china meteorological forcing dataset
china meteorological forcing dataset 中国气象强迫数据集（ChinaMeteorologicalForcingDataset）是一种基于气象观测数据的数据集，用于模拟气候模型和生态系统模型等应用。
该数据集包括了全国范围内的气温、降水、风速和相对湿度等参数，并提供了高质量的气象数据。
该数据集是由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所气候环境变化
研究室（Climate Environment Change Research Center）开发的，经过多年的研究和实践，已成为国内外广泛使用的气象强迫数据集之一。
该数据集的特点在于其具有高时空分辨率、全国覆盖、长时间序列和高质量的数据质量等优点。
目前，该数据集已被广泛应用于气候模拟、生态系统模拟、水文模拟、农业生产预测等领域。
在气候模拟方面，该数据集为气候变化研究提供了重要的数据基础，可以帮助研究人员更好地了解气候变化的趋势和规律。
在生态系统模拟方面，该数据集可以用于模拟不同气候条件下生态系统的变化，为生态系统管理和保护提供重要的科学依据。
在水文模拟方面，该数据集可以用于模拟不同降水条件下的径流变化，为水资源管理和保护提供重要的科学依据。
总之，中国气象强迫数据集（China Meteorological Forcing Dataset）是一种重要的气象数据集，对于气候变化研究、生态系统管理和水资源管理等领域具有重要的应用价值。
该数据集的不断完善和更新将为相关领域的研究提供更为精准和可靠的数据支持。
基于多源数据的安吉白茶产量遥感估算研究
基于多源数据的安吉白茶产量遥感估算探究摘要：安吉白茶是一种以中国浙江安吉县为产区的珍贵茶叶，其生长环境多变，特殊是受到气候变化的影响较大，因此对其产量的准确估算显得尤为重要。
本探究基于多源数据，包括植被指数、地表温度、降水等参数数据，通过遥感技术进行安吉白茶产量的遥感估算。
起首利用Landsat8 OLI遥感影像提取出安吉白茶种植区域的陆地遮盖数据，结合MODIS地表温度与植被指数数据对种植区域进行土地遮盖类型分类，接受谷粒多普勒雷达图像实现了地形高程信息的得到。
其次，利用Meteorological Forcing Dataset for Land Surface Model (MFDLSM)得到了安吉县的土地利用类型和地表温度、降水数据，融合在一起得到不同月份的作物生长期的土地利用类型影像，通过NDVI、EVI等指数的时空差异性，依据多元线性回归模型反演得到安吉白茶产量，并验证了该方法的准确性和可行性。
关键词：安吉白茶，遥感技术，多源数据，地表温度，降水，产量估算Abstract:Anji white tea is a precious tea with Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China being its primary production area. Due to its changeable growth environment, especially the impact of climate change, the accurate estimation of its yield is particularly important. Based on multi-source data, including vegetation index, land surface temperature, precipitation and other parameter data, this study carried out remote sensing estimation of Anji white tea yield. Firstly, the land cover data of the Anji white tea planting area was extracted from Landsat8 OLI remote sensing image. Combined with MODIS land surface temperature and vegetation index data, we classified the land cover type of the planting area, and obtained thetopographic elevation information by means of grain Doppler radar images. Secondly, using the Meteorological Forcing Dataset for Land Surface Model (MFDLSM), we obtained the land use type and land surface temperature and precipitation data in Anji County. We fused them together to obtain land use type images during the crop growth period of different months. The yield of Anji white tea was then determined by multi-linear regression model inversion according to the temporal and spatial differences of NDVI and EVI indexes, and the accuracy and feasibility of the method were verified.Keywords: Anji white tea; remote sensing technology; multi-source data; land surface temperature; precipitation; yield estimation。
多源气象数据融合格点实况产品研制进展
多源气象数据融合格点实况产品研制进展
资助课题：国 家 重 点 研 发 计 划 （２０１８ＹＦＣ１５０６６０１）、国 家 自 然 科 学 基 金 项 目 （９１４３７２２０）、公 益 性 行 业 （气 象 ）科 研 专 项 经 费 项 目 （ＧＹ ＨＹ２０１３０６０４５，ＧＹＨＹ２０１５０６００２）、国 家 气 象 科 技 创 新 工 程 ——— “气 象 资 料 质 量 控 制 及 多 源 数 据 融 合 与 再 分 析 ”攻 关 任 务 。
源观测资料 及 多 模 式 模 拟 数 据，获 得 高 精 度、高 质 量、时空连续的多源 数 据 融 合 气 象 格 点 产 品 是 行 之 有效的手段。多源 气 象 数 据 融 合 研 究 重 点 是，地 面 站点观测数据与卫 星、雷 达 等 遥 感 手 段 获 取 的 面 观 测 数 据 ，不 同 分 辨 率 面ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ观 测 数 据 之 间 的 时 、空 匹 配 技 术 ，以 及 不 同 观 测 之 间 系 统 性 偏 差 订 正 技 术 ，多 源 观 测资料融合分析技术等。中外多源数据融合气象格
国 家 气 象 信 息 中 心 ，北 京 ，１０００８１ 犖犪狋犻狅狀犪犾犕犲狋犲狅狉狅犾狅犵犻犮犪犾犐狀犳狅狉犿犪狋犻狅狀犆犲狀狋犲狉，犅犲犻犼犻狀犵１０００８１，犆犺犻狀犪 ２０１８０６２７ 收 稿 ，２０１９０１０８ 改 回 ．
师春香，潘，谷军霞，徐宾，韩帅，朱智，张雷，孙帅，姜志伟．２０１９．多源气象数据融合格点实况产品 研 制 进 展．气 象 学 报，７７ （４）：７７４７８３ 犛犺犻犆犺狌狀狓犻犪狀犵，犘犪狀犢犪狀犵，犌狌犑狌狀狓犻犪，犡狌犅犻狀，犎犪狀犛犺狌犪犻，犣犺狌犣犺犻，犣犺犪狀犵犔犲犻，犛狌狀犛犺狌犪犻，犑犻犪狀犵犣犺犻狑犲犻．２０１９．犃狉犲狏犻犲狑狅犳 犿狌犾狋犻狊狅狌狉犮犲犿犲狋犲狅狉狅犾狅犵犻犮犪犾犱犪狋犪犳狌狊犻狅狀狆狉狅犱狌犮狋狊．犃犮狋犪犕犲狋犲狅狉狅犾狅犵犻犮犪犛犻狀犻犮犪，７７（４）：７７４７８３
4.4 Reading and writing(同步练习)-2020-2021学年上学期高一英语(人教版新教材必修第一册)(解析版)
人教版必修一·U4第四课时随堂训练（解析版）一、单项选择（共8小题）1. I can never understand the reason _______ he explained to me.A．why B．that C．when D．Where2. It’s such a difficult problem _______ nobody can work out.A．as B．that C．which D．so that3. He bought a new building ________top is different from those of the others around.A．what B．which C．that D．Whose4. It is in the hall can house 10,000 people the opening ceremony of the Global 5G Technology Summit will be held.A．which;that B．where;that C．which;who D．where; whom5. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affectedA．whose B．that C．who D．Which6. As President, he appointed men to high government positions ________ he considered most capable, ________ some of them openly defied his authority.A．which … as though B．/ … thoughC．which … even if D．whom … as though7. The movie Jurassic Park was a big hit, with its novel idea ___________ a mixture of fear and excitement into people’s hearts.A．strikes B．struck C．to strike D．Striking8. It ________ me that nobody is in favour of the new changes.A．catches B．bears C．charges D．strikes【答案与解析】1.考查定语从句。
2001年中国气象辐射资料年册
中国气象辐射资料年册 ANNUAL SOLAR RADIATION DATA OF CHINA2001年国家气象中心NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTER前言太阳辐射是地球大气运动的主要能源，也是地球气候形成的最重要因子。
多年来的实践证明，太阳辐射观测资料在对大气运动规律研究、气候预测、农作物产量评估、气候资源的开发利用等研究领域是必不可少的基础数据，《中国气象辐射资料年册》是国家气象中心定期出版的气象资料产品之一。
随着社会的发展和人类的进步，包括气候变化在内的环境问题越来越受到国际社会和广大民众的关注，与气候有关的资源问题已经成为制约可持续发展的因素之一，天气气候与国民经济和人们的日常生活更加密切。
愿我们的气象信息资源在国民经济建设中发挥出更大的作用，为您提供更全面更完美的气象信息服务。
本期责任编辑：王颖资料审核：孙化南杨燕茹终审：王颖目录(LIST)前言(Intrduction)说明(Explanatory Note)z北京(Beijing)54511 北京(Beijng) (1)z天津(Tianjin)54527 天津(Tianjin) (2)z河北(Hebei)54539 乐亭(Leting) (3)z山西(Sanxi)53487 大同(Datong) (51)53772 太原(Taiyuan) (4)53963 侯马(Houma) (51)z内蒙古(Naimenggu)50527 呼伦贝尔盟(海拉尔)(Hailaer) (5)50834 索伦(Sulen) (52)52267 额济纳旗(Ejiniqi) (6)53068 二连浩特(Erlianhaote) (7)53336 乌拉特中方旗海流图(Hailiutu) (52)53543 伊克昭盟东胜(Dongshen) (53)54102 锡林郭勒盟（锡林浩特）(Xilinhaote) (53)54135 通辽(Tongliao) (54)z辽宁(Liaoning)54324 朝阳(Chaoyang) (54)54342 沈阳(Shenyang) (8)54662 大连(dalian) (55)z吉林(Jiling)54161 长春(changchun) (9)54292 延吉(Yuanjie) (55)z黑龙江(Heilongjiang)50136 漠河(Mohe) (10)50468 黑河(Heihe) (11)50742 富裕(Fuyu) (56)50873 佳木斯(Jiamusi) (56)50953 哈尔滨(Haerbing) (12)z上海(Shanghai)58362 上海(Shanghai) (13)z江苏(Jiangsu)58144 清江(Qingjiang) (57)58238 南京(Nanjing) (14)58265 吕泗(Lusi) (57)z浙江(Zhijiang)58457 杭州(Hangzhou) (15)58665 洪家(Hongjia) (58)z安徽(Anhui)58321 合肥(Hefei) (16)58531 屯溪(Tunxi) (58)z福建(Fujian)58737 建瓯(Jianou) (59)58847 福州(Fuzhou) (17)z江西(Jiangxi)57993 赣州(Gangzhou) (59)58606 南昌(Nanchang) (18)z山东(Shandong)54764 烟台(Yantai) (19)54823 济南(Jinan) (20)54936 莒县(Juxian) (60)z河南(Henan)57083 郑州(Zhengzhou) (21)57178 南阳(Nanyyang) (60)58208 固始(Gushi) (61)z湖北(hubei)57461 宜昌(Yichang) (61)57494 武汉(Wuhan) (22)z湖南(Hunan)57649 吉首(Jishou) (62)57687 长沙(Changsha) (23)57874 