1997年博士生入学考试试题

Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesEnglish Entrance Examination for Doctorate Candidates (1997)PartⅠ Structure and Written Expression (40%)Section ADirections: In this section, there are 15 incomplete sentences. Under each sentence, you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone word or phrase that completes the sentence correctly. Then on youranswer sheet, find the number of the question and mark your choice onthe corresponding letter.1.Experiments in the photography of moving objects______ in both the UnitedStates and Europe well before 1900.A.have been conducingB. was conductedC. had been conductedD. being conducted2. All the many different parts of the body, large and small, ______ to perform the processes essential to life.A. they combineB. which combineC. combiningD. combine3. ______ the earth’s mass twice as great as it is, it would attract an object twice______ as it does.A. Were…as stronglyB. If …as stronglyC. Had been…as strongD. If…as strong4. Slavery was unknown in English common law, and black laborers at first occupieda legal status similar______.A. to those of white servantsB. as the white servantC. with that of white servantsD. to that of white servants5. ______ the sun is not shining?A. What doB. What ifC. What aboutD. what is the result that6. Today, formal education primarily______ memorizing data.A. consistsB. consists inC. in comprised byD. composes7. To keep from______ at jobs_____ he had no interest, he went to live for two years in the woods.A. being worked…in thatB. working…whichC. having to work…in whichD. having been worked…that8. It is_____ doubt that his conclusion is correct.A. aboveB. out ofC. noD. beyond9. ______your timely advice, I might not have succeeded.A. Thanks toB. WithC. ForD. But for10. Y ou will have some nice lecture. The names of the lectures are ______.A. as followsB. such as followingC. as followingD. as follows11. It is foolish______ to make such a blunder.A. of himB. to himC. for himD. on him12. Continuing deterioration of the earth’s ozone shield would expose human beingsto increased ultraviolet radiation, ______of many serious skin cancers.A. is the causeB. has been the causeC. the causeD. that is the cause13. ______your hand in front of your face, and you can feel the air moving.A. To waveB. If waveC. WavingD. Wave14. Despite the pill my doctor prescribed, I still have trouble______.A. to sleepB. for sleepingC. sleepingD. to sleeping15. The volume of the sun is about 1,300,000 times______.A. the earthB. as that of the earthC. that of the earthD. one of the earth Section BDirections: Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect from the four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the answer sheet.16. One of the most famous of ancient times Socrates was, whose teachings areA B C Dreflected in Plato’s writings.17. When a spider catches an insect, it releases some poison into an insect with itsA B Cfangs, but the poison of most spiders is harmless to man.D18. It is generally known that the natural habitat of these types of monkeys are theA B C Dcentral and eastern forest of Africa.19. Bats are able to guide them by producing sound waves too high for us to hear.A B C D20. Government authorities said tonight that as many as 10,000 people were nowA Bbelieved missing and feared to die after a cyclone devastated the area over theC Dweekend.21. Nowhere we have seen the results more clearly than in Europe, which really haveA B Csurprised us all.D22. Y esterday afternoon, walking along the road, a small flower pot fell from theA B Cbalcony of a house, and knocked him unconscious.D23. Kenneth had his heart set on owing one of the new sports cars, but he finallyA B Csucceeded in buying one.D24. Mr. Smith is well known as a poet, and he is only three years senior than I.A B C D25. To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he forcedA B C D26. A turtle differs from all other reptiles that it has its body encased in a protectiveA B C Dshell of its own.27. The process of graduate education and the process of basic research reinforce eachA B other in a great variety of ways, and each is weakened when carrying on withoutC Dthe other.28. The point here is, to understand what you are reading, you must think about whatA Byou are reading, you must make sense the message conveyed by the words.C D29. We intend to move that our committee appoints Prof. Bacon as chairman, and weA Bhope that you will second our motion.C D30. Although Mary was not invited to the wedding, she would very much have likedA B Cto have gone.D31. In a day’s work a police office often deals with a wide panorama of problemsA Bfrom the pursuing of suspecting criminals to the rescuing of a trapped kitten.C D32. If you were awarded a prize of ten thousand dollars, what would you do with it ifA Byou had to spend in a day.C D33. He wanted more out of life, not just working at high-paid jobs or spending nightsA B Con the street playing games and asked for a better one.D34. It is encouraging to note that in recent years, cigarette smokers have been in theA B Cdecline, especially among older people.D35. Beethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of themAwere written after he had lost his hearing.B C D36. The new hotel has erected a beautiful building with recreation areas andA Bconference facilities on the top floor in which the finest view of the city can beC Dobtained.37. Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of theA Binsect that is not fully understood.C D38. On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies thanA Bare those with little ambition.C D39. He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung theA B Cdoor widely open.D40. The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delayA Bdamage or loss at your own expenses.C DPartⅡ Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension (60%)Section ADirections: In questions 1-30 each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. Below each sentence are four other words or phrase, marked A, B, C and D. Youare to choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.Then, on your answer sheet find the number of the question and blackenthe space that corresponds to the letter you have chosen so that the letterinside the oval cannot be seen.1.Punctuality is imperative in your new job.A. Being efficientB. Being courteousC. Being on timeD. Being cheerful2. Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from succumbing to the ravages of time.A. standing byB. counting onC. yielding toD. holding up3. The few Americans at the party seemed just as inhibited as the rest of the guests.A. restrainedB. tediousC. comfortableD. delighted4. From an airplane, the grasslands of the western prairie appear almost as uniform asa placid sea.A. fakeB. seedyC. hillyD. calm5. By the time that dispute was resolved, relations between Severo and management had been poisoned.A. disdainedB. retainedC. taintedD. stained6. No remnants of the settlement of Roanoke, Virginia, were found by the next groupof colonists.A. tracesB. survivorsC. buildingsD. implements7. The climate in the great plains is arid.A. hot and dryB. hot and wetC. cold and wetD. cold and dry8. Mr. Del Rio was asked to condense his report in order to allow his audience some time to ask question.A. abbreviateB. expandC. continueD. delay9. Can this be a duplicate of the document?A. a summaryB. a revisionC. an outlineD. a copy10. Sometimes a psychological problem will trigger a physical reaction.A. releaseB. initiateC. performD. settle11. He is infamous for his dishonesty in business matters.A. notoriousB. dreadedC. loathedD. investigated12. Toddlers sometimes require special attention.A. Elderly peopleB. BabiesC. PetsD. Houseplants13. The soldier rashly agreed to lead the dangerous expedition.A. resignedlyB. heroicallyC. recklesslyD. reluctantly14. The old widow must have liked the young soldier, for when she died she left him most of her fortune.A. taken afterB. taken upC. taken toD. taken on15. The hotel was a four-story building away from the university where most competitors were accommodated.A. put upB. put downC. put inD. put over16. The manic-depressive usually fluctuates between great excitement and deep depression.A. recoversB. fallsC. improvesD. alternates17. The first major outburst of musical creativity in the United States occurred at the end of the nineteenth century.A. surgeB. roundC. outcomeD. performance18. Little Rock is the hub of the federal interstate highways that cross Arkansas.A. highpointsB. summitC. pathD. center19. The world is on the threshold of a new century.A. realizing the importance ofB. at the beginning ofC. expectingD. establishing goal for20. Though I am good at my job, it sure grinds me down sometimes.A. oppresses meB. disappoints meC. bores meD. troubles me21. The president’s compassion for the neighboring refugees caused him to admit a very large number of them into his country.A. friendshipB. pityC. respectD. hostility22. The gunfire was sporadic.A. intermittentB. frequentC. continuousD. distant23. The Ford Foundation is one of the world’s wealthiest philanthropic organizations.A. profligateB. governmentalC. humanitarianD. multinational24. The criminal insinuated that he had been roughly treated by the arresting officers.A. suggested indirectlyB. denied positivelyC. argued convincinglyD. stated flatly25. Minoan kings had such strong navies that they were able to build unfortified palaces.A. unprotectedB. undevelopedC. unequaledD. unidentified26. Realizing that many readers find long descriptive passages uninteresting, Bruce began his story with an exciting conflict.A. melancholyB. tediousC. incredibleD. offensive27. In the Navajo household, grandparents and other relatives play indispensable roles in raising children.A. dominantB. exemplaryC. essentialD. demanding28. For several years the lives of the two old ladies continued to revolve in intimate enmity around each other.A. companionshipB. hospitalityC. amiabilityD. hostility29. The weather forecast was only for the metropolitan area, not for the outlying farm communities.A. residentialB. geographicalC. cityD. industrial30. Automation has done away with much of the drudgery of work.A. uniquenessB. dirtinessC. unpleasantnessD. slownessSection BDirections: The rest of this section is based on a variety of reading material followed by questions about the meaning of the material. For questions 31-60, youare to choose the one best answer A, B, C or D to each question. Then ,on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and blacken thespace that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Questions 31-33The library of Congress in Washington, D.C., which houses the largest collection of books in the world, is