综合英语第七单元
[译林版]七年级英语上册第七单元综合测试卷-附听力稿及答案
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七年级英语上册第七单元综合测试卷姓名:一、听力(每小题1分，满分20分)A.听对话回答问题，每段对话听两遍。
( )1. Which one is the most expensive?( )2. What's the present from the woman's sister?( )3. What are the two speakers talking about?( )4. Where is Zhang Lei going this Friday afternoon?( )5. Where are they talking?A. At a school.B. In a bookshop.C. In a clothes shop.( )6. How much does the girl spend on the CDs?A. 5 yuan.B. 4 yuan.C. 20 yuan.( )7. Where is the man's ticket?A. In the bag.B. In the office.C. We don't know.( )8. What don't they like?A. The shopping centre.B. The shopping centre on the top floor.C. The shopping centre on the ground floor.( )9. Where are the two speakers?A. In a fast food shop.B. In the hospital.C. In the school.( )10. What colour does Mary like best?A. Green.B. Red.C. Yellow.B.听对话和短文回答问题，每段对话和短文听两遍。
新编实用英语综合教程第七单元-T
Y: Well, 3 __it_i_s_o_r_g_a_n_i_z_e_d____by the Recreational and Physical Culture Section.
New Practical English 1
together? Y: OK. See you at 6:30 at the school gate.
New Practical English 1
Exercise 2
Imagine you are fond of mountain climbing. Now you are telling your English friend Dick the news of an activity organized by the mountaineers’ club. Complete a conversation with him by translating the parts given in Chinese.
How about you?
New Practical English 1
Sample 2
Are you going to the Rowboat Match?
B: I want to be a member of the overseas students’ team. I used to be on my school team in England.
us in front of the library. Let’s meet there at 8:00 sharp. A: All right. See you then.
New Practical English 1
Unit 7 单元综合测试 (含答案) 2020-2021学年 仁爱版英语 七年级下册
仁爱版七年级英语下册Unit 7 单元检测姓名：_________ 班级：___________学号：__________一、单选题1.You'd better go now, or you'll miss the train.（）A. takeB. not want to takeC. loseD. not catch2.Jack's birthday is ____ November.A. onB. atC. inD. for3.— Happy birthday to you!— _____A. Thank you!B. Welcome to my home!C. The same to you!D. That's OK.4.--- today?--- It's July 26th.A. What dateB. What's the dateC. What day is itD. What's the day5.—Would you like to see the movie《Wolf Warriors Ⅱ》with me?—Yes, ____.A. I'd loveB. I'd love toC. I likeD. I would6.It's surprising that Mr. Ma's little daughter speak English so well.A. mustB. canC. mustn'tD. can't7.My mother's birthday is coming. I want to buy __________ a gift.A. herB. heC. himD. she8.— There is an art festival in our school on Saturday.— Oh, great! We'll _________ then.A. have good timeB. play a good timeC. play good timeD. have a good time9.—What's the _________ of the stadium?—It looks like an orange．A. colourB. nameC. shapeD. size10.— _____ is your teacher's desk?— About 140 centimeters.A. How farB. How manyC. How muchD. How long11.When do you plan ________ to Thailand?A. to goB. goingC. goD. goes12.History is an interesting subject. We can learn _____ the past.A. ofB. aboutC. forD. at13.She was born a cold winter evening.A. fromB. inC. onD. at14.— _____ is your brother's birthday?— His birthday is _____ July 19th.A. What; inB. When; onC. Where; atD. How; for15.They were good friends before, but they ______ like each other_______.A. not; any moreB. don't; no moreC. don't; any moreD. not; no more二、单词拼写1. School begins in S________.2.—Which is your favorite month?—F________ It's the second（第二）month of a year. 3.—When is Christmas Day(圣诞节)?—It's on D________5th.4.N________is the eleventh（第十一）month of a year.5.The mother ________ (担心) about his son and she didn't sleep well.三、语法填空阅读下面短文，根据语境、音标或所给单词的提示，在每个空格内填入一个恰当的词，要求所填的词意义准确、形式正确，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。
