迷惘的一代
迷惘一代的特点与风格
所谓“迷惘”，是指他们共有的彷徨和失望情绪。这些作家中,大多数人亲身经历过第一次世界大战。在战场上，他们目睹了战争给人类带来的巨大灾难，经历了战争的折磨，了解到普通士兵中的厌战情绪。当时，他们大多还是二十岁左右的年轻人，有许多美好的愿望，善良的激情。面对现实，他们深深感到“拯救世界民主”的口号不过是当初美国政府用来迷惑自己为帝国主义战争卖命的虚伪幌子，深知上当受骗，美好的理想化为泡影，于是心灵深处受到无法医治的创伤。大战结束后，他们不再相信什么政治、法令，但又找不到新的可靠的精神支柱，因而悲观、失望、彷徨、忧虑，处于一种迷茫，不知走向何处的精神状态之中。“迷惘的一代”的作家没有统一的组织团体及共同的纲领，但他们的共同点是厌恶帝国主义战争，在作品里揭露战争给人们带来的灾难，反映了战后青年一代的悲剧，他们在艺术上都很讲究表现手法的新颖及独创性。
菲兹杰拉德
“迷惘的一代”创作的另一个特点是形式上勇于创新。二十世纪初的美国文坛正是现实主义、自然主义和现代主义交汇的时期。这些青年作家们融合了战后对传统的反叛精神，吸收了各流派的艺术成就，并各自创造出自己的风格特色：菲茨杰拉德浪漫精巧、海明威朴素遒劲、多斯·帕索斯宏观大气。在法国的流放生涯让他们充分养成了对形式实验和福楼拜的兴趣。他们学习福楼拜客观冷静、无动于衷的叙述态度，学他的作者隐退的叙述技巧，学他的简练风格和反复修改的写作精神。他们感到传统的文学叙述手法已无法表达现代工业社会的种种特征，于是转向意识流、象征、电影“蒙太奇”，有限人物视角、多重视角等创作手法。多斯·帕索斯是形式试验的大师，他在小说领域中开拓性的技巧试验也许比他小说本身的价值更令人瞩目。他第一部令人难忘的试验小说《曼哈顿中转站》(一九二五) 交叉运用了印象主义、表现主义、蒙太奇和新闻报道等多种艺术手法。各种社会镜头和生活画面杂相交错，水和火的隐喻表达了战后西方世界的荒原意识，充分体现了多斯·帕索斯的实验精神。此后，多斯·帕索斯在其恢弘巨著《美国》三部曲(一九三七)中，在小说常规叙述之外穿插了“新闻短片”(The Newsreel)、“摄影机眼”(The Camera Eye)和“人物小传”(The Biography)等，来揭示了二十世纪前三十年美国社会的动荡与变迁。这种以美国社会为主角而不是以个别人物为主角的文献新闻手法在美国文学史上留下了独特的印记，对诸如诺曼·梅勒，道格多罗等后继作家产生了深远的影响，并为一九六○年代新新闻报道(New Journalism)的兴起提供了历史的源流和借鉴。同时，后现代非虚构小说(non-fiction fiction)也能从他的寓非小说于小说之中的试验获取灵感。虽然现在看来，多斯·帕索斯的文学试验多少有些机械，呆板，“摄影机眼”的语言晦涩，“新闻短片”已经成为湮没的历史，让现代读者难以理解，但他试图用现实的新闻材料与小说叙述部分相平行，从而给小说创造一种时代气氛的尝试却是他的成功之处。相比之下，海明威保留了较多的现实主义因素，他的小说还常能清晰地分出开头、高潮和结尾。但形式上的实验还是显而易见的，除了电报式对话的独创外，他突破了福楼拜的人物内部聚焦常为第三人称的局限，改用第一人称的内聚焦，更缩短了人物与读者之间的心理距离。在其主要作品中他也试验了意识流、内心独白、闪回等多种叙述巧。福克纳则是大刀阔斧的运作意识流，在这方面的彻底性远远超过海明威。他在诸多的作品中尝试多角度叙述方法和意识流，以及“神话模式”，即有意识地使他讲述的故事与神话故事平行展开，从而创造了一个让人流连忘返的约克纳帕塔法世界。诗人肯明斯突破传统标点符号、大小写、句法的束缚，创造了成为肯明斯标记的小写的第一人称单数“i”，展示了语言更本质的活力。此外他在诗歌的排字法上标新立异，如把“一叶落下/孤独”竖排成数字1的形状，更突出了孤零零的孤独意象，使诗歌同时具有绘画般的视觉冲击力。被誉为“迷惘的一代”最后一位天才的韦斯特更是以形式实验著称，在叙事技巧上非常前卫、激进。他在《鲍尔索·斯奈尔的梦幻生活》(一九三一)和《孤心小姐》(一九三三)中借由理性控制的梦境来讲述存在的寓言和充斥现实梦境的荒诞意象，在创作意识和写作技巧方面直接影响了后起的美国作家如卡森·麦卡勒斯，奥康纳，霍克斯和塞林格等人。此外，“迷惘的一代”之所以影响深远。除了他们的创作成就之外，传记文学和回忆录的空前繁荣也是原因之一。三、四十年代就有弗雷德里克·艾伦的《就在昨天》(一九三一)，考利的《流放者的归来》(一九三四)，罗伯特·麦卡尔蒙的《天才济济》(一九三八)以及菲茨杰拉德去世后由威尔逊收集成册的《崩溃》(一九三五)等总结、反思“迷惘的一代”的作品问世。上世纪五、六十年代又目睹了一股回忆热潮：“迷惘的一代”的代表作家或见证人纷纷推出回忆录或自传，包括卡蕾斯·克罗斯比的《热情年代》(一九五三)，西尔维娅·比奇的《莎士比亚书店》(一九五六)，哈罗德·勒布的《如此往事》(一九五九)，罗伯特·寇兹的《追忆》(一九六○),马修斯·约瑟夫生的《和超现实主义者一起生活》(一九六二)，曼·雷的《自画像》(一九六三)，莫利·卡拉汉的《那个巴黎之夏》(一九六三)，海明威的《不固定的圣节》(一九六四)，多斯·帕索斯的《最好的时光》(一九六六)以及南茜·卡纳德的《就是那些时光》(一九六九)。《天才济济》也由凯·博伊尔重新修订于一九六八年再版。这些传记不仅有利于从其内部理解“迷惘的一代”的思想、生活和创作原则，它们如此集中的出版也进一步深化了“迷惘的一代”的文学传奇，使其影响超越了一九二○年代的短短时间而对后起文学持续地产生影响，直到一九六○年代的“垮掉的一代”以更反叛、更激进的姿态崛起在美国文坛上。马克·多兰认为“迷惘的一代”之所以能成为一九二○年代的文化象征，不仅由于它是美国文化历史上颇为少见的由一群作家代表一个时代的例子，还由于它是美国文化历史上绝无仅有的由一群自传作家代表一个时代的例子。
迷惘的一代 名词解释(二)
迷惘的一代名词解释(二)迷惘的一代名词解释1. 迷惘的一代迷惘的一代，指的是当代年轻人面临各种社会、职业、人生选择时感到困惑和迷失的群体。
这一代人常常感到无法找到自己的方向和目标，对未来充满迷茫和困惑。
2. 选择困难症选择困难症是迷惘的一代经常面临的问题之一。
它指的是在面对多个选项时，人们很难做出明确的决策，并且对已经做出的选择常常感到焦虑和不安。
例如，一位大学毕业生面临就业选择时，面对众多职业和公司，常常感到无从下手，不知道选择哪条道路。
3. Quarter-life crisis（青年社会危机）Quarter-life crisis是指迷惘的一代在20多岁时面临的人生危机。
在这个阶段，这一代人对自己的职业发展和生活目标开始进行思考，并且常常陷入迷茫和焦虑的状态。
他们开始怀疑自己所做的选择是否正确，对未来感到困惑和不安。
4. 自我探索自我探索是迷惘的一代常常进行的一项活动。
他们希望通过了解自己的兴趣、优势和价值观，并试验不同的经历和角色，来找到自己的需求和激情所在。
例如，有些年轻人选择去旅行、参加志愿者活动或者尝试不同的工作岗位，以寻找适合自己的生活道路。
5. 择业焦虑择业焦虑指的是迷惘的一代在面临就业选择时感到的强烈焦虑和不安。
他们常常面临职业选择众多和不确定性高的现实，同时也经历着社会对于职业的期望和标准，因此对于找到一份满意的工作感到困难和压力。
6. 社交媒体焦虑社交媒体焦虑是指迷惘的一代在社交媒体上看到别人成功和美好的生活，自己因此感到压力和不满足。
他们常常陷入对比与焦虑的状态，觉得自己的生活不如他人，因此产生低自尊和不安全感。
以上是关于”迷惘的一代”的部分相关名词解释。
迷惘的一代面临许多困扰和困惑，但通过自我探索、面对择业焦虑和社交媒体焦虑，这一代人有望找到自己的方向和目标，实现真正的成长和发展。
迷惘的一代与海明威
《永别了武器》（1926）
继续迷惘的主题。
小 说 标 题 （ A Farewell to Arms） 的双关含义。
主题情节从战争与恋爱两 方面平行展开，微妙对应， 寓意完全一致：人生不论 是私生活还是社会生活， 都是一场徒劳的斗争，一 无所获，只有一个全盘皆 输的结局。
海明威的第一位情人 小说中凯瑟琳的原型
1917年夏天中学毕业 后赴欧洲战场。
20年代在巴黎过流浪 生活。
《在我们的时代》 （1924）
了解海明威的关键隐 藏在他的第一部短篇 小说集《在我们的时 代》。其中第一篇 《在印弟安人营地》 预示了海明威父子日 后的命运，自杀。主 要人物尼克.亚当斯在 此后的小说中不断重 现。
尼克.亚当斯=海明威？
1. 相似的参战经历和厌 战，反战情绪。
2.迷惘的情绪。
A、失落。 他们在战 争中失落了青春年华， 也失落了理想。感到 自己上当受骗。从小 接受的一套传统的道 德、宗教和伦理标准 动摇了。
B、迷路。感到无路可走。“所有的战争都 已结束。所有的信仰都被动摇。”他们被 战争逐出了生活的常规，不能适应正常的 日常生活。于是沉溺于无所事事的状态。 过着一种波西米亚式的流浪生活，酗酒， 赌博，谈恋爱，寻找刺激，希望以此摆脱 精神上的苦闷。
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张德明
西方现代文艺流派 xfxdwylp-y@
发展概况
一般意义上说，迷惘的一代是指经历一次 世界大战的那一代人。文学上特指在一次 大战期间成长起来，在1920年代建立起文 学名声的的那一代美国作家。
主要作家有海明威、派索斯、菲茨杰拉德、 肯明斯、福克纳等。
他们在战前都是不到20岁的年轻人，响应 政府的号召走上战场。亲眼目睹了战争的 残酷性和非正义性，以及它给人类造成的 灾难，在身心两方面都蒙受战争的创伤。 回国后又找不到出路，于是灰心失望，通 过文学形式表现自己的经历和苦闷，形成 一个松散的但很有影响的文学团体。
迷惘的一代名词解释
迷惘的一代名词解释在当代社会，有一个常常被提及的词汇，那就是“迷惘的一代”。
这个词汇源自于日本社会学家长谷川泉，他在20世纪80年代提出了这个概念，用以形容那些在现代社会中感到迷茫无措的年轻一代。
在本文中，我们将就这一词汇的含义及其背后的原因进行解释和探讨。
首先，需要明确的是，“迷惘的一代”并不是一个具体的年龄群体。
它描述的是一种心理状态，一种对未来充满疑虑和困惑、对自身能力和方向缺乏信心的心态。
这种心态往往出现在年轻人身上，但也可能伴随着他们的成长一直延续至中年甚至老年。
“迷惘的一代”所面临的困境源于现代社会的多重变革。
全球化的浪潮和技术的迅猛发展给当代年轻人带来了前所未有的机遇和选择。
然而，可选择的范围如此之广，以至于他们常常陷入选择困难和焦虑之中。
他们犹豫不决，担心错过了最好的选择，也担心自己的努力最终可能得不到应有的回报。
一方面，信息爆炸和社交媒体的普及使得年轻人接触到前所未有的知识和观点。
但另一方面，信息的泛滥也导致他们难以分辨真假、决策迷茫。
他们常常陷入到信息过载的困境中，感到难以找到真正有价值、有意义的事物。