常宁(Changning) (62)z广东(Guangdong)59287 广州(Guangzhou) (24)59316 汕头(Santou) (25)z广西(Guanxi)57957 桂林(Guailing) (26)59431 南宁(Nanning) (27)59644 北海(Baihai) (63)z海南(Hainan)59758 海口(Haikou) (28)59948 三亚(Sanya) (29)59981 西沙(Xisha) (63)z重庆(Chongqing)57516 重庆(Chongqing) (30)z四川(Sichuan)56146 甘孜(Gangzi) (64)56173 红原(Hongyuan) (64)56196 绵阳(Miangyang) (65)56385 峨眉山(Emeishan) (65)56666 攀枝花(Panzhihua) (66)57602 泸州(Luzhou) (66)z贵州(Guizhou)57816 贵阳(Guiyang) (32)z云南(Yunnan)56651 丽江(Lijiang) (67)56739 腾冲(Tengcong) (67)56778 昆明(Kunming) (33)56959 景洪(Jinghong) (34)56985 蒙自(Mengzi) (68)z西藏(Xizang)55228 噶尔(Geer) (35)55299 那曲(Naque) (68)55591 拉萨(Lasa) (36)56137 昌都(Changduo) (37)z陕西(Shanxi)53845 延安(Yanan) (69)57036 西安(Xian) (38)57245 安康(Ankang) (69)z甘肃(Gansu)52418 敦煌(Dunhuang) (39)52533 酒泉(Jiuquan) (70)52681 民勤(Minqing) (70)52889 兰州(Lanzhou) (40)z青海(Qinghai)52754 刚察(Gangcha) (71)52818 格尔木(Geermu) (41)52866 西宁(xining) (42)56029 玉树(Yushu) (71)56043 果洛(Guolu) (72)z宁夏(ningxia)53614 银川(Yinchuan) (43)53817 固原(Guyuan) (72)z新疆(Xinjiang)51076 阿勒泰(Aletai) (44)51133 塔城(Tacheng) (45)51431 伊宁(Yining) (46)51463 乌鲁木齐(Urumuqi) (47)51567 焉耆(Yanqi) (73)51573 吐鲁番(Tuolufan) (73)51628 阿克苏(Akesuo) (74)51709 喀什(Kashi) (48)51828 和田(Hetian) (49)52203 哈密(Hami) (50)z台湾(暂缺)(Tianwan)附录(Appendix)…………………………………………………………………… (75-76)说 明<<中国气象辐射资料年册>>的资料来源于气象辐射信息化资料,其资料具有一定的代表性(除台湾省资料暂缺外),能较准确地、全面地反映我国太阳和地球的辐射基本状况,有助于了解我国全年不同时段内的能量收支情况,更好地为国民经济服务。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案（test3）
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test3)店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题解析：test3阅读原文解析，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at LightningWith LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death — out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt’s most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site inFlorida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States’ power grid from lightning strikes. ‘We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to usin g rockets,’ says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. ‘Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,’ says Bernstein. ‘Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn’t supposed to go.’And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a p opulated area? ‘What goes up must come down,’ points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely —and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, thisconducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. T o stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels’s system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. ‘I cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point —and he’s hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts ‘an avalanche of interest and support‘ if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ —not justforecasting the weather but controlling it. ‘If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,’ he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to conf ront some other meteorological menaces. ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from ..................... .5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used.....................6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its.....................Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionization by removing electrons from 7 ..................... . This laser is then directed at 8 ..................... in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9..................... . As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at10 ..................... .A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels’s system.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Nature of GeniusThere has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. The word ‘genius’, from the Latin gens (= family) and the term ‘genius’, meaning ‘begetter’, comes from the ea rly R o m a n c u l t o f a d i v i n i t y a s t h e h e a d o f t h e f a m i l y . I n i t s e a r l i e s t f o r m , g e n i u s w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e h e a d o f t h e f a m i l y , t h e p a t e r f a m i l i a s , t o p e r p e t u a t e h i m s e l f . G r a d u a l l y , g e n i u s c a m e t o r e p r e s e n t a p e r s o n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e n c e a n i n d i v i d u a l s h i g h e s t a t t r i b u t e s d e r i v e d f r o m h i s g e n i u s o r g u i d i n g s p i r i t . T o d a y , p e o p l e s t i l l l o o k t o s t a r s o r g e n e s , a s t r o l o g y o r g e n e t i c s , i n t h e h o p e o f f i n d i n g t h e s o u r c e o f e x c e p t i o n a l a b i l i t i e s o r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 4 " > 0 0 T h e c o n c e p t o f g e n i u s a n d o f g i f t s h a s b e c o m e p a r to f o u r f o l k c u l t u r e , a n d a t t i t u d e s a r e a m b i v a l e n t t o w a r d s t h e m . W e e n v y t h e g i f t e d a n d m i s t r u s t t h e m . I n t h e m y t h o l o g y o f g i f t e d n e s s , i t i s p o p u l a r l y b e l i e v e d t h a t i f p e o p l e a r e t a l e n t e d i n o n e a r e a , t h e y m u s t b e d e f e c t i v e i n a n o t h e r , t h a t i n t e l l e c t u a l s a r e i m p r a c t i c a l , t h a t p r o d i g i e s b u r n t o o b r i g h t l y t o o s o o n a n d b u r n o u t , t h a t g i f t e d p e o p l e a r e e c c e n t r i c , t h a t t h e ya r e p h y s i c a l w e a k l i n g s , t h a t t h e r e s a t h i n l i n eb e t w e e n g e n i u s a n d m a d n e s s , t h a t g e n i u s r u n s i n f a m i l i e s , t h a t t h e g i f t e d a r e s oc l e v e r t h e yd o n t ne e d s p e c i a l h e l p , t h a t g if t e d n e s s i s t h e s a m e a s h a v i ng ahi g h I Q , t h a t s o m e r a c e s a r e m o r e i n t e l l i g e n t o r m u s i c a l o r m a t h e m a t i c a l t h a n o t h e r s , t h a t g e n i u s g o e s u n r e c o g n i s e d a n d u n r e w a r d e d , t h a t a d v e r s i t y m a k e s m e n w i s e o r t h a t p e o p l e w i t h g i f t s h a v e a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o u s e t h e m . L a n g u a g e h a s b e e n e n r i c h e d w i t h s u c h t e r m s a s h i g h b r o w , e g g h e a d , b l u e - s t o c k i n g , w i s e a c r e , k n o w - a l l , b o f f i n a n d , f o r m a n y , i n t e l l e c t u a l i s