综合英语教程(第三版)BOOK2-课文译文 07.第七单元
第七单元TEXT英国乡间也许只是由于这个岛国的自然地势，绝大多数英国人感到生活在低地比生活在高地要舒适得多。
人们心中常有的英国乡村是在谷地里，从山上可以俯瞰它的全貌，房子簇拥在古老的教堂周围；同样，这个国家的人们对农场的普遍概念也是山谷地里宽敞的家园，绿树成荫。
广阔的田野延伸开去，就像张开的手掌接受普照的阳光，不远处还有潺潺的河流。
在英格兰，总有小河在不远处流淌；尽管说按照欧洲大陆的标准，我们的河流多半很小而且不重要，但也许正因为如此，人们对它们更感到亲切、热爱。
当然，它们不像莱茵河、多瑙河、伏尔加河那样，有许多民族的歌曲为之传唱，但至少它们能供男孩们洗澡，直至今天还能让农夫偶然在里面抓到鲑鱼，在这儿可以打捞水田芥，种柳枝编篮子。
虽说那些曾经靠他们而转动的磨坊水车轮如今已沉寂且塞满水草，人们仍旧在夏日的傍晚在拦河坝上探出身去观望燕子在桥下掠过清澈的河水。
这些河流不管是多么不重要，却在极不经意地而又令人心旷神怡地影响着周围居民的生活。
有一段时间我住在科茨沃尔兹西沿的一个农舍里。
我的花园前面的草场，春天就是一个长满黄花九轮草的花园，夏天则布满了对叶兰，而在青草被刈割之后兰花就也纷纷倒下。
草场一直向下延伸到塞文河谷。
站在家门口，越过低地的果园和牧场，我可以望一边延伸到莫尔文山，另一边到威尔士山脉的果园牧场。
远处那蓝色的山脊可能不时为云雾所遮盖，但很少有一天会看不清楚那小河流向宽阔、多泥的河口。
年复一年，塞文河已成为我驰目的景色的一部分，它甚至已成为我意识的一部分。
（吕睿中译, 胡一宁审校）READ MORE乡村生活人们会激动地说：“哦，你真有福气，住在巴斯，它是个美丽而又可爱的历史之地。
”然而你所能想起来的只有那糟糕的停车场，拥挤的旅游人，昂贵的商店，狭隘偏执的市议会，还有那糟糕的交通…幸运的是我并不住在巴斯，而是住在差不多10英里开外的埃文河谷里一个名叫林普利·斯托克的小村。
如今，在城里工作的专业人员宁愿选择住在乡村，人们认为这种现象很平常了。
研究生英语综合教程下第七单元课文中英文对照 熊海虹
Unit 7建筑之诗意(节选)约翰•岁斯金The science of Architecture,followed out to its full extent,is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds.It is not merely a science of the rule and compass,it does not consist only in the observation of just rule ,or of fair proportion;it is ,or ought to be ,a science of feeling more than of rule,a ministry to the mind,more than to the eye.if we consider how much less the beauty upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind,it will show in a moment how many intricate questions of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice;it will convince us of the truth of proportion,which might at first have appeared startling ,that on man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.1建筑科学，如果得以充分体现的话，是只与人类心智创造有关的科学中最高贵的科学之一。
它不仅仅是尺子与圆规的科学，不仅仅需要遵守恰当的规则或合适的比例它是，或应该是，一门重感情甚于规则的科学，它更多的是服务于心灵，而非眼睛。
新一代大学英语提高篇综合教程二第七单元
Unit 7 Cultures across borders iExplore 17-2 iExplore 1: ReadingViewing 1-21)regional2)long-distance3)Chinese silk4)culture sharing5)change the face of Asia6)land route7)maritime route8)60/sixtyViewing 1-3Reference:Porcelain, jade, tea, spice,ete7-3 iExplore 1: Building your language Words and expressions 1-11. excavated2.respective3. vigorous4.literate5. fleeWords and expressions 1-21.running out2.by accident3.traverse4.artery5. an arduousCollocations 1-11)trade route/ commercial route2)cultural legacy3)Written records /Historical records4)preserve languages/ preserve culture/ preserve writingcultural exchange5)preserve6)cultureCollocations 1-21.In2.on3.in4.on5. inVocabulary learning strate 1-21. Reference::废弃的邮政站2. Reference:出土物3. Reference::烤羊肉4. Reference::当地制造的必需品5.Reference::留存下来的工艺品6. Reference::冷冻食品7.Reference::被吓坏的男孩8.Reference::被破坏的假期9. Reference:新生儿10. Reference::完成的项目11 Reference::被遗弃的动物12. Reference::新发布的电影Language focus 1-2Reference:1.鉴于两个国家都已做出让步,协议最终成功签署。
大学英语二(综合教程)第七单元