此外，社交媒体的虚幻表象也常常使他们产生自我怀疑和不安。
在迅速变化的社会中，年轻人不再拥有那种“确定”的人生轨迹。
过去的规划和期望往往不再适用。
他们需要面对更多的选择和更大的不确定性。
这种不确定性常常使他们迷茫不安，不知道要如何抉择和前进。
此外，压力的增加也加剧了“迷惘的一代”的心理困窘。
竞争激烈的社会成为他们的心理负担。
无论是工作压力还是学业压力，都让他们感到提不起劲儿。
同时，经济发展的不稳定性也增加了他们面临失业或就业压力的担忧。
迷惘不仅仅是负面情绪的体现，它也是一种反省与成长的机会。
迷惘是对自己和生活的思考，是对既有模式与价值观的质疑。
正是在这种状况下，“迷惘的一代”逐渐发展了思考、自省、探索的品质，成为拥有独立思考能力和开拓精神的一代。
为了克服迷惘，年轻人需要积极应对和努力成长。
浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响
浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响摘要:在1920- 1930年代,世界第一次世界大战之后,美国出现了这样一种社会现象,那就是:在一战爆发前刚刚步入成年的年轻人充满了厌恶战争、悲观和迷茫的情绪。
他们成长的年代是资本主义渐渐的没落的年代。
因为这个时代的特点,他们的思想是复杂而矛盾的。
他们感到迷茫,因此他们被称为“迷惘的一代”。
这种现象广泛而深入地从美国蔓延到整个西方社会,它的影响在历史上是十分罕见的。
本文将简单研究迷惘的一代的历史背景和产生的原因、其主要特点和它对美国文学及文化的影响。
关键词：迷惘的一代；历史渊源；文化价值；影响The Brief Analysis of the Lost Generation and Its Influence onAmerican Literature and CultureAbstract: In the 1920s—1930s, after the world warⅠ, there appears a social phenomenon, that is: The youths who were just becoming adults when the war broke out were feel disappointed and lost. When the youth were growing up, the capitalism was declining. Because of the characteristic of that age, their ideology was intricate and paradoxical. They felt so lost, and they were called the Lost Generation. This phenomenon spread from the United States to the western society widely and deeply, and its influence on western society is rare in history. This paper will briefly study the historical background of the Lost Generation and its forming factors and main characteristics, and will focus on the Lost Generation’s influence on American literature and culture.Key words:lost generation; historical origins; cultural value; influenceContentsIntroduction (1)PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation (2)1.1 The introduction of the lost generation (2)1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation (2)1.2.1 The effects of the First World War (2)1.2.2 The change of people’ ideas (3)1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youth (4)Part Ⅱ Main Characteristics of the Lost Generation (5)2.1 The confusion about war ――against the war (5)2.2 The confusion about life (6)2.3 The confusion about social reality (7)Part Ⅲ The Influence on American Literature and Culture (9)3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature (9)3.1.1 The maturity of American literature (9)3.1.2 Minimalism and Innovation (9)3.2 The lost generation’s influence on American culture (10)3.2.1 Multicultural promotion (10)3.2.2 Effect on American media (11)Conclusion (12)Bibliography (13)IntroductionLost generation is a term that has been widely accepted in the field of literary studies，it refers to youth and young writers with disillusionment after the First World War. Their characteristics are weariness,pessimism and disappointment.There are many studies about the lost generation, many scholars and critics were talk about the lost generation which is represented by Hemingway. Most studies are according literature history to analyze Hemingway and the Lost Generation, but the discussion of deep-seated reasons behind Hemingway and the Lost Generation, which leads to the forming of the Lost Generation, the research about this aspect is not much. Therefore, this article will combine the literature and history to analyze the lost generation. This paper analyzes the Lost Generation through the history of the United States and studies its formation factors, characteristics and influence with the help of writers and works of the Lost Generation.Last century, the United States was in a ‘cultural boiling’period: times change and People's thoughts conflicted with traditional culture, which almost reshaped America youth’s cultural attitudes and behaviors, and led to the Lost Generation.Nowadays, China is building a socialist harmonious society at present, and it has to rely on the young generation. Today there is a problem that is after the reform and opening up, under the background of globalization, Young people’s thoughts are under attack. There are many new ideas, some of them are good, and some are bad, which have very deep influence on Chinese youth. In this environment, teenagers are easy to get lost. So how to educate teenagers in ideology, to enable them to develop in a healthy way and to avoid them becoming the new ‘Lost Generation’ are the issues that every educator is facing.This paper will study from the angle of history and literature, according to the previously published monographs and journals to research historical causes of the main characteristics and impact of the Lost Generation. Besides, according to current