fighting a battle against paper deterioration. The pages of old books, often yellowed and torn, sometimes crumble when they are touched. The main culprit in the battle is the acidic paper that has been used for making books since the nineteenth century.Air pollution and moisture have added to the problem. Strangely, the books that are most in danger of destruction are not the oldest books. The paper in books produced before the last century was made from cotton and linen rags, which are naturally low in acid. And the Gutenberg Bible, printed five centuries ago, was made of thin calfskin, and is in remarkably good shape. But in the nineteenth century, with widespread literary bringing a demand for a cheaper and more plentiful supply of paper, the industry began using chemically treated wood pulp for making paper. It is the chemical in this paper that is causing today’s problem.This problem of paper deterioration is one of global concern. France, Canada, and has been developed recently, in fact, that allows for mass deacidification of thousands of books at the same time. It costs less than microfilming and still preservesbooks in their original form. It is hoped there will soon be treatment facilities all over the world to preserve and deacidify library book collections.31. According to this passage, libraries are trying to stopA. the tearing of booksB. the yellowing of pagesC. the problem of air pollutionD. the deterioration of paper32. We can assume from this passage thatA. cotton and linen rags are not good for making paperB. calfskin is low in acidC. wood pulp is expensiveD. microfilming is an inexpensive way to preserve old books33. Some countries in the world areA. using calfskin for book productionB. producing books from cotton and linen ragsC. doing research into methods of mass preservationD. building treatment facilitiesQuestion 34-36Lew Archer, the detective hero created by Ross MacDonald in The Moving Target (1949), is more literary in his tastes than Mike Hammer, and so more apt to muse on fate and the past than to create a political philosophy out of the individualist fantasies of the present. In part, archer owes his special sensitivity to the fact that his creator placed him in the hastily thrown up world of California and the West Coast rather than in the grimy eastern cities of Spillane and Hammer. Attuned to history as much as to action, Archer is more fascinated by the past patterns of relationships that erupt into the present than by the immediacies of violence and personal confrontation. Like other American naturalists, both Archer and Hammer pride themselves on their ability to know all the parts of town and country. But MacDonald explores what Spillane essentially disregards: The intricacies of family and the gradation of social class. Thus Spillane’s hero seems to spring from Hammett and Hemingway, while MacDonald’s Archer owes his lineage to Chandler and Faulkner.34. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?A. to explain the plot of The Moving TargetB. To show the importance of setting in the detective novelC. To prove that Archer and Hammer are literary heroesD. To compare two characters in detective fiction35. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be characteristic of an Archer story?A. A violent argumentB. A California settingC. A concern with social classD. A study of family relationship36. Which of the following best describes MacDonald’s relationship to Chandler and Faulkner?A. MacDonald portrayed the lives of Chandler and Faulkner in one of his novels.B. MacDonald followed in the tradition of Chandler and Faulkner.C. MacDonald influenced the work of Chandler and Faulkner.D. MacDonald disregarded the intricacies of Chandler and Faulkner.Question 37-40Time, we are told, is relative. We know from our experience that his is so. One summer in childhood stretched for cons, yet a year in the life of a busy adult gives him hardly time to exchange one year’s calendar for the next.Change is relative also, though it is always occurring—and, indeed, is a law of the expanding universe of which our earth is a part. But the leisurely progress of man’s first fifteen million years was so slow that tie seemed to him to stand still. Changes could be measured in millennia—no man’s memory encompassed the span between the first use of a sharp stone as a weapon to the shaped pointed spear to extend his fighting arm.But today change is accelerated. Not infrequently technology compounds its achievements faster than we can assimilate them, and often much faster than we can assimilate them, and often much faster than the socio-economic and other elements of contemporary society are “generalized animal” varies greatly within the species homo sapiens, and what is envisioned as progress by the “specialized brains”of some will be tolerable to others only with the passage of time. Nevertheless, acceleration of change is now our fate, and it is in our power to make it a controlled acceleration. The time span of change relative to human life is the critical factor. Once it was: Length of life=Given way of life. Now it has become: Length of life=Given way of life+ change in technological factors +change in economic and social factors. The individual who does not have to meet this new equation is rare. The industry or profession or nation that is unaffected by it is a living fossil.37. In the