a t e r m o f d e n i g r a t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 5 " > 0 0 T h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y s a w c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t i n t h e n a t u r e o f g e n i u s , a n d p r o d u c e d n o t a f e w s t u d i e s o f f a m o u s p r o d i g i e s . P e r h a p s f o r u s t o d a y , t w o o f t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t a s p e c t s o f m o s t o f t h e s e s t u d i e s o f g e n i u s a r e t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h e a r l y e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d t e a c h i n g b y p a r e n t s a n d t u t o r s h a d b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o n t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l , a r t i s t i c o r m u s i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c h i l d re n b u t c a u s e d g r e a t d if f i c u l t i e s o f a d j u s t m e n t l a t e r i n t h e i r l i v e s , a n d t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h a b i l i t i e s w e n t u n r e c og n i s e d b y t e a ch e r s a n d s c h o o l s . H o w e v e r , t h e di f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e p r o d u c e d b y t h e s e s t u d i e s , f a s c i n a t i n g a s t h e y a r e i n c o l l e c t i n g t o g e t h e r a n e c d o t e s a n d a p p a r e n t s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d e x c e p t i o n s , i s t h a t t h e y a r e n o t w h a t w e w o u l d t o d a y c a l l n o r m - r e f e r e n c e d . I n o t h e r w o r d s , w h e n , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n f o r m a t i o n i s c o l l a t e d a b o u t e a r l y i l l n e s s e s , m e t h o d s o f u p b r i n g i n g , s c h o o l i n g , e t c . , w e m u s t a l s o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m o t h e r h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s a b o u t h o w c o m m o n o r e x c e p t i o n a l t h e s e w e r e a t t h e t i m e . F o r i n s t a n c e , i n f a n t m o r t a l i t y w a s h i g h a n d l i f e e x p e c t a n c y m u c h s h o r t e r t h a n t o d a y , h o m e t u t o r i n g w a s c o m m o n i n t h e f a m i l i e s o f t h e n o b i l i t y a n d w e a l t h y , b u l l y i n g a n d c o r p o r a l p u n i s h m e n t w e r e c o m m o n a t t h e b e s t i n d e p e n d e n t s c h o o l s a n d , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t h e c a s e s s t u d i e d w e r e m e m b e r s o f t h e p r i v i l e g e d c l a s s e s . I t w a s o n l y w i t h t h e g r o w t h o f p a e d i a t r i c s a n d p s y c h o l o g y i n t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y t h a t s t u d i e s c o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t o n a m o r e o bj e c t i v e , i f s t i l l n o t a l w a y s v e r y s c i e n t i f i c , b a s i s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 6 " > 0 0 G e n i u s e s , h o w e v e r t h e y a r e d e f i n e d , a r e b u t t h e p e ak s w h i c h s t a n d o u t t h r o u gh t h e m i s t o f h i s t o r y a n d a r e v i s i b l e t o t h e p a r ti c u l a r o b s e r v e r f r o m h i s o r h e r p a r t i c u l a r v a n t a g e p o i n t . C h a n g e t h e o b s e r v e r s a n d t h e v a nt a g e p o i n t s , c l e a r a w a y s o m e o f t h e m i s t , a n d a d i f f e r e n t l o t o f p e a k s a p p e a r . G e n i u s i s a t e r m w e a p p l y t o t h o s e w h o m w e r e c o g n i s e f o r t h e i r o u t s t a n d i n g a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d w h o s t a n d n e a r t h e e n d o f t h e c o n t i n u u m o f h u m a n a b i l i t i e s w h i c h r e a c h e s b a c k t h r o u g h t h e m u n d a n e a n d m e d i o c r e t o t h e i n c a p a b l e . T h e r e i s s t i l l m u c h t r u t h i n D r S a m u e l J o h n s o n s o b s e r v a t i o n , T h e t r u e g e n i u s i s a m i n d o f l a r g e g e n e r a l p o w e r s , a c c i d e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d t o s o m e p a r t i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n . W e m a y d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e g e n e r a l , f o r w e d o u b t i f a l l m u s i c i a n s o f g e n i u s c o u l d ha v eb ec o m e s c i e n t i s t s o f g e n i u s o r v i c e v e r s a ,b u t t h e r e i s n o d o u b t i n g t h e ac c ide n t a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h i c h n u r t u r e d o r t r i g g e r e d t h e i r g if t s i n t o t h o s e c h a n n e l s i n t o w h i c h t h e y h a v e p o u r e d t h e i r p o w e r s s o s u c c e s s f u l l y . A l o ng th e c o n ti n u u m o f a b i l i t i e s a r e h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f g i f t e d m e n a n d w o m e n , b o y s a n d g i r l s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > 0 0 W h a t w e a p p r e c i a t e , e nj o y o r m a r v e l a t i n t h e w o rk s o f g e n i u s o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f p r o d i g i e s a r e t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f s k il l s o r a b i l i t i e s w h i c h a r e s im i l a r t o , b u t s o m u c h s u p e r i o r t o , o u r o wn . B u t t h a t t h e i r m i n d s a r e no t d i f f e r e n t f r o m o u r o w n i s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e h a r d - w o n d i s c o v e r i e s o f s c i e n t i s t s l i k e K ep l e r o r E i n s t e i n b e c o m e t h e c o m m o n p l a c e k n o w l e d g e o f s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a n d t h e o n c e o u t r a g e o u s s h a p e s a n d c o l o u r s o f a n a r t i s t l i k e P a u l K l e e s o s o o n a p pe a r o n t h ef a b r i c s w e w e a r . T h i s d o e s n o t m i n i m i s e t h e s u p r e m a c y o f t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t s , w h i c h o u t s t r i p o u r o w n a s t h e s u b - f o u r - m i n u t e m i l e r s o u t s t r i p o u r j og g i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > 0 0 T o thi n k o f g e n i u s e s a n d t h e g i f t e d a s h a v i n g u n i q u e l y d i f f e r e n t b r a i n s i s o n l y r e a s o n a b l e i f w e a c c e p t t h a t e a c h h u m a n b r a i n i s u n i q u e l y d i f f e r e n t . T h e p u r p o s e o f i n s t r u