situation of the Chinese society, it will put forward a bit to prevent Chinese-style ‘Lost G eneration’.PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation1.1 The introduction of the lost generationThe Lost Generation was the generation that came of age during World War I, which was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself. Between the first and second World Wars, writers of the Lost Generation were abroad, many of them went to Europe. Self-exiled to France in the post World War I, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers sought the bohemian lifestyle and rejected the values of American materialism. And its center was in Paris.Poet Gertrude Stein actually pointed the ‘Lost Generation’ out. She said to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway took it as the inscription in his first novel The Sun Also Rises, and the lo st generation gradually became the name of ‘melancholic temperament’ youth after the Word WarⅠ. Then it became a title of an American modernism literature genre---- The Lost Generation Literature. This literary genre has no organization or program, whose theme is lost and helpless; the Lost Generation has since become the title of those writers with the same creative tendency: Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Ernst Hemingway, John Dos Passos and Thomas Wolfe, etc.1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation1.2.1 The effects of the First World WarThe impact of the First World War on the outcome of American is affording much food for thought. The Allied USA supported won the war, and America also got its own economic interests from the war. But encouraging Americans to war’s lofty ideal, such as ‘fight for democracy in the world’, ‘take part in the war to end the war forever’ suffered a serious a serious setback after the war. This setback embodied the failure of the plan that United States want to establish the international union. On the surface this seems to be a failure in foreign policy, but in the eyes of many Americans, it is a symbol that behind the international union imagination, the concept of political democracy under the leadership of the America failed. What is more, this political idea’s disillusionment proclaimed that American traditional Puritanism ideas of which people hold the idea as they perform the sacred duties within the scope of world failed. In fact, it is this concept in 1917 that put tens of thousands of youngAmericans on the away from the United States to fight in Europe. Since this kind of idea is wrong, then the reason of war also is wrong. That is to say, fifty thousand American young men bleed for a lie, their blood is in vain. Young people sacrificed on the battlefield in Europe not only their body, their also suffered spiritual disillusionment. Lost is the mark of European battlefield survivors who suffered a lot. So under such mark they find reasons for their variety of heresy. They thought the values of Puritanism should be abolished. And on behalf of the lost generation were young writers in the forefront.1.2.2 The change of p eople’ ideasIn 20s, youth’s reflection and criticism not only for war, but also for the middle-class v alues. That is to say, the young’s dissatisfaction is largely for culture, which reflects that social cultural contradictions deeply existed in USA. The Norton Anthology of American Literature describes this cultural contradiction: the traditional Americans believed that one should work hard, obey standard, commit themselves and behave decently, they were trying to use Small towns of moral ideal the puritans believed in as a standard to shape American society. The opposite is some gradually clear loud voices, which came from immigrants, minorities, young people and women... who were trying to create a new, more diversified way of life.At the time of the American society, the core of social and economic life has changed from production to consumption after half a century of development. In order to make products can be fully absorbed by market, with media and advertising, a new moral relationship formed. This is ethical consumption. It advocated people to buy, to enjoy and to show their personality. In fact, it is this new fashion in the early 20th century expanded its influence on the United States, and gradually replaced the dominant position that the Puritanism production moral had occupied. The collapse of the old ideas offered space for young people to express their views, and new concepts even pushed the young people to the forefront of cultural wave. That is because