大学体验英语二综合教程Unit 7 Family TiesListen and TalkLead inA family begins with two people. Love deepens and grows between a couple and soon a wedding 1____, the beginnings of a family. Children are born, growing and 2___with every passing year. When grown up, they, too, fall in love and marry. The 3___of creating a family begins again, adding generations to the family.A day in the life of a family is 4___work and school, errands and chores. At the end of a busy day we can find children 5____sharing the events of their day with Mom and Dad. It is a time 6__- working together and playing together. Reading to the children, 7____songs, doing homework together, and playing games are some 8____that take place during family time. A television 9 ___may be what each family member needs to 10____and enjoy some quiet time together. Strong family relationships are developed by spending quality time together.Key: 1. takes place 2. maturing 3. process 4. excitedly 5. filled with7. singing 8. activities 9. show 10 relax Passage A: Things I Learned From Dadthe following questions with the information from the passage.kind of disease did Lobo’s mother suffer from Did she survive itShe suffered from breast cancer, but she survived it.did Lobo feel at homeShe felt loved and secure.Branson’s father a successful lawyer Explain.No, he wasn’t. The word "struggling" implies "working hard to survive". did Branson’s father teach him about human relationshipsThe way you treat others is the way you will be treated.has your father taught youAnswer: Open.3. Choose the best answer to each question based on the information you obtain from the passage.1. Anyone who reads the stories about the three fathers will agree that ________.A fathers play an important role in the lives of their childrenB fathers like to design their children's future for themC fathers are much tougher than mothers to their childrenD fathers are usually the breadwinners in a family2. By describing her father as "a pillar of strength", Lobo tells us that ________.A her father is very important to the whole familyB her father loves her mother very muchC her father is very tall and strongD her father is very supportive of her3. What does Branson's father mean by saying "If you pour water on flowers, they flourish"A Flowers depend on water to blossom.B One gets fresh flowers if he waters them.C Praising a child helps to bring out the best in him.D Criticizing a child helps him to make progress.4. From the passage, we can conclude that ________.A Branson's father has been a successful lawyerB Branson's father encouraged him to quit schoolC Branson's father was confident of his successD Branson's father has been understanding and supportive5. Lewis tells us that ________.A he enjoyed farm work very much when he was youngB he grew up in an environment with very serious racial discriminationC his father taught them how to protect themselves in a hostile environmentD his father was happy to hear that he had been elected to Congress Anwser: , , , ,4. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. You have to be a born ___ to be able to do this hard job and not despair.2. Economic ___ in the country must begin with the recovering ofagricultural production.3. Her speech failed to ___ her colleagues into supporting the plan.4. Jack never allowed himself to be bullied into doing anything that went against his ___ .5. I felt disgusted and wandered how I could have ever been so ____ .6. The director insisted that the conditions of the contract must be ___ exactly.7. Local government ____ will take place in May next year.8. The doctor who performed the ____ gave Aikman an 85% chance of full recovery by September.9. Mother was a ___ of strength to us when our situation seemed hopeless.10. The students complained about the ____ rules and regulations at the school.Anwser: 1. optimist 2. reconstruction 3. sway 4. principles 