c t i o n i s t o m a k e u s e v e n m o r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r , a n d i n t h e p r o c e s s o f b e i n g e d u c a t e d w e c a n l e a r n f r o m t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h o s e m o r e g i f t e d t h a n o u r s e l v e s . B u t b e f o r e w e t r y t o e m u l a t e g e n i u s e s o r e n c o u r a g e o u r c h i l d r e n t o d o s o w e s h o u l d n o t e t h a t s o m e o f t h e t h i n g s w e l e a r n f r o m t h e m m a y p r o v e u n p a l a t a b l e . W e m a y e n v y t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d f a m e , b u t w e s h o u l d a l s o r e c o g n i s e t h e p r i c e t h e y m a y h a v e p a i d i n t e r m s o f p e r s e v e r a n c e , s i n g l e - m i n d e d n e s s , d e d i c a t i o n , r e s t r i c t i o n s o n t h e i r p e r s o n a l l i v e s , t h e d e m a n d s u p o n t h e i r e n e r g i e s a n d t i m e , a n d h o w o f t e n t h e y h a d t o d i s p l a y g r e a t c o u r a g e t o p r e s e r v e t h e i r i n t e g r i t y o r t o m a k e t h e i r w a y t o t h e t o p . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 9 " > 0 0 G e n i u s a n d g i f t e d n e s s a r e r e l a t i v e d e s c r i p t i v e t e r m s o f n o r e a l s u b s t a n c e . W e m a y , a t b e s t , g i v e t h e m s o m e p r e c i s i o n b y d e f i n i n g t h e m a n d p l a c i n g t h e m i n a c o n t e x t b u t , w h a t e v e r w e d o , w e s h o u l d n e v e r d e l u d e o u r s e l v e s i n t o b e l i e v i n g t h a t g i f t e d c h i l d r e n o r g e n i u s e s a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e r e s t o f h u m a n i t y , s a v e i n t h e d e g r ee t o w h i c h t h e y h a v e d e v e l o p e d t h e p e rf o r m a n c e o f t h e i r a b i l i t i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 1 4 - 1 8 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 0 0 C h o o s e F I V E l e t t e r s , A - K . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > 0 0 W r i t e t h e c o r r e c t l e t t e r s i n b o x e s 1 4 - 1 8 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > 0 0 N B Y o u r a n s w e r s m a y b eg i v e n i n a n y o r d e r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > 0 0 B e l o w a r e l i s t e d s o m e p o p u l a r be l i ef s a b o u tg e n i u s a n d g i f t e d n e s s . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 4 5 " > 0 0 W h i c h F I V E o f t h e s e b e l i e f s a r e r e p o r t e d b y t h e w r i t e r o f t h e t e x t ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " > 0 0 A T r u l yg i f t e d p e o p l e a r e t a l e n t ed i n a l l a re a s . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 4 7 " > 0 0 B T h e t a le n t s ofg e n i u s e s a r e s o o n e xh a u s t e d . / p > p b d s fi d = " 1 4 8 " > 0 0 C G i f t e d p e o p l e s h o u l d u s e t h e i r g i f t s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 9 " > 0 0 D A g e n i u s a p p e a r s o n c e i n e v e r y g e n e r a t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > 0 0 E G e n i u s c a n b e e a s i l y d e s t r o y e d b yd i s c o u r a ge m e n t . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 5 1 " > 0 0 F Ge n i u s i s i n h e r i t e d . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 5 2 " > 0 0 G G i f t e d p e o p l e a r e v e r y h a r d t o l i v e w i t h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 3 " > 0 0 H P e o p l e n e v e r a p p r e c i a t e t r u eg e n i u s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 4 " > 0 0 I G e n i u s e s a r e n a t u r a l l e a d e r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 5 " > 0 0 J G i f t e d p e o p l e d e v e l o p th ei r g r e a t n e s s t h r o u g h d i f f i c u l t i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 0 0 K G e n i u s w i l l a l w a y s r e v e a l i t s e l f . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 7 " > 0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 1 9 - 2 6 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " >0 0 D o t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a g r e e w i t h t he i nf o r m a t i o ng i v e n i n R e a d i n g P a s s a g e 2 ? / p >p b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > 0 0 I n b o x e s 1 9 - 2 6 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t , w r i t e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 0 0 T R U E i f t h e s t a t e m e n t a g r e e s w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 0 0 F A L S E i f t h e s t a t e m e n t c o n t r a d i c t s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 0 0 N O T G I V E N i f t h e r e i s n o i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h i s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > 0 0 1 9 N i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y s t u d i e s o f t h e n a t u r e o f g e n i u s f a i l e d t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f t h e pe r s o n s u p b r i n g i n g . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 6 4 " > 0 0 20 N i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y s t u d i e s o f g e n i u s l a c ke d b o t h o b j e c t i v i t y a n d a p r o p e r s c i e n t if i c a p p r o a c h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 0 0 2 1 A t r u eg e n i u sh a s g e n e r a l p o w e r s c a p a b l e o f e x c e l l e n c ei n a n y a r e a . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 0 0 2 2 T h e s k i l l s o f o r d i n a r y i n d i v i d u a l s a r e i n e s s e n c e t h e sa m e a s t h e s k i l l s o f p r o d i g i e s . / p > pb d s f i d = "1 6 7 " > 0 023 T h e e a s e w i t h w h i c h t r u l y g r e a t i de a s a r e a c c e p t e d a n d t a k e nf o rg r a n t e d f a i l s t o l e s s e n th ei r s i g n i f i c a n c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 68 " > 0 0 2 4 G i f t e d n e s s a n d g e n i u s d e s e r v e p r o pe r s c i e n t if i c r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e i r t r u e n a t u r e s o t h a t a l l t a l e n t m a y b e r e t a i n e d f o r t h e h u m a n r a c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 0 0 2 5 G e n i u s e s o f t e n p a y a h igh p ri c e t o a c h i e v e g r e a t n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 0 0 2 6 T o b e a g e n i u s i s w o r t h t h e h i g h p e r s o n a l c o s t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > 0 0 R E A D I N G P A S S A G E 3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 0 0 Y o u s h o u l d s p e n d a b o u t 2 0 m i n u t e s o n Q u e s t i o n s 2 7 - 4 0 , w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n R e a d i n g P a s s a g e3 o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " >0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 2 7 - 3 2 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > 0 0 Re a d i n g P a s s a g e 3 h a s s e v e n p a r a g r a p h s , A - G . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 7 5 " > 0 0 C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t h e a d i ng f o r p a r a g r a ph s B - G f r o m t h e li s t o f h e a d i n g s b e l o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 6 " > 0 0 W r i t e t h e c o r r e c t n u m b e r , i - x , i n b o x e s 2 7 - 3 2 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 7 " > 0 0 L i s t o f H e a d i n g s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 8 " > 0 0 i T h e b i o l o g i c a l c l o c k / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > 0 0 i i W h y d y i n g i s b e n e f i c i a l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > 0 0 i i i T h e a g e i n g p r o c e s s o f m e n a n d w o m e n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > 0 0 i v P r o l o n g i n g y o u r l i f e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 2 " > 0 0 v L i m i t a t i o n s o f l i f e s p a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > 0 0 v i M o d e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 4 " > 0 0 v i i A s t a b l e l i f e s p a n d e s p i t e i m p r o v e m e n t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 5 " > 0 0 v i i i E n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 6 " > 0 0 i x F u n d a m e n t a l d i f f e r e nc e s i n a g e i n g o f o b j e c t s a nd o r g a n i s m s / p > p bd s f i d = " 1 8 7 " > 0 0 x Re p a i r ofg e n e t i c m a t e r i a l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 8 " > 0 0 E x a m p l e A n s w e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 9 " > 0 0 P a r a g r a ph A v / p > p b d s fi d = " 1 9 0 " > 0 0 2 7 P a r a g r a p h B / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > 0 0 2 8 P a r a g r a p h C / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > 0 0 29 P a r a g r a p h D / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > 0 0 3 0 P a r ag r a p h E / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > 0 0 3 1 P a r a g r a p h F / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > 0 0 3 2 P a r a g r a p h G / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > 0 0 H O W D O E S T H E B I O L O G I C A L C L O C K T I C K ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 7 " > 0 0 A O u r l if e s p a n i s r e s t r i c t e d . E v e r y o n e a c c e p t s t h i s a s b i o l og i c a l l y o b v i o u s . N o thi n g l i v e s f o r e v e r !H o w e v e r , i n t h i s s t a t e m e n t w e t h i n k o f a r t i f i c i a l l y p r o d u c e d , t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t s , p r o d u c t s w h i c h a r e s u b j e c t e d t o n a t u r a l w e a r a n d t e a r d u r i n g u s e . T h i s l e a d s t o t h e r e s u l t t h a t a t s o m e t i m e o r o t h e r t h e o b j e c t s t o p s w o r k i n g a n d i s u n u s a b l e ( d e a t h i n t h e b i o l o g i c a l s e n s e ) . B u t a r e t h e w e a r a n d t e a r a n d l o s s o f f u n c t i o n o f t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t s a n d t h e d e a t h o f l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s r e a l l y s i m i l a r o r c o m p a r a b l e ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > 0 0 B O u r d e a d p r o d u c t s a r e s t a t i c , c l o s e d s y s t e m s . I t i s a l w a y s t h e b a s i c m a t e r i a l w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s t h e o b j e c t a n d w h i c h , i n t h e n a t u r a l c o u r s e o f t h i n g s , i s w o r n d o w n a n d b e c o m e s o l d e r . A g e i n g i n t h i s c a s e m u s t o c c u r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a w s o f p h y s i c a l c h e m i s t r y a n d o f t h e r m o d y n a m i c s . A l t h o u g h t h e s a m e l a w h o l d s f o r a l i v i n g o r g a n i s m , t h e r e s u l t o f t h i s l a w i s n o t i n e x o r a b l e i n t h e s a m e w a y . A t l e a s t a s l o n g a s a b i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m h a s t h e a b i l i t y t o r e n e w i t s e l f i t c o u l d a c t u a l l y b e c o m e o l d e r w i t h o u t a g e i n g ; a n o r g a n i s m i s a n o p e n , d y n a m i c s y s t e m t h r o u g h w h i c h n e w m a t e r i a l c o n t i n u o u s l y f l o w s . D e s t r u c t i o n o f o l d m a t e r i a l a n d f o r m a t i o n o f n e w m a t e r i a l a r e t h u s i n p e r m a n e n t d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m . T h e m a t e r i a l o f w h i c h t h e o r g a n i s m i s f o r m e d c h a n g e s c o n t i n u o u s l y . T h u s o u r b o d i e s c o n t i n u o u s l y e x c h a n g e o l d s u b s t a n c e f o r n e w , j u s t l i k e a s p r i n g w h i c h m o r。
中国最高,最低温度及日较差在海拔高度上变化的初步分析
第39卷第5期2015年9月大气科学Chinese Journal of Atmospheric SciencesV ol. 39 No. 5Sep. 2015董丹宏, 黄刚. 2015. 中国最高、最低温度及日较差在海拔高度上变化的初步分析 [J]. 大气科学, 39 (5): 000–000. Dong Danhong, Huang Gang. 2015. Relationship between altitude and variation characteristics of the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and diurnal temperature range in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 39 (5): 000–000, doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895. 1501.14291.中国最高、最低温度及日较差在海拔高度上变化的初步分析董丹宏1, 4黄刚2, 31成都信息工程大学大气科学学院，成都6102252中国科学院大气物理研究大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室，北京1000293全球变化研究协同创新中心，北京1008754中国科学院大气物理研究所季风系统研究中心，北京100029摘要本文利用中国740个气象台站1963～2012年均一化逐日最高温度和最低温度资料，分析了中国地区最高、最低气温和日较差变化趋势的区域特征及其与海拔高度的关系。
结果表明：近50年气温的变化趋势无论是年或季节变化，最低温度的增温幅度都高于最高温度，且其增温显著区域都对应我国高海拔地区。
除了春季，其他季节最高、最低温度及日较差的升温幅度随着海拔高度的升高而增大，其中最高温度的变化趋势与海拔高度的相关性最好。
同一海拔高度上，最高、最低温度在不同年代的增幅具有不一致性：20世纪80年代，二者变化幅度最小；20世纪90年代，二者增幅最大，尤以低海拔地区最为明显。