the bondage of young generation’s concepts significantly weaker than middle-class’s. They were energetic, and they had strong ability to accept new things. Though their economic ability was limited, but they were more willing to consume, so they get the favor of business. A lot of media such as magazines, newspapers, books and radio advertised to young people's life, which attract young people to spend on one hand, on the other hand, it set up a set of values suitable for young people. In general, the cultural focus to young people because they were adapted to the characteristics of the consumption economy and its values.1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youthIn the 20th century, the western mainstream thought profoundly influenced on American youth. These ideas include cynicism, disillusionment, death and nothingness.In 1914 the international order was broken, and this situation played a leading role for a long time in twentieth Century. Because of the war, a new kind of cynicism emerged as the times require. Therefore, the society was full of cynical thoughts, the faith of the human gone. This disillusionment mood soon appeared in the war, the British writer Herbert Read said that as long as spend a week in the trenches, you will eliminate any remnants of romantic idea to war. With the growth number of war casualties, western society appeared the voice of protest. Finally, those who survived mostly were ashamed of their involvement in the war.The war was very popular in the original, but painful in the end. And this sentiment lasted for a long time, affected the people’s world outlook after war. In the 1920s, pessimistic atmosphere had spread throughout the western world, included the United States,people can feel the strong pessimistic thoughts and subversive ideas. Under the influence of these thoughts, the consciousness of death, pessimism is during the First World War and the postwar in America society. The worst casualties in the battlefield were junior officers who, in general speaking, were the youth received a good education. Under the stimulation of the war, they wrote many works with anti-war, pessimistic and lost emotions. Like Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, and John Dos Passos’s Three Soldiers and many other works have reflected these emotions.Part ⅡMain Characteristics of the Lost GenerationThe so-called lost generation refers to the American writers especially the young writers with a lot of confusion and frustration at that time. They are confused because the traditional concepts of this generation could not suit the postwar world, but they could not find a new rule of life. They think only the reality is the truth, but the reality is cruel. Therefore, they could only act according to their instinct and sense, tried to rebel the ideals and values they held before, used rebellious thoughts and actions to express their dissatisfaction with the reality. The main characteristics of the lost generation are shown in the following three aspects: the confusion of war, the confusion of life and the confusion of social reality.2.1 The confusion about war ――against the warIn 1914, the First World War broke out. With a sacred fanatical passion of justice, many American youth went to Europe, attended the President of the United States called ‘the war to eliminate all wars’, to test their courage and determination. They were not afraid of sacrifices, they had almost consumed their youth and lives. But Versailles contract signed after the war let them find all of this just the history playing with them. Their body suffered great damage and their soul also suffered from shadow. Worse influence of war on America is not proportional to it cost.First of all, people’s abhorrence of war is very common in American. Young people saw countries politicians in Paris Peace Conference bickering and bargaining, were deeply feel betrayed. They are not belligerent, and the interests of the war to them are not direct as to Europeans. It can be said that they are more fight for the faith. So when they were cheated, despite their material losses are less than others, their mental injury is very profound.Secondly, the war caused more mental hurt to the intellectuals, which is also one of the reasons for their anti-war. In this war, they saw the decline of European civilization that they had used to be proud of. War exposed the hypocrisy essence of capitalist civilization, and youth were confused about whether European civilization could make for. For example, Hemingway had been to France, Italy and Spain during