开放型的最小音段称为元音,封闭型的 最小音段称为辅音。元音发音时响度较高,且音段 较长,总是处于音节的核心地位。与此相反,辅音 发音时音段一般较短,或虽能延长但响度较低,在 音节构成中总是处在从属的地位。
英语音标 English Vowels and Consonants
[ʒ]双唇收圆稍突出,舌头稍微上卷,舌尖稍接近上齿龈,声带振动.
[r]舌头向上卷起,舌头不要接触任何部位,双唇稍突出,声带振动。
[h]自然呵气,自然张开,声带不振动(像喘气)。
Affricate consonants
破擦音
[tʃ]双唇略微张开突出,舌尖抵住上齿龈,用力吐气,舌尖离开上龈,声带不振动。
[u]嘴张开,略向前突出,发短促音。
Central vowels中元音
[ʌ]嘴巴张开,伸向两边,舌尖轻触下齿。
[ə:]嘴巴呈扁平,上下齿微张开,舌身平放。(长)
[ə]嘴巴呈扁平,上下齿微张开,舌身平放。(短)
Diphthongs双元音
Rising diphthongs
[ei]相当于发“A”
[ai]由开到合,“I”。
Nasal consonants
鼻辅音
[m]双唇紧闭,舌头平放,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
[n]双唇微开,舌尖抵上齿龈,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
[ŋ]双唇张开,舌尖抵下齿龈,舌根向后抵住,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
Lateral consonant
边辅音
[l]舌尖抵住上齿龈,舌尖轻微用力弯曲,声带振动
[b]双唇紧闭,然后快速张开,爆破音,声带振动。
[t]用舌尖发音,抵住上齿龈形成阻碍(短促有力),声带不振动。
[d]用舌尖发音,抵住上齿龈形成阻碍(短促有力),声带振动。
[k]声带不振动,气从喉咙里用力冲出,舌后部抵住软腭。
[g]声带振动,气从喉咙里用力冲出,舌后部抵住软腭。
Fricative consonants
[ɔi]前重后轻,由圆到扁,稍快。
[əu]口型有半开到小开,像发“O”,发“ə”时舌尖抵下齿。
[r]舌头向上卷起,舌头不要接触任何部位,双唇稍突出,声带振动。
[h]自然呵气,自然张开,声带不振动(像喘气)。
Affricate consonants
破擦音
[tʃ]双唇略微张开突出,舌尖抵住上齿龈,用力吐气,舌尖离开上龈,声带不振动。
[u]嘴张开,略向前突出,发短促音。
Central vowels中元音
[ʌ]嘴巴张开,伸向两边,舌尖轻触下齿。
[ə:]嘴巴呈扁平,上下齿微张开,舌身平放。(长)
[ə]嘴巴呈扁平,上下齿微张开,舌身平放。(短)
Diphthongs双元音
Rising diphthongs
[ei]相当于发“A”
[ai]由开到合,“I”。
Nasal consonants
鼻辅音
[m]双唇紧闭,舌头平放,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
[n]双唇微开,舌尖抵上齿龈,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
[ŋ]双唇张开,舌尖抵下齿龈,舌根向后抵住,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
Lateral consonant
边辅音
[l]舌尖抵住上齿龈,舌尖轻微用力弯曲,声带振动
[b]双唇紧闭,然后快速张开,爆破音,声带振动。
[t]用舌尖发音,抵住上齿龈形成阻碍(短促有力),声带不振动。
[d]用舌尖发音,抵住上齿龈形成阻碍(短促有力),声带振动。
[k]声带不振动,气从喉咙里用力冲出,舌后部抵住软腭。
[g]声带振动,气从喉咙里用力冲出,舌后部抵住软腭。
Fricative consonants
[ɔi]前重后轻,由圆到扁,稍快。
[əu]口型有半开到小开,像发“O”,发“ə”时舌尖抵下齿。
English Pronunciation & Intonation
B. Now practice the sounds in sentences
1. Please speak English. Dick gives Lilly a big kiss. The Book sells well. I guess. Don’t let the cat out of the bag. 2. Seeing is believing. Let’s get everything ready. They ran hand in hand. 3. Steve lives on 333 Peterson Street. Can you give me a lift? Remember to get me ten eggs. He who laughs last laughs best. 4. Don’t speak Chinese in an English class. Is it Spring or still winter? Pat sat on the grass with a glass in his hand. 5. Please keep this seat for me. Mary is fifty now, but she’s still fit as a fiddle. Sally married a handsome young man named Jerry. Better late than never.