5. gross6. fulfilled7. elections8. surgery9. pillar 10. rigid 5. Complete the following sentences with phrases or expressions from the passage.1. The family crisis really ____ ; she was a competent mother and a successful career woman at the same time.2. The interesting thing about him is that he is one of those who always ___ to be lucky no matter what they do.3. If the traffic plan ____ , it will be applied to other cities too.4. ____ ; the police will soon come to rescue us.5. It's not like Catherine to be rude; she's polite ____ .Anwser:1. brought out her best 2. turn out out 4. Hang in there 5. by nature 6. Complete the following sentences with phrases or expressions from the passage.have the ____ duty of telling Mrs. Jones that her son has been killed. delightful/hatefulreport strongly ____ the police for filing to deal with the problem. criticize/praiseCapitol at Washington is where ____ meets. Conference/Congressis the ____ of modern society. cancer/cancelJim In order to pay his debts, he’s been working ____ hard. tremendously/greatlyAnwser:1. hateful 2. criticizes 4. cancer 5. tremendously the following sentences into English.1. 他并不后悔说过的话,只是觉得他完全可以不用这种方式表达;could have doneHe did not regret what he had said but felt that he could have expressed it differently.2.我们最好等到12月14日;那时大卫已考完试,就能和我们一起去度假了;will have doneWe’d better wait till 14 December. David will have had his exam by then,so he’ll be able to go on holiday with us.3. 他正在做一个新项目,年底前必须完成;work onHe’s working on a new project which has to be finished by the end of the year.4.他们让我们使用他们的实验室,作为回报,我们则让他们分享研究成果;in returnThey are letting us use their lab, and in return, we are sharing with them the results of our research.5.诸如打电话,听电话一类的事情占用了这位秘书的大部分时间;take upSuch things as making and answering telephone calls take up most of the secretary’s time.8. Read and compare the English sentences, paying attention to their italicized parts and translate the Chinese sentences by simulating the structure of the English sentences.his worry, Dad was a pillar of strength for us and especially for her. Despite his advanced age, Grandpa was a pillar of strength for our family and especially for Grandma.尽管他有病在身,他却是我们公司尤其是销售部的顶梁柱;knew that no matter what, Dad and his love would be there.He promised me that no matter what, he and his support would be there. 她从不惧怕困难,因为她知道不管发生什么事,父母的关爱总会和她在一起;decided to leave, and Dad tried to sway me from my decision, as any goodfather would. I decided to settle down in the countryside, and Mother tried to sway me from my idea, as any good mother would.汤姆决定辍学;像任何有责任心的老师那样,威尔逊先生极力劝阻他改变主意;it turned out, my little publication went on to become Student, a national magazine for young people in the UK.As it turned out, Mary went on to get the first place in the speech contest, a great success for the school she represented.结果,中国女子排球队接着获得了一枚又一枚金牌,成为整个国家的一个令人激动的事件;in there and things will improve.Hang in there and you will take the company out of the red.