the world war one, when he was injured, his view on the war was still ideal. He used to write to his parents, “We are ready to dedicate our lives, but only a few were selected, those who gave their lives also do not need honor, because they are lucky.” (Zeng, 1999:79)This high passion contrasts with the pain that he expressed in A Farewell to Arms. Then he realized that ‘the t ruth of war, I was most need to know when it was utterly ignorant’. Confusion and disappointment were among the whole of the 20s.Therefore, led by Ernest Hemingway, a generation of young Americans writers used their pens, to vent their anti-war thought. Almost every role in their works experienced the hardships of war, so their characters are the mirror of the lost generation. For example, in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Henry saw the truth about war, he is aware of fighting in the war did not save justice or truth; even it doesn't matter with himself. The soldiers he loved, however, also are the accomplice of war makers. He downhearted and was lost. He as well as other young combatants fell into a deep spiritual crisis. Hoping to get peace by drinking, Henry is drown his sorrows in wine and be in the hope of self anesthesia. The war destroyed his political beliefs and ideals, and all of his values were collapsed. Hemingway said, through Henry's inner monologue, “I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.”(Hemingway, 1980:165)Another representative writer Dos Passos in Three soldiers also described the development tendency of the lost generation, in which he revealed how the war destroyed individual hobby and ideal and showed the disappointment of the younger generation. Passos was very discontent about the current situation of America, including they were tricked into Europe. In his mind, the only hope is revolution - politicians, capitalists, warmonger and chauvinist, to kill them all.2.2 The confusion about lifeYoung American’s confusion was associated with social conditions, their families, education and social values. Facing an economic crisis, the depressed market society, young people want to fight again, but after struggle the result was either failure or more empty. Thus, their attitude towards life became more pessimistic.After the war soldiers need to work, but the recession caused great difficulties for them. In particular, military life and cruel war profoundly had a bad effect on their moral character. At that time, War and the so-called peace, made them feel the world was meaningless, they had to escape from reality. Therefore, wild ideas popularized among young people, especially the sexual orgies of ‘carpe diem’. Those young people completely disregard any moral rules or old commandment.These decadent behaviors can be verified from the works of many American writers of the day.In the Sun Also Rises, Hemingway depicts a group of American young people's mental state and outlook on life: they discarded their own misfortune, their values and all social moral standards. In order to ‘live every minute effectively ’, they lived a Bohemian life. The hero in novel lost sexual ability in the war, but he still indulge in debauchery life. However, he didn't get any spiritual solace, he felt more depressed and hopeless.Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s works also showed the same theme. His This Side of Paradise reflects the effects of war on the American ethos, including the oscillation of traditional bourgeois morality and their mood - wild but restless.Through this story we can see that disappointment and confusion is not only on soldiers, but on all this generation.2.3 The confusion about social realityAt the beginning of the 20th century, American society showed a scene of chaos, numerous contradictions fully revealed in the post-war: the growing gap between rich and poor, the depressed market and more and more unemployment men, which made a lot of social problems. In such a society, it is generally felt the injustice of the world. Lost their idea and goal, people felt depressed and helpless. Soldiers returning from the battlefield faced such social scene, they felt misunderstand: their ideas were liberated, but they felt uncertain about real life or perplexed about the future.At the same time, many European countries’ way of life and life attitude was beginning to affect the postwar American youth. Many young Americans went to the European and broaden their horizon. They appreciated the Frenchman's natural and romantic emotional appeal. They began to imitate, the United States has formed a new