]的发音
a cake on the plate Raymond’s favourite Kate’s gray bracelet(手镯) Wait for May A penny saved is a penny gained. 积少成多 Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达
vowels
英美音差异 英音中的/uː/与美音中的/u/对应。 在英音中,当/uː/出现在/t/,/d/,/s/和/n/ 之后时,多在/uː/前加上半元音/j/,读作 /juː/。如:tune /tjuːn/ due /djuː/ suit /sjuːt/ new /njuː/ 在美音中,当/u/出现在/t/,/d/,/s/和/n/之 后时,一般不加半元音/j/。如:tune /tun/ due /du/ suit /sut/ new /nu/。
发音方法:
Step one: 舌尖轻抵下 齿; Step two: 舌前部抬高, 但不接触硬腭; Step three: 上下齿间 约能放下一根中指。
发音特征: 音质短促清晰。 发音时,嘴唇、下颌的肌肉及整个口腔都 处于放松状态。
发音方法:
Step one:舌尖轻抵下 齿; Step two: 舌前部抬高, 舌高略低于/e/; Step three:嘴的开口 度比/e/大,上下齿之 间约能放下一根食指 加一根中指;
发音方法 step one:舌位有 向/ə/快速滑动,由高 到低; step two:不到/ə/的 舌位,发音就结束; step three:唇形由略 圆到扁平自然。
的特点
发 时,下颌肌肉和口腔一直处于放松 状态。
英美音的差异
英音中的
与美音中的/ur/对应, 但二者音质不同。 英音 发音时不卷舌;美音/ur/发 音时卷舌。
发音方法:
step one: 舌尖离开下齿; step two:舌的后部抬高, 舌位明显高于/ɔ/; step three: 嘴的开口度比 /ɔ/小得多; step four:双唇收得比/ɔ/ 圆,且向前突出。
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• If you understand, say "understand". • If you don't understand, say "don't understand". • But if you understand and say “don't understand”. • how do I understand that you understand. Understand!?
• /e/ 舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍抬起, 舌位比/i/低,比/æ /高。唇型扁平, 牙床张开程度比/i/要宽。
• /æ /舌前部向硬颚抬起程度比 /e/更低,四个中最大的短音。
• Page 14-18
Tongue twister
• Denise sees the fleece, Denise sees the fleas. At least Denise could sneeze and feed and freeze the fleas.
发音器官:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
上唇 下唇 上齿 下齿 上齿龈 硬腭 软腭 舌尖 舌中 舌后 舌根 口腔 鼻子 鼻腔 声带
Pure vowels
• /i:/ /i/ /e/ /æ /
• /a:/ /ɔ/ /ɔ://u:/ /u/ • /Λ/ /ә:/ /ә/
Back Vowels:
/a:/口张大,舌身平放后缩,舌尖不抵下齿。
/ ɔ / 圆唇音,短音。舌身低平后缩,舌的位置比/ɔ:/低 但比/a:/高。口腔 开合度比较大.
/ɔ:/圆唇,长音 舌后部位置比/ʊ /要低,但比/ ɔ /要高.听起来有点象汉语拼音中的O.
• /ʊ / 圆唇音,短音 舌后部向软颚靠,舌位较高.比/u:/底 两唇稍稍向前突,口腔较松弛 • •
• Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
• 英国英语发音视频: • /foreign/basiceng/1 4157/ • /foreign/basiceng/1 4656/ • 美国英语发音视频: /v_show/id_XMTczNDk wNzY=.html
Quotation for today
• To be different does not mean to be bad.
• Treat others as you want to be treated.
Vowels
• /dongman/f/1_55 -4-248_20011205163651.swf • /~acadtech/phonetic s/english/frameset.html
Front Vowels:
• /i:/ 舌尖抵下齿,舌前部向硬颚尽量抬高,
舌的两侧须抵住上齿, 上下齿之间的距 • 离很窄, 双唇扁平. 肌肉紧张,嘴角微微 • 向两边展。长音,发音较清晰。 •
/ i / 舌前部向硬颚抬起,但舌位比/i:/稍低, • 稍后,牙床开得比/i:/宽 短音,发音稍模糊
•
单元音
• 发音要领:准确掌握舌位的前、后、中以 及高、中、低 • 发音过程中:舌位不移动,没有任何摩 擦,不受发音器官的任何阻碍
Pure vowels
• Front vowels: /i:/ /i/ /e/ /æ / 舌尖靠近下齿,舌前部抬高,以上四个舌位由高 到低 • Back vowels: /a:/ /ɔ/ /ɔ:/ /u/ / u:/ 舌尖离开下齿,舌后部抬高,以上五个舌位由低 到高 • Central Vowles: /Λ/ /ә/ /ә:/ 舌尖离开下齿,舌中部抬高,以上三个舌位由低 到高
• /u:/ 发音时尽量把嘴唇收圆,长音 舌后部尽量向软颚靠,舌位最高. 两唇向前突,口腔和舌很紧张。 •
Central Vowels
• /Λ/ 舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿,整个舌身在口 腔处于低平状态,仅舌中部稍稍抬起.
• /З:/ 舌中部隆起稍高, 舌位比/ә/ 高, 双唇稍扁, 长音, 喉头 肌肉较紧张. 英式英语/З:/与美式英语发音有 不同,美式英语要卷舌 (有“r”字母) • /ә/ 舌中部稍隆起, 双唇稍扁, 牙床半开, 肌肉松弛,发音自然,短音 英式英语任何时候都不卷舌 •
• Clean clams crammed in clean cans. • Can you can a can as a canner can can a can? • Six sick hicks nick(刻,划) six slick(光 滑) bricks with picks(镐) and sticks.