只要坚持下去,你的目标就一定能实现;1 Despite his illness, he is a pillar of strength for our company and especially for the sales department.2 She never feared difficulties, because she knew that no matter what, her parents’ concern and love would be there.3 Tom decided to drop out of school, and Mr. Wilson tried to sway him from his decision, as any responsible teacher would.4 As it turned out, the Chinese Women’s Volleyball Team went on to win one gold medal after another, an exciting event for the whole country.5 Hang in there and your goal will certainly be achieved.Passage B: Love Works A Miraclethe following questions with the information from the passage.1. What was Cruiser doing when Cindy came outHe was trying to save Kyla by grabbing her clothes with his teeth.was special about CindyShe was disabled, paralyzed from the chest down.she call for help when she found her daughter in great danger Explain. No. She didn’t, because she had no time. Besides, there was nobody nearby to help.did Cindy feel when Kyla finally started cryingShe felt extremely excited.does the story tell usAnswer: Open.whether each of the following statements is true or false based on the information in the reading passage. Write "T" for true or "F" for false in the space provided.1. Cruiser, the family dog, liked to chase Cindy's little daughter Kyla for fun.2. Cindy knew that something was wrong when she didn't hear anything after the splash.3. Cindy swam regularly in the family swimming pool to keep fit.4. Cindy was not able to lift Kyla with one arm because the little girl was limp and heavy.5. Cindy brought Kyla back to life by puffing breaths into her mouth. Anwser: , , , ,the following questions with the information you obtain from the passage.1. What was Cruiser doing when Cindy came out2. What was special about Cindy3. Did she call for help when she found her daughter in great danger Explain.4. How did Cindy feel when Kyla finally started crying5. What does the story tell usReference Key:1. He was trying to save Kyla by grabbing her clothes with his teeth.2. She was disabled, paralyzed from the chest down.3. No. She didn't, because she had no time. Besides, there was nobody nearby to help.4. She felt extremely excited.5. Open14. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. It was raining but they played the game ____ .2. He took one sip of the wine and ____ it out, for it tasted a bit sour.3. to the tropical heat was more difficult than they had expected.4. As he is out of work these days, we should certainly visit him ____ to cheer him up.5. Their relationship was decidedly ____ after the argument.6. If you do not go to school ____ , you will not learn your lessons properly.7. Anne felt helpless, only able to wipe her mother's face and ____ her hands, praying for some relief for her.8. We both kept ____ ourselves to prove that it wasn't all a dream.9. He ____ his car when he drove through the narrow gate.10. Don't you worry if your baby seems a little reluctant to ____ or walk. Sooner or later, she'll pick it up.Anwser: 1. anyway 2. spat 3. Adjusting 4. frequently 5. chilly6. regularly7. grip8. pinching9. scraped 10. crawlthe following sentences into English.1.他们把房子卖了后就到加拿大和女儿住在一起; go offI’m not supposed to let anyone in without an ID card, but I’ll make an exception in your case.2. ——你下星期这个时候会在干什么——还是像平常一样干活;will be doingHe has learned his lesson from the failure and won’t repeat the mistake.3.他既聪明又勤奋,不久就接管了杂志的编辑工作editing;before longI have great faith in your ability —I’m sure you’ll succeed.4.你话还没说完别人就挂断电话,难道你不恼火吗hang upEven though it was raining, we still went on with our match.5.让他们感到惊恐的是,他们的房顶着火了;to one's horrorI woke up to find myself lying on a hospital bed.。
大学英语四(综合教程)第七单元