fashion: young men wearing raccoon leather jacket, carrying travel kettle; Young women perm hair, wear miniskirts, people’s action and clothes are no longer bound by tradition. Estrangement between Americans disappeared, people interaction increased, the new media appeared, you can contacted and communicated at any time.European fashion swept America. Parisians are free to drink, while the United States in 1919 passed the 18th prohibition amendment, young people still ignored it, liquor sales increased and cocktail were opened more. The United States entered a pursuit of material, a new era of easy making money.This phenomenon has been fully embodied in the works of Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby. This novel is exquisit e and accurately describes the ‘jazz age’ of the United States. With the arrival of the United States economic prosperity, the pain and loss of the First World War was soon replaced by blindly optimistic mood in society. To some extent, people were by abandoned the ideal to pursue wealth and to forget the pain of disillusionment. ‘From Rags to Ric hes’ is through personal efforts to achieve success, and it soon became the new target that the people pursue implementation. But people abandoned the past cherished society value, instead, they looked on money as the only standard to measure success in life. Gatsby wants to use extravagant party, luxurious villas and big like ‘monster’ car as a status symbol, and attempts to lure Daisy, his behavior is just the embodiment of the social psychology. But under the surface of prosperous, it is deeper than ever disillusionment, mental decline and moral decay. Gatsby’s tragedy shows lacking of spiritual support; the pursuit of pure material for the content of the ‘America dream’ has become a rotten thing, which is that people think that as long as the satisfaction of material can achieve the life satisfaction. And the pursuit of this dream can only pushed his ideal burst once again. The pursuit of Gatsby is a tragedy, not possible. This is a universal phenomenon in postwar American.Part ⅢThe Influence on American Literature and Culture 3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature3.1.1 The maturity of American literatureThe First World War, American post-war economical changes and development and the western consciousness of death and nihilism popularized in America and many other factors led to The Lost Generation. Although the existence of The Lost Generation is just a short decades, but the impact of it to the United States is vast and profound. The biggest impact is to form the ‘lost generation’ of the 20th century literature. The famous American poet, literary critic Malcolm Cowley compared twenty’s USA literature with The New England literary in Emerson’s age; he called it ‘the second prospe rity of American literature’, and considered that it has a strong impact on European culture and literature. Under this kind of shock, the lost generation writers contributed. The first is the emergence of writers in this period. According to incomplete st atistics in the Malcolm Cowley’s Exiles Return, born in 1891 to 1905 of The Lost Generation youth, in 1942, 236 people have been included in the American culture celebrity dictionary. In The High Tide of American Literature, Malcolm Cowley expanded the list to 385. Second is the quality of the American literature during this period is also recognized as well. In addition to the familiar thing that Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954, and Eugene O'Neal (1936), Pearl Buck (1938), Faulkner (1949), Steinbeck (1962), Sol Bellow (1976) and Singer (1978) have won the Nobel Prize for Literature. So many writers and works appeared in this period and so high literary achievements fully show that The Lost Generation is not only the second boom of American literature, it also the mark that the American literary have been freed from the British colonial literature and even the shadow of European literature, it entered the real mature period.3.1.2 Minimalism and InnovationTheir creations in the first were the tendency of literature minimalism and colloquial of language. The second is the form for innovation. These works is not only beneficial to us from the inside to understand the thoughts of The Lost Generation, the principle of life and creation, it also facilitate us to study on a full range of The Lost Generation. And good writers, workvividly appearing also deepens The Lost Generation of Literary legend, it spans the 20’s short time, and continuously affected on American literature in the