不同陆面模式对我国地表温度模拟的适用性评估
不同陆面模式对我国地表温度模拟的适用性评估孙帅;师春香;梁晓;韩帅;姜志伟;张涛【摘要】基于CLDAS大气驱动数据驱动CLM3.5陆面模式和3种不同参数化方案下的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟得到的地表温度,利用中国气象局2009 2013年2000多个国家级地面观测站地表温度进行质量评估.结果表明:从时间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差均呈季节性波动;从空间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差在中国东部地区相对于中国西部地区更小.选择Noah-MP陆面模式3种不同参数化方案模拟结果进行对比,结果表明:Noah-MP模式的非动态植被方案不变时,考虑植被覆盖度的二流近似辐射传输方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于考虑太阳高度角和植被三维结构的二流近似辐射传输方案Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度;选择动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于选择非动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式;总体而言,考虑动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于其他两种参数化方案的Noah-MP陆面模式以及CLM3.5陆面模式模拟的地表温度.%As an important physical quantity in the land surface process,the ground temperature plays an important role in climate change research,agricultural production and ecological environment.A set of simulation experiments are carried out,in which ground temperature are simulated by Community Land Model 3.5 (CLM3.5) land surface model and Noah-Multi Parameterization Land Surface Model (Noah-MP) of three different parameterization schemes,forced by China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) atmosphere forcing data containing high-quality temperature,pressure,humidity,wind speed,precipitation and solarshortwave radiation.The different model-simulated ground temperature is verified by 2000 national ground temperature observation stations of China Meteorological Administration from 2009 to 2013.Results show that errors of different model-simulated ground temperature compared with observations behave seasonal fluctuations from the error analysis of time series.And the ground temperature simulated by CLM3.5 land surface model and Noah-MP land surface model can better represent the spatial distribution of ground temperature of China in seasonal climate state.The ground temperature is underestimated in general,and the underestimation in spring and autumn is smaller than that in summer and winter.On the spatial distribution,the error of the model-simulated ground temperature in the eastern China is smaller than that in the western China,and in the northeastern China and northern Xinjiang the error is even greater.Three different parameterization schemes of Noah-MP land surface model are selected to compare the simulation result.Results show that when the non-dynamic vegetation scheme remain unchanged,considering different radiation transferring schemes,the two-stream approximation radiative transferring scheme considering vegetation coverage of Noah-MP land surface model performs better than the radiative transferring scheme considering the solar altitude angle and vegetation 3D structures of Noah-MP surface land model.When the default two-stream approximation radiative transferring scheme in Noah-MP land model doesn't change,considering the dynamic vegetation scheme of Noah-MP land surface model,the result shows that the ground temperature choosing thedynamic vegetation scheme of Noah-MP land surface model is better than the non-dynamic vegetation scheme named of NoahMP land model.Above all,the ground temperature simulated by the dynamic vegetation scheme of NoahMP land surface model is better than the other two parameterization schemes of Noah-MP land model and the CLM3.5 land surface model.【期刊名称】《应用气象学报》【年(卷),期】2017(028)006【总页数】13页(P737-749)【关键词】CLDAS;CLM3.5;Noah-MP;地表温度;站点观测【作者】孙帅;师春香;梁晓;韩帅;姜志伟;张涛【作者单位】南京信息工程大学地理与遥感学院,南京210044;国家气象信息中心,北京100081;国家气象信息中心,北京100081;国家气象信息中心,北京100081;国家气象信息中心,北京100081;国家气象信息中心,北京100081【正文语种】中文基于CLDAS大气驱动数据驱动CLM3.5陆面模式和3种不同参数化方案下的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟得到的地表温度，利用中国气象局2009—2013年2000多个国家级地面观测站地表温度进行质量评估。
基于SWAT_模型的渠江流域径流侵蚀功率时空规律分析
第22卷 第2期2024年4月中国水土保持科学Science of Soil and Water ConservationVol.22 No.2Apr.2024 D OI :10.16843/j.sswc.2023084基于SWAT 模型的渠江流域径流侵蚀功率时空规律分析黄 幸1,2,莫淑红2†,李平治2,乔殿新3,李斌斌3(1.河海大学水文水资源学院,210098,南京;2.西安理工大学省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,710048,西安;3.水利部水土保持监测中心,100053,北京)摘要:探明流域径流侵蚀功率的演变规律对重点侵蚀区识别和土壤侵蚀防治至关重要㊂以嘉陵江右岸支流渠江流域为研究区,基于SWAT 模型模拟计算流域径流侵蚀功率,分析其时空分布特征与空间尺度效应,并通过聚类分析㊁相关性分析揭示其对流域气象㊁地形㊁土壤等因素的关系㊂结果表明:渠江流域年尺度的径流侵蚀功率大于季尺度,其中第3季度为土壤侵蚀重点防治时段;全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率均呈现出北部大南部小㊁西部大东部小㊁上游大下游小的空间分布特征;渠江干流与其支流大通江的多年平均径流侵蚀功率和流域控制面积之间均呈幂指数关系,且其变化规律存在空间阈值,在年尺度干流和大通江的阈值面积分别为8549.4和8504.4km 2,在第3季度干流和大通江的阈值面积分别为4834.9和6223.5km 2;气象因子㊁地形因子和流域形态因子为渠江流域径流侵蚀功率的主要影响因素㊂研究结果可为制订渠江流域土壤侵蚀治理方案提供决策依据㊂关键词:SWAT 模型;径流侵蚀功率;时空分布;空间尺度效应;渠江流域中图分类号:S157.1;P333文献标志码:A文章编号:2096⁃2673(2024)02⁃0025⁃09引用格式:黄幸,莫淑红,李平治,等.基于SWAT 模型的渠江流域径流侵蚀功率时空规律分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2024,22(2):25-33.HUANG Xing,MO Shuhong,LI Pingzhi,et al.Spatial and temporal analysis of runoff ero⁃sion power in Qujiang River Basin based on SWAT model[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2024,22(2):25-33.收稿日期:20230508 修回日期:20240110项目名称:国家自然科学基金 基于侵蚀能量过程的集合式流域水土流失预报模型”(U2040208), 陕北黄土高原区人 水耦合系统互馈及协同进化机理研究”(52179024)第一作者简介:黄幸(2000 ),女,硕士研究生㊂主要研究方向:水文水资源㊂E⁃mail:809319042@†通信作者简介:莫淑红(1972 ),女,博士,教授㊂主要研究方向:旱区水文及水资源㊂E⁃mail:moshuhong@Spatial and temporal analysis of runoff erosion powerin Qujiang River Basin based on SWAT modelHUANG Xing 1,2,MO Shuhong 2,LI Pingzhi 2,QIAO Dianxin 3,LI Binbin 3(1.College of Hydrology and Water Resources,Hohai University,210098,Nanjing,China;2.State Key Laboratory of Eco⁃hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region,Xi′an University of Technology,710048,Xi′an,China;3.The Center of Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring,Ministry of Water Resources,100053,Beijing,China)Abstract :[Background ]Soil erosion destroys soil and water resources,exacerbates natural disasters such as droughts and floods,and threatens human survival and development.Qujiang River Basin is severely affected by soil erosion,and runoff erosion power can reflect dynamic characteristics of water erosion better than rainfall erosion force.Therefore,it’s important to use runoff erosion power theory to study erosion in Qujiang River Basin to reveal mechanism of water⁃sand response.