大学体验英语四（综合教程）Unit 7Hopes and Fears for the FutureListen and TalkLead inListen to the poem again, and write down in column B the hopes the poet has for the people in column A.Key:1. no more killing and stealing 2. will be able to have money 3. finding more things to explore and finding a cure for AIDS and for cancer 4. being cared for by those with more money 5. will be able to help the black people and not hating themPassage A: Facing the Fears of Retirement2. Choose the best answer to each question based on the information you obtain from the passage.1. From the passage we can learn that ________.A) people hold three beliefs preventing them from retiringB) the older people get, the more reluctant they are to retireC) retirement is merely a matter of power transferD) all people have to pass the "final test of greatness” before retirement2. The expression "let go” means ________.A) to dismiss the successorB) to close the businessC) to explore another fieldD) to pass the business to the successor3. What makes some of the business owners willing to retire?A) Their family background.B) The scale of their business.C) Their attitude towards retirement.D) The ability of their successor.4. According to the passage, people with the sound attitude to retirement think that ________.A) old people are bound to restB) retirement means new opportunities and new lifeC) as business owners, they are indispensable to the businessD) their business was bought as part of management5. The author's purpose of writing this passage is ________.A) elaborate on the three prevalent beliefs held by those who cannot conclude succession planningB) illustrate the different attitudes toward retirement in different situationsC) offer some practical tips to those who are not able to cope with fear of retirementD) urge society and the individual to take retirement more seriouslyAnswer: 1.A, 2.D, 3.C, 4.B, 5.C3. Answer the following questions with the information from the passage.1. What did the 77-year old business founder do after retirement?He took back control of the firm from his son, who had succeeded him.2. What’s the most impor tant thing for family-business continuity?Entrepreneurial succession.3. Why can the business owners who purchased their firms as part of a management buyout face retirement easily?Because they recognize that CEO’s change but the business goes on.4. Wha t does the expression "the glass is half full, not half empty” mean?It is an optimistic attitude to life, implying that the glass is still full, although only half full. The pessimists would say is: "The glass is half empty.”5. What’s the "final test of greatness” according to Peter Drucker?Succession planning.plete the summary of the text. The first letter of the missing word has been given to you.This article addresses the 1) r of many business owners to engage in 2) s planning. It states that there are three main reasons why business owners do not want to retire from their business: firstly, a fear of an 3) u future, secondly, a fear of 4) f loss, and lastly, a fear of losing their personal 5) i . The author states that because of these fears, succession planning is often a painful experience for both the retiree and the new business owners, involving a great deal of unnecessary interpersonal 6) c and negative emotions.The author points out that this can be avoided, and it comes dwon to the attitude that business owners adopt. Retiring business owners should always 7) r that the business that they are leaving can continue to operate 8) s without them. Furthermore, they should view retirement, not just as the completion of their working life, but rather, as a world of new challenges in which new interests and 9) o can be pursued.Anwser: 1.reluctance 2.succession 3.uncertain 4.financial 5.identity6.conflicts7.recognize8.successfully9.opportunities4. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.acclaim succession impose generate indispensablefragile graceful insecurity accomplish prevalent1. Adams took a ___ of jobs which have stood him in good stead.2. Is this eye-disease still ___ among the population here?3. Older drivers are more likely to be seriously injured because of their ___ bones.4. The accident in Russia ___ a lot of public interest in nuclear power issues.5. If we'd all work together, I think we could ___ our goal.6. He was still charming, cheerful, and ___ even under pressure.7. The bank has ___ very strict conditions on the repayment of the loan.8. His made-up confident manner is really just a way of hiding his feeling of ___ .9. With the rapid development of the Internet, a computer becomes a(n) ___ piece of equipment for any office.10. Since it was published in the 1970s, the book has received considerable critical ___ . Answer: 1. succession 2. prevalent 3. fragile 4. generated 5. accomplish6. graceful7. imposed8. insecurity9. indispensable 10. acclaim5. Complete the following sentences with phrases or expressions from the passage.1. The tension was naturally high for a game with so much ___ .2. She still ___ the belief that her son is alive.3. I finished my work at five, but I'll ___ until half past five to meet you.4. After 50 years of successful operation, he ___the business ____ to his youngest son.5. The scientist ___ the discovery ___ the most exciting new development in this field. Answer:1. at stake 2. clings to 3.hang on 4. turned ... over 5. referred to ... as7. Each of the verbs and nouns in the following lists occurs in this passage. Choose the noun that you think collocates with each verb and write it in the blank. If you think more than oneAnswer: 1.to open/engage in/start/ a quarrel2.to have/worship a different outlook3.to run/found/start/build/plan/have/engage in a business4.to purchase/run/found/start/build a firm5.to make a decision6.to treasure peace in life7.to provide acclaim8.to face retirement9.to engage in/start/make succession planning10.to worship founder6. T ranslate the following sentences into English.1.虽然他说他为此事做了很多努力，但他的成功至少部分是由于他运气好。
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Unit SevenIII. VocabularyA1. deemed2. To begin with3. multitalented4. fair and square5. adversary6. fork over 7 spurred 8 en route to 9. portrayed 10. conjecture aboutB1. eulogize2. perpetuate3. susceptible4. besmirched5. stimulants6. sustains7. ferocious8. fortified9. bleak 10. frailtyC1.C2. D3. D4. C5. D6.D7. D8.B9. A 10. CIV. Cloze1. which2. broadcasting3. up4. keep5. through6. Eventually7. exception8. of9. turn 10. advent11. itself 12. income 13. into 14. amounts 15. rings16. relation 17. low 18. nutritional 19. as 20. spectacularlyV. Translation:A．读完我写下的这些文字，我感到自己把这项历史性的辉煌盛事描述的过于晦暗。
尽管文中所述的这些可悲的舞弊行为是真实存在的，但我从内心深处仍不赞同那位因一部名著而对“1984”这个数字几乎享有特权的作家所持的悲观态度。
乔治·奥维尔认为，奥运会“交织着仇恨、妒忌、夸耀、对规则的藐视，以及从观看暴力行为中获得的变态的快感。
换句话说，这是一场没有硝烟的战争。
”他的话过于偏激了。
奥运会反映的只是人性中一切美好和丑陋的方面。
对古希腊体育运动中的欺诈行为的记载证明了奥运会总是不断地受到所谓的“人性的弱点”的影响。
也许有人会提出，现代人在道德水准上要略高于古希腊人。
我想，很少有人会赞同一位欧洲教练近来发表的观点，“只要你还活着为胜利而庆贺，就应该得到报酬。
体育比赛中没有伦理道德的位置。