late. Marc Dolan also thought lost generation can be the 20’s cultural symbol in the United States, because it is rare in American history that a group of writers be representative of an era. As it said before, the lost generation from the moment it appears has the cultural rebellion. The writers took off their uniform after the First World War, and went on writing Road. With their special experience of fighting and exiling in Europe to experience the modern European art enlightenment, their works excellently expressed anti-war sentiments and the modern youth’s disillusionment consciousness. Therefore, Middle-aged writer is difficult to go beyond them. Lost generation writer burst the middle-aged moderates in traditional literary rule and its elegant and polite, hey conquered the editors, publishers, and readers, to become the leading voice of the 20 s American national literature.3.2 The lost g eneration’s influence on American culture3.2.1 Multicultural promotionHowever, the social impact of the Lost Generation has been far beyond the category of literature, in the field of social thoughts and culture, it triggered the revolutionary sensation, affects the young generation of thought and behavior. America writer Marc Dolan in A Cultural Re-reading of the Lost Generation also said ‘the lost generation in the becoming an artist, becoming an American and becoming a personality’.(Dolan, 1996:47).For example, in The Sun Also Rises published shortly after, “young man tried to drink as calmly as the hero of the novel, ladies like the heroine of the novel so sad to Jedi to fall in love one by one, they all talk l ike the characters in Hemingway’s works.” (Cowley, 1986:174) Fitzgerald's novel also accurately record the degenerate, and night revelry of celebrities and fashionable woman, at the same time, It put this way of life deeper and wider promotion to the whole society, which thus lead to the emergence of the Beat Generation in the 50's. This kind of culture, literature movement swept across the United States, at the same time, it also carried hundreds of modernist art and popular lifestyle trends on. It can be said that in the influence of the lost generation ideology, coupled with the Harlem Renaissance, Women’s Rights Movement as well as the rise of various immigrant cultures, the multi-pattern began to form.3.2.2 Effect on American mediaAlso at that time in America society, subject to the influence of the lost generation also performed in other aspects of social life, like music, movies which were in great impact. American writer Arnold Shaw in his work The Jazz Age:Popular Music in the 1920’s says, “Jazz reflects the sluggish economy and the glamorous life. It’s the symbol of the times, in fact, it represented the western society to rethink the value of music, broken the idea of music position possessed and enjoyed by specific class. For the life history of the black Americans, for example, jazz reflected the people hard work and the strong desire to survive.”(Arnold Shaw, 1997:98)At a time when the American film began to be popular, even it was silent film, but there is no doubt that it is also affected by the Lost Generation. The famous writer Steven·J·Ross in Movies and American Society described the impact on film: “The working - class nickelodeon was described on The one hand as a community center and conqueror of The saloon, and on The other hand The AD a school for scandal would adolescent boys to steal and The girls to be promiscuous”（Steven, 2002:85）.Such many examples, thus it is easy to come to the conclusion that the impact of the Lost Generation on American society is comprehensive, and it is stunning. Lost generation’s formation was related to the western world of that time. But as educators and leaders in the times of the Lost Generation, USA government inaction can not shirk its responsibility.ConclusionLost Generation’s influence on American and even the whole western society is so profound; the impact of time is so long. This phenomenon is worth our consideration. At that time, t he American society in general is a huge ‘paradox’, ideological, moral, intellective and cultural attitude is full of contradictions: people cared for tradition, but yearn for a freer and more open future. Those 20 years of American literature are dominated by young writers, behind their strong cultural critical attitude, are radical and conservative, rebellious and nostalgic opposite factors, and are also a period of cultural upheavals of the confusion and difficult exploration.Exhaustion of body and mind, the postwar youth could not find a