[Methods ]This paper中国水土保持科学2024年took Qujiang River Basin as a research object,calculating seasonal as well as annual runoff erosion power based on runoff,which was simulated by SWAT model in terms of utilizing meteorological forcing data such as precipitation,temperature,wind etc.In addition,features of spatial⁃temporal pattern and effects of spatial scale were analyzed.Cluster and correlation method were adopted for investigation into relationships between runoff erosion power with meteorological,topographic and soil conditions. [Results]1)The constructed SWAT model had high accuracy in runoff simulation and good applicability in Qujiang River Basin.R2and NS coefficients were0.69and above,while PBIAS coefficient was below 16.72%in both parameter rate setting period and validation period.2)In aspect of time,annual runoff erosion power outweighed that in season.However,erosion during seasonⅢwas more serious than that in other season,which requires more attention on soil erosion prevention and control.Besides,runoff erosion power for whole year and for season III demonstrated a decreasing trend from north to south,west to east and up to down inspace.3)The thresholds of drainage control area for whole year in Qujiang river and Datong river were8549.4and8504.4km2respectively,while those for season III were4834.9and 6223.5km2respectively,indicating runoff erosion power decreased smoothly with increasing area when the area was larger than spatial thresholds,then gradually tended to a stable value.4)Meteorological, topographic and watershed morphological characters were main factors influenced runoff erosion power in Qujiang River Basin.Erosion in upstream area of basin presented greater performance than downstream, due to the steep topography,uneven precipitation distribution and morphological ease of runoff generation and flow concentration processes in upper reaches.[Conclusions]This paper illustrated feasibility of SWAT model and its simulated outcome in Qujiang River Basin.The spatial⁃temporal runoff erosion power characteristics together with impacts are closely related to meteorological constituents,terrain and basin shape.Therefore,the results contribute to effective identification of key sand producing areas in watershed,and also provide supports for soil erosion prevention,ecology restoration and environmental carrying capacity enhancement.Keywords:SWAT model;runoff erosion power;temporal and spatial distribution;spatial scale effect; Qujiang River Basin 土壤侵蚀是全球公认的最严重的环境问题之一,其破坏水土资源,加剧旱涝等自然灾害,威胁人类的生存和发展㊂嘉陵江流域地质地貌条件复杂㊁降水丰富㊁土壤可蚀性强,且不合理生产活动多,使得流域内水土流失面积和土壤侵蚀总量曾常居长江流域前列,水土流失治理刻不容缓[1]㊂当前有许多量化土壤侵蚀对流域影响的模型,如通用土壤流失方程㊁修正土壤流失方程和中国坡面土壤流失方程等[2]㊂降雨侵蚀力反映降雨及其产生的径流剥离和携带土壤颗粒的能力,其作为水蚀动力指标被广泛应用于土壤侵蚀模型及土壤侵蚀分析中[34]㊂但是降雨侵蚀力的计算通常需要高精度且不易获取的长序列场次降雨数据,资料处理较繁琐,且其仅通过雨滴的击溅效应表征土壤侵蚀作用,并未体现水蚀动力过程中的径流侵蚀和径流输沙作用[56],具有一定的局限性㊂与降雨侵蚀力相比,径流侵蚀功率能更好的反映水蚀动力特性,对于侵蚀动力机制的反应更敏感,数据要求更低[7]㊂目前已有众多学者基于径流侵蚀功率理论研究黄土高原地区的土壤侵蚀空间分布特征及尺度效应,取得较好成果[89]㊂长江流域的降水特征及下垫面条件与黄河流域不同,其侵蚀产沙和主要驱动机制也会有所差异[10],而此类研究在长江流域相对较少㊂因此,利用径流侵蚀功率理论研究长江流域地区的侵蚀情况对揭示其水沙响应机理具有重要意义㊂笔者以嘉陵江子流域渠江流域为例,基于SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型模拟流域径流,计算并分析径流侵蚀功率的时空分布特征㊁空间尺度效应及主要影响因子,以期为流域有效识别重点产沙区㊁合理开发利用水土资源等做出贡献㊂1 研究区概况渠江流域面积为3.92万km2(E106°28′~ 109°00′,N30°00′~32°48′),属亚热带湿润季风气62 第2期黄幸等:基于SWAT模型的渠江流域径流侵蚀功率时空规律分析候㊂其雨季集中于7 9月,多年平均降雨量为1078mm,输沙量主要来自汛期,多年平均输沙模数为347t/km2㊂流域地势东北高西南低,源头地势坡度较大,至下游浅丘区比降逐渐减小,土壤类型以棕壤㊁黄棕壤和紫色土为主㊂渠江流域水系及水文站点分布见图1㊂图1 渠江流域水系及水文站点分布图Fig.1 Distribution of river system and hydrological stations in Qujiang River Basin2 数据与方法2.1 数据来源笔者采用的数据主要包括摘自‘长江流域水文年鉴“的2008 2018年渠江流域上㊁中㊁下游巴中㊁七里沱和罗渡溪水文站实测日流量资料,由中国大气同化驱动数据集整理的逐日降水㊁风速㊁温度等气象数据,以及中科院地理空间数据云㊁中科院数据中心遥感影像㊁世界土壤数据库提供的30m分辨率地形数据㊁1∶10万土地覆盖数据和1∶100万土壤类型等空间数据㊂2.2 径流侵蚀功率计算2.2.1 SWAT模型构建与应用 笔者使用SWAT 模型[11]模拟渠江流域2009 2018年月径流,进而分析计算流域径流侵蚀功率㊂先依据集水面积㊁坡度等级㊁土地利用与土壤类型将渠江流域划分为77个子流域和1377个水文响应单元㊂然后,选取2008年作为预热期进行参数预调,2009 2013年作为率定期,2014 2018年作为验证期㊂在SWAT-CUP中选择径流相关参数进行参数敏感性分析和参数率定,并运用决定系数R2(R-Square)㊁纳什效率系数NS(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient)㊁偏差比例PBIAS(percent bias)作为评价指标检验径流模拟精度㊂一般认为R2>0.6㊁NS>0.5㊁PBIAS≤±25%时,结果较好㊂满足精度要求时,输出渠江各子流域出口的模拟月径流过程㊂2.2.2 径流侵蚀功率计算 径流侵蚀功率属于经验模型指标中的侵蚀动力因子,其计算原理及应用详见文献[7]㊂依此推出的季径流侵蚀功率和年径流侵蚀功率计算公式分别见式(1)和式(2)㊂E s=Q s H s㊂(1)式中:E s为季径流侵蚀功率,m4/(km2㊃s);Q s为季最大月流量模数,m3/(km2㊃s);H s为季径流深,m㊂E y=Q y H y㊂(2)式中:E y为年径流侵蚀功率,m4/(km2㊃s);Q y为年最大月流量模数,m3/(km2㊃s);H y为年径流深,m㊂2.3 径流侵蚀功率影响因素分析选用系统聚类方法[12]和斯皮尔曼相关系数[13]对径流侵蚀功率影响因子进行合并归类与相关性分析㊂斯皮尔曼相关系数的绝对值越大,指标之间相关性越高,其表达式见式(3)㊂ρ=1-6∑n i=1d2in(n2-1)㊂(3)式中:ρ为斯皮尔曼相关系数;n为系列长度;d为72中国水土保持科学2024年按升序或降序排列后,同次序指标间的差值,量纲均为1㊂3 结果与分析3.1 模型率定与验证结果率定期㊁验证期巴中㊁七里沱和罗渡溪水文站模拟与实测月径流量值对比见图2~4㊂分析可知,巴中水文站率定期R 2=0.96㊁NS =0.92㊁PBIAS =16.2%,验证期R 2=0.70㊁NS =0.69㊁PBIAS =16.43%,率定结果较好,验证结果评级为可信;七里沱水文站率定期R 2=0.95㊁NS =0.93㊁PBIAS =-0.3%,验证期R 2=0.82㊁NS =0.80㊁PBIAS =-14.81%,率定结果极好,验证结果评级为较好;罗渡溪水文站率定期R 2=0.93㊁NS =0.92㊁PBIAS =-3.5%,验证期R 2=0.87㊁NS =0.84㊁PBIAS =-16.72%,率定结果极好,验证结果评级为较好㊂综上所述,在率定期和验证期内,3个水文站模拟所得月径流过程与实测月径流过程吻合度较高,表明所构建的SWAT 模型能较真实地反映渠江流域水文情势㊂图2 巴中水文站月径流量模拟值与实测值对比图Fig.2 Comparison of simulated and measured monthly runoff at Bazhong station图3 七里沱水文站月径流量模拟值与实测值对比图Fig.3 Comparison of simulated and measured monthly runoff at Qilituo station3.2 径流侵蚀功率的时空分布基于SWAT 模型得到2009 2018年渠江77个子流域季尺度和年尺度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率,其空间分布见图5和6㊂从时间角度看,全流域多年平均年径流侵蚀功率为0.049m 4/(km 2㊃s),总体上大于各季度多年平均径流侵蚀功率;在季尺度,第3季度多年平均径流侵蚀功率最大(0.028m 4/(km 2㊃s)),其次为第2季度㊁第4季度和第1季度,其变化周期与水文周期一致㊂显然,第3季度的径流侵蚀功率对全年贡献最大,应当重视该季度的水土流失治理㊂在空间尺度上,流域全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率均呈现出 北部大㊁南部小;西部大㊁东部小;上游大㊁下游小”的空间分布特征㊂第4季度的空间分布虽在南北和上下游部分与全年相似,但在东西部表现出 东部大㊁西部小”的特征㊂第1季度和第2季度的空间分布82 第2期黄幸等:基于SWAT模型的渠江流域径流侵蚀功率时空规律分析图4 罗渡溪水文站月径流量模拟值与实测值对比图Fig.4 Comparison of simulated and measured monthly runoff at Luoduxi station与全年相反,表现为 南部大㊁北部小;东部大㊁西部小;下游大㊁上游小”,但因其径流侵蚀功率较小,对年尺度空间分布影响也较小㊂3.3 径流侵蚀功率的空间尺度效应渠江流域的径流侵蚀功率空间差异明显,可能存在空间尺度效应,即径流侵蚀功率随流域控制面积变化可能呈现出一定规律㊂首先利用SWAT 模型计算2009 2018年渠江77个子流域出口断面及以上控制面积的全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率,结果见图7㊂由图7可知,对全年和第3季度,渠江各子流域出口断面及以上控制区域的多年平均径流侵蚀功率总体呈现出 上游大,下游小;干流大,支流小”的分布特点㊂为量化径流侵蚀功率与流域控制面积的相关关系,选取侵蚀较严重的渠江干流和支流大通江为研究对象,将流域控制面积分别与全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率进行拟合分析㊂干流的拟合结果分别见式(4)㊁式(5)和图8,大通江的拟合结果分别见式(6)㊁式(7)和图9㊂E my =0.0761A -0.158,R 2=0.67;(4)E ms =0.0438A-0.137,R 2=0.52;(5)E my 1=0.0771A -0.153,R 2=0.46;(6)E ms 1=0.0510A-0.165,R 2=0.49㊂(7)式中:E my ㊁E my 1分别为干流和大通江多年平均年径流侵蚀功率,m 4/(km 2㊃s);E ms ㊁E ms 1分别为干流和大通江多年平均季径流侵蚀功率,m 4/(km 2㊃s);A 为流域控制面积,103km 2㊂由图8和9可知,渠江干流和支流大通江存在较显著的空间尺度效应,其多年平均径流侵蚀功率与流域控制面积之间均呈幂指数关系,且干流相关关系优于支流大通江,全年相关系数与第3季度接近㊂随着流域控制面积的增大,多年平均径流侵蚀功率逐渐减小并趋于平缓,减小速率由大变小,说明存在空间阈值㊂为确定阈值,对式(4)~(7)求导,导数方程见式(8)~(11)㊂E′my =-0.0120A -1.158;(8)E′ms =-0.0060A-1.137;(9)E′my 1=-0.0118A -1.153;(10)E′ms 1=-0.0084A-1.165㊂(11)经计算可知,渠江干流在全年和第3季度的空间阈值分别为8549.4和4834.9km 2,大通江在全年和第3季度的空间阈值分别为8504.4和6223.5km 2㊂即当流域控制面积小于空间阈值时,|E |≥0.001,多年平均径流侵蚀功率随流域控制面积增加而迅速减小,反之则变化平缓,并逐渐减小至某一稳定值㊂其中干流的全年和第3季度径流侵蚀功率稳定值分别为0.04和0.02m 4/(km 2㊃s),大通江的全年和第3季度径流侵蚀功率稳定值分别为0.056和0.035m 4/(km 2㊃s)㊂3.4 径流侵蚀功率影响因素为探究渠江流域径流侵蚀功率时空分布及空间尺度效应的主要驱动因素,选用SPSS (statistical product and service solutions)软件对多年平均的年径流侵蚀功率进行聚类分析㊂本文共选取地形(75°以上坡度面积比例)㊁流域形态(圆度)㊁气象(各子流域上的多年平均降水量)㊁侵蚀动力(多年平均径流侵蚀功率)㊁土地利用(林草地面积比例)和土壤(易受侵蚀土壤面积比例)6类聚类因子,经分析将渠江77个子流域划分为3种聚类类型,其空间分布见图10㊂可知,第1聚类与第2聚类主要分布于上游地区,其面积所例分别为26.0%和19.3%,多年平均径流侵蚀功率分别为0.05892中国水土保持科学2024年 4个季度的季径流侵蚀功率量级不同,值越大侵蚀越严重,其总体范围为0.00001≤E s≤0.08000㊂下同㊂Magnitude of seasonal runoff erosion power varies among four periods,with larger values indicating more severe erosion.The over⁃all range is0.00001≤E s≤0.08000.The same below.