first two paragraph, the authorA. says that time seems to go faster for childrenB. compares change to timeC. says that adults must be careful to change calendars each year38. According to paragraph three, technological achievementsA. easily replace old ways of doing thingsB. are seen as progress by homo sapiensC. are often slow to be acceptedD. are intolerable to the “specialized brains” of some39. What does the writer say is a critical factor for man?A. Acceleration of changeB. Control of acceleration of changeC. Toleration of technological advancesD. Time span of change relative to human life40. The time span of change relative to human lifeA. is not as important today as it used to beB. is a much longer and more complex equation today than it used to beC. does not have to be met by most peopleD. does not affect industriesQuestions 41-46Impressionism in painting developed in the late nineteenth century in France. Itbegan with a loosely structured group of painters who got together mainly to exhibit their paintings. Their art was characterized by the attempt to depict light and movement by using pure broken color. The movement began with four friends who met in a cafe: Monet, Renoir, Sisley, and Bazille. They were reacting against the academic standards of their time an dthe romantic emphasis on emotion as a subject matter. They rejected the rolr of imagination in art. Instead, they observed nature closely, painting with a scientific interest in visual phenomena. Their subject matter was as diverse as their personalities. Monet and Sislery painted landscapes with changing effects of light, and Renoir painted idealized women and children. The works of impressionists were received with hostility until the 1920s. By the 1930s impressionism had a large cult following, and by the 1950s even the least important works by people associated with the movement commanded enormous prices.41. Impressionism began with a small group of artists who wanted toA. use light colorsB. fight the governmentC. become scientistsD. show their paintings42. The first impressionistsA. supported the academic standardsB. began a new academyC. did not like the academic standardsD. developed new official standards43. The early impressionist artists paintedA. with imaginationB. different subject matterC. landscapesD. diverse personalities44. What subject matter did Monet and Sisley usually paint?A. Country scenesB. PortraitsC. SkyscrapersD. Animals in nature45. Which of the following typifies the early impressionists?A. They had a romantic emphasisB. They tried to see nature unemotionallyC. They worked toward a unified goalD. They idealized life46. Most people did not like impressionistic paintingA. before 1920B. between 1920 and 1930C. between 1930 and 1950D. after 1950Question 47-50The United States court system, as part of the federal system of government, is characterized by dual hierarchies: there are both state and federal courts. Each state has its own system of courts, composed of civil and criminal trial courts, sometimes intermediate courts, sometimes intermediate courts of appeal, and a state supreme court. The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts(called district courts) serving relatively small geographic regions(there is at least one for every state), a tier of circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geographic region, and the Supreme Court of the United States. The two court systems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes(such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution) may be initiated in either system. They are also to some extent hierarchical, for the federal system stands abovethe state system in that litigants (persons engaged in lawsuits) who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States.Thus, the typical court case begins in a trial court—a court of general jurisdiction—in the state or federal system. Most cases go on further than the trial court: for example, the criminal defendant is convicted (by a trial or a guilty plea) and sentenced by the court and the case ends; the personal injured suit results in a judgment by a trial court (or na out-of-court settlement by the parties while the court is pending) and the parties leave the court system. But sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the cause that the matter does not end there. In these cases, the “loser” at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.47. According to the passage, district courts are also known asA. circuit courtsB. supreme courtsC. intermediate courtsD. trial courts48. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the phrase “engaged in”could be replaced by which of the following?A. committed toB. involved inC. attentive toD. engrossed in49. The passage indicates that litigants who lose their cases in the state trial court may take them to aA. different trial court in the same stateB. court in a different geographic regionC. federal trial courtD. state supreme court50. It can be inferred from the passage that typical court cases areA. always appealedB. usually revolved in the district courtsC. always overlappingD. usually settled by the Supreme CourtQuestion 51-54Cotton Mather, the so-called “Puritan priest,”is a man familiar to all historians interested in early America. Undeniably, he had a profound impact on the intellectual climate in America during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In placing this man in context, it is important to realize that the era into which Mather was born in 1663 was what might be called medieval early America, a time very different from the post-Enlightenment America characterized by Georigian architecture and republican ideas. nonetheless, it was time of considerable philosophical evolution, and Cotton Mather was a prominent force not only in the religious and legal thought of the day, but also in medical affairs.Cotton Mather’s maternal grandfather was John Cotton, who for twenty years was a minister of St. Botolph Church in Boston, Linconshire, England. he was compelled to give up his post when a townsman charged that magistrates were not required to kneel at the sacrament in Reverend Cotton’s church. In some theological disgrace, John Cotton set off for the New World, and, as it happeed, he sailed for America with two other ministers, Thomas Hooker and Samuel Stone. This was taken to be a good omen by all three, for one ship brought Cotton for clothing, Stone for building, and Hooker for fishing. Reverend Cotton preached in Boston for nineteen years until his death in 1652. His widow married Richard Mather.Mather was also a minister who had been suspended for nonconformity andcame to New England as a result. His first wife was Catherine Holt, o f whom Cotton Mather was later to write: “If a pretty late abortion might have passed for a birth, it might be said of this gentle woman that she was a mother of seven sons.”The last of these sons was Increase Mather. He too entered the ministry and began preaching in the Second Church of Boston. On March 6, 1662, he married the daughter of John Cotton. To this couple Cotton Mather was born on February 12, 1663. Increase Mather later became one of the most prominent early Bostonians and was named president of Harvard College in 1685.51. According to the passage, Cotton Mather influenced all areas of American life except.A. legal thoughtB. medical affairsC. religious thoughtD. republican ideas52. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A. Cotton Mather was called the “Puritan priest.”B. Mather was born in 1663.C. Medieval early America and post-Enlightenment America were very different.D. Cotton Mather is a well-known historical figure who was very influential in his time.53. According to the passage, which of the following could not be said of Increase Mather?A. He was a minister.B. He was a youngest son.C. He was president of Harvard College.D. He was suspended for religious non-conformity.54. What most likely follows this passage?A. Further discussion of America in the 1600sB. More information about Cotton Mather’s background and lifeC. A discussion of the ministry and ministers in America in the 1600sD. Further discussion of John CottonQuestion 55-60Radiocarbon is a radioactive isotope with an atomic weight of 14, which makes it heavier than ordinary carbon. Radiocarbon forms when cosmic rays, or high-energy atomic particles, collide with the Earth’s atmosphere. This collision causes atoms to disintegrate into smaller elements. One of these elements, the neutron, smashes into the nuclei of nitrogen atoms and, in the process of being absorbed into the nuclei, causes a proton element to be released. In this manner a nitrogen atom turns into a radiocarbon atom.Radiocarbon is found in all living matter. For every trillion molecules of carbon dioxide gas, the atmosphere contains about one radiocarbon atom. Plants assimilate radiocarbon from carbon dioxide in the air, and humans absorb it mainly from food made from plants.Radiocarbon is very useful in establishing the age old objects. the technique of radiocarbon dating was developed by an American chemist, William F. Libby, in the late 1940s. He discovered that radioactive carbon atoms decay at a regular rate overlong periods of time. After about 5,700 years, half the radiocarbon in dead material disappears. After 11,400 years, half the remaining material gone. Using his method, archeologists have been able to determine the age of objects up to 50,000 years old.55. The main topic of this passage isA. the weight of radioactive isotopesB. differences between radioactive carbon and regular carbonC. the origin and uses of radiocarbon isotopesD. forms of cosmic rays56. According to the passage, what happens when atomic particles strike the Earth’s outer layer?A. Atoms break down into smaller components.B. Radiocarbon becomes heavier.C. They are absorbed by all living matter.D. Protons are released into the atmosphere.57. According to the passage, radiocarbon results whenA. it is heavier than regular carbonB. atomic particles escape the Earth’s atmosphereC. a neutron hits the nucleus of a carbon atomD. a nitrogen atom absorbs a neutron and releases a proton58. According to the passage, how do people primarily take in radiocarbon?A. From animal foodB. By breathing the airC. From carbon dioxideD. From edible vegetation59. Compared to carbon dioxide gas, radiocarbonA. is a rare elementB. is found in equal quantitiesC. has unusual propertiesD. is a very common element60. It can be inferred from the passage that an object that is 11,400 years oldA. contains half its original radiocarbon contentB. has no radiocarbon leftC. has about a quarter of its radiocarbon remainingD. Has less than an eighth of its initial radiocarbon matter。