little meaning of life, only the emptiness and confusion. Thus, they had no confidence or belief in their traditional values, the society and even themselves. In fact, the United States and even the whole western mainstream ideas are away from the society and escaped from reality.This phenomenon of moral education is worthy learning from them in China. As we all know, China is trying to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, is in a critical period of building a socialist harmonious society. It is necessary for us to participate in the whole society, especially the young generation. We should note that guiding young people’s thought is a long-term process, we can’t slack off, and educators should attach great importance to ideological changes of teenagers and take effective measures. Therefore, emphasizing on today’s Chinese students to cultivate the humanity is important, as well as to prevent them from becoming ‘lost generation’.。
浅谈迷惘的一代与垮掉的一代
浅谈“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”本质的异同定义（摘自：维基百科）迷惘的一代（Lost Generation）,又称迷失的一代、失落的一代，通常指在第一次世界大战期间成年的一代人。
海明威在其创作的小说太阳照常升起中使用了“迷惘的一代”作为题词,从而使这一名称广为人知.“迷惘的一代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓。
所谓“迷惘”,是指他们共有的彷徨和失望情绪。
“迷惘的一代”尽管是一个短暂的潮流，但它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。
垮掉的一代(Beat Generation）,第二次世界大战后风行于美国的文学流派。
该流派的作家都是性格粗犷豪放、落拓不羁的男女青年，他们生活简单、不修边幅，喜穿奇装异服，厌弃工作和学业,拒绝承担任何社会义务，以浪迹天涯为乐，蔑视社会的法纪秩序,反对一切世俗陈规和垄断资本统治,抵制对外侵略和种族隔离，讨厌机器文明，他们永远寻求新的刺激，寻求绝对自由,纵欲、吸毒、沉沦，以此向体面的传统价值标准进行挑战，因此被称作垮掉的一代。
相同点“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”，分别产生于20世纪的两次世界大战之后。
尽管两个流派产生于不同的历史时期、文化背景之下,甚至是文学评论界的反应也完全不同，但是当将两个流派分别放在各自特定的历史时期，通过对时代背景、现实处境、思想基础、发展历程的比较分析，发现两者具有共同的反叛主旨，即反叛主流价值观，宣泄个人感受，用另类的方法引起社会的关注。
同时,对两者的比较放在美国文学的纵向发展中,又可以清晰地梳理出两者一脉的相承精神实质,即追求自由、独立的美国精神。
“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”在创作手法上无疑属于创新一代，他们都把生活方式与艺术风格相结合，把自己的经历、对时代的感受体现在作品中.以海明威为代表的“迷惘的一代’。
在现实主义的基础上。
借鉴了现代主义写作手法,独树一帜，以凯替亚为代表的“垮掉的一代"融合了现代主义或自然主义和现代主义。
迷惘的一代
迷惘的一代迷惘的一代(Lost Generation)，又称：迷失的一代。
西方现代派文学的一种。
第一次世界大战以后出现于美国的一个文学流派。
第一次世界大战以后，美国有一批青年作家陆续登上文坛。
他们不仅年龄相仿，而且经历相似，思想情绪相近，在创作中表现出许多共同点，逐渐形成一新的文学流派。
代表作家有海明威(1899—1961)、福克纳(1897—1962)、约·多斯·帕索斯(1896—1970)、菲兹杰拉德(1896—1940)，和诗人肯明斯(1894—1962)等。
“迷惘的一代”在战争期间深受战争宣传的欺骗之苦，对所有崇高的字眼都弃之如敝屣：“什么神圣、光荣、牺牲这些空泛的字眼儿，我一听就害臊??我可没见到什么神圣的东西，光荣的东西也没有什么光荣，至于牺牲，那就像芝加哥的屠宰场，不同的是肉拿来埋掉罢了。
”所以他们在文学创作时推崇文字上的简约主义。
海明威更是把这种简约风格推到了极致。
他采用电报式的语言，通过简约的对话和细节，用含蓄的、间接的手法暗示人物内心的戏剧性变化，而不是像传统的作法那样通过描述来铺陈人物内心。
结尾也常常是戛然而止，绝不拖泥带水，也不煽情作秀，即所谓的“零度结尾”，反而赋予了作品更为震撼人心的力量。
海明威因为精通叙事艺术而获得诺贝尔文学奖，他的“冰山原则”就是他现代叙事艺术的集中体现，作家只写露在水面上的八分之1一，其余的八分之七仅通过暗示留给读者去补白。
这种创作原则极大地影响了他同时代及后辈作家的创作倾向。
口语化成为一代人散文风格的普遍特色。
埃德蒙·威尔逊甚至在他的文学评论中也摒弃学究字眼，选用口语词汇。
亨利·米勒在《北回归线》(一九三四)中把这种倾向推到极端，成为用粗鄙的语言来表现道德冷漠和感觉精微的迷惘特征，结果被萧伯纳骂作是“为下流而下流”(dirt for dirt’s sake)，难登大雅之堂。
“迷惘的一代”创作的另一个特点是形式上勇于创新。
海明威与迷惘的一代
硬汉性格及《老人与海》
塑造精神不败的“硬汉形象”，为在痛苦 世界中迷惘的人们寻找出路，既是“迷惘 的一代”精神发展在海明威作品中的升华 ，也是海明威作品的又一基本主题。
“硬汉形象”是海明威在冰冷破碎、颠倒 混乱的世界中，在那些孤独苦闷、迷惘空 虚的西方精神流浪者面前，塑造出的既风 流倜傥又无所畏惧，言辞干净利索、行动 果敢有力的在重压和失败面前依然保持着 优雅风度的英雄形象。
思想内容：作品中的人物差不多全都是“ 迷惘的”，这些在肉体上和精神上均遭受 战争蹂躏、心灵麻木的人物形象是美国小 说中前所未有的。 小说塑造了精神飘零，失 落了灵魂家园的一群人。
海明威在酒吧狂饮
书名的寓意：
“一代过去，一代又来，地却永远长存。日头 出来，日头落下，急归所出之地。风往南刮 ，又往北转，不住地旋转，而且返回转行原 道。江河都往海里流，海却不满。江河从何 处流，仍归还何处。”
老人与海和鱼的关系具有某种象征意 义：世界就像一望无际的汪洋大海，充满 了惊涛骇浪和暗礁险滩。它是凶狠，野蛮 和深不可测的，是海明威那个现实社会的 典型象征。老人同鱼的较量成了一曲人类 同自然界、命运进行搏斗的壮丽颂歌，老 人的失败便转化为寓言意义上的胜利。
作品反映了海明威笔下“硬汉”的人生哲 学：人生的意义既不在于成功，也不在于 失败，而在于斗争，勇于同残酷的社会现 实和冷漠无情的命运进行抗争，这才是真 正的热爱生活，珍惜生命。见过世面，受 过重伤，历经坎坷，却又能对此泰然处之 、保持风度，老人表现了海明威所追求的 “重压下的优雅风度”。
在这场战争中，“我可没见到什么神圣的东 西，光荣的事物也没什么光荣，至于牺牲， 那就好比芝加哥的屠宰场，所不同的是把肉 拿来埋葬罢了。”
肯明斯(Edward Estlin Cummings， 1894—1962)
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› 这些作家中,大多数人亲身经历过第一次世界大战。在 战场上，他们目睹了欧洲列强对殖民地的无耻争夺和 瓜分，经历了战争的折磨，了解到普通士兵中的厌战 情绪。后来当他们返回祖国，看到的则是物欲横流和 弥漫全国的享乐主义情绪。他们怀着对大战后人类社 会的迷惘和怀疑的态度返回欧洲，企图在欧洲文化中 心——巴黎寻找思想的出路，精神上的空虚和对理想 追求的失望，使他们只能通过小说创作去诅咒战争、 企盼未来，表现出内心的茫然和无奈。面对现实，他 们深深感到“拯救世界民主”的口号不过是当初美国 政府用来迷惑自己为帝国主义战争卖命的虚伪幌子， 深知上当受骗，美好的理想化为泡影，于是心灵深处 受到无法医治的创伤。大战结束后，他们不再相信什 么政治、法令，但又找不到新的可靠的精神支柱，因 而悲观、失望、忧虑，处于一种迷茫，不知走向何处 的精神状态之中。
“迷惘的一代” 产生的背景 代表作家
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迷惘的一代
•第一次世界大战后美国的一个文学流派。 •第一次世界大战以后，美国有一批青年作家陆续登上文坛。他 们不仅年龄相仿，而且经历相似，思想情绪相近，在创作中表 现出许多共同点，逐渐形成一种新的文学流派。20年代初，侨 居巴黎的美国女作家格· 斯泰因对海明威说：“你们都是迷惘的一 代。”海明威把这句话作为他第一部长篇小说《太阳照常升起》 的题词. “迷惘的一代”的作家没有统一的组织团体及共同的纲领，但 他们的共同点是厌恶帝国主义战争，在作品里揭露战争给人们 带来的灾难，反映了战后青年一代的悲剧，他们在艺术上都很 讲究表现手法的新颖及独创性。所谓“迷惘”，即厌恶战争， 失去了生活的方向，内心感到失落、惆怅、空虚。
产 生 背
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› 这代人对战争自己的传统的价 值观念和信仰，由于了解了上层社会的实际状况， 他们发现昔日追逐的梦想成了泡影，“美国梦” 其实根本不存在，他们艰辛工作甚至不能满足生 存需要，这代人经历了思想觉醒和破灭感中的坎 坷与痛苦。这一代人的身上体现了在探索人生的 过程中的激动和失望，这是一种孤独者的迷惘， 这是在迷茫中“迷失的一代”。