”B.Spectator sports provide an outlet for viewing the vitality of youth, speed, and strength. The levels of skill displayed fascinate people. Men identify more directly than most women with spectator sports because of their childhood experience and the macho nature of most games. For men there is an additional attraction in their minds that because they are male they could be called on to be there on field, asked tocontribute their playing or coaching skills. Viewing sport thus provides the raw material for dreams. Nevertheless, women too feel vicarious satisfaction of a desire to win, and more women are becoming active in competitive sports.By the early 1970s, growing fan interest in the games, heightened by network television, had transformed professional sports into lucrative business enterprises. As a result, entirely new leagues sprang up to compete with established organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. As sports became more like traditional businesses, players increasingly turned to agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now professional sports have entered a new era.Translation of Text舞弊行为常伴奥运会厄里奇·塞戈尔1每逢四年一度的奥运盛会，记者们似乎总会自然而然地对“过去的好时光”产生一些模糊的概念。
他们称颂古希腊奥运会的纯洁性和非商业性。
要是相信他们所写的文章，那么古代的每一个运动员都只是业余爱好者，都崇尚公平竞争。
2这当然纯粹是一派胡言。
诗人拜伦有一句妙语，“无论是哪个时代，只要过去了就会变得美好起来。
”事实上，曾经有过完美的奥林匹克运动的神话只是现代的势利小人和一群自封为纯粹主义者的家伙的杜撰，通过体育文章撰稿人和转播期间闲得发慌的电视评论员流传下来。
3真实情况并非如此美好。
早在荷马所著的《伊利亚特》一书中就提到了−在公元前12世纪举行的运动会上−希腊运动员想当然地在比赛中作弊。
他们所有的道德标准都是建立在取得胜利的基础上−无论手段是否光明正大。
拳击手攻击规则不允许的部位，或收受贿赂故意输掉比赛。
长短跑选手不等枪响（更确切地说，希腊人用的发令枪是喇叭），抢先冲出起跑线，并在弯道上恶意地用肘部相互推搡。
4参加马车比赛的选手甚至更为残忍，尤其是在罗马帝国时期举行的奥运会上。
据记载，两辆马车在比赛中并驾齐驱时，车手竟然用刀刺戳对手。
也许最令人感到震惊的是即使事后证实某位拳击手或摔跤手通过贿赂的手段不光彩地赢得了比赛−他们也不会因此而失去冠军头衔。
5你也许会问，裁判在哪里呢？希腊人通常为各项比赛设置裁判，但是这些比赛的主宰者往往经不起金钱以及盛宴的诱惑。
而且即便在运动员必经的拐弯处安置一位人品正直的裁判，他也很难分辨是谁用肘部击打了谁的肋部，因为参赛选手没有编号，也不穿统一的比赛服装。
事实上，古代运动会和现代运动会之间真正的区别在于古希腊的运动员必须一丝不挂地参加角逐。
6你也许会认为由于运动员都是赤身裸体地参加比赛，因此古代奥运会不可能商业化。
毕竟，体育明星无论穿谁的钉鞋或汗衫都是得不到任何报酬的。
以上情况尽管属实，但如果我们就此认为运动员都是“业余的”，那就太过天真了。
和现在的情况一样，当时的奥运会对冠军而言也意味着巨额美元（应该是巨额希腊币）。
位于圣塔·巴巴拉市的加州大学的戴维·扬教授在其新著中称，短跑冠军实际上有望获得相当于70万美元的奖金！7首先，当时确实存在奖金。
至少从公元前6世纪起，希腊人就开始向奥运冠军公开授予现金奖励。
此后新加冕的冠军还可索取巨额“出场费”。
并不是我弄错了年代。
当时，一些小型比赛的发起者−通常是为了给当地的产品做广告（！）−确实会向当红短跑明星支付大笔的酬金，请他们到场露露脸。
此外，运动员的家乡通常给予他们免税的待遇，并终生免费提供一日三餐。
8因此，即使在古代，奥运会也是高度商业化、政治性的比赛。
来自希腊本土和各领地的城邦为了争夺冠军头衔展开了激烈的竞争。
9我可以指出一些具体的名字。
古代最优秀的短跑选手是来自位于意大利境内的希腊小村克洛托纳的一个叫阿斯特洛斯的小伙子。
在公元前488年举行的奥运会上，他在2项短跑比赛中技压群雄，一举成名。
不久，位于西西里的一个新兴城市西拉库斯派人与他接洽，劝说他改变国籍代表西拉库斯参加下一届奥运会。
他们提出的优厚待遇使阿斯特洛斯难以拒绝。
事实证明，阿斯特洛斯物有所值。
在公元前484年和480年的两届奥运会上他两度蝉联双料冠军。
然而，阿斯特洛斯是作为西拉库斯的运动员而载入史册的。
这证明了金钱是无所不能的，甚至可以购买奥运冠军。
10请允许我赶紧声明我并不是说阿斯特洛斯欺骗了世人，以免有辱一代名将的一世英名。
他只是接受了一笔钱，投靠了一个实力更强大的城市。
这种情况在现代社会的公司管理人员中是司空见惯的。
11上文概述了古代体育比赛中的种种舞弊行为，这些记载有悖于传统观念，我想用2件异乎寻常的佚事对此做一小结。
据伟大的历史学家普鲁塔赫的权威记载，庞帝斯国王米特里德斯（公元前1世纪）在一次马车比赛中落败后，下毒害死了胆敢战胜他的对手。
公元67年，多才多艺的罗马皇帝尼罗让手下官员在奥林匹亚专门为他举办了一场运动会。
他驾着马车行驶了20码后，从车上摔了下来。
然而，皇帝仍被奉为比赛的胜者。
当值裁判没有收受贿赂，而是摄于王威。
12现代奥林匹克运动于1896年重燃战火，古代的种种骗术也随之死灰复燃，而且形式日益隐蔽。
当希腊选手斯普里敦·洛伊斯获得马拉松比赛的冠军时，希腊人给予他们的同胞大量物质奖励。
（有人描述当时有些女观众甚至向场内的英雄抛掷珠宝首饰。
）13我们必须赶紧声明洛伊斯还是光明正大地赢得了比赛。
尽管在冲过终点线时，他显得与其说是兴奋还不如说有点“醉醺醺”的−因为他在途中大量饮用掺了糖的葡萄酒以保持体力。
14相比之下，1904年圣·路易斯奥运会的马拉松比赛中，率先进入体育场的是美国人弗雷德·洛兹。
正当特迪·罗斯福总统的女儿给他颁奖之际，洛兹被发现没有独立跑完全程。
他在九英里处腿部抽筋，便搭乘了一辆路过的汽车，但不久汽车抛锚了，洛兹跳下汽车继续比赛，远远领先于其他选手到达体育场。
这一不光彩的“胜利”只是历史悠久的奥运骗术中的一次小作弊。
15后果更为严重的是长跑运动员不久便开始使用兴奋剂。
马钱子碱是最早使用的兴奋剂之一。
在那届比赛中，洛兹被取消比赛资格后，金牌被授予T.J.希克斯。
尽管他的医生透露在比赛过程中，希克斯是靠大量的白兰地和小剂量的马钱子碱跑完全程的，他还是保住了金牌。
16当然，在本世纪早期的奥运会上，对参赛选手不设兴奋剂检测。
1908年的伦敦奥运会上，长跑选手再次使用了马钱子碱−在著名的马拉松比赛中，意大利选手多兰多·皮埃特里率先进入体育场，但未及冲过终点线就瘫软在地。
此时，一位队医冲进场地，迅速为他注射了一针，帮助他完成比赛。
但这一针差点要了多兰多的命，他因未能跑完全程而被取消比赛资格，随即被送往医院。