图5 渠江流域多年平均季径流侵蚀功率空间分布图Fig.5 Spatial distribution of multi⁃year average runoff erosion power at season scale in Qujiang River Basin 和0.052m4/(km2㊃s),均大于多年平均径流侵蚀功率中值0.049m4/(km2㊃s),该地区径流侵蚀能量较大,受侵蚀程度较剧烈㊂第3聚类是渠江流域的主导聚类,主要分布在中下游地区,其面积比例为54.7%,流域内多年平均径流侵蚀功率为0.046m4/(km2㊃s),小于多年平均径流侵蚀功率中值,该地区植被类型多样,下垫面条件较好,受侵蚀程度较小㊂03 第2期黄幸等:基于SWAT模型的渠江流域径流侵蚀功率时空规律分析图6 渠江流域多年平均年径流侵蚀功率空间分布图Fig.6 Spatial distribution of multi⁃year average runoff erosionpower at year scale in Qujiang River Basin 统计侵蚀动力因子与其余聚类因子的斯皮尔曼相关系数见表1,结果表明气象因子㊁地形因子和流域形态因子为渠江流域径流侵蚀功率排名前3的主图7 渠江各子流域出口断面及以上控制面积的多年平均径流侵蚀功率空间分布图Fig.7 Spatial distribution of multi⁃year average runoff erosion power for control area at and abovethe outlet cross⁃section of each Qujiang River subbasin要影响因子㊂且在显著水平为0.05时,第1聚类中的气象因子与径流侵蚀功率呈显著相关,说明降雨的空间分布不均性对该地区径流侵蚀能量影响较大;第2聚类中气象因子㊁地形因子和流域形态因子与径流侵蚀功率呈显著相关,说明该地区75°以上坡度面积比例很大,流域内地势陡峭,降雨空间分布差异较显著,流域形态偏圆形,产汇流过程较快,能显著影响径流侵蚀功率的空间分布和规律;第3聚类中流域形态因子与气象因子与径流侵蚀功率呈一般相关,其对该聚类地区径流侵蚀功率的影响远不如第2聚类地区,说明该地区整体地势较平缓,各子流域多年平均降雨量差距不大,流域形态较狭长,产汇流过程相对较慢㊂4 结论1)所构建的SWAT 模型径流模拟精度较高,在渠江流域适用性好㊂巴中㊁七里沱㊁罗渡溪水文站率定期R 2㊁NS 系数均在0.92及以上,PBIAS 系数均<16.20%;验证期R 2㊁NS 系数均在0.69及以上,PBIAS 系数均在16.72%以下㊂这说明该模型能较真实地反映渠江流域水文情势㊂2)渠江流域多年平均年径流侵蚀功率总体上大于季径流侵蚀功率,其中第3季度>第2季度>第4季度>第1季度㊂流域全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率空间分布均呈现出 北部大㊁南部小;西部大㊁东部小;上游大㊁下游小”的特征;第4季度的空间分布在东西部呈现出 东部大㊁西部小”的特征,其余部分与全年相似;第1㊁第2季度的空间分布与全年分布规律相反㊂ 3)渠江干流及其支流大通江的径流侵蚀功率具有较为显著的空间尺度效应,全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率与流域控制面积之间呈13中国水土保持科学2024年图8 渠江干流多年平均年和第3季度径流侵蚀功率与流域控制面积关系图Fig.8 Fitting results of multi⁃year average runoff erosionpower and watershed control area at year and seasonscale(season Ⅲ)in the main stream of Qujiang River图9 渠江支流大通江多年平均年和第3季度径流侵蚀功率与流域控制面积关系图Fig.9 Fitting results of multi⁃year average runoff erosionpower and watershed control area at year and seasonscale(season Ⅲ)in Datong River图10 渠江流域聚类空间分布图Fig.10 Clustering spatial distribution of Qujiang River Basin幂指数均关系㊂当流域控制面积分别>8549.4和4834.9km 2时,干流全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率随着面积增加变化幅度极小,并逐渐稳定于0.04和0.02m 4/(km 2㊃s);当流域控制面积分别大于8504.4和6223.5km 2时,大通江全年和第3季度的多年平均径流侵蚀功率随着面积增加变化幅度极小,并逐渐稳定于0.056和0.035m 4/(km 2㊃s)㊂表1 斯皮尔曼相关系数计算结果表Tab.1 Spearman correlation coefficient calculated results table聚类名Cluster name地形因子Topographical factor流域形态因子Watershed morphology气象因子Meteorology 土地利用因子Land use 土壤因子Soil第1聚类Cluster Ⅰ-0.451-0.4840.621*-0.280-0.022第2聚类Cluster Ⅱ0.636*0.622*0.678*0.441-0.336第3聚类Cluster Ⅲ0.0680.349*0.336*-0.2610.072 注:*表示在0.05水平上相关性显著㊂Notes:*indicates significant correlation at the 0.05level. 4)气象因子㊁地形因子和流域形态因子对渠江流域径流侵蚀功率的分布有主要影响作用㊂流域上游区因地势陡峭㊁降水分布不均㊁形态易于产汇流而表现出较大的径流侵蚀功率;下游地区因地势平坦,产汇流过程缓慢受侵蚀情况较轻㊂5 参考文献[1] 万彩兵,程冬兵,李昊.水土保持法修订实施十年来长江流域水土流失治理成效[J].中国水土保持,2021(6):1.WAN Caibing,CHENG Dongbing,LI Hao.Effect of soil and water loss control in the Yangtze River Basin since the revision and 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呼兰河流域网格化降水产品评估研究
Journal of Northeast Agricultural University东北农业大学学报第52卷第1期52(1):82~892021年1月January 2021呼兰河流域网格化降水产品评估研究邢贞相，袁泽，段维义，喻熠，纪毅，刘昊奇，付强（东北农业大学水利与土木工程学院，哈尔滨150030）摘要：以中国逐日网格降水量实时分析系统数据集（CGDPA ）为参考值，基于时空分布特征评估中国区域地面气象要素数据集降水产品（CMFD_P ）、全球高分辨率陆面模拟系统降水产品（GLDAS_P ）、中国陆面数据同化系统降水产品（CLDAS_P ）、中国自动站和CMORPH 融合网格降水量数据集（CMPA ）在呼兰河流域精度。
结果表明，①CMFD_P 与GLDAS_P 整体高估多年平均降水量，CLDAS_P 与CMPA 整体低估多年平均降水量。
②4套数据捕捉年内大部分降水集中在汛期，但相对于其他数据，GLDAS_P 年内分配表现坦化特征，汛期偏低，非汛期偏高。
③日降水精度由优到劣为CMPA>CMFD_P>CLDAS_P>GLDAS_P 。
④各套产品可捕捉降水量自东北向西南递减总体空间分布特征。
关键词：网格化降水产品评估；陆面同化数据；时空特征分析；呼兰河流域中图分类号：P339文献标志码：A文章编号：1005-9369（2021）01-0082-08邢贞相,袁泽,段维义,等.呼兰河流域网格化降水产品评估研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2021,52(1):82-89.DOI ：10.19720/ki.issn.1005-9369.2021.01.0010.Xing Zhenxiang,Yuan Ze,Duan Weiyi,et al.Evaluation of grid precipitation products in Hulanhe Basin[J].Journal of North-east Agricultural University,2021,52(1):82-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)DOI ：10.19720/ki.issn.1005-9369.2021.01.0010.Evaluation of grid precipitation products in Hulanhe Basin/XING Zhenxiang,YUAN Ze,DUAN Weiyi,YU Yi,JI Yi,LIU Haoqi,FU Qiang(School of Water Conservancy and CivilEngineering,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China)Abstract:China Gauge-based Daily Precipitation Analysis (CGDPA)was selected as a referencevalue,the accuracy of Precipitation product of China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD_P),Precipitation product of Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS_P),Precipitation product of China Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS_P),and CMPA hourly Precipitation product in the Hulanhe Basin was evaluated based on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics.The results showed that:①The multi-year average annual precipitation of CMFD_P and GLDAS_P was overall overestimated,while that of CLDAS_P and CMPA was overall underestimated.②The four sets of data could capture that most of the precipitation in the year was concentrated in the flood season,but compared with other three sets of data,the distribution of GLDAS_P in a year showed the characteristics of flattening,with low precipitation in flood season and high precipitation in non-flood season.③The descending order of daily precipitation accuracy was CMPA>CMFD_P>CLDAS_P>GLDAS_P.④Each set of precipitation products could capture the overall spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation decreasing from northeast to southwest.Key words:evaluation of gridded precipitation products;land surface assimilation data;spatio-temporal characteristics analysis;Hulanhe Basin基金项目：十三五国家重点研发计划课题（2017YFC0406004，2018YFC0407303）；国家自然科学基金（51979038，51909033）；黑龙江省自然科学基金（E2015024，LH2019E010）作者简介：邢贞相（1976-），男，教授，博士，博士生导师，研究方向为水文水资源不确定性分析。